Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy Investigation of Hypericum scabrum Essential Oil with Antifungal Drugs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Analysis
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Essential Oil Extraction
3.3. GC Analyses
3.4. GC–MS Analyses
3.5. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity
3.7. Synergy Test by Microdilution Checkerboard Technique
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RI a | RI b | Compounds | CAS No | Molecular Formula | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
901 | - | Nonane | 111-84-2 | C9H20 | 3.0 |
938 | 1076 | α-Pinene | 80-56-8 | C10H16 | 37.8 |
980 | 1118 | β-Pinene | 127-91-3 | C10H16 | 3.4 |
993 | 1174 | Myrcene | 123-35-3 | C10H16 | 5.6 |
1030 | 1203 | Limonene | 138-86-3 | C10H16 | 11.6 |
1045 | 1269 | cis-β-Ocimene | 3338-55-4 | C10H16 | 1.1 |
1050 | 1253 | trans-β-Ocimene | 3779-61-1 | C10H16 | 0.9 |
1100 | 1490 | Undecane | 1120-21-4 | C11H24 | 1.6 |
1134 | 1493 | allo-Ocimene | 673-84-7 | C10H16 | 1.7 |
1138 | 1664 | Pinocarveol | 5947-36-4 | C10H16O | 0.1 |
1152 | 1683 | trans-Verbenol | 1820-09-3 | C10H16O | 0.2 |
1168 | 1697 | α-Phellandren-8-ol | 1686-20-0 | C10H16O | 0.1 |
1189 | 1706 | α-Terpineol | 98-55-5 | C10H18O | 0.1 |
1196 | 1804 | Myrtenol | 515-00-4 | C10H16O | 0.1 |
1352 | 1466 | α-Cubebene | 17699-14-8 | C15H24 | 0.1 |
1377 | 1497 | α-Copaene | 3856-25-5 | C15H24 | 0.3 |
1385 | 1533 | β-Bourbonene | 5208-59-3 | C15H24 | 0.1 |
1415 | 1612 | trans-Caryophyllene | 87-44-5 | C15H24 | 1.3 |
1437 | 1628 | Aromadendrene | 109119-91-7 | C15H24 | 0.3 |
1439 | 1650 | α-Guaiene | 3691-12-1 | C15H24 | 0.3 |
1455 | 1689 | trans-β-Farnesene | 18794-84-8 | C15H24 | 2.0 |
1477 | 1726 | Germacrene D | 23986-74-5 | C15H24 | 1.3 |
1485 | 1711 | β-Selinene | 17066-67-0 | C15H24 | 0.4 |
1495 | 1740 | Valencene | 4630-07-3 | C15H24 | 1.2 |
1500 | 1740 | α-Muurolene | 10208-80-7 | C15H24 | 0.4 |
1515 | 1776 | γ-Cadinene | 39029-41-9 | C15H24 | 0.7 |
1525 | 1772 | δ-Cadinene | 483-76-1 | C15H24 | 1.3 |
1526 | 1773 | α-Cadinene | 24406-05-1 | C15H24 | 0.2 |
1541 | 1918 | α-Calacorene | 38599-17-6 | C15H20 | 0.2 |
1566 | 2050 | Nerolidol | 142-50-7 | C15H26O | 0.4 |
1577 | 2008 | Spathulenol | 6750-60-3 | C15H24O | 2.7 |
1585 | 2098 | Globulol | 489-41-8 | C15H26O | 0.5 |
1591 | 2104 | Viridiflorol | 552-02-3 | C15H26O | 0.3 |
1640 | 2188 | T-Cadinol | 5937-11-1 | C15H26O | 0.9 |
1645 | 2145 | Torreyol | 19435-97-3 | C15H26O | 0.3 |
1649 | 2188 | α-Eudesmol | 473-16-5 | C15H26O | 0.2 |
1650 | 2256 | α-Cadinol | 481-34-5 | C15H26O | 1.4 |
Total identified | 84.2 |
Pathogens | S. aureus ATCC 29213 | C. albicans ATCC 10231 | P. aeruginosa CIP 82118 | T. rubrum SNB-TR1 | T. mentagrophytes SNB-TM1 | T. soudanense SNB-TS1 | T. violaceum SNB-TV1 | T. tonsurans SNB-TT1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypericum scabrum EO | > 512 | 512 | > 512 | 64 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 64 |
Reference compounds | 1 a | 1 b | 0.25 c | 2 b | 1 d | 2 b | 2 b | 4 b |
Nonane | α-Pinene | β-Pinene | Myrcene | Limonene | Reconstructed EO (61.4%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. rubrum SNB-TR1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 512 | 256 |
Combination | EO: Fluconazole | EO: Griseofulvin | EO: Amphotericin B | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EO | MICa MICc FIC | 64 32 0.5 | 64 32 0.5 | 64 32 0.5 |
Drug | MICa MICc FIC | 2 0.25 0.125 | 1 0.0625 0.0625 | 4 0.125 0.03 |
FICI | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
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Fahed, L.; Beyrouthy, M.E.; Ouaini, N.; Eparvier, V.; Stien, D.; Vitalini, S.; Iriti, M. Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy Investigation of Hypericum scabrum Essential Oil with Antifungal Drugs. Molecules 2021, 26, 6545. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216545
Fahed L, Beyrouthy ME, Ouaini N, Eparvier V, Stien D, Vitalini S, Iriti M. Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy Investigation of Hypericum scabrum Essential Oil with Antifungal Drugs. Molecules. 2021; 26(21):6545. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216545
Chicago/Turabian StyleFahed, Layal, Marc El Beyrouthy, Naïm Ouaini, Véronique Eparvier, Didier Stien, Sara Vitalini, and Marcello Iriti. 2021. "Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy Investigation of Hypericum scabrum Essential Oil with Antifungal Drugs" Molecules 26, no. 21: 6545. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216545