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33 pages, 1873 KB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemical, Ethnobotanical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Profile of Globularia alypum L.: A Comprehensive Review

by Fadoua Asraoui, Mariem Ben-Said, Nabila El Mansouri, Imane Bakkali, El Hassan Sakar, Mohamed Bakha, Noemí Ortiz-Liébana, Francesco Cacciola, Adnane Louajri, Miguel Palma Lovillo, Jamal Brigui and Fouad El Mansouri

Plants 2025, 14(23), 3641; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233641 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Globularia alypum L. (Plantaginaceae) is widespread in the Mediterranean region and traditionally used against diabetes, digestive disorders, infections, and skin problems. This review summarizes its botanical features, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and toxicological profile. Relevant studies published between 1991 and 2024 were [...] Read more.

Globularia alypum L. (Plantaginaceae) is widespread in the Mediterranean region and traditionally used against diabetes, digestive disorders, infections, and skin problems. This review summarizes its botanical features, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and toxicological profile. Relevant studies published between 1991 and 2024 were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and other relevant databases using targeted keywords in English and French. Extracts of G. alypum have shown significant antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, nephroprotective, and wound-healing activities in vitro and in vivo, which were largely attributed to its diverse secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and iridoids. Toxicological studies indicate generally low risk at tested doses. However, further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities, validate its efficacy through clinical trials, and evaluate long-term safety, thereby bridging traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Studies)

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16 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rosmarinic Acid Induces Vasorelaxation via Endothelium-Dependent, Potassium Channel-Related, and Calcium-Modulated Pathways: Evidence from Rat Aortic Rings

by Serdar Sahinturk and Naciye Isbil

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122936 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Hypertension and its complications are a major global health problem, and natural compounds with vasorelaxant effects are being investigated as potential antihypertensive agents. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether rosmarinic acid (RA) induces vasorelaxation in the rat thoracic aorta and to [...] Read more.

Background: Hypertension and its complications are a major global health problem, and natural compounds with vasorelaxant effects are being investigated as potential antihypertensive agents. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether rosmarinic acid (RA) induces vasorelaxation in the rat thoracic aorta and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Isolated thoracic aortic rings, with or without endothelium, were precontracted with phenylephrine and subsequently exposed to cumulative concentrations of RA. The roles of endothelium-derived factors, potassium channels, and calcium signaling were evaluated using selective pharmacological inhibitors and activators. In addition, the involvement of the AMPK pathway, adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway, PKC signaling, β-adrenergic receptors, muscarinic receptors, and angiotensin II in RA-induced vasorelaxation was investigated. Results: RA induced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation in endothelium-intact thoracic aortic rings (p < 0.001; pD₂ = 7.67 ± 0.04). The vasorelaxant effect of RA was attenuated in endothelium-denuded vessels (pD2: 5.26 ± 0.18). The relaxation response was significantly attenuated by inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway and by blockers of BK_Ca, IK_Ca, and Kv potassium channels (p < 0.001). Furthermore, RA markedly inhibited both extracellular Ca²⁺ influx and intracellular Ca²⁺ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (p < 0.001). RA incubation also significantly reduced the contractions induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and by the PKC activator PMA (p < 0.001). Other tested pathways had no significant influence on the vasorelaxant effect of RA (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that rosmarinic acid induces both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation in the rat thoracic aorta through activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway, opening of BK_Ca, IK_Ca, and Kv potassium channels, and suppression of Ca²⁺ mobilization. Additionally, inhibition of PKC- and angiotensin II-mediated vascular contraction contributes to RA-induced vasorelaxation. RA may therefore have therapeutic potential in the management of hypertension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for the Study of Cardiovascular Physiology—Second Edition)

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Graphical abstract

39 pages, 44721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Wake Interference in Tandem Square Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers

by Sarath R S, R Ajith Kumar and K Suresh Kumar

Symmetry 2025, 17(12), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17122038 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study numerically investigates laminar flow around two prismatic bodies, specifically square cylinders, arranged in tandem. The analysis covered gap ratios (

L / D = 2

–7) and Reynolds numbers (

R e

= 100–200), focusing on quantifying the aerodynamic characteristics and [...] Read more.

This study numerically investigates laminar flow around two prismatic bodies, specifically square cylinders, arranged in tandem. The analysis covered gap ratios (

L / D = 2

–7) and Reynolds numbers (

R e

= 100–200), focusing on quantifying the aerodynamic characteristics and examining the wake flow structures within the established interference regimes. The time-averaged and unsteady parameters, including the drag and lift coefficients, RMS lift, vortex formation length, Strouhal number, recirculation length, wake width, and pressure distribution, were evaluated for both cylinders. A consistent critical spacing of

L / D \approx 4.5

was observed across all Reynolds numbers, coinciding with the minimum Strouhal number, a sharp increase in unsteady lift, and divergence in wake width between cylinders. Notably, in the range

4.5 ≲ L / D ≲ 6.5

at higher

R e

, the DC exhibited a mean drag exceeding that of an isolated cylinder, attributed to base-pressure reduction and accelerated inflow from the upstream wake. A critical spacing in the co-shedding regime produced strong drag amplification on the DC, attaining an overall maximum value of 50.41% at

R e = 200

and

L / D = 6.0

. To note, unlike mean drag, mean lift is found to be zero in all interference cases for both cylinders, irrespective of spacing ratio and Re, owing to the symmetry of the time-averaged pressure distribution on either side of the cylinders. Spectral and phase analyses reveal a transition from broadband, desynchronised oscillations to a frequency-locked state, with the phase angle between the cylinders reducing sharply to

Δ ϕ \approx 0^{\circ}

at the critical spacing. This indicates complete in-phase synchronisation or symmetry of the vortex-shedding process between the cylinders at the critical spacing. This confirmed the hydrodynamic transition between the coupled and independent shedding modes of the cylinders. The recirculation lengths for the DC reduce to as low as

0.6 D

in the co-shedding regime, highlighting rapid wake recovery. The research presented here offers new insights into force modulation, the evolution of wake structures, and the sensitivity to the Re that occurs when laminar flow occurs between two tandem square cylinders. These findings can be utilised to develop methods for controlling VIV and designing thermal-fluid systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Fluid Mechanics: New Challenges in Fluid–Structure Interaction)

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13 pages, 955 KB

Open AccessReview

The Evolving Role of Medical Thoracoscopy for the Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion

by Jean-Baptiste Lovato, Avinash Aujayeb, Bernard Duysinx and Philippe Astoul

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120670 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

MT is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure which is a well-established tool for the management of pleural malignancies, which commonly cause pleural effusions. MT allows for pulmonologists to perform diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers at the same time with high diagnostic sensitivity and can [...] Read more.

MT is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure which is a well-established tool for the management of pleural malignancies, which commonly cause pleural effusions. MT allows for pulmonologists to perform diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers at the same time with high diagnostic sensitivity and can also shorten the hospitalization duration. MT, which is video-assisted, is performed by pulmonologists, and is not the same procedure as surgical thoracoscopy or video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS). To perform MT, pulmonologists use non-disposable rigid or semi-rigid telescopes in the endoscopy or theater suites under local anesthesia with intravenous conscious sedation/analgesia or mild anesthesia on a spontaneously breathing patient. MT is mainly indicated for diagnostic purposes in cases of unexplained exudative pleural effusions and/or talc pleurodesis (‘poudrage’) to prevent the recurrence of a persistent pleural effusion. This narrative review describes the role of this procedure in assessing potential malignant pleural disease whilst providing insights into procedural details, diagnostic performance, safety considerations, and clinical applications. In weighing the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure in comparison to alternative diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, this review aims to show the benefits of MT for this scenario. Finally, a few thoughts about future directions of this endoscopic procedure are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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12 pages, 1980 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Study on the Optimization of Composite Enzyme Preparations for Deinking of Old Newsprint Paper

by Yujiao Bi, Zhonghao Deng, Feng Guo, Jinjin Wang, Qun Li, Xiuzhen Wang, Fuping Lu and Ming Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310702 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Deinking is a key step in the recycling of waste paper. To address the problems of traditional chemical deinking, which generates large amounts of highly polluted wastewater and increases environmental pressure and treatment costs, as well as the issues of insufficient pulp brightness [...] Read more.

Deinking is a key step in the recycling of waste paper. To address the problems of traditional chemical deinking, which generates large amounts of highly polluted wastewater and increases environmental pressure and treatment costs, as well as the issues of insufficient pulp brightness and high effective residual ink concentration (ERIC), a study on enzymatic deinking of old newsprint paper (ONP) was conducted. By optimizing the ratio of lipase, cellulase, amylase, and xylanase, a composite enzyme preparation for ONP deinking was successfully developed, and the corresponding deinking process was established. The composition of the composite enzyme preparation is as follows: Lipase 1.5 U/g oven-dried pulp (ODP), Cellulase 2 U/g ODP, Amylase 1.5 U/g ODP, and Xylanase 2 U/g ODP. When the composite enzyme preparation was used for enzymatic deinking, compared with chemical deinking, the brightness increased by 3.52% ISO, ERIC decreased by 9.12 ppm, and the physical properties of the paper were improved to varying degrees. The deinking efficiency was significantly superior to that of chemical deinking, while the usage of chemical reagents was effectively reduced. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were further used to investigate the effect of the composite enzyme on fiber structure and its possible synergistic mechanism: the surface structure and hydrogen bond network of fibers were altered, thereby reducing the content of chromophores such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and benzene ring groups as well as residual lignin, and facilitating the separation of ink from the fiber surface. This study provides support for the development of an environmentally friendly waste paper recycling process and contributes to promoting the sustainable development of the papermaking industry. Full article

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20 pages, 7466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulatory Roles of Seedling Shading and Strip Planting on Soybean Branching and Yield in Relay Intercropping Systems

by Xiaopei Tang, Sisi Qin, Yao Zhao, Mei Xu, Huanbo Li, Yunhai Ai, Yi Wang and Weiguo Liu

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2756; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122756 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

The coordinated development of stems and branches, together with optimal strip spacing, is crucial for improving soybean yield in the soybean–maize relay strip intercropping system. Shading during the seedling stage often causes excessive stem elongation and reduced branching; however, the physiological mechanisms underlying [...] Read more.

The coordinated development of stems and branches, together with optimal strip spacing, is crucial for improving soybean yield in the soybean–maize relay strip intercropping system. Shading during the seedling stage often causes excessive stem elongation and reduced branching; however, the physiological mechanisms underlying stem–branch responses to changing light environments remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify how early-stage shading and subsequent light recovery regulate stem and branch development through changes in canopy light environment, phytohormones, and the expression of related genes. Shade-tolerant Nandou12 and shade-sensitive Nannong99-6 were used as experimental soybean cultivars. Six treatments were implemented: a non-shaded control with uniform strip spacing (T0: 40 cm); seedling shading (40% PAR-transmission nets for 35 days after emergence) combined with variable strip spacing (T1: 40 cm; T2: 70 cm; T3: 100 cm; T4: 130 cm; T5: 160 cm). Canopy light environment, main stem and branch traits, photosynthetic characteristics, phytohormones, related gene expression, and yield components were measured. The results indicated that shade at the seedling stage significantly upregulated auxin (IAA) biosynthesis gene GmYUCC and downregulated phytochrome gene GmPhyB in the main stem tips, corresponding to increased IAA and cytokinins (CKs). In branch tips, shading significantly downregulated GmYUCC and GmPhyB while upregulated GmMAX3B, which is consistent with reduced levels of IAA, CKs, and brassinosteroid (BR), and increased strigolactones (SLs). After light recovery, GmPhyB and GmYUCC were upregulated whereas GmMAX3B was downregulated, accompanied by higher IAA, GA, CKs, and BRs, lower SLs, and improved chlorophyll content, Rubisco content, photosynthesis, and the accumulation of soluble sugar and starch in branches. Nandou12 achieved up to 10% higher yield under shading, and a 100 cm strip spacing maintained 74–111% yield of the non-shaded soybean. These findings demonstrate that cultivars with strong shade tolerance and high branching potential, combined with a 100-cm strip spacing, effectively sustain yield in relay-intercropped soybean by enabling favorable physiological responses to early shading and subsequent light recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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25 pages, 3206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Canadian Prostate Cancer Trends in the Context of PSA Screening Guideline Changes

by Anna N. Wilkinson, Larry F. Ellison, Shary X. Zhang, Michael Ong, Scott C. Morgan, S. Larry Goldenberg, Rodney H. Breau and Christopher Morash

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120669 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among Canadian men, except non-melanoma skin cancers. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening can enable early detection, but it is not formally recommended in Canada. Nonetheless, opportunistic screening persists, influenced by US practices and some Canadian guidelines that [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among Canadian men, except non-melanoma skin cancers. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening can enable early detection, but it is not formally recommended in Canada. Nonetheless, opportunistic screening persists, influenced by US practices and some Canadian guidelines that support screening. This study provides a detailed analysis of trends in prostate cancer incidence, mortality, stage distribution, and net survival in the context of evolving PSA screening guidelines. Prostate cancer case (1984–2022) and death (1984–2023) data were primarily from the Canadian Cancer Registry and the Canadian Vital Statistics Death database, respectively. Joinpoint regression identified incidence and mortality trends. Net survival was determined using the Pohar Perme estimator. Following the introduction of PSA screening, the prostate cancer age-standardized incidence rate among men aged 50–74 increased 1.8% annually until 2007 (p = 0.006) before declining at an annualized rate of −5.9% (p = 0.005) until 2014. Among men aged ≥75, incidence declined at −3.2% annually from 1992 to 2015 (p < 0.001). The prostate cancer age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) among men aged 50–74 fell at an annualized rate of −4.3% between 1994 and 2010 (p = 0.022), but the decline slowed thereafter. The ASMR among men aged ≥75 continuously declined after a peak in 1995, with the greatest change noted before 2012. From 2010 to 2017, stage IV prostate cancer incidence increased across all 10-year age groups, peaking among men aged 60–69 at 4.1% annually (p < 0.001). Among men aged 50–74, the corresponding annualized increase was 3.7% (p = 0.010), while among men aged ≥75, it was 3.1% (p < 0.001). Although stage IV net survival among men aged 50–74 increased from 49.4% in 2010–2011 to 56.6% in 2016–2017, all-stage net survival declined slightly after 2011, concurrent with a shift towards a greater proportion of stage IV cases. Prostate cancer outcomes in Canada reflect US PSA screening recommendations. Organized and thoughtful screening may represent an opportunity to decrease the rising late-stage incidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Emerging Trends in Prostate Cancer)

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25 pages, 11488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Heat Island and Its Link to Urban Morphology: Multitemporal Analysis with Landsat Images in an Andean City in Peru

by José De-La-Cruz, Walter Solano-Reynoso, Wilmer Moncada, Renato Soca-Flores, Carlos Carrasco-Badajoz, Carolina Rayme-Chalco, Hemerson Lizarbe-Alarcón, Edward León-Palacios, Diego Tenorio-Huarancca and Jorge Lozano

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(12), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9120507 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

The urban heat island (UHI) effect in Andean cities is a critical yet understudied phenomenon, where complex topography and rapid urbanization uniquely alter local climates. This research analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of the surface UHI and its linkage to urban morphology in Ayacucho, [...] Read more.

The urban heat island (UHI) effect in Andean cities is a critical yet understudied phenomenon, where complex topography and rapid urbanization uniquely alter local climates. This research analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of the surface UHI and its linkage to urban morphology in Ayacucho, Peru, through a 40-year multi-temporal analysis (1986–2016) using Landsat images. We developed a synthetic Urban Heat Island Index (UHII) through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), integrating land surface temperature (LST), spectral indices, and urban morphological parameters. Our results identify a critical transition in 2006, with the emergence of persistent heat spots driven by unplanned expansion. The surface UHI intensity reached urban-rural differences of 4.31 °C (day) and 5.82 °C (night), showing a positive trend. Urban morphology was a key determinant, with high-density blocks exhibiting a minimum nocturnal LST 3.53 °C higher than low-density areas. Statistical trend tests confirmed a significant intensification, while a strong negative correlation with vegetation indices (R² = 0.97) underscored the vital mitigation role of green infrastructure. This study provides academics with a robust methodological framework for UHI analysis in complex terrains. For public and private urban managers, it offers spatially explicit evidence to prioritize actionable strategies, such as integrating green infrastructure and regulating urban form, to enhance climate resilience in Andean cities. Full article

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34 pages, 2990 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Individual and Regional Rainfall–Runoff Modeling in North American Watersheds Through Feature Selection and Hyperparameter Optimization

by Bahareh Ghanati and Joan Serra-Sagristà

Mathematics 2025, 13(23), 3828; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13233828 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Precise rainfall-runoff modeling (RRM) is vital for disaster management, resource conservation, and mitigation. Recent deep learning-based methods, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, often struggle with major challenges, including temporal sensitivity, feature selection, generalizability, and hyperparameter tuning. The objective of this study [...] Read more.

Precise rainfall-runoff modeling (RRM) is vital for disaster management, resource conservation, and mitigation. Recent deep learning-based methods, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, often struggle with major challenges, including temporal sensitivity, feature selection, generalizability, and hyperparameter tuning. The objective of this study is to develop an accurate and generalizable rainfall–runoff modeling framework that addresses the four aforementioned challenges. We propose a novel RRM framework that integrates transductive LSTM (TLSTM) to capture fine-grained temporal changes, off-policy proximal policy optimization (PPO) combined with Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-based reward functions for feature selection, an enhanced generative adversarial network (GAN) for online data augmentation, and Bayesian optimization hyperband (BOHB) for efficient hyperparameter tuning. TLSTM uses transductive learning, where samples near the test point are given extra weight, to capture fine-grained temporal shifts. Off-policy PPO contributes to this process by selecting features sensitive to temporal patterns in RRM. Our improved GAN conducts online data augmentation by excluding some gradients, increasing diversity and relevance in synthetic data. Finally, BOHB accelerates hyperparameter tuning by merging Bayesian optimization with the scaling efficiency of Hyperband. We evaluate our model using the Comprehensive Attributes and Meteorology for Large-Sample Studies (CAMELS) dataset under individual and regional scenarios. It achieves Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) scores of 0.588 and 0.873, surpassing the baseline scores of 0.548 and 0.830, respectively. The generalizability of our approach was assessed on the hydro-climatic datasets for North America (HYSETS), also yielding improved performance. These improvements indicate more accurate capture of flow dynamics and peak events, supporting a robust and interpretable framework for RRM. Full article

16 pages, 604 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Willingness to Receive Monkeypox Vaccine in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Nuha El Sharif, Muna Ahmead and Munera Al Abed

Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121205 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: While no human monkeypox (MPXV) infections have been reported in Palestine, the rapid global increase in cases, including in neighboring countries, necessitates proactive public health preparedness. This study aimed to assess Palestinians’ willingness to receive MPXV vaccination and to identify associated [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: While no human monkeypox (MPXV) infections have been reported in Palestine, the rapid global increase in cases, including in neighboring countries, necessitates proactive public health preparedness. This study aimed to assess Palestinians’ willingness to receive MPXV vaccination and to identify associated predictors in the context of a potential outbreak. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in September 2024. The questionnaire gathered data on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, risk perceptions, Vaccine Trust Indicator (VTI) scores, vaccination history, and willingness to receive an MPXV vaccine. Bivariate analyses were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test, and a multivariate logistic regression model was employed to identify the determinants of MPXV vaccination willingness. Results: The overall willingness to receive MPXV vaccination was low (28.8%). Key findings included significant public misconceptions and concerns: 33% of respondents believed that natural immunity from infection was sufficient, while 43% expressed concerns about potential adverse effects, similar to those associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, nearly 60% of participants stated they would decline a free MPXV vaccine. Multivariate analysis revealed that prior COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 3.07, p < 0.05), a moderate VTI score (aOR = 6.65, p < 0.05), and prior influenza vaccination (aOR = 4.00, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of MPXV vaccination willingness. Willingness to pay for the vaccine also positively influenced vaccination intent. One of the common misconceptions found was the belief that having received a smallpox vaccination prior reduces the need for an MPXV vaccination. Conclusions: The willingness to receive an MPXV vaccine in Palestine is suboptimal. Prior vaccination behaviors and general trust in vaccines are key determinants of acceptance. These findings underscore the critical need for public health strategies focused on strengthening trust in vaccine efficacy and safety, along with targeted health education to enhance community preparedness for a potential MPXV outbreak. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance: A Public Health Perspective)

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21 pages, 1253 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Microbial Nitrogen Pathways for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

by Muhammad Shaaban, Kaiyan Zhou, Behnam Asgari Lajayer, Lei Wu, Aneela Younas and Yupeng Wu

Water 2025, 17(23), 3409; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233409 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the discovery of novel microbial processes, biochemical reactions, and previously uncharacterized microorganisms has significantly enhanced our understanding of nitrogen (N) cycling across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, including engineered environments such as wastewater treatment systems. These scientific advancements are [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the discovery of novel microbial processes, biochemical reactions, and previously uncharacterized microorganisms has significantly enhanced our understanding of nitrogen (N) cycling across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, including engineered environments such as wastewater treatment systems. These scientific advancements are catalyzing a paradigm shift toward treatment strategies that are not only energy-efficient and cost-effective, but also environmentally sustainable, with the added benefit of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The current review highlights recent breakthroughs in microbial N cycling, with particular emphasis on their practical applications in wastewater treatment. Emerging processes, such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) mitigation, electro-anammox, ferric iron-dependent ammonium oxidation (Feammox), and complete ammonia oxidation (comammox), offer promising strategies for sustainable and low-energy N removal. Nevertheless, a significant challenge persists in translating these laboratory-scale innovations into full-scale, real-world applications, especially within decentralized treatment infrastructures. Bridging this gap is essential for realizing robust, low-carbon, and sustainable wastewater management systems in the decades to come. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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11 pages, 3975 KB

Open AccessCommunication

A Composite Sagnac Fiber Loop for Gas Pressure Sensing

by Lingyu Wang, Yang Li, Rujun Zhou, Qiang Ling, Zhangwei Yu, Zuguang Guan and Daru Chen

Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121174 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

A novel optical fiber sensor, based on a composed-type Sagnac loop for gas pressure sensing, has been introduced and experimentally validated. This sensor consists of a centimeter-scale twin-hole and dual-core fiber (THDCF) sandwiched by two segments of polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) via splicing. Given [...] Read more.

A novel optical fiber sensor, based on a composed-type Sagnac loop for gas pressure sensing, has been introduced and experimentally validated. This sensor consists of a centimeter-scale twin-hole and dual-core fiber (THDCF) sandwiched by two segments of polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) via splicing. Given that the pure quartz PMF is insensitive to the variations in gas pressure, it is unsuitable for gas pressure sensing. To improve the sensitivity, a short piece of THDCF is added to the PMF-based Sagnac loop. Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that the presence of THDCF could significantly amplify the impact of air pressure on birefringence. Experimental results reveal that as the ambient gas pressure rises from 0 to 1.2 MPa, the interference spectrum exhibits an obvious red shift with a high sensitivity of 8.381 nm/MPa. The sensor’s reliability has undergone repeated verification by increasing and decreasing the pressure. Attributed to its simple structure, easy fabrication, low cost, and high sensitivity, the proposed sensor is particularly suited for development in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Fiber Sensing Technology)

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13 pages, 1886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Virus Rescued from a Full-Length Infectious Clone Derived from the Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Isolated in South Korea

by Jae Young Kim, Sun Young Park, Gyeongmin Lee, Sang Hyun Park, Jong Sook Jin, Jong-Hyeon Park and Young-Joon Ko

Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121561 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a vesicular disease, causes lesions in the mouth, nose, teats, and feet of cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination remains the most effective method to prevent FMD outbreaks. Since 2010, South Korea has implemented nationwide vaccination and developed multiple domestic vaccine strains to [...] Read more.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a vesicular disease, causes lesions in the mouth, nose, teats, and feet of cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination remains the most effective method to prevent FMD outbreaks. Since 2010, South Korea has implemented nationwide vaccination and developed multiple domestic vaccine strains to achieve vaccine self-sufficiency. Here, we aimed to construct an infectious clone using the A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 virus, which exhibits the highest antigen productivity among previously developed vaccine strains. An infectious clone was constructed based on the A/Yeoncheon/SKR/2017 virus isolated during an FMD outbreak in Korea in 2017. The viral genome was amplified in two fragments and assembled into a full-length clone, from which infectious recombinant virus was successfully rescued. The rescued virus was confirmed via serotyping and transmission electron microscopy to exhibit canonical 25–30 nm icosahedral morphology. Under optimized culture conditions using suspension-adapted BHK-21 cells (multiplicity of infection 0.001; 12 h post-infection), the recombinant virus achieved titers of 10⁸ TCID₅₀/mL and produced 6.2 μg/mL of 146S antigen, comparable to its parental counterpart. The experimental vaccine formulated with the rescued virus (15 μg/dose), 1% saponin, 1% aluminum hydroxide gel, and ISA 206 VG, induced protective immunity in eight-week-old pigs, with vaccinated animals exhibiting no clinical signs following homologous challenge. To our knowledge, this study represents the first successful construction of an infectious clone derived from a field-isolated serotype A FMDV in South Korea. In the future, this A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 infectious clone can serve as a platform backbone for the rapid development of next-generation, high-yield vaccine seed strains through targeted epitope exchange. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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18 pages, 3264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Cinnamon Essential Oil/Succinic Acid-Modified Cyclodextrin and Their Application in Grass Carp Preservation

by Xiaoshan Li, Haoxin Li, Yuemei Zhang, Wendi Teng, Ying Wang, Jinxuan Cao and Jinpeng Wang

Foods 2025, 14(23), 4100; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234100 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

The spoilage of grass carp is driven by multiple factors, predominantly microbial proliferation and lipid oxidation. Although cinnamon essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, its industrial application is constrained by high volatility, poor water solubility, and a strong pungent odour. To [...] Read more.

The spoilage of grass carp is driven by multiple factors, predominantly microbial proliferation and lipid oxidation. Although cinnamon essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, its industrial application is constrained by high volatility, poor water solubility, and a strong pungent odour. To address these challenges, β-cyclodextrin-succinate (SACD) was synthesized via esterification. Prior studies confirmed that SACD demonstrates significantly improved solubility and antibacterial efficacy compared to β-CD. Thereafter, SACD was employed to encapsulate cinnamon essential oil. Moreover, the succinic acid-modified cyclodextrin-encapsulated essential oil exhibits a stronger antioxidant capacity compared to the free essential oil. Through a series of characterization techniques and molecular docking analysis, the successful synthesis of SACD and its inclusion complexes was confirmed. To assess their efficacy in preserving grass carp meat, four experimental groups were established: a control group, an essential oil group (EO), an unmodified inclusion complex group (EO/CD), and a modified inclusion complex group (EO/SACD). Under refrigerated conditions at 4 °C, the pH, drip loss rate, TBARS, TVC, TVB-N, K-value, and texture of fish meat samples were determined across different treatment groups. During the later stages of storage, the total bacterial count in the inclusion complex group was lower than that in the EO group and the control group, indicating that the cyclodextrin-encapsulated essential oil effectively inhibited microbial growth (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the EO/SACD group delayed spoilage and prolonged the storage period of grass carp compared to both the EO and EO/CD groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Products Processing and Preservation Technology)

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24 pages, 1389 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Wearable-Sensor-Based Physical Activity and Sleep in Children with Down Syndrome Aged 0–5 Years: A Systematic Review

by Gilson Borges, Vanessa Moreira and Fabio Bertapelli

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7278; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237278 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Wearables enable objective measurement of physical activity (PA) and sleep. Studies that have examined PA and sleep in children with Down syndrome (DS) have not been systematically reviewed. The objectives of this systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD420251036478) were to: (1) describe patterns of PA [...] Read more.

Wearables enable objective measurement of physical activity (PA) and sleep. Studies that have examined PA and sleep in children with Down syndrome (DS) have not been systematically reviewed. The objectives of this systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD420251036478) were to: (1) describe patterns of PA and sleep in children with DS; (2) compare PA and sleep between DS and non-DS; and (3) evaluate sensor data collection procedures. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, with the last search on 7 October 2025. Risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. From 203 records, 9 original studies were included. Children with DS (n = 8–66 participants; 1–67 months) showed small changes in movement rates over time and greater upper- than lower-limb movements. Segment-specific counts and time spent on high-intensity activity were lower in DS than non-DS. Overall, children with DS exhibited poor sleep quality, sleeping approximately one hour less than controls and 3–7 h below global recommendations. Sensor data collection protocols varied in epoch length (15–30 s), attachment site (wrist, ankle, and hip), and device model. Population-based research employing standardized sensor procedures is warranted to better establish PA levels and sleep quality in children with DS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Technologies and Sensors for Health Monitoring)

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4 pages, 167 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Droplet Microfluidics: From Generation to Manipulation

by Nan Xiang, Lin Jiang and Zhonghua Ni

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121359 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Microfluidics is a powerful technique that manipulates fluid flow within microscale channels, enabling highly precise and reproducible fluid control in extremely small confined spaces [...] Full article

26 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

“Mending the Sky” or “Forging a New Sun”?—Myth Rewriting and the May Fourth Predicament of “Disenchantment” in “Rebirth of the Goddesses”

by Shun Yao and Qinghong Yin

Religions 2025, 16(12), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121514 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Guo Moruo’s “Rebirth of the Goddesses” is among the landmark works of modern Chinese poetry. Its myth-rewriting amounts to an act of “disenchantment” carried out amid the ruins of “enchantment”. Yet this heroic undertaking is caught in a triple dialectical vortex: in order [...] Read more.

Guo Moruo’s “Rebirth of the Goddesses” is among the landmark works of modern Chinese poetry. Its myth-rewriting amounts to an act of “disenchantment” carried out amid the ruins of “enchantment”. Yet this heroic undertaking is caught in a triple dialectical vortex: in order to disenchant, it must appeal to the primordial “energies” of myth (nature, life, imagination); in order for disenchantment to be effective, it strategically “uses enchantment” (by requisitioning textual canons and ritual authority); and in the end—because of the intensity of rewriting and the depth of political and spiritual investment—it becomes itself a new layer of enchantment (a cycle of re-enchantment). This exposes the core dilemma of China’s modernity project: to build a new order on the ruins of tradition is necessarily a tragic enterprise of rupture and continuity, of disenchantment and re-enchantment at once. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Narratives: Exploring the Intersection of Poetry, Myth, and the Spiritual in Literature and Theatre)

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13 pages, 1943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Textile Finishing Based on Silver Nanostructures

by José Ángel Juárez Torres, María Luisa Castellanos Cabrera, Dalia Molina Romero, Itzel Pamela Torres Avila, Oscar Goiz and Miriam Cruz-Leal

Textiles 2025, 5(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5040061 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents the development and application of a textile finishing treatment with antimicrobial properties based on silver nanostructures. The methodology involved the initial synthesis of silver-supported structures on aluminosilicates, which were subsequently applied to 100% raw cotton Jersey fabric through an impregnation [...] Read more.

This study presents the development and application of a textile finishing treatment with antimicrobial properties based on silver nanostructures. The methodology involved the initial synthesis of silver-supported structures on aluminosilicates, which were subsequently applied to 100% raw cotton Jersey fabric through an impregnation finishing process. The treated cotton samples were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The tested bacterial strains included Gram-negative as Shigella sp., Pseudomonas sp. M13, Pseudomonas sp. M14, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and Escherichia coli, as well as Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12386 (American Type Culture Collection) all of which exhibited growth inhibition in the presence of the treated textile, demonstrating the effectiveness of the antimicrobial finish. Full article

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30 pages, 1657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Business Cycle in South Africa: Insights from a Real-Financial Activity Gap

by Khwazi Declek Magubane, Phindile Mdluli-Maziya and Boingotlo Wesi

Economies 2025, 13(12), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13120347 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traditional approaches to predicting business cycles are limited by their omission of financial variables, which, in turn, leads to failures to signal financial-sector crises and to misestimate the duration and intensity of economic events. This study addresses this challenge by constructing a real-financial [...] Read more.

Traditional approaches to predicting business cycles are limited by their omission of financial variables, which, in turn, leads to failures to signal financial-sector crises and to misestimate the duration and intensity of economic events. This study addresses this challenge by constructing a real-financial activity gap for South Africa and utilising it to predict the occurrence of economic recoveries. The study examines the period from 1970Q1 to 2023Q4, using real GDP, domestic credit, house prices, and share prices. The dynamic factor model and the Hodrick–Prescott filter are employed to construct the real-financial activity gap. The recursive ADF unit root test is used to assess the presence, frequency, and duration of economic recoveries. To validate the results, a Markov switching dynamic regression model is applied. The results reveal that the new gap tends to produce economic recovery predictions that are less frequent but longer in duration. In contrast, predictions based on real GDP lead to more frequent but shorter recoveries. The new gap suggests that financial variables contribute to stabilising growth over extended periods, whereas real GDP reflects quicker but more volatile economic adjustments. The latest gap offers a more stable basis for forecasting recoveries, aiding policymakers in better anticipating and mitigating economic downturns. Accordingly, the output gap and the real-financial activity gap should be used as complements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Macroeconomics: Methods, Models and Analysis)

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15 pages, 6965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mutation of OsKIF14.3, a Kinesin-14 Subfamily Protein, Altered Starch Metabolism and Caused Yellowish Leaf in Rice

by Mengxue Zhang, Wenchang Jiang, Ziyu Xie, Chang Liu, Qiyu Li, Wenqiang Shen, Guanghua He and Xiaoyan Zhu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311577 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Kinesin superfamily members are ATP-dependent microtubule-based motor proteins that are conserved among all eukaryotic organisms and play vital roles in diverse cellular processes, such as vesicle trafficking, mitosis and meiosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, OsKIF14.3, a kinesin-14 subfamily protein, was map-based cloned [...] Read more.

The Kinesin superfamily members are ATP-dependent microtubule-based motor proteins that are conserved among all eukaryotic organisms and play vital roles in diverse cellular processes, such as vesicle trafficking, mitosis and meiosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, OsKIF14.3, a kinesin-14 subfamily protein, was map-based cloned and functionally analyzed. The OsKIF14.3 gene exhibited a constitutive expression pattern. OsKIF14.3 protein localized on the microtubule and formed homodimer via the conserved Coiled Coil 1 (CC1) domain. Mutation of OsKIF14.3 altered OsSWEET11′s subcellular location from the plasma membrane into both the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm, leading to abnormal starch metabolism, excess starch accumulation in the chloroplast, broken stroma lamella and yellowish leaves in oskif14.3 mutant. These results enriched our understanding of the kinesin superfamily and leaf color regulation mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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23 pages, 8815 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Livability Through Walkability: The Transformation of Al-Saad Plaza, Lusail City, Doha

by Alaa Alrababaa, Raffaello Furlan, Hatem Ibrahim and Reem Awwaad

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(12), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9120506 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Walkability is a vital component that can significantly enhance the livability of public spaces. By prioritizing walkable environments, cities can develop vibrant areas that promote social interaction, cultural engagement, and community cohesion. The influx of diverse populations in Qatar, driven by the national [...] Read more.

Walkability is a vital component that can significantly enhance the livability of public spaces. By prioritizing walkable environments, cities can develop vibrant areas that promote social interaction, cultural engagement, and community cohesion. The influx of diverse populations in Qatar, driven by the national need to manage recent rapid urban development, has resulted in the creation of new public realms designed to accommodate a wider range of residents. However, the authors argue that the role of walkability in enhancing the livability of these spaces, especially in fostering social interaction, has not been sufficiently explored. This research study aims to explore the impact of walkability on the livability of Al-Saad Plaza in the Boulevard District of Lusail City, a prominent public space within one of Doha’s major urban developments. Quantitative and qualitative data, collected through site visits, photographs, planimetry, structured interviews, observations, and a survey study, will be analyzed to assess the current urban setting and identify its strengths and weaknesses. The findings will contribute to developing a framework to improve the livability of Al-Saad Plaza on Lusail Boulevard by enhancing its walkability. While this research study focuses on a specific case, the exploratory insights serve to guide future studies in other GCC contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)

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23 pages, 2760 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Supply Chain in the Age of Industry 4.0: A Literature Review

by Samia Haman, Anass Ben Abdelouahab, Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Safae Merzouk and Aniss Moumen

Logistics 2025, 9(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9040173 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The rapid digital transformation driven by Industry 4.0 technologies is reshaping manufacturing supply chains, yet comprehensive insights into how these technologies are integrated remain limited. Methods: This study addresses this research gap by conducting a systematic bibliometric analysis and literature review of [...] Read more.

Background: The rapid digital transformation driven by Industry 4.0 technologies is reshaping manufacturing supply chains, yet comprehensive insights into how these technologies are integrated remain limited. Methods: This study addresses this research gap by conducting a systematic bibliometric analysis and literature review of integrating Industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing supply chain. We used different scientific databases, Scopus and Web of Science, to elaborate this study. Results: Using advanced bibliometric methods, this study examines the evolution of academic discourse, identifies key themes, and maps the intellectual structure of this transformative research field. By leveraging bibliometric tools, the study names the most prolific authors, countries, and journals contributing to this domain. The findings of the first phase reveal the growing focus on topics like supply chain resilience and real-time decision-making, while also finding gaps in the literature related to technology integration. In the second phase, the literature review identified the most used adoption models in empirical studies such as resource-based view, dynamic capabilities view, and technology acceptance model, we also categorized the adoption drivers into technological, organizational, and environmental. Conclusions: This review emphasizes that although research on Industry 4.0 has expanded significantly, the majority of studies predominantly concentrate on technology adoption and quantitative analysis, with little examination of integration, contextual factors, and longitudinal effects. Full article

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13 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiological Findings and Risk Profiles in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Associated Surgical Site Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Mehmet Erinmez, Hatice Birgin, Latif Yılmaz and Yasemin Zer

Pathogens 2025, 14(12), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14121215 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequent healthcare-associated infections, leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and impaired recovery. This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify the determinants and microbial patterns of SSIs following hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HPB) surgery to inform preventive [...] Read more.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequent healthcare-associated infections, leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and impaired recovery. This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify the determinants and microbial patterns of SSIs following hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HPB) surgery to inform preventive strategies and optimize clinical outcomes. The patients undergoing hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery from 2014 to 2024 in a tertiary university hospital are reviewed. SSI was defined according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria, and microbiological isolates were identified through routine culture methods and susceptibility testing. Clinical, operative, and microbiological data of patients who underwent hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery were extracted, including demographics, comorbidities, operative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes. Among 553 hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery patients, SSI occurred in 48.6%. Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with E. coli as the leading pathogen. SSI was linked to open surgery, longer operative time, and higher ASA scores; malignancy, renal insufficiency, anemia, and COPD were independent risk factors. Age by itself was not a reliable predictor of infection, while operative duration demonstrated moderate predictive performance, with a sensitivity of 66%. These findings underscore the multifactorial pathogenesis of SSIs and emphasize the importance of refined perioperative strategies to mitigate postoperative infectious complications. Full article

4 pages, 468 KB

Open AccessInteresting Images

⁶⁸Ga-NY104 PET/CT in the Differential Diagnosis of FDG-Negative Renal Masses: A Two-Case Illustration of Clear Cell Carcinoma Versus Renal Hemangioma

by Xinchun Yan, Yichen Xie, Guoyang Zheng, Jingci Chen, Wenjia Zhu and Li Huo

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233049 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

FDG PET/CT often underperforms in characterizing hyper-enhancing, FDG-non-avid renal masses. We present two cases illustrating the potential of ⁶⁸Ga-NY104, a novel small-molecule tracer targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), for this differential diagnosis. Both patients presented with a hyper-enhancing right renal mass suspicious [...] Read more.

FDG PET/CT often underperforms in characterizing hyper-enhancing, FDG-non-avid renal masses. We present two cases illustrating the potential of ⁶⁸Ga-NY104, a novel small-molecule tracer targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), for this differential diagnosis. Both patients presented with a hyper-enhancing right renal mass suspicious for clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) and subsequently underwent both ¹⁸F-FDG and ⁶⁸Ga-NY104 PET/CT, with histopathology and CAIX immunohistochemistry (IHC) as the reference standard. On ¹⁸F-FDG, both lesions were non-avid (SUVmax 2.6 and 2.2, Tumor-to-Liver Ratio [TLR] 0.87 and 0.69, respectively). However, on ⁶⁸Ga-NY104 PET/CT, Patient 1 (a 65-year-old man) showed intense, homogeneous uptake (SUVmax 26.0, TLR 4.64), while Patient 2 (a 67-year-old woman) showed negligible uptake (SUVmax 2.5, TLR 0.68). It was consistent with histopathology and IHC results that Patient 1 was CAIX-positive ccRCC, while Patient 2 was CAIX-negative hemangioma. Our preliminary cases suggest the potential utility of CAIX-targeted PET/CT imaging with ⁶⁸Ga-NY104 in differentiating ccRCC from benign mimickers like renal hemangioma, which warrants further prospective evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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23 pages, 1485 KB

Open AccessArticle

TextShelter: Text Adversarial Example Defense Based on Input Reconstruction

by Guoqin Chang, Haichang Gao, Nuo Cheng, Zhou Yao and Haodong Li

Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4706; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234706 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Effective identification of textual adversarial examples is a pressing need for safeguarding application security and maintaining cybersecurity. However, most existing adversarial defense methods for natural language processing can only resist a single form of attack and lack generalizability. To address this issue, this [...] Read more.

Effective identification of textual adversarial examples is a pressing need for safeguarding application security and maintaining cybersecurity. However, most existing adversarial defense methods for natural language processing can only resist a single form of attack and lack generalizability. To address this issue, this paper proposes a simple, efficient, and versatile defense method named TextShelter, which mitigates the limitations of existing approaches that rely on specific attack assumptions and struggle to handle real-world complex adversarial samples. TextShelter integrates three modules—Homoglyph Reversion, Spelling Correction, and Reconstruction-based Backtranslation—and enhances the defense efficiency of each module through careful design and optimization. By collaboratively combining the outputs of these modules, the method achieves effective defense against multi-granularity hybrid perturbations without requiring knowledge of the target model’s structure or parameters, nor any model retraining. Experiments on three datasets including IMDb show that TextShelter can effectively restore the original output labels of adversarial examples, improving classification accuracy by up to 60%. Compared with existing mainstream defense methods, it enhances defensive capability by approximately 50%. Furthermore, TextShelter performs well in terms of sentiment preservation, robustness, and transferability, demonstrating promising extensibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in AI-Driven Cybersecurity and Securing AI Systems)

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11 pages, 1298 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified Auxiliary Method for Efficient Solutions to the (2+1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Burgers’ Equation

by Yiman Han and Yanni Zhang

Axioms 2025, 14(12), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14120882 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper explores an innovative expansion method for solving variable-coefficient partial differential equations. Combining specific auxiliary equations with the aid of mathematical software, our method achieves notable perspectives for understanding and solving related physical problems. The validity of this method was verified through [...] Read more.

This paper explores an innovative expansion method for solving variable-coefficient partial differential equations. Combining specific auxiliary equations with the aid of mathematical software, our method achieves notable perspectives for understanding and solving related physical problems. The validity of this method was verified through the (2+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Burgers’ equation, and the results were visualized using three-dimensional surface plots. This study proposes an effective method for solving partial differential equations that holds broad application prospects in the field of fluid physics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Equations: Methods and Applications)

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13 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Categorizations in Terms of Religiosity and Spirituality: Associations with Religious Experiences, Spiritual Dimensions, and Motives in Life

by Caterina Ugolini, Elisa Paluan and Alberto Voci

Religions 2025, 16(12), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121513 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates different types of self-identification in terms of religiosity and/or spirituality and some psychosocial correlates of these categorizations. An Italian adult sample (N = 594) was divided into four groups: Religious and Spiritual (RS), Spiritual but not Religious (SnR), Religious [...] Read more.

This study investigates different types of self-identification in terms of religiosity and/or spirituality and some psychosocial correlates of these categorizations. An Italian adult sample (N = 594) was divided into four groups: Religious and Spiritual (RS), Spiritual but not Religious (SnR), Religious but not Spiritual (RnS), and neither Religious nor Spiritual (nRnS). Participants completed measures assessing centrality of religion, spiritual orientation, religious orientations, and main motives in life. Statistical analyses (ANOVAs, t-tests) showed that RS individuals scored highest across all religiosity and spirituality dimensions, with a predominantly intrinsic orientation and strong focus on all life motives, especially self-realization. SnR individuals reported low religiosity but high spirituality, especially concerning meaning and sacredness of life, along with attributing importance to different life motives, particularly to self-realization and meaning. RnS participants showed limited engagement in both religiosity and spirituality, valuing primarily ideological and meaning-related aspects, while nRnS reported minimal scores in religiosity and spirituality, though the pursuit of meaning remained salient. Overall, meaning emerged as a central dimension across all groups, suggesting its role as a universal human motivation. Findings underscore the non-overlapping yet interrelated nature of spiritual and religious identities and their different implications in individual experiences and motives in life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engaged Spiritualities: Theories, Practices, and Future Directions)

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