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Volume 13
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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 13, Issue 1 (February 2020) – 6 articles

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10 pages, 423 KiB  
Article
Pursuit Eye Movements in Dyslexic Children: Evidence for an Immaturity of Brain Oculomotor Structures?
by Simona Caldani, Christophe-Loïc Gerard, Hugo Peyre and Maria Pia Bucci
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.5 - 25 May 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 69
Abstract
Background: Dyslexia is a disorder found in 5–10% of school-aged children. Several studies reported visual deficits and oculomotor abnormalities in dyslexic children. The objective of our study was to examine horizontal pursuit performance in dyslexic children, despite its poor involvement in reading. [...] Read more.
Background: Dyslexia is a disorder found in 5–10% of school-aged children. Several studies reported visual deficits and oculomotor abnormalities in dyslexic children. The objective of our study was to examine horizontal pursuit performance in dyslexic children, despite its poor involvement in reading. Methods: Eye movements were recorded by video-oculography in 92 children (46 dyslexic children, mean age: 9.77 ± 0.26 and 46 non dyslexic, IQ- and age-matched children). Both the number of catch-up saccades occurring during pursuit task and the gain of pursuit were measured. Results: Catch-up saccades were significantly more frequent in the dyslexic group than in the non-dyslexic group of children. Pursuit performance (in terms of the number of catch-up saccades and gain) significantly improved with increasing age in the non-dyslexic children group only. Conclusions: The atypical pursuit patterns observed in dyslexic children suggest a deficiency in the visual attentional processing and an immaturity of brain structures responsible for pursuit triggering. This finding needs to be validated by neuroimaging studies on dyslexia population. Full article
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15 pages, 1042 KiB  
Article
Viewing Garden Scenes: Interaction Between Gaze Behavior and Physiological Responses
by Congcong Liu, Karl Herrup, Seiko Goto and Bertram E. Shi
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.6 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 53
Abstract
Previous research has shown that exposure to Japanese gardens reduces physiological measures of stress, e.g. heart rate, in both healthy subjects and dementia patients. However, the correlation between subjects’ physiological responses and their visual behavior while viewing the garden has not yet been [...] Read more.
Previous research has shown that exposure to Japanese gardens reduces physiological measures of stress, e.g. heart rate, in both healthy subjects and dementia patients. However, the correlation between subjects’ physiological responses and their visual behavior while viewing the garden has not yet been investigated. To address this, we developed a system to collect simultaneous measurements of eye gaze and three physiological indicators of autonomic nervous system activity: electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, and galvanic skin response. We recorded healthy subjects’ physiological/behavioral responses when they viewed two environments (an empty courtyard and a Japanese garden) in two ways (directly or as a projected 2D photograph). Similar to past work, we found that differences in subject’s physiological responses to the two environments when viewed directly, but not as a photograph. We also found differences in their behavioral responses. We quantified subject’s behavioral responses using several gaze metrics commonly considered to be measures of engagement of focus: average fixation duration, saccade amplitude, spatial entropy and gaze transition entropy. We found decrease in gaze transition entropy, the only metric that accounts for both the spatial and temporal properties of gaze, to have a weak positive correlation with decrease in heart rate. This suggests a relationship between engagement/focus and relaxation. Finally, we found gender differences: females’ gaze patterns were more spatially distributed and had higher transition entropy than males. Full article
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17 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
A Two-step Approach for Interest Estimation from Gaze Behavior in Digital Catalog Browsing
by Kei Shimonishi and Hiroaki Kawashima
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.4 - 1 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 53
Abstract
While eye gaze data contain promising clues for inferring the interests of viewers of digital catalog content, viewers often dynamically switch their focus of attention. As a result, a direct application of conventional behavior analysis techniques, such as topic models, tends to be [...] Read more.
While eye gaze data contain promising clues for inferring the interests of viewers of digital catalog content, viewers often dynamically switch their focus of attention. As a result, a direct application of conventional behavior analysis techniques, such as topic models, tends to be affected by items or attributes of little or no interest to the viewer. To overcome this limitation, we need to identify “when” the user compares items and to detect “which attribute types/values” reflect the user’s interest. This paper proposes a novel two-step approach to addressing these needs. Specifically, we introduce a likelihood-based short-term analysis method as the first step of the approach to simultaneously determine comparison phases of browsing and detect the attributes on which the viewer focuses, even when the attributes cannot be directly obtained from gaze points. Using probabilistic latent semantic analysis, we show that this short-term analysis step greatly improves the results of the subsequent step. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated in terms of the capability to extract combinations of attributes relevant to the viewer’s interest, which we call aspects, and also to estimate the interest described by these aspects. Full article
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20 pages, 2632 KiB  
Article
Looking (for) Patterns: Similarities and Differences Between Infant and Adult Free Scene-Viewing Patterns
by Daan R. van Renswoude, Maartje E. J. Raijmakers and Ingmar Visser
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.2 - 1 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 53
Abstract
Systematic tendencies such as the center and horizontal bias are known to have a large influence on how and where we move our eyes during static onscreen free scene viewing. However, it is unknown whether these tendencies are learned viewing strategies or are [...] Read more.
Systematic tendencies such as the center and horizontal bias are known to have a large influence on how and where we move our eyes during static onscreen free scene viewing. However, it is unknown whether these tendencies are learned viewing strategies or are more default tendencies in the way we move our eyes. To gain insight into the origin of these tendencies we explore the systematic tendencies of infants (3 - 20-month-olds, N = 157) and adults (N = 88) in three different scene viewing data sets. We replicated com-mon findings, such as longer fixation durations and shorter saccade amplitudes in infants compared to adults. The leftward bias was never studied in infants, and our results indi-cate that it is not present, while we did replicate the leftward bias in adults. The general pattern of the results highlights the similarity between infant and adult eye movements. Similar to adults, infants’ fixation durations increase with viewing time and the depend-encies between successive fixations and saccades show very similar patterns. A straight-forward conclusion to draw from this set of studies is that infant and adult eye movements are mainly driven by similar underlying basic processes. Full article
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12 pages, 603 KiB  
Article
Calibration-Free Gaze Interfaces Based on Linear Smooth Pursuit
by Zhe Zeng, Felix Wilhelm Siebert, Antje Christine Venjakob and Matthias Roetting
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.3 - 10 Mar 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 87
Abstract
Since smooth pursuit eye movements can be used without calibration in spontaneous gaze interaction, the intuitiveness of the gaze interface design has been a topic of great interest in the human-computer interaction field. However, since most related research focuses on curved smooth-pursuit trajectories, [...] Read more.
Since smooth pursuit eye movements can be used without calibration in spontaneous gaze interaction, the intuitiveness of the gaze interface design has been a topic of great interest in the human-computer interaction field. However, since most related research focuses on curved smooth-pursuit trajectories, the design issues of linear trajectories are poorly understood. Hence, this study evaluated the user performance of gaze interfaces based on linear smooth pursuit eye movements. We conducted an experiment to investigate how the number of objects (6, 8, 10, 12, or 15) and object moving speed (7.73 ˚/s vs. 12.89 ˚/s) affect the user performance in a gaze-based interface. Results show that the number and speed of the displayed objects influence users’ performance with the interface. The number of objects significantly affected the correct and false detection rates when selecting objects in the display. Participants’ performance was highest on interfaces containing 6 and 8 objects and decreased for interfaces with 10, 12, and 15 objects. Detection rates and orientation error were significantly influenced by the moving speed of displayed objects. Faster moving speed (12.89 ˚/s) resulted in higher detection rates and smaller orientation error compared to slower moving speeds (7.73 ˚/s). Our findings can help to enable a calibration-free accessible interaction with gaze interfaces. Full article
20 pages, 1841 KiB  
Article
Cognitive Strategies Revealed by Clustering Eye Movement Transitions
by Šimon Kucharský, Ingmar Visser, Gabriela-Olivia Truțescu, Paulo G. Laurence, Martina Zaharieva and Maartje E. J. Raijmakers
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13(1), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.1.1 - 26 Feb 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 71
Abstract
In cognitive tasks, solvers can adopt different strategies to process information which may lead to different response behavior. These strategies might elicit different eye movement patterns which can thus provide substantial information about the strategy a person uses. However, these strategies are usually [...] Read more.
In cognitive tasks, solvers can adopt different strategies to process information which may lead to different response behavior. These strategies might elicit different eye movement patterns which can thus provide substantial information about the strategy a person uses. However, these strategies are usually hidden and need to be inferred from the data. After an overview of existing techniques which use eye movement data for the identification of latent cognitive strategies, we present a relatively easy to apply unsuper-vised method to cluster eye movement recordings to detect groups of different solution processes that are applied in solving the task. We test the method's performance using simulations and demonstrate its use on two examples of empirical data. Our analyses are in line with presence of different solving strategies in a Mastermind game, and suggest new insights to strategic patterns in solving Progressive matrices tasks. Full article
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