Diversity

15 pages, 1526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predation Risk, Foraging and Reproduction of an Insectivore Fish Species Associated with Two Estuarine Habitats

by Éden Hávila Lima Guedes, Juan Alves Pereira, Gitá Juan Soterorudá Brito, Alexandre da Gama Fernandes Vieira Júnior and André Luiz Machado Pessanha

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110707 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 987

Abstract

Pneumatophore fringes and mudflats are extremely valuable habitats and provide structures on which many fish species benefit in terms of food and reduced predation risk. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns in feeding habits, reproductive aspects and effects of predatory fish presence to assess [...] Read more.

Pneumatophore fringes and mudflats are extremely valuable habitats and provide structures on which many fish species benefit in terms of food and reduced predation risk. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns in feeding habits, reproductive aspects and effects of predatory fish presence to assess the ecological drivers of the common halfbeak, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus, in a Brazilian estuary. Sampling was conducted during the rainy and dry periods. In summary, the results demonstrated that the number of predatory fishes was a strong predictor of population abundance and biomass, followed by pneumatophore complexity. The abundance and biomass values tended to increase with increasing habitat structural complexity towards the upper estuary. There was evidence that fish exhibited movement during the rainy season related to spawning events and subsequent juvenile recruitment in this area. Hymnoptera was the item most frequently ingested and made the greatest contributions to the volume of diet in habitat types throughout the year. There was an increase in the condition factor in the rainy season, which was associated with energy reserves, reproduction and growth (fitness). We concluded that predation is an important ecological process that operates at local spatial scales and that, together with the density of pneumatophores, it could affect the abundance of common halfbeak populations associated with estuarine habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Congruent and Hierarchical Intra-Lake Subdivisions from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Data of a Lake Baikal Shoreline Amphipod

by Risto Väinölä, Tytti Kontula, Kazuo Mashiko and Ravil M. Kamaltynov

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110706 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1072

Abstract

A central goal of molecular studies on ancient lake faunas is to resolve the origin and phylogeny of their strikingly diverse endemic species flocks. Another equally intriguing goal is to understand the integrity of individual morphologically diagnosed species, which should help to perceive [...] Read more.

A central goal of molecular studies on ancient lake faunas is to resolve the origin and phylogeny of their strikingly diverse endemic species flocks. Another equally intriguing goal is to understand the integrity of individual morphologically diagnosed species, which should help to perceive the nature and speed of the speciation process, and the true biological species diversity. In the uniquely diverse Lake Baikal amphipod crustaceans, molecular data from shallow-water species have often disclosed their cryptic subdivision into geographically segregated genetic lineages, but the evidence so far is mainly based on mitochondrial DNA. We now present a lake-wide parallel survey of both mitochondrial and multilocus nuclear genetic structuring in the common shoreline amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus, known to comprise three deep, parapatric mtDNA lineages. Allele frequencies of seven nuclear allozyme loci divide the data into three main groups whose distributions exactly match the distributions of the main mitochondrial lineages S, W, and E and involve a further division of the W cluster into two subgroups. The inter-group differences involve one to four diagnostic loci and additional group-specific alleles. The transition zones are either abrupt (1 km), occur over a long segment of uninhabitable shoreline, or may be gradual with non-coincident clinal change at different loci. Mitochondrial variation is hierarchically structured, each main lineage further subdivided into 2–4 parapatric sublineages or phylogroups, and patterns of further local segregation are seen in some of them. Despite the recurring observations of cryptic diversity in Baikalian amphipods, the geographical subdivisions and clade depths do not match in different taxa, defying a common explanation for the diversification in environmental history. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution within the Amphipoda)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 96135 KB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Urban Nature Preserves as Habitats for Rare and Endemic Flora in a Scrubland and Pine Flatwoods Region of the Southeastern United States

by Mary G. Lusk

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110705 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1023

Abstract

Florida, USA, has 215 endemic or near-endemic plant species, most of which are found in scrubland and pine flatwood habitats and some of which are globally threatened or endangered. Florida is also one of the most rapidly urbanizing states in the United States, [...] Read more.

Florida, USA, has 215 endemic or near-endemic plant species, most of which are found in scrubland and pine flatwood habitats and some of which are globally threatened or endangered. Florida is also one of the most rapidly urbanizing states in the United States, and natural lands are being rapidly replaced by urban development in this state. Conservation easements and nature preserves are two tools for sustaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes. This collection of images documents observational research on rare and endemic wildflower species in the nature preserves of Hillsborough County, Florida (population of 1.5 million), part of the larger Tampa metropolitan area (population of 3.2 million). A two-year survey of wildflowers in 27 nature preserves dispersed throughout the county’s total 3.3 km² area observed 410 species across 97 families. Of these 410 species, there were 19 species endemic to Florida, including the critically globally endangered Florida goldenaster (Chrysopsis floridana). Each of these endemic species relies on the unique soil and hydrologic conditions of the Florida scrubland and flatwood ecosystems, and preservation of these lands amidst urban development is critical for their conservation. The objective of this work is to document the role of the nature preserves as habitats for rare and endemic wildflower species, with the goal of providing science-based support for maintaining preserve land within and near urbanizing areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fish Diversity in a Little-Known Border River Between China, North Korea, and Russia, According to Traditional and eDNA Surveys

by Chen Tian, Zhixian Sun, Yutian Fang, Dong Sheng, Bo Li, Cunqi Liu and Yahui Zhao

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110704 - 18 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

The Tumen River, which delineates the border between China, North Korea, and Russia, is a vital river in Northeast Asia. Understanding its current fish diversity holds significant scientific value for aquatic ecological protection. Therefore, traditional and eDNA sampling were conducted from 2022 to [...] Read more.

The Tumen River, which delineates the border between China, North Korea, and Russia, is a vital river in Northeast Asia. Understanding its current fish diversity holds significant scientific value for aquatic ecological protection. Therefore, traditional and eDNA sampling were conducted from 2022 to 2023. Integrating the historical literature with our field collection results reveals that the Tumen River has a total of 64 native fish species, of which 51 species have been surveyed in the wild. The fish composition is mainly dominated by cold-water species, with a high proportion of these being rare, endangered, and nationally protected. eDNA surveys are crucial complements in boundary rivers where traditional methods are not feasible. The results indicated that α diversity values were highest in the Hunchunhe River, attributed to the favorable natural geographical conditions and effective conservation efforts. Recently, the fish diversity in the Tumen River has been disrupted, primarily reflected in the absence of migratory species such as Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and Pseudaspius hakonensis. The study suggests that establishing nature reserves, preventing and controlling alien species, and strengthening international cooperation are key to protect fish diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications on Environmental DNA in Aquatic Ecology and Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4870 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biodiversity and Abundance of Angiosperms and Environmental Resilience in the Tidal Range of Yuanjiang Dry–Hot Valley, Southwestern China

by Fengchun Yang, Qiong He, Huaping Huang, Yanmei Cui, Jianyong Gou, Chaya Sarathchandra, Kritana Prueksakorn, Kiyota Hashimoto and Li Liu

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110703 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1487

Abstract

Yuanjiang dry–hot valley is located in the southwest of mainland China. It is a sparsely vegetated area with a fragile arid ecosystem. Although the valley previously had forest cover, it has become a tropical montane savannah in recent decades. Mechanisms controlling plant species [...] Read more.

Yuanjiang dry–hot valley is located in the southwest of mainland China. It is a sparsely vegetated area with a fragile arid ecosystem. Although the valley previously had forest cover, it has become a tropical montane savannah in recent decades. Mechanisms controlling plant species distribution in such dry–hot valleys are unclear. Clarifying this will be beneficial to sustainable ecosystem management in dry–hot valleys. This study explored the relationship between diversity patterns of plant species and their environments in the lowland of this dry–hot valley. To achieve this, transects and plots were arranged along the river channel. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated to quantify biodiversity changes between species and environments. Estimated species, rarity, and abundance indices were also utilized to examine the correlation among species, their population size, and their environment: Species_estimated (expected number of species in t pooled plots), Singletons (the number of species with only one individual in t pooled plots), Uniques (the number of species living in one plot in t pooled plots), ACE (species richness estimator with coverage-based abundance), ICE (species richness estimator with coverage-based incidence), and Chao2 (species richness estimator extrapolated from Singletons). Fifty years of meteorological records, including temperature and precipitation, were utilized as climate variables. The results indicated the following findings: (1) alpha diversity was higher closer to the river, whereas the beta diversity was higher towards the lower sections of the river (Bray–Curtis < 0.5), but this trend was reversed in the perpendicular transects; (2) total phosphorous (TP) and total potassium (TK) were higher on flatter ground, tending to be associated with raised nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM); (3) soil nutrients were higher towards the lower sections of the river, corresponding to an increased number of species; (4) water supply determined plant distribution, with soil condition determining water retention; (5) the estimated species and their rarity and abundance indices were associated with proximity to the river, indicating heterogeneity of habitats and soil condition; and (6) fern species could be used as indicators representing the xeric environment of Yuanjiang dry–hot valley. Plant cover was reduced at low altitudes, with high temperatures and a low water supply. These results draw attention to the need for specific policy formation to protect the microhabitats and manage the environment of the Yuanjiang valley. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 168 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Quintero-Castañeda et al. Assessing Mercury Contamination Levels in the Sediments of Two Pyrenean Lakes. Diversity 2024, 16, 627

by Cristian Yoel Quintero-Castañeda, Luis Roberto Hernández-Angulo, Daniel Tobón-Vélez, Anamaría Franco-Leyva and María Margarita Sierra-Carrillo

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110702 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 826

Abstract

The journal retracts the article, “Assessing Mercury Contamination Levels in the Sediments of Two Pyrenean Lakes” [...] Full article

16 pages, 1395 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rubber Plantation Restoration in National Parks on Plant Diversity and Soil Chemical Properties

by Chunyan Du, Donghai Li, Weifeng Wang, Xiaobo Yang, Zhixiang Wu, Chuan Yang, Yingying Zhang, Qingmao Fu and Dongling Qi

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110701 - 18 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1645

Abstract

Plantations left for natural succession play a significant role in Tropical Rainforest National Parks. Studying the succession and restoration of plantations is crucial for achieving a park’s authenticity and integrity, as well as for maximizing its ecological functions. However, the changes in vegetation [...] Read more.

Plantations left for natural succession play a significant role in Tropical Rainforest National Parks. Studying the succession and restoration of plantations is crucial for achieving a park’s authenticity and integrity, as well as for maximizing its ecological functions. However, the changes in vegetation and soil properties during the natural succession of these decommissioned plantations remain unclear. In this study, we examined rubber [(Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg] plantations in the Yinggeling area of the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest. We used community surveys, field sampling, and soil property analyses to investigate the species richness, diversity, and species composition of the aboveground plant communities during three succession periods of rubber plantations left for natural succession, including 0 years (ZY), 3 years (TY), and 7 years (SY). The soil pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total potassium contents in the three succession periods were analyzed. These results showed that there were 92 species of understory plants in the decommissioned rubber plantations, belonging to 72 genera in 39 families. The highest number of understory plant species was found in the plantations with 3 years of natural succession, totaling 66 species from 49 genera in 29 families. The number of families, genera, and species followed the pattern TY > SY > ZY. The Margalef richness index (F), Simpson index (D), and Shannon–Wiener index (H) of understory plants in the 0-year succession plantations were significantly lower than those in the 3-year and 7-year succession plantations. However, there was no significant difference in the Pielou (EH) index among the succession gradients. The soil pH, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and available phosphorus (AP) in the 0-year succession plantations were significantly higher than those in the 3-year and 7-year succession plantations. There were no significant differences in soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) across the three succession gradients. The soil total potassium (TK) in the 3-year succession plantations was significantly higher than that in the 0-year and 7-year succession plantations. Soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus (TP) were positively correlated with the Margalef index, Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou index. The recovery rate of understory vegetation in decommissioned rubber plantations was faster than that of the soil. This indicates that the construction of the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest has significantly promoted the recovery of the number of plant species and plant species diversity that have been left from rubber plantation operations. These findings not only deepen our understanding of soil property changes during the vegetation succession of artificial forests, particularly rubber plantations, but they also hold significant implications for guiding tropical forest management and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Conservation Planning and Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Soil Mesofauna Abundance and Microbial Activities Drive Litter Decomposition in Subtropical Forests

by Hong Lin, Qin Kong, Xinyu Xu, Xingbing He, Yonghui Lin, Zaihua He, Yuehong Gao and Xiangshi Kong

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110700 - 17 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1904

Abstract

Soil fauna play an important role in litter decomposition and affect the “home-field advantage” (HFA) of litter decomposition. However, how this effect is modulated by the microenvironment needs further investigation. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment of litter decomposition using different mesh-size litterbags [...] Read more.

Soil fauna play an important role in litter decomposition and affect the “home-field advantage” (HFA) of litter decomposition. However, how this effect is modulated by the microenvironment needs further investigation. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment of litter decomposition using different mesh-size litterbags across litter and soil layers in subtropical coniferous (Pinus massoniana) and broad-leaved (Quercus variabilis) forests. Our results revealed a pronounced HFA in P. massoniana. P. massoniana litter decomposed faster in its home habitat by 40.6% in the litter layer and 10.2% in the soil layer in coarse mesh bags and by 21.8% in the litter layer and 21.4% in the soil layer in fine mesh bags. However, Q. variabilis litter showed faster decomposition in its home soil layer by 10.8% and 4.3% for coarse and fine mesh bags, whereas in the litter layer it decomposed faster in the away habitat by 16.7% and 20.6% for coarse and fine mesh bags, respectively. Higher soil mesofauna abundance and microbial activities in the coniferous forest compared to the broad-leaved forest drive the observed HFA of litter decomposition. Especially in the litter layer, the abundance of mesofauna was 89.8% higher in the coniferous forest. Coarse mesh bags generally facilitated a higher decomposition rate across litter and soil layers, likely due to a better interaction between soil mesofauna and extracellular enzyme activity. The HFA index exhibited distinct seasonal fluctuations, peaking in October for coarse mesh bags and in April for fine mesh bags within the litter layer, while soil layer peaks occurred in August and April. Notably, an increase in Acarina abundance strongly correlated with enhanced decomposition and HFA effects in the litter layer during October. This study revealed the sensitivity of HFA to the soil layer and soil fauna and underscores the complex role of the microclimate in shaping interactions among soil microorganisms, litter quality, and mesofauna, thereby enriching our understanding of litter decomposition dynamics in forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Community Dynamics in Soil Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 42482 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Bory Tucholskie National Park—One of the Youngest National Parks in Poland

by Jerzy Błoszyk, Jacek Wendzonka, Karolina Lubińska, Marta Kulczak and Agnieszka Napierała

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110699 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1348

Abstract

The state of research into acarofauna in Polish national parks is very uneven. One of the least examined areas in this regard is Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP), established in 1996. The aim of the current research was to explore the species diversity [...] Read more.

The state of research into acarofauna in Polish national parks is very uneven. One of the least examined areas in this regard is Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP), established in 1996. The aim of the current research was to explore the species diversity and community structure of mites from the suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata), inhabiting different forest, open, and unstable microhabitats in the area of BTNP. Based on the analysis of over 300 samples collected in BTNP between 2004 and 2024, 29 taxa of Uropodina were identified, with 3839 specimens found in the analyzed material. The highest species diversity has been observed in different types of pine forests (19 species), in transformed alder and alder forests (15 species, each), and in reeds (12 species), while the lowest diversity occurred in peat bog areas (8 species) and inland dunes (5 species). The spatial distribution analyses for Uropodina in the area of BTNP have been made and distribution maps for each species have been drawn. Moreover, the Maturity Index (MI) was also calculated to compare the species diversity of the Uropodina communities in BTNP with those in other Polish national parks. The Uropodina community in BTNP ranked eighth in terms of species richness among 13 national parks explored in Poland so far. Finally, the comparative analysis of the MI for the selected Polish national parks has revealed that BTNP could be ranked fourth in terms of the faunistic value for the discussed mite group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of the Acari)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1860 KB

Open AccessArticle

How to Count Parrots: Comparing the Performance of Point and Transect Counts for Surveying Tasman Parakeets (Cyanoramphus cookii)

by Michael John Adam Skirrow, Luis Ortiz-Catedral and Adam N. H. Smith

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110698 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1381

Abstract

Obtaining precise estimates of population size and trends through time is important for the effective management and conservation of threatened species. For parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), obtaining such estimates can be challenging, particularly for cryptic species that occur in low densities in complex and/or [...] Read more.

Obtaining precise estimates of population size and trends through time is important for the effective management and conservation of threatened species. For parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), obtaining such estimates can be challenging, particularly for cryptic species that occur in low densities in complex and/or fragmented habitats. We used a statistical resampling approach with the aim to compare the reliability and precision of counts for the critically endangered Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) that were taken using two methods on Norfolk Island (Pacific Ocean), namely, fixed-point counts and line transect counts. The detections obtained during fixed-point counts had better estimated precision (0.274) than line transect counts (0.476). The fixed-point method was also more efficient, yielding 1.338 parakeet detections per count compared to the 0.642 parakeet detections per count obtained by the line transect method. Although Tasman parakeets can be detected by either of these methods, our research demonstrates that the fixed-point method is more precise and reliable. These findings can help prioritise resources for the long-term monitoring of recovering populations of this species and similar island species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of Parrots)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 4975 KB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Finding a Pied-à-Terre: Harbour Infrastructure Facilitates the Settlement of Non-Native Corals (Tubastraea spp.) in the Southern Caribbean

by Bert W. Hoeksema, Roeland J. van der Schoot and Kaveh Samimi-Namin

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110697 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Semi-submersible platforms are used in the offshore oil and gas industry. They are specialised marine vessels that float on submersed drafts, which are composed of pontoons and columns and can serve as habitats for biofouling marine benthic communities. When these vessels sail from [...] Read more.

Semi-submersible platforms are used in the offshore oil and gas industry. They are specialised marine vessels that float on submersed drafts, which are composed of pontoons and columns and can serve as habitats for biofouling marine benthic communities. When these vessels sail from one place to another, either by using their own propellers or being towed, they can act as vectors for introducing non-native marine species. To establish themselves in new areas, these exotic species require suitable benthic habitats. Artificial substrates, such as harbour infrastructure where such vessels are moored, appear to be highly suitable for this purpose. In the present study, a mooring buoy and a harbour piling at Curaçao (southern Caribbean), frequently used by semi-submersible platforms, were found to be colonised by the sun corals Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis at shallow depths. This report presents the first record of T. tagusensis as an introduced non-native species in the southern Caribbean, highlighting the potential role of harbour infrastructure in facilitating coral settlement at depths shallower than those typically observed. These findings underscore the ecological impact of artificial substrates in supporting invasive species and emphasise the need for monitoring programs and defouling facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Marine Invasive Species)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4874 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aggregate Size Mediated the Changes in Soil Microbial Communities After the Afforestation of a Former Dryland in Northwestern China

by Deming Zhang, Ling Bai, Wei Wang, Yanhe Wang, Tiankun Chen, Quan Yang, Haowen Chen, Shuning Kang, Yongan Zhu and Xiang Liu

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110696 - 13 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1414

Abstract

Although the afforestation of former arable lands is a common global land-use conversion, its impact on soil microbial communities at the aggregate scale has not been adequately addressed. In this study, soil samples were categorized into large macroaggregates (LM, >2 mm), small macroaggregates [...] Read more.

Although the afforestation of former arable lands is a common global land-use conversion, its impact on soil microbial communities at the aggregate scale has not been adequately addressed. In this study, soil samples were categorized into large macroaggregates (LM, >2 mm), small macroaggregates (SM, 2–0.25 mm), and microaggregates (MI, <0.25 mm) to assess the changes in microbial composition, diversity, network complexity, and network stability within soil aggregates after the afforestation of a former dryland in northwestern China. The results revealed that afforestation enhanced the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota within the soil aggregates, suggesting that these phyla may have greater advantages in microbial communities post-afforestation. The Shannon–Wiener and Pielou indices for bacterial communities showed no significant differences between land-use types across all aggregate fractions. However, the alpha diversity of fungal communities within the LM and SM significantly increased after afforestation. Bray–Curtis dissimilarity indices showed that afforestation altered bacterial beta diversity within the LM and MI but had a minimal impact on fungal beta diversity across all three aggregate fractions. The topological features of cross-kingdom microbial co-occurrence networks within the soil aggregates generally exhibited a decreasing trend post-afforestation, indicating a simplification of microbial community structure. The reduced robustness of microbial networks within the LM and SM fractions implies that afforestation also destabilized the structure of microbial communities within the macroaggregates. The composition of the soil microbial communities correlated closely with soil carbon and nitrogen contents, especially within the two macroaggregate fractions. The linkages suggests that improved resource conditions could be a key driver behind the shifts in microbial communities within soil aggregates following afforestation. Our findings indicate that the impact of afforestation on soil microbial ecology can be better understood by soil aggregate fractionation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Community Dynamics in Soil Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 12628 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Range of the Colonial Microcystis’ Biomass for Shift to Diatom Aggregates Under Aeration Mixing and Low Light

by Xiaodong Wang, Xuan Che, Xingguo Liu, Xinfeng Li, Xiaolong Chen, Yiming Li and Lin Zhu

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110695 - 13 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 985

Abstract

In order to investigate non-cyanobacteria dominance succession from Microcystis blooms, particularly to diatom dominance, an experiment using varying colonial Microcystis biomasses expressed as bulk concentrations of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, and 24.0 mL L⁻¹ was [...] Read more.

In order to investigate non-cyanobacteria dominance succession from Microcystis blooms, particularly to diatom dominance, an experiment using varying colonial Microcystis biomasses expressed as bulk concentrations of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0, 16.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, and 24.0 mL L⁻¹ was undertaken under continuous aeration mixing in a greenhouse during a hot summer where shading had reduced light level by 97%. The results showed that the algal shift process was affected by the initial biomass of the colonial Microcystis, and the algal community diversified. When the Microcystis bulk concentration was between 2.0 and 16.0 mL L⁻¹, the bloom became dominated by diatom Nitzschia palea, which aggregated on the mucilage sheathes of the Microcystis colonies. The diatom density at bulk concentration biomass of 2.0 mL L⁻¹ reached a maximum at 2.8 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ on day 27. When the bulk concentration was at 18.0–24.0 mL L⁻¹, no diatom dominance appeared. The shift from a Microcystis bloom to diatom dominance was affected by the initial Microcystis biomass, and the most suitable bulk concentration biomass for colonial Microcystis was at 2–12 mL L⁻¹, in which the chlorophyll-a level was about from 285 to 1714 μg L⁻¹. The mechanism underlying this algal shift may be that the low light and nutrient levels in the Microcystis bloom promoted diatom aggregation growth on the mucilage sheaths of Microcystis colonies under continuous aeration mixing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eutrophication, Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1087 KB

Open AccessArticle

Traditional Use, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Activity of Maytenus elaeodendroides Stem Bark

by Trina H. García, Iraida Spengler, Antonio Fernández, Idania Rodeiro, Ivones Hernández-Balmaseda, Ilianet Céspedes, Gabino Garrido, Lourdes Campaner dos Santos, Wagner Vilegas, Rita Celano and Maria D’Elia

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110694 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1705

Abstract

Plants belonging to the genus Maytenus are members of the Celastraceae family. They have been widely used by different peoples as treatment for curing many diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Maytenus elaeodendroides stem [...] Read more.

Plants belonging to the genus Maytenus are members of the Celastraceae family. They have been widely used by different peoples as treatment for curing many diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Maytenus elaeodendroides stem bark extracts, an endemic Cuban plant. The antioxidant activity of four extracts (EtOH, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and diethyl ether/petroleum ether 1:1) was determined using DPPH and FRAP methods. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory effects by the edema method were induced by croton oil in the mouse ear. The investigated extracts showed radical reduction capacity and prevented ear inflammation at doses of 4 mg/ear. In addition, FIA/ESI/IT/MSⁿ was used to determine the qualitative chemical composition of the EtOAc extract and allowed the identification of five flavan-3-ol monomers, four dimers, and other proanthocyanidin oligomers. From this extract three flavan-3-ol compounds (elaeocyanidin and 4′-O-methylgallocatechin), one of them new (2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-epigallocatechin), and a proanthocyanidin dimer (afzelechin-(

4 β → 8

)-4′-O-methylepigallocatechin) were isolated and identified by the chromatographic method and spectroscopic techniques, mainly ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants and Biodiversity Conservation: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Midge Paleo-Communities (Diptera Chironomidae) as Indicators of Flood Regime Variations in a High-Mountain Lake (Italian Western Alps): Implications for Global Change

by Marco Bertoli, Gianguido Salvi, Rachele Morsanuto, Elena Pavoni, Paolo Pastorino, Giuseppe Esposito, Damià Barceló, Marino Prearo and Elisabetta Pizzul

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110693 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1294

Abstract

Sediments of alpine lakes serve as crucial records that reveal the history of lacustrine basins, offering valuable insights into the effects of global changes. One significant effect is the variation in rainfall regimes, which can substantially influence nutrient loads and sedimentation rates in [...] Read more.

Sediments of alpine lakes serve as crucial records that reveal the history of lacustrine basins, offering valuable insights into the effects of global changes. One significant effect is the variation in rainfall regimes, which can substantially influence nutrient loads and sedimentation rates in lacustrine ecosystems, thereby playing a pivotal role in shaping biotic communities. In this study, we analyze subfossil chironomid assemblages within a sediment core from an alpine lake (western Italian Alps) to investigate the effects of rainfall and flood regime variations over the past 1200 years. Sediment characterization results highlight changes in sediment textures and C/N ratio values, indicating phases of major material influx from the surrounding landscape into the lake basin. These influxes are likely associated with intense flooding events linked to heavy rainfall periods over time. Flooding events are reflected in changes in chironomid assemblages, which in our samples are primarily related to variations in sediment texture and nutrient loads from the surrounding landscape. Increased abundances of certain taxa (i.e., Brillia, Chaetocladius, Cricotopus, Psectrocladius, Cricotopus/Orthocladius Parorthocladius) may be linked to higher organic matter and vegetation inputs from the surrounding landscape. Biodiversity decreased during certain periods along the core profile due to intense flood regimes and extreme events. These results contribute to our understanding of alpine lake system dynamics, particularly those associated with intense flooding events, which are still understudied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Loss & Dynamics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Orchid Conservation Between China and Other Countries

by Shixing Li, Cuiyi Liang, Shuwen Deng, Chen Chen, Liangchen Yuan, Zhen Liu, Shasha Wu, Siren Lan, Ziang Tang, Zhongjian Liu and Junwen Zhai

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110692 - 12 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

Global attention is highly focused on biodiversity conservation. Various countries are actively implementing relevant conservation measures. To advance these efforts in China, it is essential to understand global conservation actions. The orchid family, one of the most diverse groups of flowering plants, has [...] Read more.

Global attention is highly focused on biodiversity conservation. Various countries are actively implementing relevant conservation measures. To advance these efforts in China, it is essential to understand global conservation actions. The orchid family, one of the most diverse groups of flowering plants, has become a “flagship” group for plant conservation. In this study, we summarized 3418 policies and regulations related to orchid conservation in 45 countries. We found that orchid conservation actions in various countries have focused on in situ conservation, with 1469 policies and regulations issued for nature reserves, while ex situ conservation has been seriously neglected, with only seven relevant regulations. Most developing countries have experienced an increase in orchid conservation actions, while developed countries have plateaued. We amassed 370 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for orchid conservation. At present, the total number of policies and regulations for orchid protection in China is approximately 84, with 67 issued since 2000. Two non-governmental organizations have been established for orchid conservation. Although the benefit of orchid conservation in China is significant, it still requires continuous improvement compared to many other countries. We recommend that the Chinese government draws on the experiences of the United States, Canada, and Australia in areas such as policy and regulation formulation, optimization of non-governmental organizations, and implementation of related conservation projects. Through learning and collaboration, challenges can be transformed into opportunities for development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Diversity Hotspots in the 2020s)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Viability of Translocated Mongolian Dung Beetles (Gymnopleurus mopsus) for Ecological Restoration in Republic of Korea: An Analysis of Environmental Adaptability

by Hwang Kim, Doo-Hyung Lee, Sun-Hee Hong, Jong-Seok Park, Jung-Wook Kho and Young-Joong Kim

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110691 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1481

Abstract

This study investigates the reintroduction and ecological adaptation of the endangered dung beetle, Gymnopleurus mopsus, in South Korea, a region from which it has been absent since the 1970s. To facilitate this, we imported genetically identical populations of G. mopsus from Mongolia [...] Read more.

This study investigates the reintroduction and ecological adaptation of the endangered dung beetle, Gymnopleurus mopsus, in South Korea, a region from which it has been absent since the 1970s. To facilitate this, we imported genetically identical populations of G. mopsus from Mongolia and embarked on a comprehensive restoration research project. A key focus of this endeavor was to evaluate the adaptability of these beetles to the local environment, an essential aspect of successful reintegration of species from foreign ecosystems. Under meticulously controlled field cage conditions, we conducted an in-depth monitoring of the life history traits of G. mopsus. This monitoring revealed that the adult beetles, which entered hibernation in September 2019, began emerging in stages from late April to May 2020. Following hibernation, we observed that the adults engaged in reproductive activities from late-May until early-August, with the emergence of the first-generation (F1) adults occurring from late-July to mid-September. This led to a notable tripling in population size, increasing from 34 to 109 individuals. The successful survival and reproductive behaviors of these Mongolian dung beetles in the climatic conditions of Korea suggest a promising potential for their adaptation when reintroduced into native habitats. We are now directing our efforts towards long-term monitoring, focusing on the survival and reproductive efficacy of these new generations, to further validate the success of this ecological restoration project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Conservation Planning and Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 35096 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seaweed-Associated Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Dokdo of South Korea: I. Subphyla Melosirophytina, Coscinodiscophytina, and Class Mediophyceae

by Joon Sang Park, Kyun-Woo Lee, Seung Won Jung, Han Jun Kim and Jin Hwan Lee

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110690 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2685

Abstract

Dokdo is an island located in the easternmost part of Korea, which has high levels of biodiversity of birds and fish, especially marine invertebrates. However, the biodiversity of microalgae, especially diatoms (Bacillariophyta), is relatively unknown, despite their ecological importance as primary producers of [...] Read more.

Dokdo is an island located in the easternmost part of Korea, which has high levels of biodiversity of birds and fish, especially marine invertebrates. However, the biodiversity of microalgae, especially diatoms (Bacillariophyta), is relatively unknown, despite their ecological importance as primary producers of the marine food web and bioindicators of environmental conditions associated with climate change. To understand the biodiversity of seaweed-associated diatoms from Dokdo, we collected macroalgae present at a depth 5–15 m by SCUBA diving on 17 October 2017. There were a large number of diatoms (over 130 species), even though it was a one-time survey. As it includes too many taxa to cover at once, voucher flora for other taxonomic groups will be provided through the continuous serial papers. This is the first series of seaweed-associated diatoms, with 26 species belonging to the subphyla Melosirophytina and Coscinodisophytina, and the class Mediophyceae. Among these, seven species including one new taxon were reported for the first time in Korea, which, along with the geopolitical characteristics of the survey area, proved that there is no domestic interest in seaweed-related diatoms. In particular, the appearance of species that have been reported in subtropical waters, such as the order Ardissoneales, requires continuous monitoring of marine seaweed-associated diatoms to confirm whether their colonization in Dokdo waters was due to climate change or species-specific water temperature tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1877 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Description of Oryzobacter telluris sp. nov., a New Species Isolated from Bank-Side Soil in Seomjin River, South Korea

by Ahyoung Choi, Sumin Jang and Jaeduk Goh

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110689 - 12 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1377

Abstract

A novel bacterial strain, designated 24SJ04S-52^T, was isolated from bank-side soil in the Osucheon Stream of the Seomjin River, Republic of Korea. This strain is aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and short-rod-shaped, with optimal growth observed at 30 °C, pH 7, and 0% salinity, [...] Read more.

A novel bacterial strain, designated 24SJ04S-52^T, was isolated from bank-side soil in the Osucheon Stream of the Seomjin River, Republic of Korea. This strain is aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and short-rod-shaped, with optimal growth observed at 30 °C, pH 7, and 0% salinity, and growth occurring across a temperature range of 15–37 °C, pH 5–9, and salinity of 0–4%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain 24SJ04S-52^T shares 98.3% sequence similarity with Oryzobacter terrae PSGM2-16^T. However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 85.0% and 50.1%, respectively, which are well below the species delineation thresholds of 95–96% for ANI and 70% for dDDH, confirming the novelty of this species. Genomic analysis identified a genome size of 3.98 Mb with a G+C content of 72.9 mol%. Functional annotation revealed various genes involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, suggesting metabolic versatility that may support adaptation to nutrient-variable environments. Chemotaxonomic analyses revealed distinctive profiles, including major fatty acids such as C_17:1 ω8c, iso-C_16:0, and iso-C_14:0, with MK-8(H₄) as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol, and the peptidoglycan was of type A4γ with meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. These comprehensive analyses support the classification of strain 24SJ04S-52^T as a novel species within the genus Oryzobacter, for which the name Oryzobacter telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 24SJ04S-52^T (=KACC 23836^T = FBCC-B16192^T). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Biodiversity and Functional Patterns of Estuarine Free-Living Nematodes with Sedimentary Organic Matter Lability in an Atlantic Coastal Lagoon (Uruguay, South America)

by Noelia Kandratavicius, Luis Giménez, Catalina Pastor de Ward, Natalia Venturini and Pablo Muniz

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110688 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1673

Abstract

We examined the taxonomical and functional traits of free-living nematodes, focusing on their density by genus, maturity index (MI), and trophic diversity index (ITD) to determine whether these indices are sensitive to changes in the organic content of the sediment. Samples were collected [...] Read more.

We examined the taxonomical and functional traits of free-living nematodes, focusing on their density by genus, maturity index (MI), and trophic diversity index (ITD) to determine whether these indices are sensitive to changes in the organic content of the sediment. Samples were collected in autumn and spring from 12 subtidal sampling stations in Rocha Lagoon, distributed between the outer (near the mouth) and the inner sector. We identified 26 genera, with higher abundance in the inner sector, likely due to increased organic matter and biopolymers. In spring, both sectors had sediments rich in fresh organic matter, dominated by deposit-feeding nematodes and showing low trophic diversity (high ITD values). In autumn, the inner sector maintained similar characteristics to spring sampling, while the outer one was dominated by older organic matter, predatory nematodes and higher trophic diversity. The MI showed low variation between sectors, suggesting a disturbed environment. Our findings support the use of ITD to assess other aspects of communities such as the response of trophic groups to the freshness of organic matter, while the MI seems less effective for assessing the ecological status of Rocha Lagoon. Understanding nematode biodiversity and functional traits is crucial for effective ecological quality assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity as Tools to Assess Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4168 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Leaf-Litter Dwelling Ants in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Colombian Caribbean

by Jose Camargo-Vanegas, Sebastian de la Hoz-Pedraza, Hubert Sierra-Chamorro and Roberto J. Guerrero

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110687 - 11 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2904

Abstract

There have been few advances in understanding the organization and dynamics of ants in tropical dry forests. The latter are a seriously threatened ecosystem, and ants are important indicators of diversity, disturbance, and restoration in forest ecosystems. Using diversity data and morphofunctional traits, [...] Read more.

There have been few advances in understanding the organization and dynamics of ants in tropical dry forests. The latter are a seriously threatened ecosystem, and ants are important indicators of diversity, disturbance, and restoration in forest ecosystems. Using diversity data and morphofunctional traits, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of taxonomic and functional ant groups; in addition, we explored the variation in functional traits and diversity among communities. Ants were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons using mini-Winkler bags. A total of 9 subfamilies, 57 genera, and 146 species were collected. Ant species composition and richness varied both spatially (75 to 119 species) and temporally (121 and 127 species). The fragments from N2 and N3 showed higher diversity than those from N1. The dissimilarity among all areas was moderate (50–60%), mainly attributable to species turnover processes (77%). Twenty functional groups were identified. The N3 fragments had the highest functional diversity, with lower resistance to species loss, while the N1 and N2 fragments reduced functional diversity and increased similarity among species. Our results highlight the importance of integrating a functional analysis with the taxonomic assessment of ants as an important contribution to understanding the organization and dynamics of this community of insects that inhabit the tropical dry forest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity in Arid Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Temporal Variation of Megafauna in Circalittoral and Bathyal Soft Bottoms of the Westernmost Biodiversity Hotspot of the Mediterranean Sea: The Alboran Ridge

by Cristina García-Ruiz, Manuel Hidalgo, Cristina Ciércoles, María González-Aguilar, Pedro Torres, Javier Urra and José L. Rueda

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110686 - 10 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2066

Abstract

The Alboran Sea is the westernmost sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea, and it is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Alboran Ridge is located in the middle of the Alboran Sea and represents a hotspot of biodiversity in [...] Read more.

The Alboran Sea is the westernmost sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea, and it is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Alboran Ridge is located in the middle of the Alboran Sea and represents a hotspot of biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Besides their critical importance, there are few studies on the communities and changes in biodiversity, and they mostly concentrate on infralittoral and circalittoral bottoms. In this work, the composition, structure and bathymetric and temporal changes of megafauna of the Alboran Ridge were examined. Samples were collected from MEDITS surveys carried out between 2012 and 2022 at depths ranging from 100 to 800 m. Analyses were performed separately for each of the taxonomic groups: osteichthyes, chondrichthyes, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and “other groups”. There was no common spatial organization for each of the faunistic groups studied, although most of them displayed differences between the shelf and the slope. The continental shelf was characterized by the highest values of community metrics such as abundance, biomass, species richness and mean weight of species for all groups except for chondrichthyes and crustaceans. Decreasing trends of some community metrics were detected in some of the faunistic groups throughout the study period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2854 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human Activity Changed the Genetic Pattern of the Orchid Phaius flavus Population

by Cuiyi Liang, Jun Li, Shixing Li, Huayuan Zhang, Jiahao Zheng, Jianglin Miao, Siyuan Hao, Shasha Wu, Zhongjian Liu and Junwen Zhai

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110685 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1523

Abstract

Human activity often has profound effects on plant growth and evolution. Orchids are the most diverse group of flowering plants and are threatened by habitat fragmentation, over-harvesting, and urbanization. A population of Phaius flavus from Beikengding Mount (BM) in the Fujian Province of [...] Read more.

Human activity often has profound effects on plant growth and evolution. Orchids are the most diverse group of flowering plants and are threatened by habitat fragmentation, over-harvesting, and urbanization. A population of Phaius flavus from Beikengding Mount (BM) in the Fujian Province of China was divided into two patches by road construction. This study evaluated its genetic characteristics using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) data, more than seven years post-road construction. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of road construction on the evolution of isolated patches within a population. The analysis revealed that the genetic diversity of patch B was slightly higher than that of patch A in the BM population of P. flavus. Principal component and phylogenetic analyses, genetic structure and genetic differentiation analysis, and bottleneck detection indicated relatively independent genetic differentiation between the two patches. Thus, the construction of the Y013 village road may have influenced different patches of this population on a genetic level. This study provides a case for understanding the impact of specific human activities on plant populations, and then biodiversity conservation. It is conducive to formulating more effective biological protection strategies to mitigate the damage inflicted by human activities on biodiversity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3083 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Cultural Diversity for Food Security: Traditional Wild Food Plants and Their Folk Cuisine in Lakki Marwat, Northwestern Pakistan

by Tehsin Ullah, Shujaul Mulk Khan, Abdullah Abdullah, Naji Sulaiman, Ateef Ullah, Muhammad Sirab Khan, Shakil Ahmad Zeb and Andrea Pieroni

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110684 - 8 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

Ethnobotanical studies on foraging are essential for documenting neglected or previously unknown wild food plants, which may be crucial for promoting the diversification of food sources and contributing to food security and sovereignty. The Pashtuns of the Marwat tribe in NW Pakistan are [...] Read more.

Ethnobotanical studies on foraging are essential for documenting neglected or previously unknown wild food plants, which may be crucial for promoting the diversification of food sources and contributing to food security and sovereignty. The Pashtuns of the Marwat tribe in NW Pakistan are renowned for their traditional customs and food systems. Studying the wild food plants (WFPs) and their associated bio-cultural diversity is quintessential for fostering food security and sovereignty in the region. The research presented here investigated the area’s wild food plants traditionally gathered and consumed. The field survey was conducted in 2023 with 87 study participants. A total of 41 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families was documented. The findings include food uses for Atriplex tatarica, Amaranthus graecizans, and Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima that have rarely been recorded in Pakistan. Moreover, the use of Citrulus colocynthus fruits in jam and Zygophyllum indicum leaves and stems in beverages are novel contributions to the gastronomy of NW Pakistan. The comparison with other food ethnobotanical studies conducted in North Pakistan suggests some similarities between the Lakki Marwat traditional WFPs and those from other semi-arid areas in North Pakistan, both Pashtun and non-Pashtun. While the findings underline the significant role of WFPs in local cuisine, we observed that this local knowledge is also threatened: the rapid spread of fast and industrialized food, modernization, and cultural dilution has led to an alarming reduction in these practices among the younger generations. Therefore, suitable measures to safeguard traditional plants, food knowledge, practices, and the associated culture are urgently needed. The urgency of this situation cannot be overstated, and it is crucial that we act now. Furthermore, preserving wild food plant-related cultural heritage may be fundamental to promoting food security and public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants and Biodiversity Conservation: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

41 pages, 10663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forty-Five Years of Caterpillar Rearing in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) Northwestern Costa Rica: DNA Barcodes, BINs, and a First Description of Plant–Caterpillar–Ichneumonoid Interactions Detected

by Donald L. J. Quicke, Daniel H. Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, Mike J. Sharkey, Paul D. N. Hebert and Buntika A. Butcher

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110683 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3700

Abstract

Foliage-feeding wild caterpillars have been collected and reared year-round by 1–30 rural resident parataxonomists in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica since 1978. The aim of the work was to describe the diversity and interactions of Lepidoptera and their [...] Read more.

Foliage-feeding wild caterpillars have been collected and reared year-round by 1–30 rural resident parataxonomists in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica since 1978. The aim of the work was to describe the diversity and interactions of Lepidoptera and their associations with larval food plants and parasitoids in a diverse tropical community. A total of 457,816 caterpillars developed into a moth or butterfly, and these were identified to the family and species/morphospecies, with 151,316 having been successfully barcoded and assigned a Barcode Index Number (BIN) and/or “scientific name”. The host food plant was usually identified to the species or morphospecies. In addition to adult moths and butterflies, rearings also yielded many hundreds of species of parasitic wasps and tachinid flies, many of which were also DNA-barcoded and assigned a name and/or BIN. Increasingly over recent years, these have been identified or described by expert taxonomists. Here, we provide a summary of the number of species of ichneumonoid (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) parasitoids of the caterpillars, their hosts, the host food plants involved, the bi- and tritrophic interactions, and their relationships to the caterpillar sampling effort. The dataset includes 16,133 and 9453 independent rearings of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, respectively, collectively representing 31 subfamilies, all with parasitoid barcodes and host and host food plant species-level identifications. Host caterpillars collectively represented 2456 species, which, in turn, were collectively eating 1352 species of food plants. Species accumulation curves over time for parasitoids, hosts, and plants show various asymptotic trends. However, no asymptotic trends were detected for numbers of unique parasitoid–host and host–plant bitrophic interactions, nor for tritrophic interactions, after 1983, because climate change then began to conspicuously reduce caterpillar densities. Parasitoid host ranges, the proportions of specialists at the host species and host genus levels, host family utilisation, and host guild sizes show some differences among taxa and are discussed in turn. Ichneumonidae are shown to preferentially parasitise caterpillars of larger-bodied hosts compared to Braconidae. Several of the host plant species from which caterpillars were collected have been introduced from outside of the Americas and their utilisation by endemic parasitoids is described. The obligately hyperparasitoid ichneumonid subfamily Mesochorinae is dealt with separately and its strong association with microgastrine braconid primary parasitoids is illustrated. We discuss the implications for studies of tropical insect community food web ecology and make suggestions for future work. The aim was to make available the data from this remarkable study and to provide an overview of what we think are some of the more interesting relationships that emerge—other scientists/readers are expected to have different questions that they will go on to explore the data to answer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Diversity of Two Sculpin Species (Cottidae) in Midwestern USA Trout Streams: Patterns Across Nine Years After Severe Summer Flooding

by Neal D. Mundahl

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110682 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200

Abstract

The geographic ranges of slimy (Uranidea cognata) and mottled (Uranidea bairdii) sculpin overlap broadly across cool and coldwater streams and rivers in North America, where they can serve very important roles in fish community dynamics. The diet diversities of [...] Read more.

The geographic ranges of slimy (Uranidea cognata) and mottled (Uranidea bairdii) sculpin overlap broadly across cool and coldwater streams and rivers in North America, where they can serve very important roles in fish community dynamics. The diet diversities of slimy and mottled sculpin were examined in early March (late winter) during eight out of nine years after the August 2007 catastrophic flooding in four streams to assess potential diet shifts as benthic invertebrate prey communities recovered post-flood. In total, 10,823 prey items, representing 39 invertebrate taxa and three fish taxa were identified from the stomachs of 532 slimy sculpins (present in Garvin Brook, Gilmore Creek, and Trout Run) and 179 mottled sculpins (present in Middle Fork Whitewater River). Only four prey taxa were consumed by sculpin in all streams: midge larvae and pupae (Diptera: Chironomidae), blackfly larvae and pupae (Diptera: Simuliidae), Hydropsyche caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae), and Baetis mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Midges dominated diets of both slimy (61% of prey by number) and mottled (76%) sculpin across all years. Consequently, Shannon diversities of diets were typically low across all years and streams for slimy sculpin (annual site range 0.07–0.83) and across years for mottled sculpin (annual range 0.11–0.46). Diversities and taxa richness of slimy sculpin diets increased in Garvin Brook and Trout Run across the study years (driven by significant declines in midge dominance) but remained relatively unchanged for slimy sculpin in Gilmore Creek and mottled sculpin in the Middle Fork. Individual slimy and mottled sculpin differed significantly both in the numbers of taxa consumed per fish (<2 versus 2.5 taxa/fish, respectively) and in the numbers of individual prey per fish (11 versus 26 prey, respectively). Slimy sculpin in two streams displayed modest shifts in diets as benthic prey communities recovered during the 9-year period post-flood, whereas slimy and mottled sculpin in other streams displayed little to no changes in diets. Differing flood severity among streams may have produced the different responses observed in sculpin diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Freshwater Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6519 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sonora: Distribution, Ecology, and the First Records of Aedes deserticola Zavortink and Toxorhynchites septentrionalis (Dyar and Knab) in México

by Aldo I. Ortega-Morales, Juan Manuel Quijano-Barraza, Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Francisco Wong-Corral and Fabián Correa-Morales

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110681 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3641

Abstract

The diversity and distribution of mosquitoes from Sonora, Mexico, was documented through entomologic surveys conducted in the four physiographic regions and sub-regions of Sonora: the Sonoran Plain, the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Northern Mountains and Plains, and the Pacific Coastal Plain. Immature stages [...] Read more.

The diversity and distribution of mosquitoes from Sonora, Mexico, was documented through entomologic surveys conducted in the four physiographic regions and sub-regions of Sonora: the Sonoran Plain, the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Northern Mountains and Plains, and the Pacific Coastal Plain. Immature stages were collected from aquatic habitats, while adult mosquitoes were collected using Shannon traps, resting in vegetation, and by human landing collections. Overall, 11,316 specimens, which comprised 493 larvae, 224 larval exuviae, 400 pupal exuviae, 33 pupae, 4552 females, 5607 males, and seven male genitalia, were identified. Two subfamilies: Anophelinae and Culicinae, seven tribes, 10 genera, 23 subgenera, and 56 species are reported below. Of these, one tribe, one genus, five subgenera, and 15 species were recorded for the first time in Sonora. Two species, Aedes deserticola Zavortink and Toxorhynchites septentrionalis (Dyar and Knab), are the first recordings of their kind nationwide. Toxorhynchites septentrionalis was also barcoded with the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. The presence of Psorophora columbiae (Dyar and Knab) is confirmed in Mexico. Taxonomic notes, new geographic distribution limits of mosquitoes in Sonora, and information regarding their importance as disease vectors are provided. By adding Ae. deserticola and Tx. septentrionalis and confirming Ps. columbiae in Mexico, there are currently 251 mosquito species in the Country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity in Arid Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Speciation and Extinction Rate Shifts Shaped the Macro-Evolutionary History of the Genus Lycium Towards a Rather Gradual Accumulation of Species Within the Genus

by Haikui Chen, Kowiyou Yessoufou, Xiu Zhang, Shouhe Lin and Ledile Mankga

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110680 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2850

Abstract

The Neotropics are the most species-rich region on Earth, and spectacular diversification rates in plants are reported in plants, mostly occurring in oceanic archipelagos, making Neotropical and island plant lineages a model for macro-evolutionary studies. The genus Lycium in the Solanaceae family, originating [...] Read more.

The Neotropics are the most species-rich region on Earth, and spectacular diversification rates in plants are reported in plants, mostly occurring in oceanic archipelagos, making Neotropical and island plant lineages a model for macro-evolutionary studies. The genus Lycium in the Solanaceae family, originating from the Neotropics and exhibiting a unique disjunct geography across several islands, is therefore expected to experience exceptional diversification events. In this study, we aimed to quantify the diversification trajectories of the genus Lycium to elucidate the diversification events within the genus. We compiled a DNA matrix of six markers on 75% of all the species in the genus to reconstruct a dated phylogeny. Based on this phylogeny, we first revisited the historical biogeography of the genus. Then, we fitted a Compound Poisson Process on Mass Extinction Time model to investigate the following key evolutionary events: speciation rate, extinction rate, as well as mass extinction events. Our analysis confirmed that South America is the origin of the genus, which may have undergone a suite of successive long-distance dispersals. Also, we found that most species arose as recently as 5 million years ago, and that the diversification rate found is among the slowest rates in the plant kingdom. This is likely shaped by the multiple speciation and extinction rate shifts that we also detected throughout the evolutionary history of the genus, including one mass extinction at the early stage of its evolutionary history. However, both speciation and extinction rates remain roughly constant over time, leading to a gradual species accumulation over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Feature Papers by Diversity’s Editorial Board Members)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 326 KB

Open AccessReview

Pork as a Source of Diverse Viral Foodborne Infections: An Escalating Issue

by Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz and Maciej Kochanowski

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110679 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 4399

Abstract

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the risks posed by viral foodborne infections associated with pork, emphasizing their global prevalence and the complexity of managing such pathogens. It covers a range of significant viruses, including hepatitis A and E, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, enterovirus, [...] Read more.

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the risks posed by viral foodborne infections associated with pork, emphasizing their global prevalence and the complexity of managing such pathogens. It covers a range of significant viruses, including hepatitis A and E, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, and enteric adenovirus. The role of pigs as reservoirs for diverse pathogens with zoonotic potential further complicates safety challenges, extending risks to individuals involved in pork production and processing. Various factors influencing viral contamination throughout the meat production chain are explored, from farm-level practices to processing and handling procedures. Emphasis is placed on the critical importance of implementing effective control measures at each stage, including enhanced biosecurity, rigorous hygiene practices, and appropriate thermal processing techniques. Additionally, the need for improved surveillance and detection methods to effectively identify and monitor viral presence in meat products is highlighted. In conclusion, the necessity of adopting a One Health approach that integrates efforts in animal health, food safety, and public health to mitigate the risks of viral foodborne infections associated with meat consumption is underscored. This holistic strategy is essential for safeguarding consumer health and ensuring the safety of the global food supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Occurrence and Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens)

27 pages, 11437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Species Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Some Oribatid Mites in Bory Tucholskie National Park (N Poland)

by Wojciech Niedbała, Agnieszka Napierała, Jacek Wendzonka, Karolina Lubińska, Marta Kulczak and Jerzy Błoszyk

Diversity 2024, 16(11), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110678 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

There are 23 national parks in Poland, and only a few of them have been studied thoroughly with regard to acarofauna so far. One of the least-examined areas in this regard is Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP), established in 1996. The aim of [...] Read more.

There are 23 national parks in Poland, and only a few of them have been studied thoroughly with regard to acarofauna so far. One of the least-examined areas in this regard is Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP), established in 1996. The aim of this research study was to explore the species diversity, community structure, and spatial distribution of mites from the order Oribatida: ptyctimous mites (Acari: Oribatida) and species from the families Nothridae and Camisiidae (Acari: Oribatida: Crotonioidea) inhabiting different forests open and unstable microhabitats in the area of Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP). In the case of ptyctimous mites, the communities were compared to those in other Polish national parks. Based on the analysis of 285 samples collected in BTNP between 2022 and 2024, 8 species of Crotonioidea with dominant Heminothrus peltifer (C. L. Koch, 1839) and 21 species of ptyctimous mites with the most numerous Atropacarus (Atropacarus) striculus (C. L. Koch, 1835) were identified in the analyzed material. The highest species diversity was observed in different types of pine forests (25 species) and in alder forests (24 species), while the lowest diversity occurred in areas with reeds (11 species). The comparison of the number of ptyctimous mites in Polish national parks revealed that BTNP can be ranked second in terms of species diversity among 12 national parks examined in Poland so far. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of the Acari)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Diversity, Volume 16, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 57 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI