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Energies
Volume 11
Issue 6
10.3390/en11061333
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Article

Urban Environment and Solar PV Performance: The Case of the Netherlands

by
Panagiotis Moraitis
*,
Bala Bhavya Kausika
,
Nick Nortier
and
Wilfried Van Sark
Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2018, 11(6), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061333
Submission received: 16 April 2018 / Revised: 7 May 2018 / Accepted: 15 May 2018 / Published: 23 May 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PV System Design and Performance)
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Abstract

The modern urban landscape creates numerous challenges for the deployment of solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology. The large structures that dominate the skyline of every city create compactness, which, in turn, limits the available rooftop area and creates unpredicted shading patterns. The majority of research today relies on modern applications such as geographical information system (GIS) software to evaluate urban morphology; however, this approach is computationally intensive and therefore it is usually limited to a small geographical area. In this paper, we approach this issue from another perspective, utilizing the enormous amount of high resolution PV yield data that is available for the Netherlands. Our results not only correlate performance losses with urban compactness indicators, but they also reveal a significant seasonality effect that can reach 15% in some cases.
Keywords: performance ratio; GIS; PV module; system; population density; urban compactness performance ratio; GIS; PV module; system; population density; urban compactness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moraitis, P.; Kausika, B.B.; Nortier, N.; Van Sark, W. Urban Environment and Solar PV Performance: The Case of the Netherlands. Energies 2018, 11, 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061333

AMA Style

Moraitis P, Kausika BB, Nortier N, Van Sark W. Urban Environment and Solar PV Performance: The Case of the Netherlands. Energies. 2018; 11(6):1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061333

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moraitis, Panagiotis, Bala Bhavya Kausika, Nick Nortier, and Wilfried Van Sark. 2018. "Urban Environment and Solar PV Performance: The Case of the Netherlands" Energies 11, no. 6: 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061333

APA Style

Moraitis, P., Kausika, B. B., Nortier, N., & Van Sark, W. (2018). Urban Environment and Solar PV Performance: The Case of the Netherlands. Energies, 11(6), 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061333

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