Living through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact and Lessons on Dietary Behavior and Physical Well-Being
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19—A Global Pandemic
1.2. Overview of the Current Paper
2. Methodology of Current Literature
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
Theme | Subtheme | Keyword | Author | Articles | Country | n Sample | Type of Paper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary Behavior | Food security | COVID-19, pandemic, food choices, food security, shopping, purchase, behavior, panic buying, consumer changes, food supply chain, agriculture, food, heart disease, diet, malnutrition, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, NCDs, policies, fresh food, fruits, vegetables, immune system, chronic disease, inflammation, global, economy, food crisis, food production, prices, crop, farmer, sales, disruptions, demand, income, trade, poverty, logistics | Bracale, R. et al. | Changes in food choice following restrictive measures due to COVID-19 | Italy | 10,769 stores | Longitudinal Observational Study |
Di Crosta et al. | Psychological factors and consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Italy | 3833 participants | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Aday, S. et al. | Impact of COVID-19 on the Food Supply Chain. | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Branca, F. et al. | Transforming the food system to fight non-communicable diseases. | N/A | N/A | Editorial | |||
Glade M. J. et al. | Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective | Worldwide | N/A | Scoping Review | |||
He, F. et al. | Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. | United Kingdom | 278,459 individuals | Systematic Review | |||
Luckstead, J. et al. | Labor issues in the food supply chain amid the COVID-19 pandemic | United States of America | 1648 respondents | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Bagatini, M. et al. | Immune system and chronic diseases. | Brazil | N/A | Editorial | |||
Alam, G. et al. | Impact of COVID-19 on vegetable supply chain and food security: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh | Bangladesh | 120 respondents | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Pan, D. et al. | The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis. | China | 337 WeChat articles, 490 Weibo articles ~750,000 words | Scoping Review | |||
Laborde, D. et al. | COVID-19 risks to Global Food Security | United States of America | N/A | Editorial | |||
Commitee on World Food Security (CFS) High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) | Impacts of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition: developing effective policy responses to address the hunger and malnutrition pandemic. | Italy | N/A | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Laborde, D. et al. | Impacts of COVID-19 on Global Poverty, food security, and diets: Insights from Global Model Scenario Analysis | Worldwide | IFPRI’s global general equilibrium model | Cohort Observational Study | |||
HFP activities | home food procurement (HFP), gardening, home food procurement, COVID-19, pandemic, food insecurity, poverty, foraging, fruits, vegetables, healthy lifestyle, community gardens, social benefit, nutrition, food system, urban agriculture, organic food, community, ecosystem, home gardens, malnourishment, nutritional security | Niles, M. T. et al. | Home food procurement impacts food security and diet quality during COVID-19 | United States of America | 600 residents | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |
van den Berg, A. E. et al. | Allotment Gardening and health: A comparative survey among allotment gardeners and their neighbors without an allotment | Netherlands | 184 respondents (121 + 63 control) | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Algert, S. J. et al. | Vegetable output and cost savings of community gardens in San Jose, California. | United States of America | 83 gardeners | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Nova, P. et al. | Urban Organic Community Gardening to promote environmental sustainability practices and increase fruit, vegetables and organic food consumption. | Portugal | 115 city dwellers | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Lampert, T. et al. | Evidence on the contribution of community gardens to promote physical and mental health and well-being of non-institutionalized individuals: A systematic review | Worldwide | 8 studies | Systematic Review | |||
Lal, R. et al. | Home Gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. | United States of America | N/A | Editorial | |||
Alcohol Consumption | alcohol consumption, pandemic, e-commerce, alcohol sales, COVID-19, reward pathway, neural pathways, addiction | Scarpetta, S. et al. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develeopment; OECD) | The effect of COVID-19 on alcohol consumption, and policy responses to prevent harmful alcohol consumption | Worldwide | N/A | Prospective Study | |
Koob, G. et al. | Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. | United States of America | N/A | Retrospective Study | |||
Steffen, J. et al. | Altered alcohol consumption during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. | Germany | 2067 participants | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Nutrition | Social behavior | social behavior, anxiety, COVID-19, pandemic, psychological impact, depression, mental health, comfort food, neurophysiological mechanism, intrinsic reward mechanism, hyperpalatable food, obesity, inflammation, visceral weight gain, cardiovascular, adipose tissue, complications, calories, nutrient density, hunger, insulin resistance, cancer, body mass index (BMI), intensive care unit, SARS-Cov-2 | Wang, C. et al. | Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China | China | 1210 respondents | Cross-sectional Observational Study |
Weltens, N. et al. | Where is the comfort in Comfort Foods? mechanisms linking fat signaling, reward, and emotion | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Fazzino, T. L. et al. | Hyper-palatable foods: Development of a quantitative definition and application to the US Food System Database | United States of America | 75 HPF descriptors | Systematic Review | |||
Hauner, H. | Secretory factors from human adipose tissue and their functional role: Proceedings of the nutrition society | N/A | N/A | Editorial | |||
Fuhrman, J. et al. | Changing perceptions of hunger on a high nutrient density diet | United States of America | 768 participants | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Shuster, A. et al. | The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: A critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. | Worldwide | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Mohammad, S. et al. | Obesity and COVID-19: What makes obese host so vulnerable? | Worldwide | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Simonnet, A. et al. | High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. | France | 124 patients | Retrospective Study | |||
Ouchi, N. et al. | Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. | Worldwide | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Mediterranean diet | Mediterranean diet, health benefits, COVID-19, adipose tissue, inflammation, olive oil, polyphenols, cardiovascular health, anti-inflammatory, thrombosis, mast cells, polyphenols, immunomodulation, cytokines, diabetes, chronic disease, atherosclerosis, food choice, mortality, financial cost, hospitalisation | Bach-Faig, A. et al. | Mediterranean diet pyramid today. science and cultural updates | Mediterranean region | N/A | Prospective Study | |
Angelidi A. M. et al. | Mediterranean diet as a nutritional approach for COVID-19. | N/A | N/A | Editorial | |||
Theoharides, T. C. et al. | Coronavirus 2019, Microthromboses, and platelet activating factor | N/A | N/A | Editorial | |||
Shakoor, H. et al. | Immunomodulatory effects of dietary polyphenols. | Worldwide | 167 papers | Systematic Review | |||
Ding, S. et al. | Regulation of immune function by polyphenols | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Maiorino, M. I. et al. | Mediterranean diet and COVID-19: Hypothesizing potential benefits in people with diabetes | N/A | N/A | Editorial | |||
Casas, R. et al. | The immune protective effect of the Mediterranean diet against chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Greene, M. W. et al. | Negative association between Mediterranean diet adherence and COVID-19 cases and related deaths in Spain and 23 OECD countries: An ecological study | OECD countries | 24 countries | Cohort Observational Study | |||
Lampropoulos, C. E. et al. | Effects of Mediterranean diet on hospital length of stay, medical expenses, and mortality in elderly, hospitalized patients: A 2-year observational study | Greece | 183 patients | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Mohajeri, M. et al. | The food choice determinants and adherence to Mediterranean diet in Iranian adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown: Population-based study | Iran | 2540 adults | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Intermittent Fasting | glucose, glycolysis, COVID-19, cytokine storm, intermittent fasting, metabolism, metabolic pathways, respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes, pandemic | Wang, Q. et al. | O-glcnac transferase promotes influenza A virus–induced cytokine storm by targeting interferon regulatory factor–5. | N/A | N/A | Experimental Study | |
Yang, L. et al. | The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19 | N/A | N/A | Scoping Review | |||
Codo, A. C. et al. | Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1α/glycolysis-dependent axis | N/A | N/A | Experimental Study | |||
Lee, J. H. et al. | Intermittent fasting: Physiological implications on outcomes in mice and men | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Albosta, M. et al. | Intermittent fasting: Is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for Primary Care Physicians. | United States of America | 17 articles | Narrative Review | |||
Ealey, K. N. et al. | COVID-19 and obesity: Fighting two pandemics with intermittent fasting | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review | |||
Food Options | Food Delivery | food delivery, food delivery apps, FDAs, online transactions, COVID-19, online food purchase lockdown, economic impacts, takeaways, diet quality, food choice, obesity, weight gain, eye level, psychology, supermarket purchase, nutrition, inflammation | Li, C. et al. | Review of online food delivery platforms and their impacts on sustainability | N/A | N/A | Narrative Review |
Muangmee, C. et al. | Factors determining the behavioral intention of using food delivery apps during COVID-19 pandemics | Thailand | 402 respondents | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Duda-Chodal, A et al. | COVID-19 pandemic and food: Present knowledge, risks, consumers fears and safety. | Poland | N/A | Scoping Review | |||
Stephens, J. et al. | Food delivery apps and the negative health impacts for Americans | United States of America | N/A | Editorial | |||
Wang, C. et al. | Hunger for Home Delivery: Cross-sectional analysis of the nutritional quality of complete menus on an online food delivery platform in Australia. | Australia | 13,841 food items from 202 outlets | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors | Physical Activity; Sedentary Behaviors | physical activity, sedentary behavior, energy expenditure, factors affecting, COVID-19, isolation, leisure time, work from home (WFH) | Tremblay, M. S. et al. | Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. | Canada | N/A | Narrative Review |
Füzéki, E. et al. | Physical activity During COVID-19 INDUCED lockdown: Recommendations. | Germany | N/A | Editorial | |||
Tison, G. H. et al. | Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: A descriptive study. | 187 countries | 455,404 | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Genin, P. M. et al. | Effect of a 5-month worksite physical activity program on tertiary employee’s overall health and fitness. | United States of America | 95 employees | Longitudinal Observational Study | |||
Bourdas, D. I. et al. | Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity in a sample of Greek adults. | Greece | 8495 | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Tan, S. et al. | Physical activity, Sedentary behavior, and Weight status of university students during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross-National comparative study. | Malaysia | 254 students | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Constandt, B. et al. | Exercising in times OF Lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium. | Belgium | 13,515 | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Effects of Restrictive Measures towards Dietary Habits and Physical Activity | Dietary Habits; Physical Activity | diet, dietary habits, eating behavior, lifestyle, physical health, physical activity, sedentary behavior, pandemic, confinement, countries, changes, comparisons, quarantine, COVID-19 | Shimpo, M. et al. | Shimpo, M. et al., Factors associated with dietary change since the outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan. | Japan | 6000 | Cross-sectional Observational Study |
Wang, X. et al. | Bidirectional influence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on health behaviors and quality of life among Chinese adults. | China | 2289 | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Rodríguez-Pérez et al. | Changes in dietary behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet study | Spain | 7514 participants | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Papandreou, C. et al. | Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID -19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies. | Spain, Greece | 1841 total (1002 in Spain, 839 in Greece) | Cross-sectional Observational Study | |||
Sañudo, B. et al. | Objectively-assessed physical activity, sedentary behavior, smartphone use, and sleep patterns pre- and during-COVID-19 quarantine in young adults from Spain. | Spain | 22 students | Longitudinal Observational Study |
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Restriction Measures
3.1.1. Dietary Behavior
3.1.2. Nutrition
3.1.3. Food Options and Food Delivery Usage
3.1.4. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors
3.1.5. Effects of Restrictive Measures towards Dietary Habits and Physical Activity
3.2. Recommendations
3.2.1. The Lessons Learnt and Policy Recommendations
3.2.2. COVID-19 Moving towards Endemic
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, C.; Horby, P.W.; Hayden, F.G.; Gao, G.F. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020, 395, 470–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi, W.; Lu, R.; et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 727–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Velavan, T.P.; Meyer, C.G. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2020, 25, 278–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https://covid19.who.int (accessed on 12 September 2021).
- Harvey, N. Behavioral fatigue: Real phenomenon, naïve construct, or policy contrivance? Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 589892:1–589892:6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, L.P.; Sam, I.-C. Temporal changes in Psychobehavioral responses during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Prev. Med. 2010, 51, 92–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bracale, R.; Vaccaro, C.M. Changes in food choice following restrictive measures due to COVID-19. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2020, 30, 1423–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Crosta, A.; Ceccato, I.; Marchetti, D.; La Malva, P.; Maiella, R.; Cannito, L.; Cipi, M.; Mammarella, N.; Palumbo, R.; Verrocchio, M.C.; et al. Psychological factors and consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0256095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aday, S.; Aday, M.S. Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain. Food Qual. Saf. 2020, 4, 167–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branca, F.; Lartey, A.; Oenema, S.; Aguayo, V.; Stordalen, G.A.; Richardson, R.; Arvelo, M.; Afshin, A. Transforming the food system to fight non-communicable diseases. BMJ 2019, 364, l296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Glade, M.J. Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition 1999, 15, 523–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, F.J.; Nowson, C.A.; Lucas, M.; MacGregor, G.A. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2007, 21, 717–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bagatini, M.D.; Cardoso, A.M.; Santos, A.A.; Carvalho, F.B. Immune system and chronic diseases. J. Immunol. Res. 2017, 2017, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luckstead, J.; Nayga, R.M.; Snell, H.A. Labor Issues in the Food Supply Chain Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7646642/#__ffn_sectitle (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Alam, G.M.; Khatun, M.N. Impact of COVID-19 on vegetable supply chain and food security: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0248120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, D.; Yang, J.; Zhou, G.; Kong, F. The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0241167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laborde, D.; Martin, W.; Swinnen, J.; Vos, R. COVID-19 risks to global food security. Science 2020, 369, 500–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- HLPE. Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security and Nutrition: Developing Effective Policy Responses to Address the Hunger and Malnutrition Pandemic; HLPE: Rome, Italy, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Laborde, D.; Martin, W.; Vos, R. Impacts of COVID-19 on global poverty, food security, and diets: Insights from global model scenario analysis. Agric. Econ. 2021, 52, 375–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niles, M.T.; Wirkkala, K.B.; Belarmino, E.H.; Bertmann, F. Home food procurement impacts food security and diet quality during COVID-19. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van den Berg, A.E.; van Winsum-Westra, M.; de Vries, S.; van Dillen, S.M.E. Allotment gardening and health: A comparative survey among allotment gardeners and their neighbors without an allotment. Environ. Health 2010, 9, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Algert, S.J.; Baameur, A.; Renvall, M.J. Vegetable output and cost savings of community gardens in San Jose, California. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2014, 114, 1072–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nova, P.; Pinto, E.; Chaves, B.; Silva, M. Urban organic community gardening to promote environmental sustainability practices and increase fruit, vegetables and organic food consumption. Gac. Sanit. 2020, 34, 4–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lampert, T.; Costa, J.; Santos, O.; Sousa, J.; Ribeiro, T.; Freire, E. Evidence on the contribution of community gardens to promote physical and mental health and well-being of non-institutionalized individuals: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0255621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lal, R. Home Gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Secur. 2020, 12, 871–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Effect of COVID-19 on Alcohol Consumption, and Policy Responses to Prevent Harmful Alcohol Consumption. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-alcohol-consumption-and-policy-responses-to-prevent-harmful-alcohol-consumption-53890024 (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Furnari, C. Online Alcohol Sales Surge Amid Coronavirus Pandemic. Available online: https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrisfurnari/2020/12/01/online-alcohol-sales-surge-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/?sh=31e364174f3a (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Rebalancing the ‘COVID-19 Effect’ on Alcohol Sales. Available online: https://nielseniq.com/global/en/insights/analysis/2020/rebalancing-the-covid-19-effect-on-alcohol-sales (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Koob, G.; Kreek, M.J. Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164, 1149–1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steffen, J.; Schlichtiger, J.; Huber, B.C.; Brunner, S. Altered alcohol consumption during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Nutr. J. 2021, 20, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; Ho, C.S.; Ho, R.C. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. 2020, 17, 1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weltens, N.; Zhao, D.; Van Oudenhove, L. Where is the comfort in comfort foods? Mechanisms linking fat signaling, reward, and emotion. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2014, 26, 303–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busko, M. ‘Hyperpalatable’ Defined as Foods Driving the Obesity Epidemic. Available online: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/921472 (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Fazzino, T.L.; Rohde, K.; Sullivan, D.K. Hyper-palatable foods: Development of a quantitative definition and application to the US food system database. Obesity 2019, 27, 1761–1768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hauner, H. Secretory Factors from Human Adipose Tissue and Their Functional role: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Available online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/secretory-factors-from-human-adipose-tissue-and-their-functional-role/DB262E4193C6F9733EB1E7C9DCF6EE48#article (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Fuhrman, J.; Sarter, B.; Glaser, D.; Acocella, S. Changing perceptions of hunger on a high nutrient density diet. Nutr. J. 2010, 9, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shuster, A.; Patlas, M.; Pinthus, J.H.; Mourtzakis, M. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: A critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br. J. Radiol. 2012, 85, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mohammad, S.; Aziz, R.; Al Mahri, S.; Malik, S.S.; Haji, E.; Khan, A.H.; Khatlani, T.S.; Bouchama, A. Obesity and COVID-19: What makes obese host so vulnerable? Immun. Ageing 2021, 18, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simonnet, A.; Chetboun, M.; Poissy, J.; Raverdy, V.; Noulette, J.; Duhamel, A.; Labreuche, J.; Mathieu, D.; Pattou, F.; Jourdain, M.; et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020, 28, 1195–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ouchi, N.; Parker, J.L.; Lugus, J.J.; Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat. Rev. 2011, 11, 85–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bach-Faig, A.; Berry, E.M.; Lairon, D.; Reguant, J.; Trichopoulou, A.; Dernini, S.; Medina, F.X.; Battino, M.; Belahsen, R.; Miranda, G.; et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 2274–2284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Angelidi, A.M.; Kokkinos, A.; Katechaki, E.; Ros, E.; Mantzoros, C.S. Mediterranean diet as a nutritional approach for COVID-19. Metabolism 2021, 114, 154407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Theoharides, T.C.; Antonopoulou, S.; Demopoulos, C.A. Coronavirus 2019, microthromboses, and platelet activating factor. Clin. Ther. 2020, 42, 1850–1852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shakoor, H.; Feehan, J.; Apostolopoulos, V.; Platat, C.; Al Dhaheri, A.S.; Ali, H.I.; Ismail, L.C.; Bosevski, M.; Stojanovska, L. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary polyphenols. Nutritients 2021, 13, 728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, S.; Jiang, H.; Fang, J. Regulation of immune function by polyphenols. J. Immunol. Res. 2018, 2018, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maiorino, M.I.; Bellastella, G.; Longo, M.; Caruso, P.; Esposito, K. Mediterranean diet and COVID-19: Hypothesizing potential benefits in people with diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casas, R.; Sacanella, E.; Estruch, R. The immune protective effect of the Mediterranean diet against chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases. Endocr. Metab. Immune. Disord. Drug Targets 2014, 14, 245–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Greene, M.W.; Roberts, A.P.; Frugé, A.D. Negative association between Mediterranean diet adherence and COVID-19 cases and related deaths in Spain and 23 OECD countries: An ecological study. Front. Nutr. 2021, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lampropoulos, C.E.; Konsta, M.; Dradaki, V.; Roumpou, A.; Dri, I.; Papaioannou, I. Effects of Mediterranean diet on hospital length of stay, medical expenses, and mortality in elderly, hospitalized patients: A 2-year observational study. Nutrition 2020, 79, 110868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohajeri, M.; Ghannadiasl, F.; Narimani, S.; Nemati, A. The food choice determinants and adherence to Mediterranean diet in Iranian adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown: Population-based study. Nutr. Food Sci. 2021, 51, 1299–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Intermittent Fasting: What Is It, and How Does It Work? Available online: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/intermittent-fasting-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Wang, Q.; Fang, P.; He, R.; Li, M.; Yu, H.; Zhou, L.; Yi, Y.; Wang, F.; Rong, Y.; Zhang, Y.; et al. O-glcnac transferase promotes influenza A virus–induced cytokine storm by targeting interferon regulatory factor–5. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, L.; Xie, X.; Tu, Z.; Fu, J.; Xu, D.; Zhou, Y. The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021, 6, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Codo, A.C.; Davanzo, G.G.; de Monteiro, L.; de Souza, G.F.; Muraro, S.P.; Virgilio-da-Silva, J.V.; Prodonoff, J.S.; Carregari, V.C.; de Biagi Junior, C.A.; Crunfli, F.; et al. Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1α/glycolysis-dependent axis. Cell Metab. 2020, 32, 437–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.H.; Verma, N.; Thakkar, N.; Yeung, C.; Sung, H.-K. Intermittent fasting: Physiological implications on outcomes in mice and men. Physiology 2020, 35, 185–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albosta, M.; Bakke, J. Intermittent fasting: Is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians. Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 7, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ealey, K.N.; Phillips, J.; Sung, H.-K. COVID-19 and obesity: Fighting two pandemics with intermittent fasting. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2021, 32, 706–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Mirosa, M.; Bremer, P. Review of online food delivery platforms and their impacts on sustainability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muangmee, C.; Kot, S.; Meekaewkunchorn, N.; Kassakorn, N.; Khalid, B. Factors determining the behavioral intention of using food delivery apps during COVID-19 pandemics. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2021, 16, 1297–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duda-Chodak, A.; Lukasiewicz, M.; Zięć, G.; Florkiewicz, A.; Filipiak-Florkiewicz, A. COVID-19 pandemic and food: Present knowledge, risks, consumers fears and safety. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 105, 145–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malaysia, M.D.M. McDonald’s Malaysia Steps Up Food Safety and Hygiene Practices Amid COVID-19 Outbreak. Available online: https://www.mcdonalds.com.my/company/news/mcdonalds-malaysia-steps-up-food-safety-and-hygiene-practices-amid-covid-19-outbreak (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Stephens, J.; Miller, H.; Militello, L. Food delivery apps and the negative health impacts for Americans. Front. Nutr. 2020, 7, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Food Delivery Apps: Usage and Demographics. Available online: https://www.zionandzion.com/research/food-delivery-apps-usage-and-demographics-winners-losers-and-laggards (accessed on 22 September 2021).
- Wang, C.; Korai, A.; Jia, S.S.; Allman-Farinelli, M.; Chan, V.; Roy, R.; Raeside, R.; Phongsavan, P.; Redfern, J.; Gibson, A.A.; et al. Hunger for home delivery: Cross-sectional analysis of the nutritional quality of complete menus on an online food delivery platform in Australia. Nutritients 2021, 13, 905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eye Level is Buy Level: The Importance of In-Store Product Placement. Available online: https://traxretail.com/blog/eye-level-buy-level-importance-store-product-placement (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- COVID-19 Quarantine and Isolation. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Tremblay, M.S.; Colley, R.C.; Saunders, T.J.; Healy, G.N.; Owen, N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2010, 35, 725–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Füzéki, E.; Groneberg, D.A.; Banzer, W. Physical activity during COVID-19 induced lockdown: Recommendations. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2020, 15, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tison, G.H.; Avram, R.; Kuhar, P.; Abreau, S.; Marcus, G.M.; Pletcher, M.J.; Olgin, J.E. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: A descriptive study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 173, 767–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Genin, P.M.; Degoutte, F.; Finaud, J.; Pereira, B.; Thivel, D.; Duclos, M. Effect of a 5-month worksite physical activity program on tertiary employees overall health and fitness. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2017, 59, e3–e10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bourdas, D.I.; Zacharakis, E.D. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity in a sample of Greek adults. Sports 2020, 8, 139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, S.; Tan, C.; Tan, S. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and weight status of university students during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A cross-national comparative study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Constandt, B.; Thibaut, E.; De Bosscher, V.; Scheerder, J.; Ricour, M.; Willem, A. Exercising in times of lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimpo, M.; Akamatsu, R.; Kojima, Y.; Yokoyama, T.; Okuhara, T.; Chiba, T. Factors associated with dietary change since the outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Lei, S.M.; Le, S.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Yao, W.; Gao, Z.; Cheng, S. Bidirectional influence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on health behaviors and quality of life among Chinese adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Pérez, C.; Molina-Montes, E.; Verardo, V.; Artacho, R.; García-Villanova, B.; Guerra-Hernández, E.J.; Ruíz-López, M.D. Changes in dietary behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish covidiet study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papandreou, C.; Arija, V.; Aretouli, E.; Tsilidis, K.K.; Bulló, M. Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID-19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2020, 28, 836–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sañudo, B.; Fennell, C.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Objectively-assessed physical activity, sedentary behavior, smartphone use, and sleep patterns pre- and during-COVID-19 quarantine in young adults from Spain. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamad, E.; Tham, J.S.; Ayub, S.H.; Hamzah, M.R.; Hashim, H.; Azlan, A.A. Relationship between COVID-19 information sources and attitudes in battling the pandemic among the Malaysian Public: Cross-sectional Survey Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e23922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Yang, L.; Zhang, C.; Xiang, Y.-T.; Liu, Z.; Hu, S.; Zhang, B. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, e17–e18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Services. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978924012455 (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Andersson, G.; Titov, N.; Dear, B.F.; Rozental, A.; Carlbring, P. Internet-delivered psychological treatments: From innovation to implementation. World Psychiatry 2019, 18, 20–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akematsu, Y.; Tsuji, M. An empirical approach to estimating the effect of e-health on medical expenditure. J. Telemed. Telecare 2010, 16, 169–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dollman, J. Social and environmental influences on physical activity behaviours. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thivel, D.; Tardieu, M.; Genin, P.; Fillon, A.; Larras, B.; Melsens, P.; Bois, J.; Dutheil, F.; Carré, F.; Ninot, G.; et al. COVID-19—Related national Re-confinement: Recommendations from the National French Observatory for physical activity and Sedentary behaviors (ONAPS). J. Phys. Act. Health 2021, 18, 474–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khoo, S.; Poh, B.K.; Suhaimi, S.A.; Chong, K.H.; Ramirez Varela, A. Physical activity promotion in Malaysia: Challenges and opportunities. Front. in Public Health 2020, 8, 536239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nordon. The Keyhole: Healthy Choices Made Easy. 2020. Available online: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:700822/FULLTEXT01.pdf (accessed on 8 September 2021).
- HPA New Zealand Health Star Ratings. Available online: https://www.nutritionandactivity.govt.nz/health-star-ratings (accessed on 3 September 2021).
- Griffith, R.; O’Connell, M.; Smith, K. Would Taxes on Unhealthy Foods Reduce Obesity? Available online: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/would-taxes-on-unhealthy-foods-reduce-obesity (accessed on 29 September 2021).
- Härkänen, T.; Kotakorpi, K.; Pietinen, P.; Pirttilä, J.; Reinivuo, H.; Suoniemi, I. The welfare effects of health-based food tax policy. Food Policy 2014, 49, 196–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Liu, S.; Liu, R.; Xue, H.; Wang, Y. Food policy approaches to obesity prevention: An international perspective. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2014, 3, 171–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Phillips, N. The Coronavirus is Here to Stay—Here’s What That Means. Available online: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00396-2 (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Worby, C.J.; Chaves, S.S.; Wallinga, J.; Lipsitch, M.; Finelli, L.; Goldstein, E. On the relative role of different age groups in influenza epidemics. Epidemics 2015, 13, 10–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Selected Videos on COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/videos (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Muin, N. Infografik COVID-19. Available online: https://www.infosihat.gov.my/infografik-covid-19.html (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- Jourdan, D.; Gray, N.J.; Barry, M.M.; Caffe, S.; Cornu, C.; Diagne, F.; El Hage, F.; Farmer, M.Y.; Slade, S.; Marmot, M.; et al. Supporting every school to become a foundation for healthy lives. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2021, 5, 295–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franks, A.; Kelder, S.H.; Dino, G.A.; Horn, K.A.; Gortmaker, S.L.; Wiecha, J.L.; Simoes, E.J. School-based programs: Lessons learned from CATCH, planet health, and not-on-tobacco. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2007, 4, A33. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- López-Bueno, R.; López-Sánchez, G.F.; Casajús, J.A.; Calatayud, J.; Tully, M.A.; Smith, L. Potential health-related behaviors for pre-school and school-aged children during COVID-19 lockdown: A narrative review. Prev. Med. 2021, 143, 106349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ab Malik, N.; Mohd, R.H.; Abdul Kadir, N.B. Knowledge, self-efficacy, and preventive behavior of COVID-19 outbreak among community in Malaysia. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2021, 33, 674–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skegg, D.C.G.; Hill, P.C. Defining COVID-19 elimination. BMJ 2021, 374, 1794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mao, F. Why has Australia Switched Tack on COVID Zero? Available online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-58406526 (accessed on 17 October 2021).
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Latest Insights: Vaccines. Available online: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19latestinsights/vaccines (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Zainuddin, A. Malaysia Lifts Ban on Interstate, Overseas Travel in Transition to Endemic Phase. Available online: https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/malaysia-lifts-ban-on-interstate-overseas-travel-in-transition-to-endemic-phase (accessed on 17 October 2021).
- Beaumont, P. Which Countries are Enforcing Mandatory COVID Jabs—And How? Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/16/which-countries-enforcing-mandatory-covid-vaccination (accessed on 17 October 2021).
- Li, Y.-D.; Chi, W.-Y.; Su, J.-H.; Ferrall, L.; Hung, C.-F.; Wu, T.-C. Coronavirus vaccine development: From SARS and MERS to COVID-19. J. Biomed. Sci. 2020, 27, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gill, S.; Adenan, A.M.; Ali, A.; Ismail, N.A.S. Living through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact and Lessons on Dietary Behavior and Physical Well-Being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020642
Gill S, Adenan AM, Ali A, Ismail NAS. Living through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact and Lessons on Dietary Behavior and Physical Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020642
Chicago/Turabian StyleGill, Shameena, Alia Maisara Adenan, Adli Ali, and Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail. 2022. "Living through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact and Lessons on Dietary Behavior and Physical Well-Being" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020642