Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after Bariatric Surgery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Women with GDM
3. Bariatric Surgery Procedures
3.1. Pregnancy Outcomes after Bariatric Surgery
3.2. The Risk for GDM after Bariatric Surgery
3.3. How to Screen for GDM after Bariatric Surgery?
3.4. Treatment of GDM after Bariatric Surgery
3.5. Nutritional Monitoring and Supplementation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Year | Country | Intervention Group | Comparison Group | GDM Cases N (%) | GDM Controls N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burke et al. [38] | 2010 | USA | 354 postoperative pregnancies | 346 preoperative pregnancies | 28 (8.0) | 94 (27.0) |
Santulli et al. [28] | 2010 | France | 24 pregnancies after RYGB | 120 normal BMI controls 120 BMI-matched controls | 2 (8.3) | 6 (5.0) 10 (8.3) |
Lapolla et al. [49] | 2010 | Italy | 83 pregnancies after LAGB | 120 obese women 858 normal controls | 5 (6.0) | 60 (50.0) NR |
Sheiner et al. [39] | 2011 | Israel | 104 pregnancies < first postoperative year | 385 pregnancies > first postoperative year | 11 (10.5) | 28 (7.3) |
Aricha-Tamir et al. [40] | 2012 | Israel | 144 postoperative pregnancies | 144 preoperative pregnancies (same women) | 8 (5.7) | 28 (19.3) |
Josefsson et al. [42] | 2013 | Sweden | 310 firstborns after surgery | 270,805 Swedish firstborns | 17 (5.9) | 3.514 (1.4) |
Kjaer et al. [32] | 2013 | Denmark | 339 postoperative pregnancies | 1277 matched controls | 30 (8.9) | 91 (7.1) |
Amsalem et al. [41] | 2014 | Israel | 109 first pregnancies postoperative 109 s pregnancies postoperative | 109 preoperative pregnancies | 6 (5.6) 7 (6.6) | 21 (19.0) |
Berlac et al. [43] | 2014 | Denmark | 415 singletons after RYGB | 827 adipose controls 829 normal weight controls | 38 (9.2) | 67 (8.1) 11 (1.3) |
Shai D et al. [46] | 2014 | Israel | 326 postoperative pregnancies | 1612 obese controls | 33 (10.1) | 237 (14.7) |
Johansson et al. [30] | 2015 | Sweden | 596 postoperative births | 2356 matched control births | 11 (1.9) | 157 (6.8) |
Adams et al. [44] | 2015 | USA | 295 women with births before and after RYGB | 295 control births | 10 (3.4) | 26 (8.8) |
Abenhaim A et al. [45] | 2016 | Canada | 9587 postoperative pregnancies | 8,244,661 controls 221,580 morbid obese controls | 1011 (10.5) | 224,758 (2.7) 18,936 (8.5) |
Parker MH et al. [47] | 2016 | USA | 1585 postoperative pregnancies | 185,120 obese controls | 119 (7.3) | 8145 (4.4) |
Chevrot A et al. [48] | 2016 | France | 139 postoperative pregnancies (58 RYGB, 81 LAGB and 9 sleeve gastrectomy) | 139 obese controls matched for pre-surgery BMI | 17 (12) | 32 (23) |
Nutrients | Recommended Supplementation |
---|---|
Multivitamin tables (with iron, folic acid and thiamine) | 2 tables/day |
Calcium | Calcium citrate 1200–1500 mg/day |
Vitamin D 3000 IU/day | 3000 IU/day titrated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level |
Vitamin B12 as needed | As needed for normal range |
Iron supplement | 45–60 mg/day |
Protein intake | Minimal 60 g/day and up to 1.5 g/kg ideal body weight per day |
Vitamin A | 5000–10 000 IU/day |
Timing of Screening | Monitoring of Micronutrients | Supplementation | |
---|---|---|---|
Preconception | Every 6 months | Vitamin A (preferably as Beta carotene), D, B12, folate, K1 and iron | Multivitamin tablet with vitamin B12 and folate with additional supplements as needed |
During pregnancy | Every trimester and additional screening if low levels despite supplement | Vitamin A (preferably as Beta carotene), D, B12, folate, K1 and iron | Multivitamin tablet with vitamin B12 and folate with additional supplements as needed |
Postpartum | At 6–12 weeks in all women additional screening at 3–6 months if low levels despite supplement yearly follow-up if no deficiencies at 6–12 weeks | Vitamin A (preferably as Beta carotene), D, B12, folate, K1 and iron | Multivitamin tablet with vitamin B12 and folate with additional supplements as needed |
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Benhalima, K.; Minschart, C.; Ceulemans, D.; Bogaerts, A.; Van Der Schueren, B.; Mathieu, C.; Devlieger, R. Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101479
Benhalima K, Minschart C, Ceulemans D, Bogaerts A, Van Der Schueren B, Mathieu C, Devlieger R. Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101479
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenhalima, Katrien, Caro Minschart, Dries Ceulemans, Annick Bogaerts, Bart Van Der Schueren, Chantal Mathieu, and Roland Devlieger. 2018. "Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after Bariatric Surgery" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101479