Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Data Acquisition—The Impact Test
3. Simplified Model of Glass Double-Layer Deflection Plate
- (i)
- the steady part of the impact accompanied by a large deformation with subsequent damage to the glass plate (formation of cracks)
- (ii)
- the dynamic response of an elastic plate to a sudden impact characterized by the plate vibration and with the propagation of transverse waves in the plate. The result of this part is the time course of the force (acceleration) acting on the impacting body.
3.1. The Total Deformation of the Plate
3.2. Generation of Transverse Waves on the Plate
3.2.1. Generation of Pure Transverse Elastic Waves on the Plate
3.2.2. Propagation of Transverse Waves Inside a Plate
4. Numerical Simulations
4.1. Modelling Approach
4.2. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
- Model 1:
- Linear elastic material model with nonlocal failure criterion.
- Model 2:
- “Glass” material model with brittle, stress-state-dependent failure criterion (*MAT_GLASS).
4.3. Model 1
4.3.1. Sensitivity Analysis
4.3.2. Optimisation Analysis
4.4. Model 2
4.4.1. Sensitivity Analysis
4.4.2. Optimisation Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Quantity | Symbol | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Density | RO (ρ) | kg/m3 | 2500 |
Young’s modulus | E | GPa | 70 |
Poisson’s ratio | - | 0.23 | |
Maximum principal stress at failure | SIGP1 | GPa | 0.0793 |
Critical energy for nonlocal failure criterion | ENGCRT | J | 397 |
Critical radius for nonlocal failure criterion | RADCRT | mm | 1900 |
Xi | F_flat | F_flat_max | F_max | F_peak | u | u_pos | u_max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wi | 0.1 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Quantity | Symbol | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Density | RO (ρ) | kg/m3 | 2500 |
Young’s modulus | E | GPa | 70 |
Poisson’s ratio | PR | - | 0.23 |
Flag for failure criteria | IFMOD | - | 1 |
Tensile strength | FT | 0.0609 | |
Compression strength | FC | GPa | 1 |
Damage parameter | AT | - | 0.838 |
Damage parameter | BT | - | 0.00888 |
Damage parameter | AC | - | 1 |
Damage parameter | BC | - | 1000 |
Scale factor for the tensile strength | FTSCL | - | 0.704 |
Scale factor for stiffness after failure | SFSTI | - | 0.000583 |
Scale factor for stress in case of failure | SFSTR | - | 0.0774 |
Flag for crack strain initialization | CRIN | - | 0 |
Crack strain to reactivate stress components | ECRCL | - | 0.00115 |
Number of cycles for stress reduction | NCYCR | - | 2 |
Number of failed int. points | NIPF | - | 1 |
Critical value for element deletion | EPSCR | - | −0.1 |
Critical energy for nonlocal failure criterion | ENGCRT | J | 0.0247 |
Critical radius for nonlocal failure criterion | RADCRT | mm | 1370 |
Quasi-static strain rate threshold | RATENL | mm/(mm∙ms) | 10−6 |
Smoothing factor on the effective strain rate | RFILTF | - | 0.9 |
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Jezdik, R.; Sebik, M.; Kubovy, P.; Marsik, F.; Lopot, F.; Hajkova, B.; Hylmarova, D.; Havlicek, M.; Stocek, O.; Doubek, M.; et al. Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis. Sensors 2023, 23, 8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218974
Jezdik R, Sebik M, Kubovy P, Marsik F, Lopot F, Hajkova B, Hylmarova D, Havlicek M, Stocek O, Doubek M, et al. Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis. Sensors. 2023; 23(21):8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218974
Chicago/Turabian StyleJezdik, Roman, Marek Sebik, Petr Kubovy, Frantisek Marsik, Frantisek Lopot, Barbora Hajkova, Dita Hylmarova, Martin Havlicek, Ondrej Stocek, Martin Doubek, and et al. 2023. "Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis" Sensors 23, no. 21: 8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218974
APA StyleJezdik, R., Sebik, M., Kubovy, P., Marsik, F., Lopot, F., Hajkova, B., Hylmarova, D., Havlicek, M., Stocek, O., Doubek, M., Tikkanen, T., Svoboda, M., & Jelen, K. (2023). Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis. Sensors, 23(21), 8974. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218974