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Article

The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells

by
Oskari J. Uski
1,*,
Gregory Rankin
1,
Håkan Wingfors
2,
Roger Magnusson
2,
Christoffer Boman
3,
Robert Lindgren
3,
Ala Muala
1,
Anders Blomberg
1,
Jenny A. Bosson
1 and
Thomas Sandström
1
1
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
2
CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, 90182 Umeå, Sweden
3
Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Xenobiotics 2024, 14(4), 1432-1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040080
Submission received: 8 July 2024 / Revised: 23 September 2024 / Accepted: 4 October 2024 / Published: 9 October 2024
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Abstract

The use of alternative diesel fuels has increased due to the demand for renewable energy sources. There is limited knowledge regarding the potential health effects caused by exhaust emissions from biodiesel- and renewable diesel-fueled engines. This study investigates the toxic effects of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel engine powered by conventional petroleum diesel fuel (SD10) and two biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in vitro. The fuels used were rapeseed methyl ester (RME), soy methyl ester (SME), and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), either pure or as 50% blends with SD10. Additionally, a 5% RME blend was also used. The highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and elemental carbon (EC) was found in conventional diesel and the 5% RME blend. HVO PM samples also exhibited a high amount of EC. A dose-dependent genotoxic response was detected with PM from SD10, pure SME, and RME as well as their blends. Reactive oxygen species levels were several times higher in cells exposed to PM from SD10, pure HVO, and especially the 5% RME blend. Apoptotic cell death was observed in cells exposed to PM from SD10, 5% RME blend, the 50% SME blend, and HVO samples. In conclusion, all diesel PM samples, including biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels, exhibited toxicity.
Keywords: biodiesel; renewable diesel; petrodiesel; rapeseed methyl ester; soy methyl ester; hydrotreated vegetable oil; particulate matter; emissions; in vitro toxicology biodiesel; renewable diesel; petrodiesel; rapeseed methyl ester; soy methyl ester; hydrotreated vegetable oil; particulate matter; emissions; in vitro toxicology
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MDPI and ACS Style

Uski, O.J.; Rankin, G.; Wingfors, H.; Magnusson, R.; Boman, C.; Lindgren, R.; Muala, A.; Blomberg, A.; Bosson, J.A.; Sandström, T. The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. J. Xenobiotics 2024, 14, 1432-1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040080

AMA Style

Uski OJ, Rankin G, Wingfors H, Magnusson R, Boman C, Lindgren R, Muala A, Blomberg A, Bosson JA, Sandström T. The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(4):1432-1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040080

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uski, Oskari J., Gregory Rankin, Håkan Wingfors, Roger Magnusson, Christoffer Boman, Robert Lindgren, Ala Muala, Anders Blomberg, Jenny A. Bosson, and Thomas Sandström. 2024. "The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 4: 1432-1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040080

APA Style

Uski, O. J., Rankin, G., Wingfors, H., Magnusson, R., Boman, C., Lindgren, R., Muala, A., Blomberg, A., Bosson, J. A., & Sandström, T. (2024). The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Journal of Xenobiotics, 14(4), 1432-1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040080

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