MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

18 pages, 3767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting of Murine Enteric Nervous System Cells: An Optimized Protocol

by Faidra Karkala, Indy de Bosscher, Jonathan D. Windster, Savio Stroebel, Lars van Zanten, Maria M. Alves and Andrea Sacchetti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4824; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104824 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Isolation of neurons and glia from the enteric nervous system (ENS) enables ex vivo studies, including the analysis of genomic and transcriptomic profiles. While we previously reported a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based isolation protocol for human ENS cells, no equivalent exists for mice. [...] Read more.

Isolation of neurons and glia from the enteric nervous system (ENS) enables ex vivo studies, including the analysis of genomic and transcriptomic profiles. While we previously reported a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based isolation protocol for human ENS cells, no equivalent exists for mice. As directly applying the human protocol to mouse tissue resulted in low recovery of live ENS cells, we optimized tissue dissociation using mouse colons. A 30 min Liberase-based digestion showed optimal recovery of viable ENS cells, with CD56 and CD24 emerging as the most reliable markers to select and subdivide these cells. ENS’ identity was further validated by FACS, using neuronal (TUBB3) and glial (SOX10) markers and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR on sorted fractions. Overall, the mouse ENS expression profile significantly overlapped with the human one, showing that current dissociation protocols yield a mixed population of enteric neurons and glia. Nonetheless, using the imaging flow cytometer BD S8 FACS Discover and ELAVL4 as a neuronal soma-associated marker, we observed enrichment of neurons in a CD56/CD24^TIP population. In conclusion, we present here a protocol for high-purity FACS-based isolation of viable mouse ENS cells, suitable for downstream applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects of Flow Cytometry in Cell and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Insights into the Impact of Pyrrole and Imidazole Substituents on the BODIPY Chromophore

by Patrycja Piękoś, Paweł Lipkowski, Wim Dehaen, Robert Wieczorek and Aleksander Filarowski

Molecules 2025, 30(10), 2209; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30102209 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

This paper concerns the in silico studies of the influence of heterocyclic substituents as well as their protonated and deprotonated forms on the spectral characteristics of BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) dyes. Computational studies were carried out in order to reveal the most effective [...] Read more.

This paper concerns the in silico studies of the influence of heterocyclic substituents as well as their protonated and deprotonated forms on the spectral characteristics of BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) dyes. Computational studies were carried out in order to reveal the most effective method of modeling of the spectral features of fluorescent BODIPY dyes. To perform these studies, the pyrrole and imidazole derivatives of BODIPY dyes were selected, and their spectral features were investigated with DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The calculations showed that the deprotonation of the substituents leads to a bathochromic shift of the calculated absorption wavelength, while the protonation (imidazole derivative) brings about a hypsochromic shift with respect to the neutral form of the dye. The calculated spectral characteristics, considering the influence of the solvent polarity (PCM model), were correlated with the

E_{T}^{N}

solvatochromic parameter. These correlations show that the increase in the solvent polarity causes a hypsochromic shift of the calculated absorption and emission wavelengths, whereas the bathochromic shift of the wavelengths is observed for the protonated form. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Chemical Calculations of Molecular Reaction Processes)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 5362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Architecture of AP2/ERF Superfamily Genes in Marigold (Tagetes erecta) and Insights into the Differential Expression Patterns of AP2 Family Genes During Floral Organ Specification

by Hang Li, Guoqing Chen, Shirui Hu, Cuicui Liu, Manzhu Bao and Yanhong He

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051231 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, playing diverse roles in development, stress response, and metabolic regulation. Despite their ecological and economic importance, AP2/ERF genes remain uncharacterized in marigold (Tagetes erecta), [...] Read more.

The APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, playing diverse roles in development, stress response, and metabolic regulation. Despite their ecological and economic importance, AP2/ERF genes remain uncharacterized in marigold (Tagetes erecta), a valuable ornamental and medicinal plant in the Asteraceae family known for its unique capitulum-type inflorescence with distinct ray and disc florets. Here, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the AP2/ERF superfamily in marigold and identified 177 AP2/ERF genes distributed across 11 of the 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed their classification into the AP2 (28 genes), ERF (143 genes), RAV (4 genes), and Soloist (2 genes) families based on domain architecture. Gene structure and motif composition analyses demonstrated group-specific patterns that correlated with their evolutionary relationships. Chromosome mapping and synteny analyses revealed that segmental duplications significantly contributed to AP2/ERF superfamily gene expansion in marigold, with extensive collinearity observed between marigold and other species. Expression profiling across different tissues and developmental stages indicated distinct spatio-temporal expression patterns, with several genes exhibiting tissue-specific expression in Asteraceae-specific structures. In floral organs, TeAP2/ERF145 exhibited significantly higher expression in ray floret corollas compared to disc florets, while TeAP2/ERF103 showed stamen-specific expression in disc florets. Protein interaction network analysis revealed AP2 as a central hub with extensive predicted interactions with MADS-box and TCP family proteins. These findings suggest that AP2 family genes may collaborate with MADS-box and CYC2 genes in regulating the characteristic floral architecture of marigold, establishing a foundation for future functional studies and molecular breeding efforts to enhance ornamental and agricultural traits in this economically important plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

43 pages, 4492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Approach to Ship Electrification Using Fuel Cells and an Ammonia Decomposition System

by Onur Yuksel, Eduardo Blanco-Davis, David Hitchmough, G Viknash Shagar, Andrew Spiteri, Maria Carmela Di Piazza, Marcello Pucci, Nikolaos Tsoulakos, Milad Armin and Jin Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050977 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental and economic performance of integrating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, battery systems, and an organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery system for ship electrification. The analysis examines an onboard ammonia decomposition system for hydrogen production and ammonia [...] Read more.

This study investigates the environmental and economic performance of integrating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, battery systems, and an organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery system for ship electrification. The analysis examines an onboard ammonia decomposition system for hydrogen production and ammonia production pathways. Additionally, the study benchmarks the effectiveness of onboard ammonia decomposition against green hydrogen bunkering scenarios (H₂-BS). The analysis is based on data collected over two years from a bulk carrier provided by Laskaridis Shipping Co., Ltd. The environmental analysis includes well-to-wake emissions calculations. At the same time, economic performance is assessed through levelised cost of energy (LCOE) computations for 2025 and 2040, factoring in different fuel and carbon price scenarios. Consequently, the analysis utilises the Complex Proportional Assessment method to compare configurations featuring various ammonia production pathways across economic cases. The results indicate that green and pink ammonia feedstocks achieve maximum equivalent carbon dioxide reductions in the electrification plant of up to 47.28% and 48.47%, respectively, compared to H₂-BS and 95.56% and 95.66% compared to the base scenario. Ammonia decomposition systems prove more economically viable than H₂-BS due to lower storage and fuel costs, leading to competitive LCOE values that improve under higher carbon pricing scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fuel Cell Technology: Latest Advances and Prospects)

34 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Neurophysiological Approaches to Lie Detection: A Systematic Review

by Bewar Neamat Taha, Muhammet Baykara and Talha Burak Alakuş

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050519 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Lie detection is crucial in domains such as security, law enforcement, and clinical assessments. Traditional methods suffer from reliability issues and susceptibility to countermeasures. In recent years, electroencephalography (EEG) and particularly the Event-Related Potential (ERP) P300 component have gained prominence [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Lie detection is crucial in domains such as security, law enforcement, and clinical assessments. Traditional methods suffer from reliability issues and susceptibility to countermeasures. In recent years, electroencephalography (EEG) and particularly the Event-Related Potential (ERP) P300 component have gained prominence for identifying concealed information. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent studies (2017–2024) on EEG-based lie detection using ERP P300 responses, especially in relation to recognized and unrecognized face stimuli. The goal is to summarize commonly used EEG signal processing techniques, feature extraction methods, and classification algorithms, identifying those that yield the highest accuracy in lie detection tasks. Methods: This review followed PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, restricted to English-language articles from 2017 to 2024. Studies were included if they focused on EEG-based lie detection, utilized experimental protocols like Concealed Information Test (CIT), Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or Deceit Identification Test (DIT), and evaluated classification accuracy using ERP P300 components. Results: CIT with ERP P300 was the most frequently employed protocol. The most used preprocessing method was Bandpass Filtering (BPF), and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) emerged as the preferred feature extraction technique due to its suitability for non-stationary EEG signals. Among classification algorithms, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) were frequently utilized. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of hybrid and deep learning-based models in enhancing classification performance. Conclusions: EEG-based lie detection, particularly using the ERP P300 response to face recognition tasks, shows promising accuracy and robustness compared to traditional polygraph methods. Combining advanced signal processing methods with machine learning and deep learning classifiers significantly improves performance. This review identifies the most effective methodologies and suggests that future research should focus on real-time applications, cross-individual generalization, and reducing system complexity to facilitate broader adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)

13 pages, 4379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Applications Did Not Increase Summer Soil Respiration in a European Beech Forest

by Andrea Vannini, Debora Tarasconi, Filippo Grillo, T’ai Gladys Whittingham Forte, Michele Carbognani and Alessandro Petraglia

Forests 2025, 16(5), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050837 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impact of different biochar (BCH) applications (0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%, v/v) on soil respiration in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest located in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. The experiment was conducted over four [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the impact of different biochar (BCH) applications (0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%, v/v) on soil respiration in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest located in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. The experiment was conducted over four months during summer 2023. Results revealed that BCH applications did not significantly affect overall soil respiration. On the other hand, soil respiration was positively influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture, the latter only for the 10% and 20% BCH amendments. At higher BCH concentrations (50%), soil respiration was not enhanced by moisture, probably due to soil water saturation and reduced oxygen availability. In conclusion, it appears that BCH does not directly stimulate soil respiration in field conditions, although specific concentrations may improve soil carbon sequestration. These findings highlight the potential for BCH amendments to be employed as a climate-smart forestry strategy in support of carbon sequestration and ecosystem stability in temperate forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functions of Biochar in Carbon Emission and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing How Educational Attainment Drives Economic Freedom, Urbanization, and Mineral Resource Management in Eastern Europe

by Wei Xu and Xinyu Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4632; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104632 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Mining has significantly shaped Eastern European economies, particularly during their transition from centrally planned to market-oriented systems. While abundant natural resources can lead to a “resource curse” that hinders economic growth, they also offer opportunities for sustainable development if managed effectively. This study [...] Read more.

Mining has significantly shaped Eastern European economies, particularly during their transition from centrally planned to market-oriented systems. While abundant natural resources can lead to a “resource curse” that hinders economic growth, they also offer opportunities for sustainable development if managed effectively. This study investigates the dynamics of mineral resource rents in Eastern Europe, shaped by economic freedom, urbanization, educational achievement, and international trade, from 1990 to 2021. Using methods such as MMQR, AMG Robustness Analysis, CCEMG, fixed effects, cointegration, Granger causality, and unit root tests, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of these relationships. The findings reveal that educational achievement reduces reliance on mineral resource rents by fostering human capital and supporting economic diversification. Urbanization similarly decreases resource dependency by promoting innovation and technological advancement. Trade openness also shows a negative link with mineral rents, suggesting that global integration facilitates shifts toward more advanced, technology-driven sectors. Economic freedom presents mixed results, highlighting the need for strong governance to ensure sustainable and equitable outcomes. This study is novel in integrating these factors into a unified framework, specifically applied to Eastern Europe’s post-communist transition, a region often overlooked in global resource studies. The results contribute most directly to Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Quality Education by demonstrating how human capital development reduces resource dependence and promotes economic resilience, and to Sustainable Development Goal 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, by showing that trade openness and economic diversification can drive sustainable economic progress. Ultimately, the study offers actionable insights for balancing economic growth with environmental and social sustainability in transitional economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Development Goals towards Sustainability)

25 pages, 2784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Maintenance Optimization with Industrial Internet of Things

by Tamás Bányai and Ágota Bányai

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5640; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105640 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Efficient maintenance management is critical to ensuring the reliability and productivity of industrial systems. This article explores how the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables real-time maintenance optimization through data-driven decision-making. IIoT technologies, such as connected smart sensors and predictive analytics, provide continuous [...] Read more.

Efficient maintenance management is critical to ensuring the reliability and productivity of industrial systems. This article explores how the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables real-time maintenance optimization through data-driven decision-making. IIoT technologies, such as connected smart sensors and predictive analytics, provide continuous monitoring of equipment performance and state. Within the frame of this article, a novel mathematical model is proposed to support the real-time optimization of maintenance operations in production systems. The model makes this possible by using real-time state information to optimize maintenance operations, minimize maintenance costs, and maximize the efficiency of the production system. The results highlight the potential of IIoT to transform conventional maintenance strategies into dynamic, adaptive systems. This research contributes to advancing smart maintenance solutions for modern industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Platforms)

21 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Gut Microbiome as a Key Determinant of the Heritability of Body Mass Index

by Thomas M. Barber, Stefan Kabisch, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer and Martin O. Weickert

Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101713 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The pathogenesis of obesity is complex and incompletely understood, with an underlying interplay between our genetic architecture and obesogenic environment. The public understanding of the development of obesity is shrouded in myths with widespread societal misconceptions. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a highly [...] Read more.

The pathogenesis of obesity is complex and incompletely understood, with an underlying interplay between our genetic architecture and obesogenic environment. The public understanding of the development of obesity is shrouded in myths with widespread societal misconceptions. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a highly heritable trait. However, despite reports from recent genome-wide association studies, only a small proportion of the overall heritability of BMI is known to be lurking within the human genome. Other non-genetic heritable traits may contribute to BMI. The gut microbiome is an excellent candidate, implicating complex interlinks with hypothalamic control of appetite and metabolism via entero-endocrine, autonomic, and neuro-humeral pathways. The neonatal gut microbiome derived from the mother via transgenerational transmission (vaginal delivery and breastfeeding) tends to have a permanence within the gut. Conversely, non-maternally derived gut microbiota manifest mutability that responds to changes in lifestyle and diet. We should all strive to optimize our lifestyles and ensure a diet that is replete with varied and unprocessed plant-based foods to establish and nurture a healthy gut microbiome. Women of reproductive age should optimize their gut microbiome, particularly pre-conception, ante- and postnatally to enable the establishment of a healthy neonatal gut microbiome in their offspring. Finally, we should redouble our efforts to educate the populace on the pathogenesis of obesity, and the role of heritable (but modifiable) factors such as the gut microbiome. Such renewed understanding and insights would help to promote the widespread adoption of healthy lifestyles and diets, and facilitate a transition from our current dispassionate and stigmatized societal approach towards people living with obesity towards one that is epitomized by understanding, support, and compassion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Gut Microbiota and Obesity)

31 pages, 4699 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Utilization of Slag, Steel Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as Binder Systems in UHPC with Iron Tailings and Steel Fibers—A Review

by Hocine Heraiz, Jiajie Li, Ziping Pan, Dongdong Zhang, Yingxi Hu, Xinli Mu, Amer Baras, Jinhai Liu, Wen Ni and Michael Hitch

Minerals 2025, 15(5), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050538 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its outstanding strength and durability but is often limited by the high cost of traditional materials, like cement, fine aggregates, and silica fume. This review examines the use of industrial by-products—specifically, iron tailings, steel slag, and desulfurization [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its outstanding strength and durability but is often limited by the high cost of traditional materials, like cement, fine aggregates, and silica fume. This review examines the use of industrial by-products—specifically, iron tailings, steel slag, and desulfurization gypsum—as sustainable alternatives in UHPC mix design. These materials serve as supplementary cementitious components and fine aggregates, helping reduce environmental impacts and production costs. This study highlights the synergistic hydration mechanisms between Portland cement and waste-based materials, leading to improved microstructure and long-term strength. The role of steel fibers in enhancing crack resistance is also discussed. Challenges related to workability, cost, and lack of standardization are addressed, along with opportunities for innovative mix designs, low-carbon binders, and 3D printing. Overall, this paper underscores the potential of industrial by-products to advance sustainable, high-performance UHPC solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling of Industrial Waste for the Development of Sustainable Materials)

23 pages, 4650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Expression Profiling, Microbial Binding, and Agglutination Analyses of Two Cathepsin B Genes in Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)

by Xinghua Zhuang, Xingchun Li, Wenpeng Li, Xuan Xu, Fengjun Lin, Yiying Liu, Chonghui Chen, Xiaoxu Zhang, Pei Zhang, Chao Li and Qiang Fu

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23050213 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

As a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain subfamily, cathepsin B (CTSB) is characterized by its innate immune functions and hydrolytic activity. However, the functions of CTSB in the immune responses of teleosts remain to be clarified. In this study, two CTSB genes [...] Read more.

As a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain subfamily, cathepsin B (CTSB) is characterized by its innate immune functions and hydrolytic activity. However, the functions of CTSB in the immune responses of teleosts remain to be clarified. In this study, two CTSB genes in S.schlegelii, SsCTSBa and SsCTSBb, were identified. Both SsCTSBa and SsCTSBb are composed of a 993 bp ORF encoding 330 amino acids. It was found in a phylogeny analysis that both genes form monophyletic clades with their orthologous counterparts of Honeycomb rockfish (Sebastes umbrosus). A synteny analysis indicated that the CTSB homologues were comparatively conserved during vertebrate evolution. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR revealed the ubiquitous mRNA expression of SsCTSBa and SsCTSBb in all of the examined tissues, and substantially differential expression patterns could be observed following Aeromonas salmonicida infection. A subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that the distribution of SsCTSBa and SsCTSBb was mainly in the cytoplasm. Moreover, rSsCTSBa and rSsCTSBb showed strong binding to Poly(I:C) and exhibited diverse agglutination effects on different bacteria. Overall, these findings suggest that the CTSB genes in black rockfish might show essential functions in the host defense of teleosts against bacterial infections, providing valuable insights for further investigations into the immune mechanism of teleost CTSB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biotechnology Related to Drug Discovery or Production)

23 pages, 13662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive SOM-GA Hybrid Algorithm for Grasping Sequence Optimization in Apple Harvesting Robots: Enhancing Efficiency in Open-Field Orchards

by Li Zhang, Zhihui He, Haobin Zhu, Zhanhong Wei, Juan Lu and Xiongkui He

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051230 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

To address the challenge of low operational efficiency in apple harvesting robots, this study proposes an adaptive grasping sequence planning methodology that combines Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The proposed adaptive SOM—GA hybrid algorithm aims to minimize cycle time by optimizing [...] Read more.

To address the challenge of low operational efficiency in apple harvesting robots, this study proposes an adaptive grasping sequence planning methodology that combines Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The proposed adaptive SOM—GA hybrid algorithm aims to minimize cycle time by optimizing the path planning between the fruit detection and grasping phases. First of all, we propose a density-aware adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts planning strategies based on fruit count thresholds. In addition, the proposed grasping sequence planning framework for high-density dwarf cultivation (HDDC) orchards is validated through threshold sensitivity analysis and empirical analysis of over 500 real-world fruit distribution samples. Finally, comparative experiments demonstrate that our proposed method reduces path length in high-density scenarios. Statistical analysis reveals a bimodal fruit distribution, which aligns the algorithm’s adaptive thresholds with real-world operational demands. These advancements improve theoretical research and enhance the commercial viability in agricultural robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Environment and Intelligent Plant Protection Equipment—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Geneece L. Goertzen and Gaynor Yancey

Religions 2025, 16(5), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050638 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Victims of domestic violence who bring their experiences to the attention of their spiritual communities and faith leaders have experienced both betrayal and courage from their religious institutions. There is much hurt in the betrayal and much to celebrate in the courage. Institutional [...] Read more.

Victims of domestic violence who bring their experiences to the attention of their spiritual communities and faith leaders have experienced both betrayal and courage from their religious institutions. There is much hurt in the betrayal and much to celebrate in the courage. Institutional betrayal can be embedded in systemic and organizational cultures that repeat themselves even with new leadership and across generations. When leadership hesitate to take actions to protect members, or values the institution above the individuals that depend on it, betrayal ensues. Alternatively, institutional courage can be implemented through improved practices and updated organizational policies. This is true in all communities, including those of faith. When clergy take supportive actions to ensure the safety and wellbeing of those within an institution, healing is more likely to follow. Faith leaders must seek to engage proactively, protect the vulnerable against injustice, and create cultures that benefit those who depend upon the institution. It takes courage to practice institutional courage! Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Faith and Sustainable Development: Exploring Practice, Progress and Challenges among Faith Communities and Institutions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Narrative Review

by Vlad Pădureanu, Dalia Dop, Rodica Pădureanu, Denisa Floriana Vasilica Pîrșcoveanu, Gabriela Olaru, Ioana Streata and Ana Maria Bugă

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050518 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Antibodies against the NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor are linked to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, a type of encephalitis that mainly affects women. Clinicians who treat patients of all ages should be aware of this type of encephalitis since it [...] Read more.

Antibodies against the NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor are linked to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, a type of encephalitis that mainly affects women. Clinicians who treat patients of all ages should be aware of this type of encephalitis since it may be a treatable differential for symptoms and indicators observed in neurology and psychiatric clinics. Auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, altered behavior (often accompanied by agitation), reduced consciousness, motor disruption (from dyskinesia to catatonia), seizures, and autonomic dysfunction are typical clinical characteristics. In recent years, the incidence of autoimmune encephalitis diagnoses has markedly risen among adults, children, and adolescents. This fact is unequivocally connected to the dynamic evolution of novel diagnostic techniques and the advancement of medical knowledge. A specific variant of this illness is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Psychiatrists frequently serve as the initial specialists to treat patients with this diagnosis, owing to the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms associated with the condition. The differential diagnosis is quite challenging and predominantly relies on the patient’s history and the manifestation of characteristic clinical signs. Given its high prevalence, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis should be included in the differential diagnosis in routine psychiatric treatment. We provide an overview of the research on the condition, covering its prognosis, management, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical presentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Neuroinflammation and Brain Disease)

37 pages, 14087 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Status and Prospects of Grouted Sleeve Connections in Prefabricated Structures

by Qisheng Long, Mi Ding, Zhen Huang, Wenhao Ke and Zhaojian Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101712 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The application and promotion of grouted sleeve connectors in prefabricated structures are closely related to their high efficiency and intensive advantages. Numerous scholars have conducted experimental studies on the performance of sleeves, but there has been no systematic consolidation of these efforts. In [...] Read more.

The application and promotion of grouted sleeve connectors in prefabricated structures are closely related to their high efficiency and intensive advantages. Numerous scholars have conducted experimental studies on the performance of sleeves, but there has been no systematic consolidation of these efforts. In this study, the latest developments in grouted sleeve connection technology are systematically reviewed and analysed, focusing on its applications and characteristics, performance testing, influencing factors, load-transfer mechanisms, and performance evaluation. First, the differences in sleeve code formulation across various countries are compared, the advantages and disadvantages of different sleeve types and grouting techniques are reviewed, and the application scenarios of sleeves are summarized. Second, an overview of the performance of grouted sleeves in tensile, fatigue, and seismic tests is provided, highlighting key factors affecting structural performance and experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of various factors (the anchorage length, diameter and strength of reinforcing bars; types and defects of grout materials; sleeve tube design; and temperature) on the performance of sleeves are investigated, and some beneficial conclusions are drawn. The load-transfer mechanisms of different sleeve types are subsequently compared, and the common features of the sleeves that meet the performance evaluation criteria are analysed. Finally, potential future research directions and innovations in sleeve technology are suggested to provide researchers and scholars with innovative ideas and research perspectives for developing new sleeves and advancing the application of grouted sleeve connectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

16 pages, 1315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter-Matching Multi-Objective Optimization for Diesel Engine Torsional Dampers

by Zhongxu Tian and Zhongda Ge

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5639; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105639 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Torsional vibration dampers effectively mitigate torsional oscillations and additional stresses in diesel engine crankshaft systems, ensuring operational safety and reliability. Traditional damper selection principles, grounded in dual-pendulum dynamic models, focus on minimizing maximum torsional angles but fail to accurately characterize vibration behaviors in [...] Read more.

Torsional vibration dampers effectively mitigate torsional oscillations and additional stresses in diesel engine crankshaft systems, ensuring operational safety and reliability. Traditional damper selection principles, grounded in dual-pendulum dynamic models, focus on minimizing maximum torsional angles but fail to accurately characterize vibration behaviors in multi-cylinder engines. This study addresses this limitation by investigating dynamic modeling and numerical methods for an eight-cylinder diesel crankshaft system. A torsional vibration model was developed using Cholesky decomposition and the Jacobi sweep method for free vibration analysis, followed by dynamic response calculations through model decoupling and modal superposition. Parameter optimization of the damper was achieved via the NSGA-II multi-objective algorithm combined with a Bayesian-hyperparameter-optimized BP neural network. The results show that high-inertia-ratio dampers effectively suppress vibration and stress, while low-inertia-ratio configurations require approximately 20% elevated tuning ratios beyond theoretical parameters to achieve an additional 5% stress reduction, albeit with amplified torsional oscillations. Additionally, the study critically evaluates the numerical reliability of conventional dual-pendulum-based tuning ratio selection methods. This integrated approach enhances the precision of damper parameter matching for multi-cylinder engine applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Acoustics and Vibrations)

19 pages, 411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Envisioning Global Education in Rwanda: Contributions from Secondary School Teachers

by Abiud Bosire, Luís Grosso Correia and Dalila Pinto Coelho

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050619 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Global education (GE) has become important in education due to heightened global interconnectedness and interdependence, with its incorporation into school materials aimed at preparing learners to navigate global challenges. In implementing GE, teachers are considered critical agents to transform normative GE into knowledge [...] Read more.

Global education (GE) has become important in education due to heightened global interconnectedness and interdependence, with its incorporation into school materials aimed at preparing learners to navigate global challenges. In implementing GE, teachers are considered critical agents to transform normative GE into knowledge in classrooms. This study examines Rwandese teachers’ knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of challenges they face in implementing GE in schools. In a quantitative design, 208 teachers from 15 participating secondary schools completed a survey. The study findings reveal that the teachers had moderate to high levels of knowledge and awareness of global education, with most of the teachers recognising GE to be important in preparing learners for the future and stated the need to incorporate it within the curriculum in Rwanda. This study underscores the need for teacher training and professional development to enhance GE integration, and the provision of necessary resources and materials to enable the implementation of GE in schools in Rwanda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fostering Global Citizenship and Intercultural Education “Otherwise”)

23 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Rain Gardens for Managing Non-Point Source Pollution from Urban Surface Storm Water Runoff in Eastern Texas, USA

by Shradhda Suman Jnawali, Matthew McBroom, Yanli Zhang, Kevin Stafford, Zhengyi Wang, David Creech and Zhongqian Cheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4631; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104631 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Extreme precipitation events are one of the common hazards in eastern Texas, generating a large amount of storm water. Water running off urban areas may carry non-point source (NPS) pollution to natural resources such as rivers and lakes. Urbanization exacerbates this issue by [...] Read more.

Extreme precipitation events are one of the common hazards in eastern Texas, generating a large amount of storm water. Water running off urban areas may carry non-point source (NPS) pollution to natural resources such as rivers and lakes. Urbanization exacerbates this issue by increasing impervious surfaces that prevent natural infiltration. This study evaluated the efficacy of rain gardens, a nature-based best management practice (BMP), in mitigating NPS pollution from urban stormwater runoff. Stormwater samples were collected at inflow and outflow points of three rain gardens and analyzed for various water quality parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, salts, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium, potassium, aluminum, boron, calcium, mercury, arsenic, copper iron lead magnesium, manganese and zinc. Removal efficiencies for nitrate, phosphate, and zinc exceeded 70%, while heavy metals such as lead achieved reductions up to 80%. However, certain parameters, such as calcium, magnesium and conductivity, showed increased outflow concentrations, attributed to substrate leaching. These increases resulted in a higher outflow pH. Overall, the pollutants were removed with an efficiency exceeding 50%. These findings demonstrate that rain gardens are an effective and sustainable solution for managing urban stormwater runoff and mitigating NPS pollution in eastern Texas, particularly in regions vulnerable to extreme precipitation events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Removing Challenging Pollutants from Wastewater: Effective Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Land-Use Patterns on Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk in the Surface Water of the Nandu River, China

by Changchao Chen, Wen Zhang, Ping Li, Yuanhao Ma, Longru Liang, Wanman Wu, Jianlei Li and Xiaoshan Zhu

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4622; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104622 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Rapid land-use changes have significantly changed the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) in tropical watershed systems. However, the influence of land-use patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of HMs in tropical river systems remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore the [...] Read more.

Rapid land-use changes have significantly changed the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) in tropical watershed systems. However, the influence of land-use patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of HMs in tropical river systems remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore the relationship between land-use types and HM pollution in the China’s largest tropical watershed, the Nandu River. Eight heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Hg, and Sb) in the surface water were monitored across river, estuary, and nearshore zones during wet and dry seasons. Our findings show a higher total concentration of eight heavy metals (ΣHMs) in the wet season (30.52 μg/L) compared to the dry season (21.53 μg/L). In the wet season, ΣHM concentrations followed the order: estuary (70.96 μg/L) > basin (31.03 μg/L) > nearshore (8.07 μg/L). In the dry season, it was basin (31.56 μg/L) > estuary (23.26 μg/L) > nearshore (7.49 μg/L). Land-use patterns had higher interpretation rates for HM distribution in the dry season (65.8–73.0%) compared to the wet season (31.0–42.4%). The 2000 m buffer zone had a greater impact on HM distribution than the 500 m and 1000 m zones. Agricultural land and construction areas were the primary contributors to HM pollution in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Noteworthy, in the river basin, chromium (Cr) presented carcinogenic risks to both children and adults through ingestion in both seasons and arsenic (As) posed a risk to children in the dry season. This study provides valuable insights for the sustainable management of land use and improving river water quality by highlighting the relationship between land use and HM contamination in tropical river ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 7884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Velocity Impact-Load-Carrying Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened in Flexure by Bonding a Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheet to the Tension-Side Surface

by Tomoki Kawarai, Masato Komuro and Norimitsu Kishi

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101713 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Currently, there are many infrastructures for which these design service lives are expired. These lifespans have been extended through retrofitting and strengthening. Usually, the existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures are strengthened by applying steel plate bonding and concrete enlargement methods. However, since fiber-reinforced [...] Read more.

Currently, there are many infrastructures for which these design service lives are expired. These lifespans have been extended through retrofitting and strengthening. Usually, the existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures are strengthened by applying steel plate bonding and concrete enlargement methods. However, since fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have properties that are better than those of steel and concrete materials, i.e., being light weight, with anticorrosive material, a high ratio of strength to weight, and better workability, FRP sheet bonding methods for RC members have been developed, and practical applications have been gradually increased worldwide, statically. The methods may also have some potential to strengthen the members under impact and blast loading. In this paper, to rationally improve the impact resistance of RC beams under flexure, beams were strengthened by bonding an FRP sheet to the bottom tension side. Then, low-velocity impact loading tests (hereafter referred to as impact loading tests) using a 300 kg steel weight were carried out on the beams strengthened with carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets of different areal masses to investigate the failure mode at the ultimate state of the beams, in which the areal mass is physically similar to the amount of the sheet reinforcing RC beams and hereafter referred to as the sheet volume. Two sheet volumes (one is an areal mass of 300 g/m² having a 0.17 mm thickness and the other is of 600 g/m² having a 0.33 mm thickness) were compared, and two static failure modes, concrete crushing-intermediate crack (IC) debonding and premature IC debonding, were observed. The following results were obtained from this study: taking a static calculated moment ratio M_y/M_u of the rebar yield-moment M_y to the ultimate moment M_ufor each beam, in the case of the beams having an M_y/M_u (= 0.67) larger than 0.65 that went through static failure in the concrete crushing-IC debonding mode, the beams failed in sheet rupturing mode subjected to an impact load. When the sheet volume was comparatively large and a static calculated moment ratio M_y/M_u(= 0.6) was less than 0.65, the beams collapsed in the premature IC debonding mode under not only static but also impact loading, and the impact resistance of the beams was enhanced with an increasing sheet volume; this increase was greater in the impact loading case than in the static loading case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

16 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Desulfurization Ash Content on the Low-Temperature Rheological Properties of Asphalt Mastic

by Yinghui Zhang, Kai Li, Yong Wu and Zhigang Zhou

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050604 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Circulating fluidized bed combustion flue gas desulfurization generates large volumes of dry desulfurization ash requiring sustainable management. This study evaluated the impacts of substituting desulfurization ash for mineral powder filler in asphalt mastic on low-temperature rheological properties. Asphalt mastics were produced with 0–100% [...] Read more.

Circulating fluidized bed combustion flue gas desulfurization generates large volumes of dry desulfurization ash requiring sustainable management. This study evaluated the impacts of substituting desulfurization ash for mineral powder filler in asphalt mastic on low-temperature rheological properties. Asphalt mastics were produced with 0–100% ash replacing mineral powder at 0.8–1.2 powder-binder mass ratios. Ductility and bending beam rheometer testing assessed flexibility and crack resistance. Burgers’ model fitted bending creep compliance to derive relaxation time, m(t)/S(t) index, and low-temperature compliance parameter for analytical insight. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy probed microstructural development and interaction mechanisms. Results showed that the inclusion of desulfurization ash reduced the low-temperature performance of the asphalt mastic compared to the mineral powder asphalt mastic. Additionally, as the temperature decreased further, the effect of the powder-to-gum ratio on the slurry’s crack resistance became less pronounced. Desulfurization ash primarily interacted with the base bitumen through physical means, and the performance of desulfurization ash asphalt slurry mainly depended on the degree of swelling between the desulfurization ash and the base asphalt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cleaner Materials for Pavements)

20 pages, 6711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Attribution of Runoff Variations in the Tumen River Basin Based on Budyko’s Hypothesis

by Dongqing Huo, Jiaqi Wu, Chunzi Zhao, Yongtao Yan, Weihong Zhu, Ri Jin and Jingya Zhou

Hydrology 2025, 12(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050122 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The Tumen River Basin (TRB), a critical China border region, has experienced a complex evolution of runoff due to climate change and human activities. This study aims to quantify the main drivers of runoff variations in the TRB based on the Budyko framework [...] Read more.

The Tumen River Basin (TRB), a critical China border region, has experienced a complex evolution of runoff due to climate change and human activities. This study aims to quantify the main drivers of runoff variations in the TRB based on the Budyko framework to assess the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff fluctuations. Results indicate pronounced warming and increased precipitation in the TRB, while runoff exhibits a declining trend with temporal variability. Runoff decreased during 1956–1980 but increased post 1980. Overall, climate change is the dominant factor driving runoff fluctuations in the TRB. A comparison across different sub-basins shows that the contribution of climate change to runoff variations is higher in the middle and upper reaches of the Tumen River, reaching up to 93.8%. In the lower basin, human activities contribute significantly to runoff variations. Higher forest cover and reservoir construction help maintain the long-term stability of watershed runoff. This study provides a scientific basis and data support for water resources development and ecological protection in the basin. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 6271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Development of Shallow Landslide Cracks and Instability Mechanisms Under Different Recurrence Intervals Based on Hydrological Models

by Lin Sun, Xiaoxiao Liu, Jinrui He, Fanmeng Kong, Jingkai Qu and Yan Ai

Water 2025, 17(10), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101526 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the stability of the Huangyukou landslide in Yanqing District, Beijing, under varying rainfall conditions, focusing on the effects of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff on slope stability. Using a combination of field surveys, geophysical methods, drone photogrammetry, and laboratory testing, [...] Read more.

This study examines the stability of the Huangyukou landslide in Yanqing District, Beijing, under varying rainfall conditions, focusing on the effects of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff on slope stability. Using a combination of field surveys, geophysical methods, drone photogrammetry, and laboratory testing, a high-precision 2D and 3D numerical model was developed. A hydrological-soil-structure coupling model was employed to simulate rainfall-induced infiltration and runoff processes, revealing that increased saturation and pore water pressure significantly reduce shear strength, enhancing the risk of slope failure. Stability analysis, using a reduction factor method, yielded stability coefficients of 1.06 and 1.04 for 20-year and 100-year return period rainfall scenarios, respectively. The results highlight the critical role of rainfall in destabilizing the upper layers of dolomite and shale, with significant deformation observed in the middle and rear slope sections. This research provides a comprehensive framework for assessing landslide risk under extreme rainfall events, offering practical implications for risk mitigation in similar geological contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Slope Erosion Monitoring and Anti-erosion)

24 pages, 97079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TMBO-AOD: Transparent Mask Background Optimization for Accurate Object Detection in Large-Scale Remote-Sensing Images

by Tianyi Fu, Hongbin Dong, Benyi Yang and Baosong Deng

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(10), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101762 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Recent advancements in deep-learning and computer vision technologies, coupled with the availability of large-scale remote-sensing image datasets, have accelerated the progress of remote-sensing object detection. However, large-scale remote-sensing images typically feature extensive and complex backgrounds with small and sparsely distributed objects, which pose [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in deep-learning and computer vision technologies, coupled with the availability of large-scale remote-sensing image datasets, have accelerated the progress of remote-sensing object detection. However, large-scale remote-sensing images typically feature extensive and complex backgrounds with small and sparsely distributed objects, which pose significant challenges to detection performance. To address this, we propose a novel framework for accurate object detection, termed transparent mask background optimization for accurate object detection (TMBO-AOD), which incorporates a clear focus module and an adaptive filtering framework. The clear focus module constructs an empirical background pool using a Gaussian distribution and introduces transparent masks to prepare for subsequent optimization stages. The adaptive filtering framework can be applied to anchor-based or anchor-free models. It dynamically adjusts the number of candidates generated based on background flags, thereby optimizing the label assignment process. This approach not only alleviates the imbalance between positive and negative samples but also enhances the efficiency of candidate generation. Furthermore, we introduce a novel separated loss function that strengthens both foreground and background consistencies. Specifically, it focuses the model’s attention on foreground objects while enabling it to learn the consistency of background features, thus improving its ability to distinguish objects from the background. We employ YOLOv8 combined with our proposed optimizations to evaluate our model in many datasets, demonstrating improvements in both accuracy and efficiency. Additionally, we validate the effectiveness of our adaptive filtering framework in both anchor-based and anchor-free methods. When implemented with YOLOv5 (anchor based), the framework reduces the candidate generation time by 48.36%, while the YOLOv8 (anchor-free) implementation achieves a 46.81% reduction, both with maintained detection accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing Image Processing)

17 pages, 4932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics in CO₂ Long-Term Storage in Bedded Salt Cavern

by Bo Cao, Xuehai Fu, Junqiang Kang, Pan Tang, Hui Xu and Yuanyuan Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051563 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

The salt layer, characterized by its low permeability and excellent damage self-healing properties, is an ideal geological body for CO₂ geological storage. However, the relatively high permeability of mudstone interlayers may reduce the safety of CO₂ long-term storage in bedded salt [...] Read more.

The salt layer, characterized by its low permeability and excellent damage self-healing properties, is an ideal geological body for CO₂ geological storage. However, the relatively high permeability of mudstone interlayers may reduce the safety of CO₂ long-term storage in bedded salt caverns. This study establishes a thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupled physical and mathematical model for CO₂ geological storage in the Huaian salt cavern, analyzes the factors affecting CO₂ flow behavior, and proposes measures to enhance the safety of CO₂ storage in salt caverns. The results indicate that the permeability of both salt layers and mudstone interlayers is influenced by stress-induced deformation within the salt cavern. From the salt cavern edge to the simulation boundary, the permeability and volume strain exhibit a trend of rapid decline, followed by a gradual increase, and an eventual stabilization or slight reduction. The seepage velocity, pore pressure, and flow distance of CO₂ in the mudstone interlayer are significantly higher than those in the salt layer, leading to CO₂ migration along the interfaces between the mudstone and salt layer. With the increase in storage time, the permeability of the mudstone interlayer gradually decreases, while the permeability of the salt layer shows a general tendency to increase. The elevated storage pressure reduces the permeability of the mudstone interlayer, while increasing the permeability of the salt layer, and enhances the seepage velocity in both the mudstone and salt layers. To enhance the safety of CO₂ long-term storage in bedded salt caverns, it is recommended to minimize the presence of mudstone interlayers during site selection and cavern construction, optimize the storage pressure, and strengthen monitoring systems for potential CO₂ leakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration, Exploitation and Utilization of Coal and Gas Resources, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessReview

Geochemical Speciation, Uptake, and Transportation Mechanisms of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Soil–Rice Systems: Additional Aspects and Challenges

by Chaw Su Lwin, Ha-il Jung, Myung-Sook Kim, Eun-Jin Lee and Tae-Gu Lee

Antioxidants 2025, 14(5), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050607 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Potentially toxic elements (PTE), such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), threaten rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop productivity and pose significant risks to human health when they are present in soil. This review summarizes the current understanding of soil and [...] Read more.

Potentially toxic elements (PTE), such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), threaten rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop productivity and pose significant risks to human health when they are present in soil. This review summarizes the current understanding of soil and rice contamination with As, Cd, and Pb to provide an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of these contaminants and the mechanisms regulating their flow from soil to plants. It focuses on the following aspects: (1) these metals’ geochemical distribution and speciation in soil–rice systems; (2) factors influencing the transformation, bioavailability, and uptake of these metals in paddy soils; (3) metal uptake, transport, translocation, and accumulation mechanisms in rice grains; and (4) the roles of transporters involved in metal uptake, transport, and accumulation in rice plants. Moreover, this review contributes to a clearer understanding of the environmental risks associated with these toxic metals in soil–rice ecosystems. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges in simultaneously managing the risks of As, Cd, and Pb contamination in rice. The study findings may help inspire innovative methods, biotechnological applications, and sustainable management strategies to mitigate the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in rice grains while effectively addressing multi-metal contamination in paddy soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI