MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 655 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effectiveness and Safety of Stem Cell-Based Tissue Engineering in the Regeneration of Periodontal Bone Lesions: A Systematic Review

by Marouan Fanid, Ana Sofia Vinhas, Cátia Reis, Marta Relvas, Rosana Costa and Cristina Cabral

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(12), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15120222 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, causing progressive destruction of the alveolar bone and eventual tooth loss when not treated. Despite advances in conventional periodontal therapies, complete tissue regeneration remains limited. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical relevance [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, causing progressive destruction of the alveolar bone and eventual tooth loss when not treated. Despite advances in conventional periodontal therapies, complete tissue regeneration remains limited. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical relevance of stem cell-based tissue engineering approaches for regeneration of periodontal bone lesions. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, resulting in the inclusion of 17 studies in humans that met predefined PICO criteria. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251229271). These studies assessed various stem cell sources, including dental and bone marrow-derived cells among others, both on their own and in combination with scaffolds or growth factors. Results: Most studies reported favorable outcomes in terms of clinical attachment gain, radiographic bone fill, probing depth reduction, and implant stability. No major adverse effects were noted, indicating good safety. However, results varied based on cell type, culture protocols, and defect characteristics. Conclusions: Stem cell therapy shows strong potential for periodontal regeneration, with outcomes that may potentially surpass those of conventional methods in selected cases. Further standardization, cost reduction, and long-term clinical trials are essential to confirm these findings and support their integration into daily dental practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends, Materials, and Technologies and Consolidating Best Practices in Dentistry, 2nd Edition)

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8 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Development of a Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detecting Brassica Yellows Virus in China

by Linlin Du, Feng Zhu, Qi Peng, Tao Li, Feng Lin, Xiaoying Zhou, Jiban Kumar Kundu, Maolong Hu and Tong Zhou

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2727; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122727 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) mainly infects cruciferous crops and has been widely prevalent across China. To develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for detecting BrYV in oilseed rape, a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was established. Four specific primers were designed [...] Read more.

Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) mainly infects cruciferous crops and has been widely prevalent across China. To develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for detecting BrYV in oilseed rape, a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was established. Four specific primers were designed to target the conserved gene of BrYV, with total RNA extracted from BrYV-infected oilseed rape leaves used as the template for the RT-LAMP assay. The optimal reaction conditions were determined, including a primer concentration ratio of 1:8, MgSO₄ concentration of 4 mM, reaction temperature of 64 °C, and a suitable reaction time of 60 min. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the RT-LAMP assay could detect total RNA at a concentration of 0.091 × 10⁻³ μg/μL, which was 100-fold more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR for BrYV detection. In addition to visualizing results by electrophoresis, the RT-LAMP assay could also be easily visualized using calcein-MnCl₂. These results indicate the potential of the established RT-LAMP assay for rapid BrYV detection in oilseed rape plants, which can provide better technical support for field diagnosis, disease forecasting, and the implementation of effective control strategies against the virus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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24 pages, 1911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Role of Plastic and Poroelastoplastic Effects in Wellbore Strengthening Using a Fully Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Model

by Ernestos N. Sarris and Elias Gravanis

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12556; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312556 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Wellbore instability during drilling in soft formations often leads to unwanted hydraulic fractures and lost circulation, resulting in non-productive time and elevated costs. The fracture initiation pressure (FIP) and fracture propagation pressure (FPP) are critical for managing these risks, particularly in narrow mud [...] Read more.

Wellbore instability during drilling in soft formations often leads to unwanted hydraulic fractures and lost circulation, resulting in non-productive time and elevated costs. The fracture initiation pressure (FIP) and fracture propagation pressure (FPP) are critical for managing these risks, particularly in narrow mud weight windows, yet industrial models overlook post-plugging stress behaviors at plug locations, where changes in stress concentration may initiate secondary fractures. This study introduces a fully coupled hydro-mechanical plane-strain (KGD) finite element model to examine fluid diffusion and deformation in fractured formations, emphasizing plastic and poroelastoplastic effects for wellbore strengthening. Fluid flow in the fracture follows lubrication theory for incompressible Newtonian fluids, while Darcy’s law governs porous media diffusion. Rock deformation adheres to Biot’s effective stress principle, extended to poroelastoplasticity via the Mohr–Coulomb criterion with associative flow. Simulations yield fracture dimensions, fluid pressures, in situ stress changes, and principal stresses during propagation and plugging, for both plastic and poroplastic cases. A new yield factor is proposed, derived from the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, that quantifies the risk of failure and reveals that fracture tips resist propagation through plastic and poroelastoplastic deformation, with the poroelastoplastic coupling amplifying back-stresses and dilation after plugging. Pore pressure evolution critically influences the fracture growth and plugging efficiency. These findings advance wellbore strengthening by optimizing lost circulation material plugs, bridging the gaps from elastic and poroelastic models, and offer practical tools for safer and more efficient plugging in soft rocks through modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock Fracture Mechanics: From Theories to Practices)

17 pages, 523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity and Reliability of the European Portuguese Version of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder & Elbow Score (KJOC)

by Gonçalo Almeida, Luísa Amaral, Rui Vilarinho, Bárbara Magalhães, Fátima Silva, Verónica Abreu, André Magalhães, Mário Esteves and Mariana Cervaens

Healthcare 2025, 13(23), 3081; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13233081 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder & Elbow Score (KJOC) is used to identify dysfunctions and estimate injury risk in overhead sports athletes. Although it has been validated in several countries, a European Portuguese version is currently unavailable. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder & Elbow Score (KJOC) is used to identify dysfunctions and estimate injury risk in overhead sports athletes. Although it has been validated in several countries, a European Portuguese version is currently unavailable. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and assess psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the European Portuguese KJOC (KJOC-PT). Methods: The KJOC-PT was translated and culturally adapted according to international guidelines. One hundred athletes were selected (median age 24 [IQR 17] years, 72% male) and divided into two groups: asymptomatic and symptomatic athletes. The convergent validity was assessed by correlating the KJOC-PT with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and DASH-Sports. 31 athletes from the initial sample were considered to assess between-day reliability and agreement (Bland-Altman analysis). Floor and ceiling effects were also calculated. Sampling adequacy was assessed using the Kaiser Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test. Results: Minor cultural and linguistic changes were made in the KJOC-PT. This version demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.91 to 0.97) and moderate negative correlations for validity (KJOC-PT with DASH, rho = −0.595; with DASH-Sports, rho = −0.533, both p < 0.001). Good reliability (ICC_2,1 = 0.77 to 0.89 [95%CI 0.36 to 0.96]), measurement error (SEM = 4.11 to 6.90; MDC = 11.39 to 19.13) and mean difference ranging from −0.08 ± 6.14 to 3 ± 9.17 were found. No floor effect (0%) and ceiling effects of 24.2% for the total sample (50% for asymptomatic and 5.1% for symptomatic athletes) were found. Conclusions: KJOC-PT is now available and is a valid and reliable instrument for use by athletes in overhead sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychometric Properties and Broader Implications of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs))

23 pages, 8756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Fire Management System (OFMS): A Sensor-Integrated Framework for Enhanced Fireground Situational Awareness

by David Kalina, Ryan O’Neill, Elisa Pevere and Raul Fernandez Rojas

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(6), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14060114 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the design, development, and field testing of an Operational Fire Management System (OFMS) aimed at enhancing situational awareness and improving the safety and efficiency of firefighting operations. The system integrates real-time intelligence and remote monitoring to provide emergency management personnel [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design, development, and field testing of an Operational Fire Management System (OFMS) aimed at enhancing situational awareness and improving the safety and efficiency of firefighting operations. The system integrates real-time intelligence and remote monitoring to provide emergency management personnel and first responders with accurate information on vehicle location, communication status, and water level monitoring. Developed in collaboration with the Australian Capital Territory Rural Fire Service (ACT RFS), the OFMS prototype encompasses three core subsystems: the Monitoring and Environmental Sensing Subsystem (MESS), the Communication and Vital Monitoring Subsystem (CVMS), and the Command-and-Control Interface Subsystem (CCIS). MESS introduces a tilt-compensated ultrasonic algorithm for accurate water level estimation in moving fire trucks, CVMS leverages an open-source smartwatch with LoRa communication for real-time physiological tracking, and CCIS offers a cloud-based interface for live visualisation and coordination. Together, these subsystems form a practical and scalable framework for supporting frontline operations, particularly in rural firefighting contexts where vehicles are required to operate off-road and deliver large volumes of water to isolated locations. By providing real-time visibility of resource availability and crew status, the system strengthens operational coordination and decision-making in environments where connectivity is often limited. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the prototype, highlights key performance results, and outlines opportunities for future development, including improved environmental resilience, expanded sensor integration, and multi-agency interoperability. The findings confirm that the OFMS represents a novel and field-ready approach to fireground management, empowering firefighting teams to respond more effectively to emergencies and better protect lives, property, and the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks: Innovations and Future Trends)

15 pages, 611 KB

Open AccessReview

From ARFID to Binge Eating: A Review of the Sensory, Behavioral, and Gut–Brain Axis Mechanisms Driving Co-Occurring Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Marta Kopańska, Izabela Łucka, Maria Siegel, Julia Trojniak and Maria Pąchalska

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233714 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) constitutes a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition frequently accompanied by considerable disturbances in feeding behavior and nutritional balance. These difficulties arise from complex and multifactorial mechanisms, exerting a significant impact on physical health, metabolic homeostasis, and psychosocial functioning. The present [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) constitutes a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition frequently accompanied by considerable disturbances in feeding behavior and nutritional balance. These difficulties arise from complex and multifactorial mechanisms, exerting a significant impact on physical health, metabolic homeostasis, and psychosocial functioning. The present review aims to provide a critical synthesis of current evidence regarding the underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms of feeding difficulties in ASD and to delineate the spectrum of comorbid eating disorders within this population. Methods: A narrative review of the peer-reviewed scientific literature was undertaken, emphasizing studies investigating the interrelationship between ASD and nutritional functioning in pediatric and adolescent populations. Particular focus was placed on research exploring sensory processing abnormalities, gut microbiota alterations, and the clinical manifestation of eating disorders in individuals with ASD. Results: The analysis revealed that sensory hypersensitivity, behavioral inflexibility, and disturbances within the gut–brain axis constitute principal determinants of atypical eating patterns in ASD. Individuals on the autism spectrum frequently exhibit pronounced food selectivity, neophobia, and symptoms consistent with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Furthermore, an increased prevalence of anorexia nervosa and orthorexia nervosa has been documented, likely reflecting shared cognitive and behavioral features with ASD. “Emotional eating” tendencies and a marked preference for high-caloric, energy-dense foods—often potentiated by psychopharmacological treatment and reduced physical activity—further contribute to an elevated risk of overweight and obesity. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ASD display a bimodal distribution of body mass, encompassing both undernutrition and obesity, indicative of a multifaceted interplay among sensory, behavioral, cognitive, and metabolic determinants. A comprehensive understanding of this heterogeneity is crucial for the development of individualized, evidence-based interventions integrating nutritional management with behavioral and psychotherapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Interventions and the Gut–Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder)

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21 pages, 2564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lard-Derived Diacylglycerol as a Potential Alternative on the Flavor Characteristics of Frankfurters

by Xinxin Zhao, Yunling Jiang, Zixin Luo, Hai Yu, Jiangyu Zhu, Xinyan Peng, Lang Zhang, Qingfeng Ge and Mangang Wu

Foods 2025, 14(23), 4059; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234059 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Partial or total replacement of pork fat with homologous functional oils may meet consumer demand for healthy meat products while preserving their sensory quality. This study investigated the use of lard-derived diacylglycerol (DG) as a fat replacer on the flavor characteristics of frankfurters. [...] Read more.

Partial or total replacement of pork fat with homologous functional oils may meet consumer demand for healthy meat products while preserving their sensory quality. This study investigated the use of lard-derived diacylglycerol (DG) as a fat replacer on the flavor characteristics of frankfurters. The results revealed that substituting pork fat with purified glycerolized lard (PGL) at different levels (25%, 50%, and 100%) increased the water content and water activity, improved the L* and b* values, and protein thermal stability, while decreasing the a* value of frankfurters. Meanwhile, electronic nose results showed that replacing pork fat with PGL affected the aroma of frankfurters. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detected 50 volatile compounds in all the frankfurters (such as aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.). Replacing lard with PGL significantly increased the variety and content of flavor compounds in frankfurters (p < 0.05). According to the approximate odor activity values (OAV) > 1 and variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1, the distinct flavor of the frankfurters with different levels of PGL mainly resulted from aldehydes, alcohols, and terpenes. Generally, this study provided a valuable theoretical foundation for substituting fat with lard-derived DG to improve the flavor characteristics of frankfurters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Preparation, Characterisation, Assessment, and Application of Functional Lipids)

12 pages, 893 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reciprocal Interactions Between Human GV-Oocytes and Cumulus Cells: Effects on GVBD, ROS Production, and AMPK Expression

by Zhaoqiao Ban, Plamen Todorov, Gohar Rahimi, Christine Skala and Volodimir Isachenko

Medicina 2025, 61(12), 2107; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61122107 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The quality of cumulus cells (CCs) is a major determinant of germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte maturation, yet the reciprocal effect of GV oocytes on cumulus cell function remains unclear. Materials and Methods: GV oocytes were cultured with or without cumulus [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The quality of cumulus cells (CCs) is a major determinant of germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte maturation, yet the reciprocal effect of GV oocytes on cumulus cell function remains unclear. Materials and Methods: GV oocytes were cultured with or without cumulus cells (only oocytes or Oocytes–CCs), and GVBD rates were evaluated after 24 h. In parallel, cumulus cells were cultured either alone (only cumulus) or with oocytes (CCs + Oocytes). Cell morphology, growth, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression were assessed by fluorescence and immunocytochemistry. Results: GVBD rates were significantly higher in Oocytes + CCs than in only oocytes (66.7% vs. 18.2%, p < 0.05). Cumulus cells co-cultured with oocytes exhibited improved growth, tighter cell connections, and greater extracellular matrix formation. ROS levels were reduced in CCs + Oocytes compared with only the cumulus group (12.1% vs. 21.9%, p < 0.01), whereas AMPK expression increased markedly (229% of CCs–Oocytes, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In vitro co-culture underscores not only the supportive role of cumulus cells in oocyte maturation but also a reciprocal, beneficial effect of oocytes on cumulus cell viability and function, revealing the bidirectional nature of oocyte–cumulus interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)

16 pages, 4149 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Class Gap in Pandemic Attitudes and Experiences

by Claus Rinner

COVID 2025, 5(12), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5120195 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Attitudes towards COVID-19 and lived experiences during the pandemic depended greatly on people’s level of education. This study extends a previous analysis of vaccine hesitancy as a function of formal education and examines additional indicators from the COVID-19 Trends and Impacts Survey for [...] Read more.

Attitudes towards COVID-19 and lived experiences during the pandemic depended greatly on people’s level of education. This study extends a previous analysis of vaccine hesitancy as a function of formal education and examines additional indicators from the COVID-19 Trends and Impacts Survey for the United States during 2021–2022. The monthly values for social and health-related activities and constraints, testing and vaccination decisions, and information-seeking behaviours, as well as trust and beliefs, often varied markedly between education-defined classes. Many indicators present a significant gap between the attitudes and experiences of better-educated groups, represented by college/university graduates and those with post-graduate studies, on the one hand, and less-educated groups, including those with only high school or some college education, on the other hand. These patterns suggest that the academic and professional-managerial classes, which supply the vast majority of societal decision-makers, may be ill-equipped to understand and respect the needs and worries of the working class in an emergency situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Given growing concerns about the benefit–harm balance of many government policies, a more inclusive pandemic response could have been achieved by respecting and adopting the common sense, scepticism, and outright opposition of the less-educated groups vis-a-vis restrictions and public health measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 14036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Antibiotic Removal via Adsorption–Photocatalysis Using a ZnO–TiO₂–Halloysite Nanocomposite

by Jairo R. Marques, Rodrigo P. Feitosa, Idglan S. de Lima, Luis H. Oliveira, Edson C. Silva-Filho, Francisco Franco, Juan A. Cecilia and Josy A. Osajima

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121253 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

A nanocomposite combining the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO₂ with the adsorption capacity of halloysite was developed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP). Characterization was performed by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), [...] Read more.

A nanocomposite combining the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO₂ with the adsorption capacity of halloysite was developed for the degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP). Characterization was performed by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed uniform dispersion of ZnO and TiO₂ particles on the halloysite surface and the formation of heterojunctions, contributing to efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the presence of Ti⁴⁺ in the anatase phase, supporting the high photocatalytic potential of the synthesized samples. Photodegradation tests of CIP (30 mg L⁻¹) showed that the 5Zn-Ti-Hal sample achieved the highest removal efficiency (71.45%), with a predominance of photocatalysis (42.57%) over adsorption (28.58%). Bioassays demonstrated a significant antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (50.35% inhibitory effect) and no toxicity to Artemia salina (100% survival). These results indicate that ZnO–TiO₂–halloysite nanocomposites are a promising green technology for aquatic remediation, offering efficient CIP degradation, antibiotic inactivation, and environmental safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organo-Clays: Preparation, Characterization and Applications)

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14 pages, 3124 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism by Which Heat Treatment Influences the Acoustic Vibration Characteristics of Bamboo

by Rongzhen Song, Ying Li, Shanyu Han, Lei Chen, Shumin Yang, Genlin Tian, Xing’e Liu, Fuming Chen and Zehui Jiang

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235335 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

The multi-layered and multi-scale refined structure of bamboo gives bamboo musical instruments a unique tonal quality. This study employed heat treatment to enhance the acoustic vibration stability of bamboo materials. The hammering method was subsequently employed for conducting multi-point impact excitation tests on [...] Read more.

The multi-layered and multi-scale refined structure of bamboo gives bamboo musical instruments a unique tonal quality. This study employed heat treatment to enhance the acoustic vibration stability of bamboo materials. The hammering method was subsequently employed for conducting multi-point impact excitation tests on instrument-grade bamboo, and the resulting vibration response was subjected to modal analysis. Next, we investigated the acoustic vibration characteristics of bamboo, including its sound vibration efficiency, timbre, and acoustic stability, in terms of its macroscopic gradient structure, ultra-microstructure, molecular scale, key components, and pore structure. Modal analysis revealed that the first three damping ratios of Xipi were 94.55%, 7.89%, and 26.60% higher than those of Erhuang, respectively. The relative stiffness of Xipi across the first three modes was 1.22, 1.22, and 1.18 times that of Erhuang, indicating a generally higher structural rigidity. The first three natural frequencies of Xipi were approximately 1.20, 1.20, and 1.19 times higher than those of Erhuang, and its fundamental transfer function value was 1.5 times greater, suggesting a lower susceptibility to low-frequency resonance. Modal shapes showed distinct vibration behaviors between the two types: Xipi exhibited a more effective energy transmission path in the second mode and less structural distortion in the third mode, potentially indicating higher structural integrity. This research provides support for developing new technologies to select and process bamboo materials for musical instruments. Full article

29 pages, 2964 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Religion in Australian Federal Legislation: An Empirical Analysis of 288 Federal Statutes

by Maria Ambrose and Renae Barker

Laws 2025, 14(6), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14060090 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This article presents the first systematic, empirical mapping of explicit references to religion in Australian federal legislation. Drawing on a dataset of 288 statutes in force as of March 2024, the analysis employs a dictionary of 71 religious terms to identify the scope [...] Read more.

This article presents the first systematic, empirical mapping of explicit references to religion in Australian federal legislation. Drawing on a dataset of 288 statutes in force as of March 2024, the analysis employs a dictionary of 71 religious terms to identify the scope and nature of legislative engagement with religion. The analysis reveals a distinctive legislative mode of balancing freedom of religion or belief through legislation, and, in particular, statutory exemptions, rather than judicial review, advancing the understanding of Australia’s pragmatic approach to church–state relations. The study reveals that religion appears across a wide spectrum of federal law, with taxation, exemptions and special considerations, discrimination, rights, education, employment, crime, terrorism, and marriage emerging as key themes. The prevalence of taxation provisions underscores the financial dimension of the state–religion relationship, while the frequency of exemptions highlights the distinctive Australian approach of balancing freedom of religion or belief at the legislative stage rather than through judicial proportionality analysis. These findings complicate portrayals of Australia as a “secular” state and demonstrate the entanglement of religion and federal law, providing a foundation for further research. Full article

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25 pages, 3003 KB

Open AccessReview

Scaling Up Green Building Practices in Tanzania: Integrating Materials, Energy Efficient Technologies, and Policy Pathways

by Andrew Ikingura, Anna M. Grabiec, Bartosz Radomski and Artur Bugała

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236205 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review explores the current state and future potential of green building technologies (GBTs) in Tanzania. Using a desk-based literature review and thematic synthesis, the study analyzes peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and case studies to assess the application of material solutions, energy efficiency [...] Read more.

This review explores the current state and future potential of green building technologies (GBTs) in Tanzania. Using a desk-based literature review and thematic synthesis, the study analyzes peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and case studies to assess the application of material solutions, energy efficiency strategies, and water management practices in diverse country settings. The findings indicate that the most significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of green building technologies in Tanzania are the absence of mandatory regulatory frameworks, insufficient technical capacity, limited public awareness coupled with financial constraints, and weak institutional coordination. Technically, the most feasible pathway involves integrating locally sourced low-carbon materials and the adoption of climate responsive passive design strategies that are tailored to the country’s diverse climatic zones and socio-economic conditions. In order to address the identified setbacks, this paper proposes several strategic interventions including the formulation of context-specific green building standards, enhanced support mechanisms for local material innovation within the construction sector, targeted capacity-building programs, and the establishment of inclusive green financing schemes to support small-scale developers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Political Determinants of Energy: 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 2062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-State Recognition of Electro-Hydraulic Servo Fatigue Testers via Spatiotemporal Fusion and Bidirectional Cross-Attention

by Guotai Huang, Shuang Bai, Xiuguang Yang, Xiyu Gao and Peng Liu

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7229; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237229 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machines are susceptible to concurrent degradation and failure of multiple components during high-frequency, high-load, and long-duration cyclic operations, posing significant challenges for online health monitoring. To address this, this paper proposes a multi-state recognition method based on spatiotemporal feature [...] Read more.

Electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machines are susceptible to concurrent degradation and failure of multiple components during high-frequency, high-load, and long-duration cyclic operations, posing significant challenges for online health monitoring. To address this, this paper proposes a multi-state recognition method based on spatiotemporal feature fusion and bidirectional cross-attention. The method employs a Bidirectional Temporal Convolutional Network (BiTCN) to extract multi-scale local features, a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) to capture forward and backward temporal dependencies, and Bidirectional Cross-Attention (BiCrossAttention) to achieve fine-grained bidirectional interaction and fusion of spatial and temporal features. During training, GradNorm is introduced to dynamically balance task weights and mitigate gradient conflicts. Experimental validation was conducted using a real-world multi-sensor dataset collected from an SDZ0100 electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machine. The results show that on the validation set, the cooler and servo valve achieved both accuracy and F1-scores of 100%, the motor-pump unit achieved an accuracy of 98.32% and an F1-score of 97.72%, and the servo actuator achieved an accuracy of 96.39% and an F1-score of 95.83%. Compared to single-task models with the same backbone, multi-task learning improved performance by approximately 3% to 4% for the hydraulic pump and servo actuator tasks, while significantly reducing overall deployment resources. Compared to single-task baselines, multi-task learning improves performance by 3–4% while reducing deployment parameters by 75%. Ablation studies further confirmed the critical contributions of the bidirectional structure and individual components, as well as the effectiveness of GradNorm in multi-task learning for testing machines, achieving an average F1-score of 98.38%. The method also demonstrated strong robustness under varying learning rates and resampling conditions. Compared to various deep learning and fusion baseline methods, the proposed approach achieved optimal performance in most tasks. This study provides an effective technical solution for high-precision, lightweight, and robust online health monitoring of electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machines under complex operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

21 pages, 2466 KB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Metabolite, Macro Impact: Urolithin A in the Nexus of Insulin Resistance and Colorectal Tumorigenesis

by Vennila Joseph, Slavomir Hornak, Peter Kubatka and Dietrich Büsselberg

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233712 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urolithin A (UA), a metabolite of dietary ellagitannins produced by the gut microbiome, is a potential dual-purpose bioactive compound that may interfere with the shared pathogenic pathways linking colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes recent preclinical and [...] Read more.

Urolithin A (UA), a metabolite of dietary ellagitannins produced by the gut microbiome, is a potential dual-purpose bioactive compound that may interfere with the shared pathogenic pathways linking colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical data on UA’s mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges. In CRC models, UA promotes G2/M cell cycle arrest, triggers both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-mediated apoptosis, enhances CD8+ T-cell mitophagy and memory functions, suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and reduces chemoresistance, especially to 5-FU. For T2DM, UA enhances autophagic flux, mitophagy, insulin signaling, and GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake through the AMPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, reduces fasting glucose and insulin resistance in animal studies, and promotes adipose tissue browning and mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Human biomarker research is limited but indicates positive changes following interventions that increase UA. Future priorities include biomarker-driven, dose-finding trials stratified by metabotype, developing colon-targeted vs. systemic formulations, and testing combinations with chemotherapy and immunotherapy to determine safety and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health—3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Influence of Creating Shared Value (CSV) Activities and Information Characteristics on Sustainable Information Performance

by Kwang O. Park

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10625; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310625 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Corporations are increasingly pressured to adopt Creating Shared Value (CSV) not only as a means of profit generation but as a strategic approach to addressing societal challenges. Through value chain innovation, firms can simultaneously enhance competitiveness and contribute to social problem-solving. Although supply [...] Read more.

Corporations are increasingly pressured to adopt Creating Shared Value (CSV) not only as a means of profit generation but as a strategic approach to addressing societal challenges. Through value chain innovation, firms can simultaneously enhance competitiveness and contribute to social problem-solving. Although supply chain performance has been widely studied, limited research has examined the combined relationships among CSV activities, information characteristics, and information performance. This study analyzes how CSV—reflected through business and societal value—affects information sharing and information quality, and how these factors further influence sustainable information performance across management, behavioral, and technological dimensions. Using data collected from 182 firms, the findings reveal that CSV activities significantly improve both information sharing and information quality, which subsequently enhance information performance. These results highlight CSV’s essential role in establishing cooperative supply chain relationships and strengthening organizational information capability. By integrating CSV principles with information-driven processes, this research provides theoretical and managerial contributions and demonstrates that fostering high-quality information flows grounded in CSV can support long-term competitiveness and societal value creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

26 pages, 2329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Optical Characteristics of Copper Oxide Thin Films Interpreted Through Soliton Solutions of the Convective–Diffusive Cahn–Hilliard Equation

by Nan Xing, Umair Asghar, Khaleel Ahmad and Luminita-Ioana Cotirla

Mathematics 2025, 13(23), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233799 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation, a nonlinear model which is used in real-world applications to phase separation and material pattern formation. Using the modified Sardar sub-problem technique, which is an extension of the Sardar sub-equation approach, we derive multiple classes of [...] Read more.

This study investigates the convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard equation, a nonlinear model which is used in real-world applications to phase separation and material pattern formation. Using the modified Sardar sub-problem technique, which is an extension of the Sardar sub-equation approach, we derive multiple classes of exact soliton solutions, including bright, dark, kink, and periodic forms. The parametric behaviors of these solutions are examined and visualized through analytical plots generated in Mathematica and Maple. Furthermore, UV–Vis spectrophotometry is employed to examine the optical response of copper oxide (CuO) thin films. The films exhibited a sharp absorption edge around 380–410 nm and an optical band gap of approximately 2.3 eV, confirming their semiconducting nature. The experimentally observed periodic transmission characteristics are linked with the theoretical soliton profiles predicted by the model. Overall, the proposed analytical and experimental framework establishes a clear connection between nonlinear wave theory and thin-film optical characterization, providing new insights into soliton transformation phenomena in complex material systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 1495 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Aspects of the Emergence of Monkeypox Virus Clades

by Igor V. Babkin, Irina N. Babkina and Nina V. Tikunova

Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121549 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which previously caused mainly zoonotic infections, is currently the causative agent of the mpox outbreak that began in 2022. Since the mpox outbreak is characterized by sustained human-to-human transmission, the evolutionary trajectory of MPXV is an important scientific issue. The [...] Read more.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which previously caused mainly zoonotic infections, is currently the causative agent of the mpox outbreak that began in 2022. Since the mpox outbreak is characterized by sustained human-to-human transmission, the evolutionary trajectory of MPXV is an important scientific issue. The prevailing hypothesis suggests that the modern orthopoxviruses originated from cowpox-like ancestors with larger genomes that infected a wide range of hosts. Subsequent evolution included the reduction of the genome and the accumulation of substitutions in key proteins. Molecular dating of MPXV evolution revealed 5–6-fold acceleration in the evolutionary rate that was observed in subclade IIb after 2018, reaching 1.8 × 10⁻⁵ substitutions/site/year, likely due to virus’ adaptation to humans. The origin of MPXV from its precursor was primarily driven by the accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions in the key host range genes, including those associated with the protein inhibiting host protein synthesis (OPG173) and host immune evasion (OPG027). The subsequent divergence of MPXV into clades I and II largely depended on mutations in the gene encoding the Bcl-2-like protein. Finally, the division of clade II into subclades IIa and IIb was facilitated by further non-synonymous substitutions in the soluble interferon alpha/beta receptor and hemagglutinin genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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24 pages, 1424 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Energy Coordination Strategy for Islanded MEMG with Carbon-Gas Coupling and Demand Side Responses

by Shiyi Li, Yuting Deng, Huichen Yu and Fulin Fan

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6207; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236207 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Multi-energy microgrids are emerging technologies to facilitate the integration of distributed energy resources and decarbonisation of various energy consumptions. To assist in the low-carbon and efficient operation of multi-energy microgrids, this paper proposes a multi-energy coordination method for an electricity-heat-gas microgrid which integrates [...] Read more.

Multi-energy microgrids are emerging technologies to facilitate the integration of distributed energy resources and decarbonisation of various energy consumptions. To assist in the low-carbon and efficient operation of multi-energy microgrids, this paper proposes a multi-energy coordination method for an electricity-heat-gas microgrid which integrates technologies of carbon-gas coupling (CGC) and demand side response (DSR). The carbon capture system–power-to-gas unit and water electrolyser (WE) are jointly employed to capture carbon emissions from combined heat-and-power units for methane synthesis, enabling the CGC and reducing carbon emissions and reliance on external gas supply. Then, incentive-based DSR schemes are implemented for both electricity and heat loads, leveraging the demand-side flexibility to further enhance the use of renewable generation. The operation of CGC and DSR units is co-optimised to minimise the penalties related to renewable generation curtailments and carbon emissions subject to a set of constraints including demand-side comfort coefficients. Compared to a traditional microgrid with neither CGC nor DSR, the joint implementation of CGC and DSR is estimated to reduce the total operational cost and carbon emissions of microgrid by over 20% and 40%, respectively, and increase the use of renewable generation by about 19%, illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed coordination method together with CGC and DSR technologies in reducing microgrid operating costs and carbon emissions while improving the share of renewables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)

17 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Approach to the Dimensional Synthesis of Planar Slider–Crank Function Generators

by Woon Ryong Kim and Jae Kyung Shim

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12554; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312554 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents a data-driven, machine learning-based approach to the dimensional synthesis of planar four-link slider–crank function generators. The proposed methodology integrates kinematic analysis to generate physically feasible datasets that capture the relationship between linkage dimensions and the precision points of slider–crank linkages. [...] Read more.

This study presents a data-driven, machine learning-based approach to the dimensional synthesis of planar four-link slider–crank function generators. The proposed methodology integrates kinematic analysis to generate physically feasible datasets that capture the relationship between linkage dimensions and the precision points of slider–crank linkages. To synthesize valid, defect-free linkages for an arbitrary number of user-defined precision points, a customized Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based model is developed and trained on the generated dataset. A parameterization scheme for the linkage dimensions is introduced to ensure prediction-level validity, enabling stable convergence and physically realizable predictions. Numerical results demonstrate high accuracy and robustness under both absolute and relative precision-point specifications, despite the model being trained solely on absolute precision points without any initial configuration estimation. In addition to deriving feasible linkage dimensions, the proposed method offers a practical and scalable framework for engineering design applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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20 pages, 2569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Control of Distributed-Propulsion eVTOL UAV Hovering Flight

by Qingfeng Zhao, Yawen Zhang, Rui Wang and Zhou Zhou

Vehicles 2025, 7(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7040138 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

For vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) control of distributed-propulsion, fixed-wing UAVs exhibiting strong nonlinearity and aerodynamic/propulsive coupling, traditional linearization methods incur significant modeling errors in pitch–roll coupling and vortex interference scenarios due to neglected high-order nonlinearities, leading to inherent control law limitations. This [...] Read more.

For vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) control of distributed-propulsion, fixed-wing UAVs exhibiting strong nonlinearity and aerodynamic/propulsive coupling, traditional linearization methods incur significant modeling errors in pitch–roll coupling and vortex interference scenarios due to neglected high-order nonlinearities, leading to inherent control law limitations. This study focuses on a non-tilting, distributed-propulsion VTOL UAV featuring integrated airframe-propulsion design. Each of its four propulsion units contains six ducted rotors, arranged in tandem wing configuration on both fuselage sides. A revised propulsion–aerodynamic coupling model was established and validated through bench tests and CFD data, enabling the design of an Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) control architecture. The UAV dynamics model was constructed in Matlab/Simulink incorporating this revised model. An INDI-based attitude control law was developed with cascade controllers (angular rate inner-loop/attitude outer-loop) for VTOL mode, integrated with propulsion-system and control-surface allocation strategies. Digital simulations validated the controller’s effectiveness and robustness. Finally, tethered flight tests with physical prototypes confirmed the method’s applicability for high-precision control of strongly nonlinear distributed-propulsion UAVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Vehicle Operations: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Trends)

21 pages, 4480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Insights into TAS1R2 Transmembrane Domain Activation

by Yongcheng Lu, Xinyi Ma, Ziyue Meng and Meng Cui

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311464 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sweet taste receptors (STRs) are class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that function as heterodimers of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3. These receptors possess multiple binding sites and can be activated by a wide range of sweet-tasting compounds. Interestingly, TAS1R2 alone or even its extracellular [...] Read more.

Sweet taste receptors (STRs) are class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that function as heterodimers of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3. These receptors possess multiple binding sites and can be activated by a wide range of sweet-tasting compounds. Interestingly, TAS1R2 alone or even its extracellular domain-truncated form (TAS1R2-TMD), can act as a functional receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that the sweetener S819 and the sweet inhibitor amiloride act through the transmembrane domain (TMD) of TAS1R2; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these ligand-specific effects remain unclear, largely due to the historical lack of experimentally determined full-length STR structures. Recent breakthroughs in cryo-EM structural determination of the full-length TAS1R2/TAS1R3 complex now offer an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate receptor activation mechanisms at atomic resolution. In this study, we investigated ligand-induced conformational dynamics of hTAS1R2-TMD using microsecond-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on three systems: hTAS1R2-TMD/S819 (agonist-bound), hTAS1R2-TMD/amiloride (antagonist-bound), and hTAS1R2-TMD (apo). Comparative analyses revealed that agonist and antagonist binding distinctly modulate key structural switches, including the conserved ionic lock (E6.35-R3.50), which stabilizes the inactive state and disrupts upon activation. Notably, we identified a novel salt bridge (D7.32-R3.32) that forms preferentially in the active state, potentially serving as a unique molecular switch for TAS1R2. Additional analyses uncovered ligand-specific rearrangements in hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interaction networks. These results provide atomistic insights into how agonists and antagonists differentially modulate TAS1R2 activation and lay a structural foundation for designing novel sweeteners and taste modulators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Signaling, Regulation and Therapeutic Opportunities, 2nd Edition)

34 pages, 1957 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Electrocatalytic Performance of Nanoporous Materials for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Zhangyi Li, Lin Yang, Yingqi Chen, Wence Xu, Zhonghui Gao, Jiamin Zhu, Yanqin Liang, Hui Jiang, Zhaoyang Li, Zhenduo Cui, Hao Wang and Shengli Zhu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231782 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is a crucial technology in achieving carbon neutrality. The development of efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is a core challenge in this field. This review systematically summarizes the latest research advancements in nanoporous transition [...] Read more.

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is a crucial technology in achieving carbon neutrality. The development of efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is a core challenge in this field. This review systematically summarizes the latest research advancements in nanoporous transition metal-based catalysts, covering metal alloys and compounds. Through strategies such as compositional optimization, crystal structure modulation, interface engineering, and nanoporous structure design, these non-precious metal catalysts exhibit outstanding performance comparable to commercial platinum-carbon catalysts across a wide pH range. This paper thoroughly discusses the catalytic mechanisms of different material systems, including electronic structure regulation, active site exposure, and mass transport optimization. Finally, the challenges faced in current research are summarized, and future directions are projected, including scalable fabrication processes and performance validation in real electrolysis cell environments. This review provides significant insights into designing next-generation efficient and stable non-precious metal electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

26 pages, 27449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferritin Mitochondrial (FTMT)-Driven Mitochondrial Ferroptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: A Role of NCOA4 in Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis and Modulation by Gualou–Xiebai

by Li Zhu, Jun Gao, Zijian Liu, An Zhou and Hongfei Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3713; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233713 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Atherosclerosis (AS)-related cardiovascular diseases are a major global health threat, with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic switching, abnormal proliferation, and migration as key progression drivers. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a core ferritinophagy mediator overexpressed in AS plaques, may promote [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Atherosclerosis (AS)-related cardiovascular diseases are a major global health threat, with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic switching, abnormal proliferation, and migration as key progression drivers. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a core ferritinophagy mediator overexpressed in AS plaques, may promote VSMCs ferroptosis by perturbing mitochondrial iron metabolism and ROS homeostasis, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. The classic Chinese herbal combination “Gualou-Xiebai” (GLXB) has anti-AS effects, yet how it modulates NCOA4-mediated ferroptosis to inhibit VSMCs’ functions is unknown. This study addresses this gap to advance GLXB’s therapeutic potential and identify AS targets. Methods: An AS model was established in ApoE^−/− mice by 12-week high-fat diet feeding, with model validation confirmed via ultrasound monitoring and H&E staining. NCOA4 was genetically modulated (knockdown and overexpression) to assess its role in plaque formation and lipid deposition using H&E staining, aortic imaging, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. In vitro, VSMCs were stimulated with ox-LDL to induce proliferation and migration. NCOA4 was silenced using siRNA to examine associated ferroptosis levels and molecular mechanisms. Protein interactions between NCOA4 and the mitochondrial iron storage protein FTMT were evaluated by Co-IP and GST pull-down assays, while mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) levels were measured to explore functional relationships. The extent of ferroptosis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms were assessed following treatment with GLXB-containing serum or transfection with small interfering RNA targeting LOX-1 (si-LOX-1). Results: NCOA4 knockdown reduced aortic lipid deposition, plaque burden, VSMC proliferation/migration, and mitochondrial ferroptosis. NCOA4 bound and suppressed FTMT, inducing mitochondrial iron overload, ROS accumulation, membrane depolarization, and ferroptosis. Combining NCOA4 silencing with FTMT inhibition elevated mitoROS, confirming the axis’s role in iron homeostasis. GLXB attenuated VSMCs dysregulation in vivo and in vitro, an effect abrogated by LOX-1 overexpression. Conclusions: NCOA4 promotes AS by binding FTMT, disrupting mitochondrial iron homeostasis, and triggering VSMCs ferroptosis. GLXB inhibits LOX-1-mediated NCOA4 expression, mitigating ferroptosis and VSMCs dysregulation, supporting its potential as a targeted anti-AS therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 2132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth-Promoting Effects of VOCs Produced by Trametes hirsuta and Talaromyces pinophilus on Rice

by Dengke Shao, Qian Xu, Xiaolong Lv, Chaoran Li, Lei Luo, Jin Xu, Yadong Zhang, Chunfang Zhao and Chen Chen

Agriculture 2025, 15(23), 2451; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232451 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Plant endophytic fungi, which colonize plant tissues and form symbiotic relationships with their hosts, are known for their high diversity and wide distribution. These fungi often influence plant growth and development through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effects can extend [...] Read more.

Plant endophytic fungi, which colonize plant tissues and form symbiotic relationships with their hosts, are known for their high diversity and wide distribution. These fungi often influence plant growth and development through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effects can extend beyond host plants to non-host species. In this study, we isolated two endophytic fungi, Trametes hirsuta RR1 and Talaromyces pinophilus RR2 from healthy rice roots. The VOCs mixtures produced by strains RR1 and RR2 were both able to promote rice growth when these strains were co-cultured with rice seedlings. Specifically, strain RR1 and RR2 increased rice shoot fresh weight by 44.22% and 26.69%, root fresh weight by 58.24% and 41.76%, shoot length by 30.35% and 25.07%, and root length by 29.11% and 4.23%, respectively. They significantly enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, which increased by 18.61% and 17.04%, and by 18.73% and 31.55%, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the VOCs emitted by the two strains. The analysis successfully identified a total of 13 major compounds. Among them, at appropriate concentrations, 1-pentanol, methyl DL-2-methylbutyrate, ethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-p-xylene, ethyl benzoate and dimethyl phthalate, can promote rice growth and alter the contents of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide to varying degrees. This study provides an important basis for the in-depth research and development of biofumigants for promoting crop growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Soil–Microbes: A Tripartite Interaction for Better Soil Quality and Crop Growth)

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20 pages, 624 KB

Open AccessReview

Genetic Polymorphisms and Predisposition to Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review

by Filomena Salazar, María Belén Alvarez, Marta Relvas, José Julio Pacheco, Marco Infante da Câmara and José Adriano Costa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311461 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can compromise the longevity of dental implants. Several studies have investigated the association between genetic variants. This systematic review aimed to assess the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the risk of developing peri-implantitis. A systematic search [...] Read more.

Peri-implantitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can compromise the longevity of dental implants. Several studies have investigated the association between genetic variants. This systematic review aimed to assess the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the risk of developing peri-implantitis. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed database up to 2025 following the PICO strategy and PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies met the following inclusion criteria: articles written in English, addressing genetic associations with peri-implantitis in human subjects, designed as clinical trials or observational (prospective or retrospective) studies, with full-text availability, and published within the last ten years. Exclusion criteria included studies in languages other than English, those not addressing the main research question, publications older than ten years, studies without full text, and secondary research such as meta-analyses or review articles. Selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was evaluated qualitatively for control studies. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Polymorphisms in genes related to inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β +3954 C/T, IL-10, TNF-α), bone metabolism (OPG, BMP4, FGF10), and immune regulation (CD14 rs2569190, miR-27a-3p) were frequently reported. IL-1β +3954 C/T, ET-1 and IL-1β, MMP-8 rs11225395 (T allele), MMP8 (−799 C/T), and CD14 rs2569190 showed consistent associations with increased peri-implantitis risk, while the results for TNF-α −308 G/A were inconsistent across populations. These findings suggest a potential role of genetic predisposition in peri-implantitis development. Identifying genetic biomarkers may help predict susceptibility and personalize management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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11 pages, 551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tooth Loss, Nutrition, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Evidence from a Structural Equation Model

by Beatriz Della Terra Mouco Garrido, Patrícia Soares Silva Pereira, Kamilly Foloni, Heloisa Dalberto Pegoraro, Isabelle Roldão Souza, José Roberto Magalhães Bastos, Gerson Aparecido Foratori-Júnior, Monica Yamauti, Raquel Conceição Ferreira and Roosevelt Silva Bastos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121793 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Oral health problems, particularly tooth loss, may impair nutrition and reduce oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in older adults. However, the pathways linking these conditions remain unclear. Methods: We analyzed data from 112 older adults (≥60 years). We measured OHRQoL using [...] Read more.

Background: Oral health problems, particularly tooth loss, may impair nutrition and reduce oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in older adults. However, the pathways linking these conditions remain unclear. Methods: We analyzed data from 112 older adults (≥60 years). We measured OHRQoL using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and used tooth loss as a clinical indicator. Bivariate analyses used Spearman’s correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with robust estimation was applied to assess direct and indirect pathways. Mediation was evaluated with bootstrap resampling. Results: The prevalence of impaired OHRQoL (GOHAI > 0) was 25.9% (95% CI: 18.6 to 34.9). Tooth loss correlated with worse nutrition (ρ = −0.32; 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.15), and poorer nutrition was associated with worse OHRQoL (ρ = −0.22; 95% CI: −0.40 to −0.03). SEM showed that tooth loss negatively affected nutrition (β = −0.21; 95% CI: −0.43 to 0.00) and that nutrition was directly associated with OHRQoL (β = −0.21; 95% CI: −0.34 to −0.08). Bootstrap analyses confirmed a direct effect of tooth loss on OHRQoL (β = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.36), while the indirect pathway through nutrition did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Tooth loss and poor nutrition independently reduce OHRQoL in older adults. Although mediation by nutrition was not statistically significant, the findings highlight the interdependence of oral and general health and support integrated public health strategies for aging populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Quality of Life in Older Adults)

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