Fatty Fish Intake and the Effect on Mental Health and Sleep in Preschool Children in FINS-KIDS, a Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Biochemical Analyses
2.5. Ethics
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Biochemical Parameters
3.3. Mental Health
3.4. Sleep
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Fish Group (n = 81) | Meat Group (n = 89) | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age, years | 169 | 5.2 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.5) |
Body weight, kg | 157 | 20.0 (3.4) | 20.3 (2.9) |
Body height, cm | 159 | 114.1 (6.2) | 113.8 (6.0) |
Boys, n (%) | 79 | 37 (45.7) | 42 (47.2) |
Girls, n (%) | 91 | 44 (54.3) | 47 (52.8) |
Family income in NOK, n (%) | |||
<200,000–749,999 | 43 | 21 (26.3) | 22 (24.7) |
750,000–1,249,999 | 99 | 43 (53.8) | 56 (62.9) |
1,250,000–>2,000,000 | 27 | 16 (20.0) | 11 (12.4) |
Education parents, years | 169 | 15.5 (1.6) | 15.4 (1.6) |
Sleep | |||
TIB, hour/min | 169 | 11.23 (0.37) | 11.18 (0.29) |
Sleep duration, hour/min | 169 | 10.55 (0.40) | 10.45 (0.39) |
WASO, minute/second | 169 | 4.3 (8.6) | 5.6 (10.5) |
SOL, minute/second | 169 | 23.9 (15.9) | 27.4 (19.2) |
SDQ | |||
Emotional problems | 169 | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.3) |
Conduct problems | 169 | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) |
Hyperactivity/inattention | 169 | 2.3 (2.1) | 2.4 (2.0) |
Peer problems | 169 | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.2) |
Total problems | 169 | 5.9 (4.0) | 5.8 (3.8) |
Biological parameters | |||
25(OH)D3, nmol/L serum | 158 | 61.9 (14.5) | 60.9 (14.1) |
Ferritin, µg/L serum | 162 | 32.4 (19.9) | 27.5 (15.6) |
EPA, 20:5 n-3, % of fatty acids in RBC | 160 | 0.91 (0.43) | 0.90 (0.35) |
DHA, 22:6 n-3, % of fatty acids in RBC | 160 | 6.7 (1.1) | 6.4 (1.1) |
Omega-3 index 2 | 160 | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.4) |
UIC, µg/L urine | 163 | 151.3 (96.1) | 157.2 (98.6) |
Dietary intake from FFQ, meals/week | |||
Fish as dinner | 169 | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.9) |
Red meat as dinner | 169 | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.4 (1.0) |
Chicken as dinner | 169 | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.9) |
Fish as spread | 169 | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.2 (1.3) |
n-3 LC-PUFA supplements, n (%) | 74 | 29 (35.8) | 37 (41.6) |
No n-3 LC-PUFA supplements, n (%) | 123 | 52 (64.2) | 52 (58.4) |
Crude | Models Adjusted For | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Score | Pre-Score, Dietary Compliance | ||||||
SDQ | Pre Mean (SD) | Post Mean (SD) | p-Value 1 | Change Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 2 | Change Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 3 |
Emotional problems | |||||||
Fish | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.5) | 0.652 | −0.02 (−0.29, 0.24) | 0.765 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.28) | 0.505 |
Meat | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.749 | −0.08 (−0.33, 0.17) | −0.11 (−0.37, 0.14) | ||
Conduct problems | |||||||
Fish | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 0.641 | 0.04 (−0.22, 0.30) | 0.501 | 0.05 (−0.22, 0.31) | 0.480 |
Meat | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.2) | 0.404 | −0.07 (−0.32, 0.18) | −0.08 (−0.33, 0.18) | ||
Hyperactivity/inattention | |||||||
Fish | 2.3 (2.1) | 2.6 (2.3) | 0.610 | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.42) | 0.536 | 0.09 (−0.25, 0.42) | 0.640 |
Meat | 2.4 (2.0) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.880 | −0.03 (−0.35, 0.28) | −0.02 (−0.35, 0.31) | ||
Peer problems | |||||||
Fish | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.401 | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.29) | 0.135 | 0.11 (−0.12, 0.34) | 0.064 |
Meat | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.135 | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.05) | −0.19 (−0.41, 9.02) | ||
Total problems | |||||||
Fish | 5.9 (4.0) | 6.1 (4.6) | 0.573 | 0.22 (−0.47, 0.91) | 0.191 | 0.29 (−0.41, 0.99) | 0.127 |
Meat | 5.8 (3.8) | 5.4 (3.8) | 0.256 | −0.37 (−1.03, 0.30) | −0.44 (−1.11, 0.24) |
Crude | Models Adjusted For | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Score | Pre-Score, Dietary Compliance | ||||||
Sleep Parameters (minutes) | Pre Mean (SD) | Post Mean (SD) | p-Value 1 | Change Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 2 | Change Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 3 |
TIB | |||||||
Fish | 683 (37) | 678 (42) | 0.075 | −5.0 (−11.1, 1.0) | 0.779 | −5.8 (−11.8, 0.3) | 0.905 |
Meat | 678 (29) | 672 (34) | 0.033 | −6.1 (−12.0, −0.2) | −5.3 (−11.2, 0.6) | ||
Sleep duration | |||||||
Fish | 655 (40) | 653 (45) | 0.592 | −0.4 (−7.5, 6.6) | 0.614 | −1.2 (−8.3, 5.9) | 0.893 |
Meat | 645 (39) | 644 (36) | 0.761 | −2.6 (−9.5, 4.3) | −1.8 (−8.8, 5.1) | ||
WASO | |||||||
Fish | 3.7 (8.0) | 1.3 (4.7) | <0.001 | −3.3 (−4.1, −2.5) | 0.504 | −3.1 (−4.0, −2.3) | 0.246 |
Meat | 5.8 (10.7) | 1.3 (4.3) | <0.001 | −3.7 (−4.5, −2.9) | −3.8 (−4.6, −3.0) | ||
SOL | |||||||
Fish | 23.9 (15.9) | 23.0 (16.0) | 0.478 | −1.6 (−4.4, 1.1) | 0.518 | −1.9 (−4.7, 0.9) | 0.388 |
Meat | 27.3 (19.1) | 26.3 (16.8) | 0.559 | −0.4 (−3.0, 2.3) | −0.1 (−2.8, 2.6) |
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Hysing, M.; Kvestad, I.; Kjellevold, M.; Kolden Midtbø, L.; Graff, I.E.; Lie, Ø.; Hurum, H.; Stormark, K.M.; Øyen, J. Fatty Fish Intake and the Effect on Mental Health and Sleep in Preschool Children in FINS-KIDS, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101478
Hysing M, Kvestad I, Kjellevold M, Kolden Midtbø L, Graff IE, Lie Ø, Hurum H, Stormark KM, Øyen J. Fatty Fish Intake and the Effect on Mental Health and Sleep in Preschool Children in FINS-KIDS, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101478
Chicago/Turabian StyleHysing, Mari, Ingrid Kvestad, Marian Kjellevold, Lisa Kolden Midtbø, Ingvild Eide Graff, Øyvind Lie, Hallvard Hurum, Kjell Morten Stormark, and Jannike Øyen. 2018. "Fatty Fish Intake and the Effect on Mental Health and Sleep in Preschool Children in FINS-KIDS, a Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101478