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Article

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction

by
Leonardo M. de Souza Mesquita
1,
Daniella Carisa Murador
1,
Bruna Vitória Neves
1,
Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga
1,2,
Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
1 and
Veridiana Vera de Rosso
1,3,*
1
Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil
2
Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Campus Diadema, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
3
Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim Street 136, Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989
Submission received: 15 May 2021 / Revised: 19 June 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 30 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neoteric Solvents in Analysis and Processing of Natural Products)
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Abstract

Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit Bactris gasipaes, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.
Keywords: [C4mim][BF4]; Caco-2 cells; Amazonian fruit; pigments; all-trans-β-carotene; all-trans-lycopene [C4mim][BF4]; Caco-2 cells; Amazonian fruit; pigments; all-trans-β-carotene; all-trans-lycopene
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MDPI and ACS Style

de Souza Mesquita, L.M.; Murador, D.C.; Neves, B.V.; Braga, A.R.C.; Pisani, L.P.; de Rosso, V.V. Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction. Molecules 2021, 26, 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989

AMA Style

de Souza Mesquita LM, Murador DC, Neves BV, Braga ARC, Pisani LP, de Rosso VV. Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction. Molecules. 2021; 26(13):3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989

Chicago/Turabian Style

de Souza Mesquita, Leonardo M., Daniella Carisa Murador, Bruna Vitória Neves, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga, Luciana Pellegrini Pisani, and Veridiana Vera de Rosso. 2021. "Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction" Molecules 26, no. 13: 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989

APA Style

de Souza Mesquita, L. M., Murador, D. C., Neves, B. V., Braga, A. R. C., Pisani, L. P., & de Rosso, V. V. (2021). Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction. Molecules, 26(13), 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989

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