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Volume 11
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10.3390/rs11030260
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Article

Geodetic Mass Balances and Area Changes of Echaurren Norte Glacier (Central Andes, Chile) between 1955 and 2015

by
David Farías-Barahona
1,*,
Sebastián Vivero
2,
Gino Casassa
3,4,
Marius Schaefer
5,
Flavia Burger
6,
Thorsten Seehaus
1,
Pablo Iribarren-Anacona
7,
Fernando Escobar
4,† and
Matthias H. Braun
1
1
Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
2
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
3
Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica (GIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
4
Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), Morandé 59, Santiago, Chile
5
Instituto de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
6
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
7
Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presently retired.
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(3), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030260
Submission received: 10 January 2019 / Revised: 21 January 2019 / Accepted: 24 January 2019 / Published: 28 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)
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Abstract

The Echaurren Norte Glacier is a reference glacier for the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) network and has the longest time series of glacier mass balance data in the Southern Hemisphere. The data has been obtained by the direct glaciological method since 1975. In this study, we calculated glacier area changes using satellite images and historical aerial photographs, as well as geodetic mass balances for different periods between 1955 and 2015 for the Echaurren Norte Glacier in the Central Andes of Chile. Over this period, this glacier lost 65% of its original area and disaggregated into two ice bodies in the late 1990s. The geodetic mass balances were calculated by differencing digital elevation models derived from several sources. The results indicated a mean cumulative glacier wide mass loss of −40.64 ± 5.19 m w.e. (−0.68 ± 0.09 m w.e. a−1). Within this overall downwasting trend, a positive mass balance of 0.54 ± 0.40 m w.e. a−1 was detected for the period 2000–2009. These estimates agree with the results obtained with the glaciological method during the same time span. Highly negative mass change rates were found from 2010 onwards, with −1.20 ± 0.09 m w.e. a−1 during an unprecedented drought in Central Andes of Chile. The observed area and the elevation changes indicate that the Echaurren Norte Glacier may disappear in the coming years if negative mass balance rates prevail.
Keywords: glacier mass balance; geodetic method; LiDAR; central Andes; glacier mapping; mountain glacier glacier mass balance; geodetic method; LiDAR; central Andes; glacier mapping; mountain glacier
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MDPI and ACS Style

Farías-Barahona, D.; Vivero, S.; Casassa, G.; Schaefer, M.; Burger, F.; Seehaus, T.; Iribarren-Anacona, P.; Escobar, F.; Braun, M.H. Geodetic Mass Balances and Area Changes of Echaurren Norte Glacier (Central Andes, Chile) between 1955 and 2015. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030260

AMA Style

Farías-Barahona D, Vivero S, Casassa G, Schaefer M, Burger F, Seehaus T, Iribarren-Anacona P, Escobar F, Braun MH. Geodetic Mass Balances and Area Changes of Echaurren Norte Glacier (Central Andes, Chile) between 1955 and 2015. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(3):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farías-Barahona, David, Sebastián Vivero, Gino Casassa, Marius Schaefer, Flavia Burger, Thorsten Seehaus, Pablo Iribarren-Anacona, Fernando Escobar, and Matthias H. Braun. 2019. "Geodetic Mass Balances and Area Changes of Echaurren Norte Glacier (Central Andes, Chile) between 1955 and 2015" Remote Sensing 11, no. 3: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030260

APA Style

Farías-Barahona, D., Vivero, S., Casassa, G., Schaefer, M., Burger, F., Seehaus, T., Iribarren-Anacona, P., Escobar, F., & Braun, M. H. (2019). Geodetic Mass Balances and Area Changes of Echaurren Norte Glacier (Central Andes, Chile) between 1955 and 2015. Remote Sensing, 11(3), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030260

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