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Article

The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum

by
Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
,
Ophélie Rocher
,
Claire Naylies
,
Yannick Lippi
,
Isabelle P. Oswald
,
Sophie Lorber
and
Olivier Puel
*
Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(18), 6660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186660
Submission received: 7 August 2020 / Revised: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 / Published: 11 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology and Chemistry of Mycotoxins and Phytotoxins)
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Abstract

Dissemination and survival of ascomycetes is through asexual spores. The brlA gene encodes a C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor, which is essential for asexual development. Penicillium expansum causes blue mold disease and is the main source of patulin, a mycotoxin that contaminates apple-based food. A P. expansum PeΔbrlA deficient strain was generated by homologous recombination. In vivo, suppression of brlA completely blocked the development of conidiophores that takes place after the formation of coremia/synnemata, a required step for the perforation of the apple epicarp. Metabolome analysis displayed that patulin production was enhanced by brlA suppression, explaining a higher in vivo aggressiveness compared to the wild type (WT) strain. No patulin was detected in the synnemata, suggesting that patulin biosynthesis stopped when the fungus exited the apple. In vitro transcriptome analysis of PeΔbrlA unveiled an up-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (PEXP_073960-PEXP_074060) that shares high similarity with the chaetoglobosin gene cluster of Chaetomium globosum. Metabolome analysis of PeΔbrlA confirmed these observations by unveiling a greater diversity of chaetoglobosin derivatives. We observed that chaetoglobosins A and C were found only in the synnemata, located outside of the apple, whereas other chaetoglobosins were detected in apple flesh, suggesting a spatial-temporal organization of the chaetoglobosin biosynthesis pathway.
Keywords: Penicillium expansum; brlA; conidiogenesis; synnemata; secondary metabolism; patulin; chaetoglobosins; communesins; metabolomics; microarray Penicillium expansum; brlA; conidiogenesis; synnemata; secondary metabolism; patulin; chaetoglobosins; communesins; metabolomics; microarray

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zetina-Serrano, C.; Rocher, O.; Naylies, C.; Lippi, Y.; Oswald, I.P.; Lorber, S.; Puel, O. The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186660

AMA Style

Zetina-Serrano C, Rocher O, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Oswald IP, Lorber S, Puel O. The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(18):6660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186660

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zetina-Serrano, Chrystian, Ophélie Rocher, Claire Naylies, Yannick Lippi, Isabelle P. Oswald, Sophie Lorber, and Olivier Puel. 2020. "The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186660

APA Style

Zetina-Serrano, C., Rocher, O., Naylies, C., Lippi, Y., Oswald, I. P., Lorber, S., & Puel, O. (2020). The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), 6660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186660

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