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Volume 14
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10.3390/v14030448
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Article

The Impact of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Health Factors on the Incidence and Complications of COVID-19 in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Mona Schaalan
1,2,
Ahmed E. Abou Warda
3,
Samir M. Osman
4,
Shaimaa Fathy
1,
Rania M. Sarhan
5,
Marian S. Boshra
5,
Neven Sarhan
1,
Sayed Gaber
6 and
Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelhaleem Ali
7,*
1
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo 11828, Egypt
2
Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Misr International University, Cairo 11828, Egypt
3
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, P.O. Box 12585, Giza 12585, Egypt
4
Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, P.O. Box 12585, Giza 12585, Egypt
5
Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62514, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
6
Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
7
Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif P Code 21944, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030448
Submission received: 15 January 2022 / Revised: 18 February 2022 / Accepted: 20 February 2022 / Published: 22 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Section SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study was intended to explore sociodemographic, nutritional, and health-related factors on the incidence of COVID-19 infection within the Egyptian population by assessing the frequency and determinants of post-COVID-19 symptoms and complications. A cross-sectional study using a structured survey on 15,166 participants was adopted. The results revealed common symptoms including fever (79.1%), cough (74.5%), anosmia& ageusia (68.4%), and dyspnea (66.9%). The patients were nonsmokers (83.9%), while 9.7% were mild smokers. The percentage of infected patients with comorbidities versus those without comorbidities were 29%, 71%, respectively. The highest incidence of infection was in those patients with hypertension (14.8%) and diabetes (10.9%), especially females with age >50 years and obesity (BMI; 30–39.9). The highest risks were observed for anticoagulants in the age above 50 years, morbid obesity, presence of comorbidities, and being a healthcare worker. The predictors of clot risk were in the age above 50 years, non-educated, and eating meat and eggs. Nonetheless, the highest risk of using antidepressants was in patients >50 years and those who traveled abroad. These findings and similarities within the surrounding region, the Middle East, North Africa, and South Europe, indicate the possibility of sharing the same viral strain and characteristics that may predict a similar vaccine efficacy and response.
Keywords: COVID-19; Egypt; nutritional attitude; precautionary measures and practices; post-COVID-19 symptoms COVID-19; Egypt; nutritional attitude; precautionary measures and practices; post-COVID-19 symptoms

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Schaalan, M.; Abou Warda, A.E.; Osman, S.M.; Fathy, S.; Sarhan, R.M.; Boshra, M.S.; Sarhan, N.; Gaber, S.; Ali, A.M.A. The Impact of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Health Factors on the Incidence and Complications of COVID-19 in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study. Viruses 2022, 14, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030448

AMA Style

Schaalan M, Abou Warda AE, Osman SM, Fathy S, Sarhan RM, Boshra MS, Sarhan N, Gaber S, Ali AMA. The Impact of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Health Factors on the Incidence and Complications of COVID-19 in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study. Viruses. 2022; 14(3):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Schaalan, Mona, Ahmed E. Abou Warda, Samir M. Osman, Shaimaa Fathy, Rania M. Sarhan, Marian S. Boshra, Neven Sarhan, Sayed Gaber, and Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelhaleem Ali. 2022. "The Impact of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Health Factors on the Incidence and Complications of COVID-19 in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study" Viruses 14, no. 3: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030448

APA Style

Schaalan, M., Abou Warda, A. E., Osman, S. M., Fathy, S., Sarhan, R. M., Boshra, M. S., Sarhan, N., Gaber, S., & Ali, A. M. A. (2022). The Impact of Sociodemographic, Nutritional, and Health Factors on the Incidence and Complications of COVID-19 in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study. Viruses, 14(3), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030448

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