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Article

Temporal Trends and Identification of Suicide Mortality Risk Areas in Brazil (2000–2022): Are We Dealing with an Underestimated Epidemic?

by
Danilo de Gois Souza
1,
Lucas Almeida Andrade
2,
José Augusto Passos Góes
1,
Luís Ricardo Santos de Melo
1,
Matheus Santos Melo
3,
Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro
1,
José Marcos de Jesus Santos
4,
Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo
5,
Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa
6,7,*,
Liliane Moretti Carneiro
7,
Regina Claudia da Silva Souza
6,
Márcio Bezerra Santos
8,
Shirley Veronica Melo Almeida Lima
1,
Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
5 and
Allan Dantas dos Santos
1
1
Collective Health Research Center (NISC/UFS), Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, SE, Brazil
2
Collective Health Research Center (NISC/UFS), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49107-230, SE, Brazil
3
Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
4
College of Nursing Collective Health Research Center (NISC/UFS), University Tiradentes, Aracaju 49037-120, SE, Brazil
5
Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
6
Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
7
Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas 79603-011, MS, Brazil
8
Medical and Nursing Science Complex, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57309-005, AL, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122083
Submission received: 24 July 2024 / Revised: 11 September 2024 / Accepted: 18 September 2024 / Published: 19 December 2024
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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Suicide is a pressing public health issue globally, including in Brazil, where it ranks among the leading causes of mortality. This study aimed to analyze the spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal distribution of suicide mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2022. Materials and Methods: Using secondary data from the Mortality Information System of Brazil’s 5570 municipalities, an ecological study of time series was conducted. Segmented linear regression (Joinpoint 4.6 version) was used to calculate temporal trends, while Moran’s indices were employed to analyze spatial autocorrelations. Retrospective scanning was utilized to investigate spatiotemporal clusters, and choropleth maps were developed to visualize high-risk areas. Results: The analysis revealed the occurrence of 240,843 suicides in Brazil, with higher percentages in the southeast, south, and northeast regions. The south, central–west, and southeast regions exhibited the highest mortality rates, predominantly among white, single men, aged 20 to 59, with 1 to 11 years of schooling. Intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation was the main cause. The general trend of mortality due to suicide in Brazil was increasing (AAPC: 2.9; CI 95%: 2.6 to 3.0), with emphasis on the age groups from 10 to 19 years (AAPC: 3.7; CI 95%: 2.9 to 4.5) and 20–39 years old (AAPC: 2.9; CI 95%: 2.3 to 3.5). The brutal and smoothed rates revealed areas of high mortality in the south, north, and central–west regions. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the need to direct resources and efforts to the south and midwest regions of Brazil, where suicide rates are the highest. Additionally, implementing targeted prevention programs for young men, who are the most affected, is essential to reduce suicide mortality in these areas.
Keywords: suicide; mortality; Brazil; spatial distribution; temporal trends suicide; mortality; Brazil; spatial distribution; temporal trends

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Souza, D.d.G.; Andrade, L.A.; Góes, J.A.P.; Melo, L.R.S.d.; Melo, M.S.; Ribeiro, C.J.N.; Santos, J.M.d.J.; Camargo, E.L.S.; de Sousa, Á.F.L.; Carneiro, L.M.; et al. Temporal Trends and Identification of Suicide Mortality Risk Areas in Brazil (2000–2022): Are We Dealing with an Underestimated Epidemic? Medicina 2024, 60, 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122083

AMA Style

Souza DdG, Andrade LA, Góes JAP, Melo LRSd, Melo MS, Ribeiro CJN, Santos JMdJ, Camargo ELS, de Sousa ÁFL, Carneiro LM, et al. Temporal Trends and Identification of Suicide Mortality Risk Areas in Brazil (2000–2022): Are We Dealing with an Underestimated Epidemic? Medicina. 2024; 60(12):2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122083

Chicago/Turabian Style

Souza, Danilo de Gois, Lucas Almeida Andrade, José Augusto Passos Góes, Luís Ricardo Santos de Melo, Matheus Santos Melo, Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro, José Marcos de Jesus Santos, Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo, Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa, Liliane Moretti Carneiro, and et al. 2024. "Temporal Trends and Identification of Suicide Mortality Risk Areas in Brazil (2000–2022): Are We Dealing with an Underestimated Epidemic?" Medicina 60, no. 12: 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122083

APA Style

Souza, D. d. G., Andrade, L. A., Góes, J. A. P., Melo, L. R. S. d., Melo, M. S., Ribeiro, C. J. N., Santos, J. M. d. J., Camargo, E. L. S., de Sousa, Á. F. L., Carneiro, L. M., Souza, R. C. d. S., Santos, M. B., Lima, S. V. M. A., Ventura, C. A. A., & dos Santos, A. D. (2024). Temporal Trends and Identification of Suicide Mortality Risk Areas in Brazil (2000–2022): Are We Dealing with an Underestimated Epidemic? Medicina, 60(12), 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122083

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