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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 2019) – 6 articles

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12 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mad Saccade: Statistically Robust Saccade Threshold Estimation via the Median Absolute Deviation

by Benjamin Voloh, Marcus R. Watson, Seth König and Thilo Womelsdorf

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.3 - 12 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 83

Abstract

Saccade detection is a critical step in the analysis of gaze data. A common method for saccade detection is to use a simple threshold for velocity or acceleration values, which can be estimated from the data using the mean and standard deviation. However, this method has the downside of being influenced by the very signal it is trying to detect, the outlying velocities or accelerations that occur during saccades. We propose instead to use the median absolute deviation (MAD), a robust estimator of dispersion that is not influenced by outliers. We modify an algorithm proposed by Nyström and colleagues, and quantify saccade detection performance in both simulated and human data. Our modified algorithm shows a significant and marked improvement in saccade detection - showing both more true positives and less false negatives—especially under higher noise levels. We conclude that robust estimators can be widely adopted in other common, automatic gaze classification algorithms due to their ease of implementation. Full article

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11 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Visual Tracking Intervention on Attention and Behavior of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

by Shiva Janmohammadi, Hojjat Allah Haghgoo, Mojgan Farahbod, Paul G. Overton and Ebrahim Pishyareh

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.6 - 22 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 124

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by several cognitive and behavioral problems such as inattention and impulsivity, abnormal control of eye movements and relocation, visual fixation and visuospatial perception. There is a link between core motor functions such as oculomotor function and cognition to the extent that the oculomotor system acts as a mediator between the motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, the effects of eye-tracking intervention were investigated on attention in these children. Thirty - nine boys with ADHD, 6 to 10 years of age were recruited and randomized to receive current occupational therapy (control group), or occupational therapy accompanied with eye-tracking exercises (experimental group). They were evaluated using the Conner's Parent Rating Scale, the Continuous Performance Task-2, and the Test of Visual-Motor Skills-Revised before and after the intervention. Significant improvements in the mean scores of cognitive problems (F = 9/22), coping behavior (F = 6.03) and hyperactivity (F = 9.77) were detected in the posttest between the two groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the Continuous Performance Test scores, detectability (F = 5.68), omission errors (F = 17.89), commission errors (F = 19.45), reaction time (F = 8.95), variability (F = 7.07), and preservation (F = 6.33) showed significant differences between control and experimental groups (p < 0.01). It appears that eye-tracking interventions designed based on the isolation of neck and eye movement might have an important role in improving cognitive function and coping behaviors in these children. It seems that these exercises could increase eye movement control; improve cognitive function and response inhibition. Full article

12 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shorter Fixation Durations for Up-Directed Saccades During Saccadic Exploration: A Meta-Analysis

by Harold H. Greene, James M. Brown and Gregory P. Strauss

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.5 - 1 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 65

Abstract

Utilizing 23 datasets, we report a meta-analysis of an asymmetry in presaccadic fixation durations for saccades directed above and below eye fixation during saccadic exploration. For inclusion in the meta-analysis, saccadic exploration of complex visual displays had to have been made without gaze-contingent manipulations. Effect sizes for the asymmetry were quantified as Hedge’s g. Pooled effect sizes indicated significant asymmetries such that during saccadic exploration in a variety of tasks, presaccadic fixation durations for saccades directed into the upper visual field were reliably shorter than presaccadic fixation durations for saccades into the lower visual field. It is contended that the asymmetry is robust and important for efforts aimed at modelling when a saccade is initiated as a function of ensuing saccade direction. Full article

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20 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dog Eye Movements Are Slower than Human Eye Movements

by Soon Young Park, Catarina Espanca Bacelar and Kenneth Holmqvist

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.4 - 5 Feb 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 172

Abstract

Eye movement of a species reflects the visual behavior strategy that it has adapted to during its evolution. What are eye movements of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) like? Investigations of dog eye movements per se have not been done, despite the increasing number of visuo-cognitive studies in dogs using eye-tracking systems. To fill this gap, we have recorded dog eye movements using a video-based eye-tracking system, and compared the dog data to that of humans. We found dog saccades follow the systematic relationships between saccade metrics previously shown in humans and other animal species. Yet, the details of the relationships, and the quantities of each metric of dog saccades and fixations differed from those of humans. Overall, dog saccades were slower and fixations were longer than those of humans. We hope our findings contribute to existing comparative analyses of eye movement across animal species, and also to improvement of algorithms used for classifying eye movement data of dogs. Full article

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19 pages, 1798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Rotation: The Effects of Processing Strategy, Gender and Task Characteristics on Children's Accuracy, Reaction Time and Eye Movements’ Pattern

by Dorit Taragin, David Tzuriel and Eli Vakil

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-19; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.2 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 59

Abstract

The effects of gender, strategy and task characteristics on children's mental rotation (MR) behavioral measures and eye movements were studied. Eye movements reflect thinking pattern and assist understanding mental rotation performance. Eighty-three fourth-grade children (44 boys and 39 girls) were administered the Computerized Windows Mental Rotation test (CWMR) while having their eye movements monitored and completed a Strategy Self-Report (global/local/combined) and a Spatial Span (WM) subtest. Difficulty level affected performance and was reflected in a different eye movement pattern. Boys were more accurate than girls, but they did not differ in their eye movement pattern. Eye movement pattern was related to strategy, accu-racy and reaction time, revealing that the global and combined strategy were more effective compared with local strategy. WM was found to correlate with accuracy at the easy level of the test. The usage of eye movement measures assists in elaborating our knowledge regarding MR performance among chil-dren and enable a wider understanding regarding the interaction between gender, strategy and difficulty level. Full article

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18 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VR/AR Head-Mounted Display System-Based Measurement and Evaluation of Dynamic Visual Acuity

by Jung-Ho Kim, Ho-Jun Son, Seung-Hyun Lee and Soon-Chul Kwon

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2019, 12(8), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.8.1 - 15 Oct 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 63

Abstract

This study evaluated the dynamic visual acuity of candidates by implementing a King–Devick (K–D) test chart in a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR HMD) and an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR HMD). Hard-copy KD (HCKD), VR HMD KD (VHKD), and AR HMD KD (AHKD) tests were conducted in 30 male and female candidates in the age of 10S and 20S and subjective symptom surveys were conducted. In the subjective symptom surveys, all except one of the VHKD questionnaire items showed subjective symptoms of less than 1 point. In the comparison between HCKD and VHKD, HCKD was measured more rapidly than VHKD in all tests. In the comparison between HCKD and AHKD, HCKD was measured more rapidly than AHKD in Tests 1, 2, and 3. In the comparison between VHKD and AHKD, AHKD was measured more rapidly than VHKD in Tests 1, 2, and 3. In the correlation analyses of test platforms, all platforms were correlated with each other, except for the correlation between HCKD and VHKD in Tests 1 and 2. There was no significant difference in the frequency of errors among Tests 1, 2, and 3 across test platforms. VHKD and AHKD, which require the body to be moved to read the chart, required longer measurement time than HCKD. In the measurements of each platform, AHKD was measured closer to HCKD than VHKD, which may be because the AHKD environment is closer to the actual environment than the VHKD environment. The effectiveness of VHKD and AHKD proposed in this research was evaluated experimentally. The results suggest that treatment and training could be performed concurrently through the use of clinical test and content development of VHKD and AHKD. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 12, Issue 8 (December 2019) – 6 articles

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