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Article

Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls

by
Gabriela Cremasco
1,
Adam T. Sutton
2,
Cristiano S. Funari
3,
Dario R. Arrua
2,
Kelly J. Dussan
1,
Emily F. Hilder
2,
Vanderlan S. Bolzani
1 and
Daniel Rinaldo
1,4,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
2
Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
3
Green Biotech Network, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Universitária, nº 3780-Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
4
Green Biotech Network, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(13), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133034
Submission received: 18 April 2024 / Revised: 31 May 2024 / Accepted: 8 June 2024 / Published: 26 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Deep Eutectic Solvents)
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Abstract

Almond trees are the most cultivated nut tree in the world. The production of almonds generates large amounts of by-products, much of which goes unused. Herein, this study aimed to develop a green chemistry approach to identify and extract potentially valuable compounds from almond by-products. Initially, a screening was performed with 10 different Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs). The mixture lactic acid/glycerol, with a molar ratio 1:1 (1:50 plant material to NADES (w/v) with 20% v/v of water) was identified as the best extraction solvent for catechin, caffeoylquinic acid, and condensed tannins in almond hulls. Subsequently, a method was optimized by a Design of Experiment (DoE) protocol using a miniaturized extraction technique, Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), in conjunction with the chosen NADESs. The optimal conditions were found to be 70 °C with 15 min irradiation time. The optimal extraction conditions determined by the DoE were confirmed experimentally and compared to methods already established in the literature. With these conditions, the extraction of metabolites was 2.4 times higher, according to the increase in total peak area, than the established literature methods used. Additionally, by applying the multiparameter Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) and Green Analytical Process Index (GAPI) metrics, it was possible to conclude that the developed method was greener than the established literature methods as it includes various principles of green analytical chemistry.
Keywords: Prunus dulcis; design of experiments; green chemistry; NADESs; Microwave-Assisted Extraction Prunus dulcis; design of experiments; green chemistry; NADESs; Microwave-Assisted Extraction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cremasco, G.; Sutton, A.T.; Funari, C.S.; Arrua, D.R.; Dussan, K.J.; Hilder, E.F.; Bolzani, V.S.; Rinaldo, D. Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls. Molecules 2024, 29, 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133034

AMA Style

Cremasco G, Sutton AT, Funari CS, Arrua DR, Dussan KJ, Hilder EF, Bolzani VS, Rinaldo D. Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls. Molecules. 2024; 29(13):3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cremasco, Gabriela, Adam T. Sutton, Cristiano S. Funari, Dario R. Arrua, Kelly J. Dussan, Emily F. Hilder, Vanderlan S. Bolzani, and Daniel Rinaldo. 2024. "Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls" Molecules 29, no. 13: 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133034

APA Style

Cremasco, G., Sutton, A. T., Funari, C. S., Arrua, D. R., Dussan, K. J., Hilder, E. F., Bolzani, V. S., & Rinaldo, D. (2024). Sustainable and Biomimetic Methodology for Extraction of High-Value-Added Compounds in Almond Hulls. Molecules, 29(13), 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133034

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