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Article

Designing Inorganic–Organic Dual-Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synergistically Enhanced Extractive and Oxidative Desulfurization

1
Institute for Energy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
2
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
3
Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(23), 7743; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237743
Submission received: 10 October 2023 / Revised: 11 November 2023 / Accepted: 20 November 2023 / Published: 24 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Prospects for Deep Eutectic Solvents)

Abstract

Acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered desirable extractants and catalysts for desulfurization. However, their hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) are usually sole organic acids, which are not conducive to efficient green catalysis. Herein, a novel inorganic–organic dual-acid DES (DADES) was reported for efficient extractive and oxidative desulfurization. Benefiting from the physical interaction among the three components in a DADES, a transparent homogeneous liquid can be obtained even though inorganic acid (boric acid, BA) and organic acid (acetic acid, AA) can be immiscible. Furthermore, the dual-acid HBD can increase the acidity of the DADES and reduce its viscosity, accelerating its mass transfer efficiency and enhancing its catalytic activity. With 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor, [Bmim]Cl/BA/0.3AA effectively activated hydrogen peroxide and achieved sulfur removal of 96.6% at 40 °C. Furthermore, the universality of the synergistic effect in various DADESs was confirmed by the modulation of the types of organic acids. This study not only motivates the construction of more intriguing novel DESs based on the DADES concept but also highlights their potential in clean fuel production.
Keywords: dual-acid deep eutectic solvent; inorganic and organic acids; synergistic effect; oxidative desulfurization; mechanism dual-acid deep eutectic solvent; inorganic and organic acids; synergistic effect; oxidative desulfurization; mechanism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, D.; Xu, L.; Zhang, B.; Zhu, L.; He, J.; Li, H.; Li, H.; Jiang, W. Designing Inorganic–Organic Dual-Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synergistically Enhanced Extractive and Oxidative Desulfurization. Molecules 2023, 28, 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237743

AMA Style

Zhu D, Xu L, Zhang B, Zhu L, He J, Li H, Li H, Jiang W. Designing Inorganic–Organic Dual-Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synergistically Enhanced Extractive and Oxidative Desulfurization. Molecules. 2023; 28(23):7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237743

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Dongao, Lixian Xu, Beibei Zhang, Linhua Zhu, Jing He, Hongping Li, Huaming Li, and Wei Jiang. 2023. "Designing Inorganic–Organic Dual-Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synergistically Enhanced Extractive and Oxidative Desulfurization" Molecules 28, no. 23: 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237743

APA Style

Zhu, D., Xu, L., Zhang, B., Zhu, L., He, J., Li, H., Li, H., & Jiang, W. (2023). Designing Inorganic–Organic Dual-Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synergistically Enhanced Extractive and Oxidative Desulfurization. Molecules, 28(23), 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237743

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