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Review

Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer

by
Hasan Al-Sattar
1,
Esele Okondo
1,
Amir Mashia Jaafari
1,
Inesh Sood
1,
Jakob Hassan Dinif
2,
Su Yin Lim
3,
Charlotte Hafkamp
3,4,
Irene Chong
3,
Joao R. Galante
3 and
Sola Adeleke
5,*
1
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PL, UK
2
School of Medicine, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
3
Radiotherapy Department, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JZ, UK
4
Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5
School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110302
Submission received: 10 September 2025 / Revised: 10 October 2025 / Accepted: 15 October 2025 / Published: 23 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Radiation Oncology: Mechanisms, Immunotherapy and Innovation)
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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with metastatic disease remaining the main driver of poor prognosis. In recent years, the concept of oligometastatic disease, where patients present with a limited number of metastases, has created an opportunity to use local therapies with curative intent. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has become increasingly important in this setting, as it allows the delivery of high, ablative doses with excellent local control and generally low toxicity. Notably, randomised data such as SABR-COMET, alongside large prospective series including SABR-5, have demonstrated improvements in survival outcomes in the context of oligometastatic disease across mixed primary tumour types, with CRC patients making up a relatively small proportion in these trials. This has presented SABR as a practical treatment option for patients with oligometastatic CRC, although more CRC-specific phase III trials are needed. Other challenges include the radioresistance of CRC metastases, and treatment outcomes that vary depending on the anatomical site, tumour biology, and prior therapies. Technical issues such as motion management and organ-at-risk constraints also continue to limit dose escalation. Emerging strategies—including MR-guided radiotherapy, proton-based SABR, integration with systemic agents such as immunotherapy, and the use of biomarkers and artificial intelligence to refine patient selection—are beginning to address these limitations. This review summarises the current evidence and emerging advancements to highlight how SABR may evolve as part of an integrated approach to oligometastatic CRC.
Keywords: stereotactic ablative radiotherapy; SABR; stereotactic body radiotherapy; SBRT; colorectal cancer; oligometastases; immunotherapy; artificial intelligence stereotactic ablative radiotherapy; SABR; stereotactic body radiotherapy; SBRT; colorectal cancer; oligometastases; immunotherapy; artificial intelligence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Sattar, H.; Okondo, E.; Jaafari, A.M.; Sood, I.; Hassan Dinif, J.; Lim, S.Y.; Hafkamp, C.; Chong, I.; Galante, J.R.; Adeleke, S. Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 10302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110302

AMA Style

Al-Sattar H, Okondo E, Jaafari AM, Sood I, Hassan Dinif J, Lim SY, Hafkamp C, Chong I, Galante JR, Adeleke S. Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(21):10302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110302

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Sattar, Hasan, Esele Okondo, Amir Mashia Jaafari, Inesh Sood, Jakob Hassan Dinif, Su Yin Lim, Charlotte Hafkamp, Irene Chong, Joao R. Galante, and Sola Adeleke. 2025. "Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 21: 10302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110302

APA Style

Al-Sattar, H., Okondo, E., Jaafari, A. M., Sood, I., Hassan Dinif, J., Lim, S. Y., Hafkamp, C., Chong, I., Galante, J. R., & Adeleke, S. (2025). Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110302

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