Improving Safety Among Pregnant Women Reporting Domestic Violence in Nepal—A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
2.2. Baseline Data Collection
2.3. The safety Measures Checklist
2.4. Follow-up Data Collection
2.5. The Educational Intervention
2.6. Variables
2.6.1. Safety Measures Variables
2.6.2. Domestic Violence Variables
2.6.3. Other Variables
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Findings for the Women Reporting DV at Baseline Only
3.2. Findings for the Women Reporting Violence at Baseline and Follow-Up
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Consent for Publication
Availability of Data and Material
References
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Reporting DV at Baseline Only n = 30 | Reporting DV at Baseline and Follow-Up n = 32 | Total n = 62 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Women’s characteristics | |||||
Age in years | 15–19 | 4 (13.3) | 0.0 | 4 (6.5) | 0.02 |
20–24 | 19 (63.3) | 14 (43.8) | 33 (53.2) | ||
25–29 | 3 (10.0) | 10 (31.2) | 13 (21.0) | ||
≥30 | 4 (13.3) | 8 (25.0) | 12 (19.4) | ||
Education | None | 3 (10.0) | 5 (15.6) | 8 (12.9) | 0.46 |
Primary | 7 (23.3) | 3 (9.4) | 10 (16.1) | ||
Secondary | 7 (23.3) | 10 (31.2) | 17 (27.4) | ||
Higher secondary and above | 13 (43.3) | 14 (43.8) | 27 (43.5) | ||
Income | No income | 22 (73.3) | 25 (78.1) | 47 (75.8) | 0.72 |
Income no autonomy | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.2) | 3 (4.8) | ||
Income and autonomy | 7 (23.3) | 5 (15.6) | 12 (19.4) | ||
Parity | Nulliparous | 12 (40.0) | 12 (37.5) | 24 (38.7) | 1.00 |
Multiparous | 18 (60.0) | 20 (62.5) | 38 (61.3) | ||
Gestational age in weeks | Mean ± SD | 21.7 ± 4.1 | 21.09 ± 4.8 | 21.4 ± 4.4 | |
Baseline anxiety and depression | ≤2 score | 9 (30.0) | 7 (21.9) | 16 (25.8) | 0.66 |
>2 score | 21 (70.0) | 25 (78.1) | 46 (74.2) | ||
Husband’s characteristics | |||||
Age in years | ≤24 | 4 (14.3) | 2 (6.5) | 6 (10.2) | 0.30 |
25–29 | 8 (28.6) | 13 (41.9) | 21 (35.6) | ||
30–34 | 11 (39.3) | 7 (22.6) | 18 (30.5) | ||
≥35 | 5 (17.9) | 9 (29.0) | 14 (23.7) | ||
Education | None | 4 (13.8) | 3 (9.7) | 7 (11.7) | 0.62 |
Primary | 5 (17.2) | 3 (9.7) | 8 (13.3) | ||
Secondary | 6 (20.7) | 11 (35.5) | 17 (28.3) | ||
Higher secondary and above | 14 (48.3) | 14 (45.2) | 28 (46.7) | ||
Family/community characteristics | |||||
Family structure | Nuclear | 15 (51.7) | 21 (75.0) | 36 (63.2) | 0.10 |
Extended | 14 (48.3) | 7 (25.0) | 21 (36.8) | ||
Geographical setting | Rural | 6 (20.0) | 3 (9.4) | 9 (14.5) | 0.34 |
Urban | 24 (80.0) | 29 (90.6) | 53 (85.5) | ||
Caste/Ethnicity | Dalit | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.71 |
Disadvantaged Janajati | 10 (38.5) | 8 (29.6) | 18 (34.0) | ||
Advantaged Janajati | 3 (11.5) | 5 (18.5) | 8 (15.1) | ||
Upper caste | 13 (50.0) | 14 (51.9) | 27 (50.9) | ||
House destroyed by earthquake | Yes | 13 (43.3) | 19 (59.4) | 32 (51.6) | 0.31 |
No | 17 (56.7) | 13 (40.6) | 30 (48.4) |
Women Reporting DV at Baseline Only n = 30 | Women Reporting DV Both Times n = 32 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Baseline | Follow-up | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Type of DV reported * | ||||
Fear only | 18 (60.0) | 22 (68.8) | 18 (56.3) | |
Violence only | 11 (36.7) | 3 (9.4) | 3 (9.4) | |
Fear and violence | 1 (3.3) | 7 (21.9) | 11 (34.4) | |
Perpetrator or person feared ** | ||||
Husband or boyfriend | 16 (53.3) | 19 (59.3) | 26 (80.1) | |
Mother- or father-in-law, other family | 10 (33.3) | 10 (31.2) | 7 (21.9) | |
None registered | 7 (23.3) | 8 (25.0) | 4 (12.5) | |
Frequency of DV (including fear) reported | ||||
Most of the time/often *** | 11 (36.6) | 13 (40.6) | 14 (43.7) | |
Sometimes/seldom | 14 (46.6) | 16 (50.0) | 17 (53.1) | |
Not reported | 5 (16.6) | 3 (9.4) | 2 (6.2) | |
Number of behaviors used | ||||
Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
None | 19 | 20 | 12 | 14 |
One | 4 | 2 | 7 | 4 |
Two | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Three | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
Four | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Five | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Six | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Seven | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Eight | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Nine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Ten | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eleven | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Twelve | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Fourteen | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
At Baseline | Not Applicable at Baseline | At Follow-Up | Not Applicable at Follow-Up | New Practices at Follow-up | New not Applicable at Follow-Up | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Safety Measures | n | n | n | n | n | n |
Had ever: | ||||||
Hid money | 0 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
Hid important keys | 1 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 5 |
Established codes with family and friends | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 4 |
Asked neighbors to call the police | 1 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 5 |
Removed weapons | 2 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 4 |
Had made available: | ||||||
Marriage certificates | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 3 |
Birth certificates (yours and your child) | 4 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 2 |
Bank account numbers | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 6 |
Citizenship card | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 4 |
Driver’s license | 0 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 3 |
Valuable jewelry with bills | 3 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 4 |
Important phone number/s | 3 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 4 |
Hidden bag with extra clothing | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 4 |
Address for safe house/shelter | 4 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Extra sim card | 2 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 3 |
Total number of safety measures | 36 | 94 | 46 | 114 | 28 | 55 |
At Baseline | Not Applicable at Baseline | At Follow-Up | Not Applicable at Follow-Up | New at Follow-Up | New not Applicable at Follow-Up | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | n | n | n | n | |
Had ever: | ||||||
Hid money | 2 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
Hid important keys | 2 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 |
Established codes with family and friends | 6 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 |
Asked neighbors to call the police | 3 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Removed weapons | 1 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
Had made available: | ||||||
Marriage certificates | 13 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Birth certificates (yours and your child) | 7 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 1 |
Bank account numbers | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
Citizenship card | 10 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
Driver’s license | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
Valuable jewelry with bills | 0 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 1 |
Important phone number/s | 4 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
Hidden bag with extra clothing | 2 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
Address for safe house/shelter | 1 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 1 |
Extra sim card | 1 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
Total number of safety measures | 56 | 121 | 80 | 72 | 57 | 27 |
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Rishal, P.; Devi Pun, K.; Schei, B.; Bhandari, B.; Kumar Joshi, S.; Swahnberg, K.; Infanti, J.J.; Lukasse, M.; the ADVANCE study group. Improving Safety Among Pregnant Women Reporting Domestic Violence in Nepal—A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072268
Rishal P, Devi Pun K, Schei B, Bhandari B, Kumar Joshi S, Swahnberg K, Infanti JJ, Lukasse M, the ADVANCE study group. Improving Safety Among Pregnant Women Reporting Domestic Violence in Nepal—A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072268
Chicago/Turabian StyleRishal, Poonam, Kunta Devi Pun, Berit Schei, Buna Bhandari, Sunil Kumar Joshi, Katarina Swahnberg, Jennifer Jean Infanti, Mirjam Lukasse, and the ADVANCE study group. 2020. "Improving Safety Among Pregnant Women Reporting Domestic Violence in Nepal—A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072268