Cultural Sustainability and Vitality of Chinese Vernacular Architecture: A Pedigree for the Spatial Art of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The traditional culture is not thoroughly understood, therefore, insufficiently appreciated and represented in design.
- There is no suitable method and platform, incentives or resources to support the development plans attempting to address cultural issues.
- High-density cities opt to avoid the time-consuming and financially intensive development by sacrificing the value of traditional culture and building sustainability.
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Dynamic Spatial Analysis: Jiangnan Traditional Village Historical Pedigree
4.1. The Historical Development Features of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region
- As shown in Figure 3b, little change could be found in Shanghai traditional residence before Qing Dynasty (before 1912AD) but significant changes and improvement occurred afterward. This is due to a large number of foreign leased territories in the Shanghai area after the Qing Dynasty, and traditional residences are gradually affected by modern industrial construction techniques [41].
- As shown in Figure 3c, before Yuan Dynasty (before 1368AD), Jiangsu traditional residences had experienced two periods of minor development, during The Spring and Autumn and the warring states period (770–221BC), and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-Song Dynasty respectively (907–1297AD). During these two war-tensive periods, the northern population began to move into Jiangnan Region [42], largely impacting the demand for residential buildings.
- Before Yuan Dynasty (before 1368AD), Jiangxi traditional residence experienced two significant developments throughout Han Dynasty (207BC–200AD) and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-Song Dynasty (907–1297AD, Figure 3d). This is because Jiangxi is deeply influenced by traditional Confucianism and Academies. These two periods witnessed extensive and frequent cultural blending [42,43].
- Anhui traditional residence had one huge development at Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms-Song Dynasty (907–1297AD, Figure 3f), during that period except for the wartime in Chinese history there were still a lot of Huizhou merchants who effectively bridged the communication between north and Jiangnan [38].
- From the Xia Dynasty to East Han Dynasty (around 2070 BC–220 AD) in early incubation, when the culture of Jiangnan commenced to incubate and to slowly develop. At the beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the Jiangnan Region was very underdeveloped economically due to the remote location and inconvenient transportation.
- The period between Three Kingdoms and Song Dynasty (220 AD–1279 AD) was when the economy in Jiangnan Region slowly but firmly grew to significant financial power in China. The economic growth rate at Jiangnan Region was higher than that in Northern China which was frequently impacted by the large scale of wars. This also allowed for a steady culture growth in Jiangnan Region.
- From Yuan Dynasty to Qing Dynasty (1279–1911AD) was a period of fast development, the culture of Jiangnan became a symbol of an important ingredient for prosperity because of the stable social environment and the construction of the Grand Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.
- From the Republic of China to the present (1912–present) in the convergence and transformation period, when Jiangnan Region became an economically stable area (includes Shanghai, Southern Jiangsu, Southern Anhui, Northeastern Zhejiang, Northeastern Jiangxi) and one of the cultural centers in China. The sustainability and vitality of Jiangnan culture, including the art of traditional residences, have become significant, attracting enormous research interests.
4.2. The Cultural Sustainability of Jiangnan Villages
5. Static Spatial Analysis: Jiangnan Traditional Village Spatial Art Pedigree
5.1. The Spatial Features of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region
- There are four types of Anhui traditional residences in the southern Anhui region (Table 2). Except that the Huizhou Residence (“徽派民居”) is constructed with the enclosed courtyard, the remaining three types mainly reflect the adaptability to the environment. Especially the Bark residence (“树皮屋”) [57] uses tree barks as the material for the facade, the stone was used to build the foundation for Stone residence (“石头屋”), and the earth clay was used to build the wall in Earth wall residences (“土墙屋”). These materials were acquired from the mountain area in the southern Anhui.
- There are six types of Shanghai traditional residences in Shanghai region, they are called Shanghai Residences (Table 3). The Waterfront residence (“临水民居”) was influenced by the water-shed and/or across the village. Three types of traditional residences, including New Shikumen (“新石库门”), Modern house (“现代民居”), Shikumen (“石库门”), were largely influenced by the western architectures, which emphasized the integration of structure with the facade. That is because Shanghai gradually developed into a highly internationalized city since Qing Dynasty [46]. Two other types of traditional residences, including Courtyard Residence (“合院民居”), Street-facing residence (“临街民居”) influenced by Chinese traditional construction and built near the road which can use for economic.
- There are nine types of Zhejiang traditional residences in the northeastern Zhejiang region, (Table 4). Compared with other areas in Jiangnan, this area is most diverse. Moreover, all of them are of a large scale in order to accommodate the large population. In the northeastern Zhejiang, there were very skillful craftsmen and many merchants to promote the construction activities, which had gradually established seven typical shapes of the courtyard [58].
- There are six types of Jiangsu traditional residences in the southern Jiangsu region, it also called Suzhou Residence (Table 5). Four types, including Waterfront Residence (“临水民居”), Multi-way multi-entry Residence (“多路多进民居”) or Large Residence (“大型民居”), Cross-water Residence (“大户民居”), Garden Residence (“园林式民居”) were influenced by a dense network of water-ways which inspired the architecture and was the essential element of landscape around residences that significantly improved the living quality and safety of the residents. It harmonizes the built environment and the water system. Shikumen Residences (“石库门”) could also be found in this area. This area also featured a simplified residence, known as the single-family residence, which was intended to accommodate small families.
- There are five types of Jiangxi traditional residences in the northeastern Jiangxi region (Table 6). Three of them are architectural forms with courtyards, including Courtyard Residence (“合院民居”), Dawu Residence (“大屋民居”), and Huizhou Residence (“徽派民居”), and the Huizhou residence is similar to Anhui traditional residence. It is highlighted by the integration of different architectural cultures found in Jiangnan regions [59]. Two other types, including Waterfront residence (“临水民居”) and Slope residence (“坡地民居”), were inspired by the natural environment, which makes full use of nature to build architecture and its village.
5.2. The Cultural Sustainability of Jiangnan From Traditional Residences
- Sustainability of the natural environment was mainly reflected in the adaptation to the water environment and the utilization of local materials. On one hand, due to the abundant water resources in Jiangnan Region, some buildings, such as waterfront residences, were built around water or water was introduced into the building. Water plays an important role in regulating the macro-climate, and it is also convenient for residents’ daily consumption. Additionally, craftsmen use water to vitalize gardens, courtyards, corridors, and other spaces for daily recreation and enhance the quality of residents’ lives [60]. On the other hand, building materials are extracted from local resources, such as wood for structure and the soil for the walls. Likewise, the roofs in all of the residences are pitched so that rainwater running off the roof can flow into the central courtyard equipped with water storage, maximizing rain-water retention. These strategies are sustainable, especially when the structure of the building is reusable, reducing the damage to nature and wasting resources.
- The sustainability of construction culture was mainly reflected in the design of the courtyard. Most buildings in Jiangnan feature a courtyard and a long-lasting influence of the northern Han culture [61]. It shows the fusion of culture between northern and southern China. In traditional Chinese culture, the courtyard symbolizes the idea of accommodation, respect, harmony, and family value [62]. Meanwhile, this enclosed building form is a vernacular application of the modern passive design strategy. This form also encourages natural ventilation and daylight [63]. The floorplan of most residences is rectangular, favoring the use of wood as building material.
- The sustainability of the construction structure was mainly reflected in structural flexibility. Through this study, it was found that a combination of Chuandou (post beam and tie framework) and Tailiang (post beam and strut framework) is widely used (Figure 7) [64]. Historically, the Tailiang structure was mostly used in the north and the Chuandou in the south [65,66]. The Chuandouis possible due to large wood materials, normally associated with high costs. Meanwhile, because there is no triangular structural element in Chuandou, the overall stability is insufficient. The Tailiang is connected by a large number of columns and rafts, and the indoor space is badly segmented, resulting in low spatial efficiency. Therefore, Jiangnan traditional residences combine the advantages and disadvantages of Chuandou and Tailiang, forming a new structural form, which can satisfy the needs of users and reduce the consumption of wood.
6. Proposals: Artistic Element Extraction and Application Method
7. Conclusions and Ongoing Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
a. Chinese Traditional Architecture Art Development | b. Shanghai Traditional Residence | c. Jiangsu Traditional Residence | d. Jiangxi Traditional Residence | e. Zhejiang Traditional Residence | f. Anhui Traditional Residence | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Prehistoric period | The ancient architecture style appeared, including: ①Nest Houses (in north of China); ② Cave Houses (in south of China); ③ Space for sacrifices or public events. | — | — | — | The ancient Nest Houses appeared: ①Hemudu Site | — |
2-Xia-Shang-Zhou Dynasty | The early principles for construction appeared, including: ①Built Ground Houses (cave houses were upwards, and the nest houses were downwards); ②Use the symmetrical and regular settlement space (in the north of China); ③ The specific level of spatial order. | The culture had an impact on architecture: ①Architectural technologies and principles are influenced by the North of China and Wu culture. | Early construction culture appeared:① Craftsman constructed traditional residences in Xiangshan area. | The culture had an impact on architecture: ①Architectural technologies and principles are influenced by the North of China. | The ancient Nest Houses appeared: ①Stilt House (干栏式建筑). | The culture had an impact on architecture: ①Architectural technologies and principles are influenced by the North of China and Hui culture. |
3-The Spring and Autumn and the warring states period | The architectural form began to change: ① The scale of buildings became bigger; ② Used bricks, soil, wood as building materials; ③ Defensive walls and moats appeared in city area; ④ Workshops, markets appeared around road space. | — | Large scale architectural palace appears: ①Gusu palace. | — | Built Ground House: ① Thatched House. | — |
4-Qin Dynasty | The public buildings appeared, including ①Palace; ② Pray temple; ③Tower; ④ Royal garden. | — | — | — | — | — |
5-Han Dynasty | — | — | Taoism building built: ①Qing palace. | Built Ground House: ①Brick wall House. | — | |
6-Three Kingdoms-Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties | The Ancient Silk Road promoted the changes in traditional architectures, including: ① Color painting; ② Glass materials; ③ Private gardens; ④ Buddhism sculptures. | Early courtyard residences appeared, including: ① Luji House; ② Erlu Caotang House; ③ Erlang Reading House. | Traditional garden built: ① Pijiang garden. | Temple built: ① Yulong palace. | — | — |
7-Sui Dynasty | Large scale buildings appeared, including: ①Buddhism buildings; ②Taoism buildings; ③Temple; ④Memorial buildings. | — | — | — | — | Palace built: ① Nanjiao palace. |
8-Tang Dynasty | — | Successfully applied painting style to architectural sculpture: ① Baosheng Temple. | Buddhism buildings built: ① Tengwang Pavilion; ② Qiyin temple. | — | — | |
9-Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms - Song Dynasty | Architecture culture became diversity, including: ① Confucianism affected the symmetric layout of buildings; ② Courtyard space appeared inside the house; ③ Architecture decoration became complex; ④ The book ③ titled Chinese Architecture rules gave a standardized explanation for the process of traditional architecture. | Built ancient tower, including: ① Songjiang Square Tower; ② Longhua Tower. | Formed an organization of construction craftsmen: ① Xiangshan craftsmen. | The architecture of classical college built: ① Donghu classical college. | — | Diversity architectures built: ① Changqing Buddhism tower; ② Junpei garden; ③J inzi temple. |
10-Yuan Dynasty | The traditional architectures were influenced by religious cultures, including: ① Tibetan Buddhism; ② Islam. | Built a large bureaucracy house: ① Xian yi House. | — | — | — | Tombs show traditional forms of residence: ① The architectural stone carving in tombs. |
11-Ming Dynasty | Construction showed diversity in many aspects: ① The central axis space layout method, which is mainly based on the capital city, is widely used; ②Combined with the landscape, buildings such as clock towers, drum towers, and tablet pavilions became popular in the city area; ③There is a famous Chinese architectural style called “Style Lei” (样式雷); ④ A large number of books related to building construction were finished, such as “Luban classics” (鲁班经), “Building the Law” (营造法原), “Yuanye” (园冶), etc. | Built traditional residences with a private garden, including: ① Paradise garden; ② Xieyuan House; ③ Nan Chunhua House; ④ Lanrui House; ④ Baosu House. | Famous construction craftsmen appeared: ① Kuangxiang, who participated in the construction of the Forbidden City; ② Jicheng, who wrote the “Yuanye” for building a traditional garden. | Temple for sacrificing built: ① Zeng Temple in Jingxi; ② Yangchun ancient temple. | — | Traditional architectures built: ① Leshan House; ② Daguan pavilion. ③ Rebuilt of Daguan pavilion. |
12-Qing Dynasty | A large number of private gardens were built, including: ① Yu garden; ② Luxiang garden; ③ Duhe garden; ④ Rishe garden; ⑤ Qiuxia garden; ⑥ Zuibai pond garden; Built large scale traditional residences, including: ⑦ Panen House; ⑧ Shuyi House; ⑨ Feiye House; ⑩ Nei shidi House. | Diverse construction activities, including: ① Lujin built the Ou garden; ② Wen Zhenheng wrote the book “Zhang Wu Zhi (On Superfluous Things)”; ③ Gu Wenbing built Yi garden; ④ Ziyi craftsmen organization established. | Temple for sacrificing built: ① Temple of Confucius in Pingxiang; ② Liu temple; | Construction showed diversity in many aspects: ① Wood carving for decoration; ② Horse hand wall; ③ Building façade. | Diversity architectures built: ① Zhushan classical college; ② Tangyue Archway group. | |
13-The Republic of China era | Western industrial construction spread in China: ① Application of building materials such as cement, steel, and iron; ② Layout forms began to simplify; ③ Chinese and Western culture combined buildings are widely used. | Built Chinese and Western combined residences, including: ① Huang Qingnian House; ② Taojia House; ③ Ying Youmu House; ④ Yang Hongsheng House; ⑤ Zhong House; ⑥ Chen Guichun House. | Famous construction projects: ① Built Plum blossom pavilion; ② Built Lingyan mountain palace;③ Rebuilt the Yuhan House. | Built Chinese and Western combined residences, including: ① Zhangxun Mansion. | Formed an organization of construction craftsmen: ① Dongyang craftsmen. | — |
14-Contemporary era | Multiculturalism promoted the revolution of architectures: ① High-rise building spread in the urban areas; ② The architectural decoration is simplified; ③ Traditional architecture begins to disappear; ④ Artificial intelligence begins to combine with building technology; ⑤ The city scale begins to expand. | There are two architecture style widely used in traditional villages, including: ① Shi Kumen/ Chinese and Western combined residences; ② Modern House/ Garden House. | The Jiangsu traditional garden built in foreign country: ① Su garden (built in America); ② Yuxiu garden (built in Singapore). | Traditional village rebuilt: ① Jinxi village. | A book related to Zhejiang traditional residence was published: ① Eastern Residence Legend Zhejiang Dongyang Residence. | Famous construction projects: ① Chuhua garden (built in German); ② The protection project of Hongcun in Xiexian. |
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Time Line | Maps The historical area of China The historical area of other country The historical area of Jiangnan | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incubation: cultural initiation (Xia Dynasty–Dong Han Dynasty: about 2070 BC–220 AD) | Map of 21st century to the 16th century BC: Xia Dynasty–Yangzhou | Map of 1042 BC to 996 BC: Shang and Zhou Dynasty–Wu and Yue | Map of 230 BC: Spring and Autumn Period Dynasty–Gusu and Kuaiji | Map of 221 BC: Qin Zhaoyu Wang period Dynasty–Qianzhong | |||
Map of 214 to 212 BC: Qin Dynasty–Kuaiji | Map of 201 BC: Western Han Dynasty–Kuaiji | Map of 69 AD: Eastern Han Dynasty–Kuaiji | |||||
The turning point period: the economic center moved south (Three Kingdoms–Song Dynasty: 220 AD–1279 AD) | Map of 263AD: Three Kingdoms period–Jiangnan and Jiangdong | Map of 569AD: Wei and Jin Dynasty–Jiangnan | Map of 612AD: Sui Dynasty–Yuhang | ||||
Map of 628AD: Tang Dynasty–Jiangnan Dao | Map of 944AD: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms–Wuyue | Map of 994AD: Song Dynasty–Jiangnan East Road | |||||
Fast development period: cultural prosperity (Yuan Dynasty–Qing Dynasty: 1279–1911AD) | Map of 1330AD: Yuan Dynasty–Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province | Map of 1626AD: Ming Dynasty–Nanzhi Li | Map of 1691AD: Qing Dynasty–Jiangnan Province | ||||
Combination and transformation period: contemporary change (Republic of China–present: 1912–present) | Map of 1912AD: Republic of China–South of the Yangtze River | Map of contemporary: People‘s Republic of China–Jiangnan |
Types of Anhui Traditional Residences | Sustainable Design | Sustainable Structure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark residence | ① | √ | Using the barking material sourced locally to build the walls. | Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around the mountains. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | The Chuandou structure divided buildings to create small spaces. | |||
⑤ | Simple and rectangular plane. | |||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using trees or soil to create the landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | Using for the local nation which named She national (“畲族”). | |||
Earth wall residence | ① | √ | Using soil sourced locally to build the walls. | Tumu (The traditional wooden frame with soil wall) |
② | √ | Building around the mountains. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | The Tumu structure divided buildings to create small spaces. | |||
⑤ | Simple and rectangular plane. | |||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using trees or soil to create the landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | Using for the local nation which named She national (“畲族”) | |||
Huizhou residence | ① | √ | Using wood and stone sourced locally to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building on a plain area around the river. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple courtyards to create a more functional space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Introducing water into the courtyards. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture and Hui culture. | ||
Stone residence | ① | √ | Using wood and flaky stone sourced locally to build the walls. | Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around the mountains. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | The Chuandou structure divided buildings into small spaces. | |||
⑤ | Simple and rectangular plane. | |||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create the landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining the Han culture and Hui culture. |
Types of Shanghai Traditional Residences | Sustainable Design | Sustainable Structure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Waterfront residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around the rivers. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | Simple and rectangular plane. | |||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using water to create a landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Wu culture, and Yue culture. | ||
Courtyard residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building in the plain area around the river. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using courtyards with different themes to create a more functional space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using trees or water to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Wu culture, and Yue culture. | ||
Chinese and Western combined dwellings/New Shikumen | ① | √ | Using wood and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Brick and wood structure |
② | √ | Building in the plain area around the river. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple courtyards to create a more functional space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Introducing water into the courtyards. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture and Hui culture. | ||
Modern house/garden house | ① | Using concrete materials. | Reinforced concrete mixed structure | |
② | Building around an urban area. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The reinforced concrete mixed structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a more flexible layout to satisfy the demands of users. | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | More considering the modern urban. | |||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by foreign cultures. | |||
Chinese and Western combined residence/Shikumen | ① | Using wood and brick materials. | ||
② | Building around an urban area. | Brick and wood structure | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The brick and wood structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a more flexible layout to satisfy the demands of users. | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | More considering modern life demands. | |||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by foreign cultures. | |||
Street-facing residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone sourced locally to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building on a plain area around the road. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple entrance and corridors to create more space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants or water to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture Wu culture and Yue culture. |
Types of Zhejiang Traditional Residences | Sustainable Design | Sustainable Structure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou style residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around rivers or mountains. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by the vertical axis | ||
⑥ | Using a large-scale garden inside the building. | |||
⑦ | Using pavilions, corridors, etc. to create an artificial environment. | |||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture Yue culture. | ||
Water town residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around rivers. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by one or two axes. | ||
⑥ | Creating a garden space around the building. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using plants or water to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. | |||
New big wall door residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Load bearing structure (Use brick) |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | Using a more flexible layout to satisfy the demands of users. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axis | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | Using pavilions to create a simple environment. | |||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture Yue culture. | ||
Three pushes nine Mingtang residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by the vertical axis. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using courtyards with different themes to create a diversified space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. | |||
Eighteen Floor residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | |
② | Building on plains. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axis | ||
⑥ | √ | Using a derivative/expansion courtyard to create a flexible space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. | |||
Walk the horse residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Chuandou |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | The Chuandou structure divided buildings into small spaces. | |||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by the vertical axis | ||
⑥ | Creating a garden space outside the building. | |||
⑦ | The landscape outside buildings from the natural environment. | |||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. | |||
Inter-alley pavilion residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by the vertical axis | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture Yue culture. | ||
Taimen: Thousands of pillars, new houses, etc. | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | Using a simple layout and a fixed size. | |||
⑥ | √ | Using a large number of living courtyards to extend the space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. | |||
Large wall door | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plains. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | Using a simple and symmetrical layout. | |||
⑥ | √ | Using the courtyard to create a flexible space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by Han culture. |
Types of Jiangsu Traditional Residences | Sustainable Design | Sustainable Structure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Waterfront residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around rivers. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a flexible layout without axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using simple and small courtyards. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using water to create a landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Han culture. | |||
Cross-water residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building on plain areas around rivers. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using trees or water to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Wu culture, and Yue culture. | ||
Chinese and Western combined residence/Shikumen | ① | √ | Using wood and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Brick and wood structure |
② | Building in urban areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The brick and wood structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a flexible layout to adapt to the environment. | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | Without any landscape inside the building. | |||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture and foreign culture. | ||
Small scale residence/single-family residence | ① | √ | Using the wood and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building around the urban areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | Using a simple and rectangular layout. | |||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | More considering the modern urban. | |||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Han culture. | |||
Garden residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | |
② | √ | Building on plain areas around rivers. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou | |
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a more flexible layout to satisfy the demands of users. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using garden courtyards to provide an entertainment space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants, sculptures, water to create a diverse landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Wu culture, and Yue culture. | ||
Multi-way multi-entry residence/Large scale residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plain areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by vertical axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple courtyards to create more space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants or water to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Han culture. |
Types of Jiangxi Traditional Residences | Sustainable Design | Sustainable Structure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Waterfront residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | √ | Building around rivers. | ||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a flexible layout without axes. | ||
⑥ | Without any courtyard. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using water to create a landscape around buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Han culture. | |||
Courtyard residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plain areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | Using a simple and rectangular layout. | |||
⑥ | √ | Using small and simple courtyards. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create the landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Han culture. | |||
Dawu residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plain areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a flexible layout to adapt to the environment. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple courtyards to create more space. | ||
⑦ | Without any landscape inside the building. | |||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Jiangxi culture, and Huizhou culture. | ||
Huizhou residence | ① | √ | Using wood and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou |
② | Building on plain areas. | |||
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a complex layout by axes. | ||
⑥ | √ | Using multiple courtyards to create more space. | ||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | √ | Combining Han culture, Jiangxi culture, and Huizhou culture. | ||
Slope residence | ① | √ | Using wood, soil, and stone locally sourced to build the walls. | |
② | √ | Building around mountains. | Combination of Tailiang and Chuandou | |
③ | √ | Using the pitched roof. | ||
④ | √ | The combination structure provided a more flexible space. | ||
⑤ | √ | Using a more flexible layout to satisfy the demanding of users. | ||
⑥ | Without any landscape inside the building. | |||
⑦ | √ | Using plants to create a diverse landscape inside buildings. | ||
⑧ | Mainly influenced by the Jiangxi culture. |
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Liu, Q.; Liao, Z.; Wu, Y.; Mulugeta Degefu, D.; Zhang, Y. Cultural Sustainability and Vitality of Chinese Vernacular Architecture: A Pedigree for the Spatial Art of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246898
Liu Q, Liao Z, Wu Y, Mulugeta Degefu D, Zhang Y. Cultural Sustainability and Vitality of Chinese Vernacular Architecture: A Pedigree for the Spatial Art of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region. Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):6898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246898
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qi, Zaiyi Liao, Yongfa Wu, Dagmawi Mulugeta Degefu, and Yiwei Zhang. 2019. "Cultural Sustainability and Vitality of Chinese Vernacular Architecture: A Pedigree for the Spatial Art of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 6898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246898