MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

16 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptomic Mechanisms Underlying Vitamin C-Mediated Cold Stress Tolerance in Grafted Cucumber

by Panpan Yu, Junkai Wang, Xuyang Zhang, Zhenglong Weng, Kaisen Huo, Qiuxia Yi, Chenxi Wu, Sunjeet Kumar, Hao Gao, Lin Fu, Yanli Chen and Guopeng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152398 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are highly sensitive to cold, but grafting onto cold-tolerant rootstocks can enhance their low-temperature resilience. This study investigates the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which exogenous vitamin C (Vc) mitigates cold stress in grafted cucumber seedlings. Using cucumber [...] Read more.

Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are highly sensitive to cold, but grafting onto cold-tolerant rootstocks can enhance their low-temperature resilience. This study investigates the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which exogenous vitamin C (Vc) mitigates cold stress in grafted cucumber seedlings. Using cucumber ‘Chiyu 505’ as the scion and pumpkin ‘Chuangfan No.1’ as the rootstock, seedlings were grafted using the whip grafting method. In the third true leaf expansion stage, seedlings were foliar sprayed with Vc at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L⁻¹. Three days after initial spraying, seedlings were subjected to cold stress (8 °C) for 3 days, with continued spraying. After that, morphological and physiological parameters were assessed. Results showed that 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc treatment was most impactive, significantly reducing the cold damage index while increasing the root-to-shoot ratio, root vitality, chlorophyll content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT). Moreover, this treatment enhanced levels of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline compared to control. However, 200 mg L⁻¹ treatment elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating potential oxidative stress. For transcriptomic analysis, leaves from the 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc and CK treatments were sampled at 0, 1, 2, and 3 days of cold stress. Differential gene expression revealed that genes associated with photosynthesis (LHCA1), stress signal transduction (MYC2-1, MYC2-2, WRKY22, WRKY2), and antioxidant defense (SOD-1, SOD-2) were initially up-regulated and subsequently down-regulated, as validated by qRT-PCR. Overall, we found that the application of 150 mg L⁻¹ Vc enhanced cold tolerance in grafted cucumber seedlings by modulating gene expression networks related to photosynthesis, stress response, and the antioxidant defense system. This study provides a way for developing Vc biostimulants to enhance cold tolerance in grafted cucumbers, improving sustainable cultivation in low-temperature regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

23 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Bioactive Compounds Found in Extra Virgin Olive Oil on NRF2 Modulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Marilena M. Bourdakou, Eleni M. Loizidou and George M. Spyrou

Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080952 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress (OS), and neuroinflammation. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief, but do not halt the disease’s progression. OS plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress (OS), and neuroinflammation. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief, but do not halt the disease’s progression. OS plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis by promoting Aβ accumulation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key regulator of the antioxidant response, influencing genes involved in OS mitigation, mitochondrial function, and inflammation. Dysregulation of NRF2 is implicated in AD, making it a promising therapeutic target. Emerging evidence suggests that adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), which is particularly rich in polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), is associated with improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment. Polyphenols can activate NRF2, enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses. This study employs a computational approach to explore the potential of bioactive compounds in EVOO to modulate NRF2-related pathways in AD. We analyzed transcriptomic data from AD and EVOO-treated samples to identify NRF2-associated genes, and used chemical structure-based analysis to compare EVOO’s bioactive compounds with known NRF2 activators. Enrichment analysis was performed to identify common biological functions between NRF2-, EVOO-, and AD-related pathways. Our findings highlight important factors and biological functions that provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms through which EVOO consumption might influence cellular pathways associated with AD via modulation of the NRF2 pathway. The presented approach provides a different perspective in the discovery of compounds that may contribute to neuroprotective mechanisms in the context of AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Related Signaling Pathways in Neuroprotection—2nd Edition)

26 pages, 1613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Olive Oil-Based Lipid Coating as a Precursor Organogel for Postharvest Preservation of Lychee: Efficacy Combined with Polyamide/Polyethylene Packaging Under Passive Atmosphere

by Alessandra Culmone, Roberta Passafiume, Pasquale Roppolo, Ilenia Tinebra, Vincenzo Naselli, Alfonso Collura, Antonino Pirrone, Luigi Botta, Alessandra Carrubba, Nicola Francesca, Raimondo Gaglio and Vittorio Farina

Gels 2025, 11(8), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080608 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Lychee (Lychee chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit highly appreciated for its vivid red color, sweet flavor, and nutritional properties. However, it is highly perishable, with postharvest losses often due to oxidative browning and dehydration. This study evaluated the organic olive oil [...] Read more.

Lychee (Lychee chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit highly appreciated for its vivid red color, sweet flavor, and nutritional properties. However, it is highly perishable, with postharvest losses often due to oxidative browning and dehydration. This study evaluated the organic olive oil coating (OC), a natural lipidic system with the potential to act as a precursor for organogel development, combined with polyamide/polyethylene (PA/PE) packaging under passive modified atmosphere. Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and divided into two groups: OC-treated and untreated control (CTR). Both groups were stored at 5 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity and analyzed on days 0, 3, 6, and 9. The OC-treated fruits showed significantly better retention of physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory qualities. The coating reduced oxidative stress and enzymatic browning, preserving color and firmness. The PA/PE packaging regulated gas exchange, lowering oxygen levels and delaying respiration and ripening. As a result, OC fruits had lower weight loss, a slower increase in browning index and maturity index, and better visual and sensory scores than the CTR group. This dual strategy proved effective in extending shelf life while maintaining the fruit’s appearance, flavor, and nutritional value. It represents a sustainable and natural approach to enhancing the postharvest stability of lychee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Coatings and Film: Gel-Based Innovations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan–Glycerol Injectable Hydrogel for Intratumoral Delivery of Macromolecules

by Robert L. Kobrin, Siena M. Mantooth, Abigail L. Mulry, Desmond J. Zaharoff and David A. Zaharoff

Gels 2025, 11(8), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080607 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Intratumoral injections of macromolecules, such as biologics and immunotherapeutics, show promise in overcoming dose-limiting side effects associated with systemic injections and improve treatment efficacy. However, the retention of injectates in the tumor microenvironment is a major underappreciated challenge. High interstitial pressures and dense [...] Read more.

Intratumoral injections of macromolecules, such as biologics and immunotherapeutics, show promise in overcoming dose-limiting side effects associated with systemic injections and improve treatment efficacy. However, the retention of injectates in the tumor microenvironment is a major underappreciated challenge. High interstitial pressures and dense tumor architectures create shear forces that rapidly expel low-viscosity solutions post-injection. Injectable hydrogels may address these concerns by providing a viscoelastic delivery vehicle that shields loaded therapies from rapid expulsion from the tumor. A chitosan–glycerol hydrogel was thus developed and characterized with the goal of improving the injection retention of loaded therapeutics. The gelation parameters and mechanical properties of the hydrogel were explored to reveal a shear-thinning gel that is injectable through a 27-gauge needle. Biocompatibility studies demonstrated that the chitosan–glycerol hydrogel was nontoxic. Retention studies revealed significant improvements in the retention of model therapeutics when formulated with the chitosan–glycerol hydrogel compared to less-viscous solutions. Finally, release studies showed that there was a sustained release of model therapeutics of various molecular sizes from the hydrogel. Overall, the chitosan–glycerol hydrogel demonstrated injectability, enhanced retention, biocompatibility, and sustained release of macromolecules, indicating its potential for future clinical use in intratumoral macromolecule delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels: 10th Anniversary)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 4538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Optimization of Numerical Simulation for Spherical Grid-Structured Microporous Aeration Reactor

by Yipeng Liu, Hui Nie, Yangjiaming He, Yinkang Xu, Jiale Sun, Nan Chen, Saihua Huang, Hao Chen and Dongfeng Li

Water 2025, 17(15), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152302 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

As the core equipment for efficient wastewater treatment, the internal structure of microporous aeration bioreactors directly determines the mass transfer efficiency and treatment performance. Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology, this study explores the optimization mechanism of a Spherical Grid-Structured on the [...] Read more.

As the core equipment for efficient wastewater treatment, the internal structure of microporous aeration bioreactors directly determines the mass transfer efficiency and treatment performance. Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology, this study explores the optimization mechanism of a Spherical Grid-Structured on the internal flow field of the reactor through a 3D numerical simulation system, aiming to improve the aeration efficiency and resource utilization. This study used a combination of experimental and numerical simulations to compare and analyze different configurations of the Spherical Grid-Structure. The simulation results show that the optimal equilibrium of the flow field inside the reactor is achieved when the diameter of the grid sphere is 2980 mm: the average flow velocity is increased by 22%, the uniformity of the pressure distribution is improved by 25%, and the peak turbulent kinetic energy is increased by 30%. Based on the Kalman vortex street theory, the periodic vortex induced by the grid structure refines the bubble size to 50–80 microns, improves the oxygen transfer efficiency by 20%, increases the spatial distribution uniformity of bubbles by 35%, and significantly reduces the dead zone volume from 28% to 16.8%, which is a decrease of 40%. This study reveals the quantitative relationship between the structural parameters of the grid and the flow field characteristics through a pure numerical simulation, which provides a theoretical basis and quantifiable optimization scheme for the structural design of the microporous aeration bioreactor, which is of great significance in promoting the development of low-energy and high-efficiency wastewater treatment technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amygdalin-Doped Biopolymer Composites as Potential Wound Dressing Films: In Vitro Study on E. coli and S. aureus

by Dorinel Okolišan, Gabriela Vlase, Mihaela Maria Budiul, Mariana Adina Matica and Titus Vlase

Gels 2025, 11(8), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080609 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Biopolymer films doped with active substances may become a promising alternative to traditional dressings for skin wounds, as they can deliver drugs while maintaining wound moisture, thus contributing to the healing process. This article describes the preparation of amygdalin-doped biopolymer films for in [...] Read more.

Biopolymer films doped with active substances may become a promising alternative to traditional dressings for skin wounds, as they can deliver drugs while maintaining wound moisture, thus contributing to the healing process. This article describes the preparation of amygdalin-doped biopolymer films for in vitro testing against the bacterial strains typical of chronic wounds: E. coli and S. aureus. Thus, FTIR characterization suggests minimal chemical interaction between amygdalin and the biopolymer matrix components, indicating potential compatibility, while thermogravimetric analysis highlights the thermal behavior of the films as well as the influence of the polymer matrix composition on the amount of bound water and the shift of T_peak value for the decomposition process of the base polymer. Moreover, the identity of the secondary biopolymer (gelatin or CMC) significantly influences film morphology and antibacterial performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Functional Gels for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Extracts as Modulators of the Wound Healing Process—Preliminary Study

by Anna Herman, Aleksandra Leska, Patrycja Wińska and Andrzej Przemysław Herman

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157490 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The treatment of chronic wounds is one of the most complex therapeutic problems of modern medicine. It leads to patients’ protracted recovery, generating high treatment costs. Herbal products may be useful in the treatment of chronic wounds via a wide range of pharmacological [...] Read more.

The treatment of chronic wounds is one of the most complex therapeutic problems of modern medicine. It leads to patients’ protracted recovery, generating high treatment costs. Herbal products may be useful in the treatment of chronic wounds via a wide range of pharmacological properties and multidirectional effects on the wound healing phases. The study aims to determine the ability of selected plant extracts to modulate the processes involved in wound healing. The antimicrobial (MIC, MBC, MFC) and antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH) activities, cytotoxicity (MTT test), scratch wound test, and collagen assay were tested. R. canina (MBC 0.39 mg/mL) and V. venifera (MBC 3.13 mg/mL) extracts had bactericidal activities against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively. The V. vinifera extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in both ABTS (EC50 0.078 mg/mL) and DPPH (EC50 0.005 mg/mL) methods. The percentage of wound closure observed for C. cardunculus, R. rosea, and R. canina extracts with HaCaT, and V. vinifera extract with Hs27 cells was set as 100%. V. vinifera extract (50 μg/mL) stimulated collagen synthesis 5.16 times more strongly than ascorbic acid. Our preliminary study showed that some plant extracts may be promising modulators of the wound healing process, although further in-depth studies are necessary to determine their effectiveness in the in vivo model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Natural Compound for Wound and Tissue Repair and Regeneration: 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One Health Approach to Trypanosoma cruzi: Serological and Molecular Detection in Owners and Dogs Living on Oceanic Islands and Seashore Mainland of Southern Brazil

by Júlia Iracema Moura Pacheco, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Melissa Farias, Gustavo Gonçalves, Aaronson Ramathan Freitas, Leandro Meneguelli Biondo, Cristielin Alves de Paula, Ruana Renostro Delai, Cláudia Turra Pimpão, João Henrique Perotta, Rogério Giuffrida, Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Helio Langoni, Fabiano Borges Figueiredo, Alexander Welker Biondo and Ivan Roque de Barros Filho

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(8), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10080220 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Via a One Health approach, this study concomitantly assessed the susceptibility of humans and dogs to Trypanosoma cruzi infections on three islands and in two mainland seashore areas of southern Brazil. Human serum samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to [...] Read more.

Via a One Health approach, this study concomitantly assessed the susceptibility of humans and dogs to Trypanosoma cruzi infections on three islands and in two mainland seashore areas of southern Brazil. Human serum samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-T. cruzi antibodies, while dog serum samples were tested using indirect fluorescent antibodies in an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Seropositive human and dog individuals were also tested using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in corresponding blood samples. Overall, 2/304 (0.6%) human and 1/292 dog samples tested seropositive for T. cruzi by ELISA and IFA, respectively, and these cases were also molecularly positive for T. cruzi by qPCR. Although a relatively low positivity rate was observed herein, these cases were likely autochthonous, and the individuals may have been infected as a consequence of isolated events of disturbance in the natural peridomicile areas nearby. Such a disturbance could come in the form of a fire or deforestation event, which can cause stress and parasitemia in wild reservoirs and, consequently, lead to positive triatomines. In conclusion, T. cruzi monitoring should always be conducted in suspicious areas to ensure a Chagas disease-free status over time. Further studies should also consider entomological and wildlife surveillance to fully capture the transmission and spread of T. cruzi on islands and in seashore mainland areas of Brazil and other endemic countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section One Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Energy Storage Properties of Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃ Ceramics Through Doping Bi(Li_1/3Zr_2/3)O₃

by Zhiwei Li, Dandan Zhu, Xuqiang Ding, Lingling Cui and Junlong Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080906 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃−xBi(Li_1/3Zr_2/3)O₃ (x = 0.03–0.15) ceramics were fabricated via the traditional solid reaction method. Characterization results revealed that each component exhibited a pure perovskite structure, and the average grain size significantly diminishes [...] Read more.

The (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃−xBi(Li_1/3Zr_2/3)O₃ (x = 0.03–0.15) ceramics were fabricated via the traditional solid reaction method. Characterization results revealed that each component exhibited a pure perovskite structure, and the average grain size significantly diminishes with increasing x. The (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃−xBi(Li_1/3Zr_2/3)O₃ ceramics exhibited prominent relaxor ferroelectric behavior, whose characteristic narrow hysteresis loops effectively enhanced the energy storage performance of the material. Most importantly, the composition with x = 0.10 demonstrated exceptional energy storage properties at 150 kV/cm, achieving a high recoverable energy storage density (W_rec = 1.91 J/cm³) and excellent energy efficiency (η = 90.87%). Under the equivalent electric field, this composition also displayed a superior pulsed discharge performance, including a high current density (871 A/cm²), a high power density (67.3 MW/cm³), an ultrafast discharge time (t_0.9 = 109 ns), and a discharged energy density of 1.47 J/cm³. These results demonstrate that the (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃−xBi(Li_1/3Zr_2/3)O₃ ceramic system establishes a promising design paradigm for the creation and refinement of next-generation dielectrics for pulse power applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ceramic Coatings and Engineering Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission Efficiency of Apple Production in China from 2003 to 2022

by Dejun Tan, Juanjuan Cheng, Jin Yu, Qian Wang and Xiaonan Chen

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151680 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Understanding the carbon emission efficiency of apple production (APCEE) is critical for promoting green and low-carbon agricultural development. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of APCEE in China remain inadequately explored. This study employs life cycle assessment, super-efficiency slacks-based measures, [...] Read more.

Understanding the carbon emission efficiency of apple production (APCEE) is critical for promoting green and low-carbon agricultural development. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of APCEE in China remain inadequately explored. This study employs life cycle assessment, super-efficiency slacks-based measures, and a panel Tobit model to evaluate the carbon footprint, APCEE, and its determinants in China’s two major production regions from 2003 to 2022. The results reveal that: (1) Producing one ton of apples in China results in 0.842 t CO₂e emissions. Land carbon intensity and total carbon emissions peaked in 2010 (28.69 t CO₂e/ha) and 2014 (6.52 × 10⁷ t CO₂e), respectively, exhibiting inverted U-shaped trends. Carbon emissions from various production areas show significant differences, with higher pressure on carbon emission reduction in the Loess Plateau region, especially in Gansu Province. (2) The APCEE in China exhibits a W-shaped trend (mean: 0.645), with overall low efficiency loss. The Bohai Bay region outperforms the Loess Plateau and national averages. (3) The structure of the apple industry, degree of agricultural mechanization, and green innovation positively influence APCEE, while the structure of apple cultivation, education level, and agricultural subsidies negatively impact it. Notably, green innovation and agricultural subsidies display lagged effects. Moreover, the drivers of APCEE differ significantly between the two major production regions. These findings provide actionable pathways for the green and low-carbon transformation of China’s apple industry, emphasizing the importance of spatially tailored green policies and technology-driven decarbonization strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Additive Manufacturing of TGV Interconnects and High-Frequency Circuits via Bipolar-Controlled EHD Jetting

by Dongqiao Bai, Jin Huang, Hongxiao Gong, Jianjun Wang, Yunna Pu, Jiaying Zhang, Peng Sun, Zihan Zhu, Pan Li, Huagui Wang, Pengbing Zhao and Chaoyu Liang

Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080907 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing offers mask-free, high-resolution deposition across a broad range of ink viscosities, yet combining void-free filling of high-aspect-ratio through-glass vias (TGVs) with ultrafine drop-on-demand (DOD) line printing on the same platform requires balancing conflicting requirements: for example, high field strengths to [...] Read more.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing offers mask-free, high-resolution deposition across a broad range of ink viscosities, yet combining void-free filling of high-aspect-ratio through-glass vias (TGVs) with ultrafine drop-on-demand (DOD) line printing on the same platform requires balancing conflicting requirements: for example, high field strengths to drive ink into deep and narrow vias; sufficiently high ink viscosity to prevent gravity-induced leakage; and stable meniscus dynamics to avoid satellite droplets and charge accumulation on the glass surface. By coupling electrostatic field analysis with transient level-set simulations, we establish a dimensionless regime map that delineates stable cone-jetting regime; these predictions are validated by high-speed imaging and surface profilometry. Operating within this window, the platform achieves complete, void-free filling of 200 µm × 1.52 mm TGVs and continuous 10 µm-wide traces in a single print pass. Demonstrating its capabilities, we fabricate transparent Ku-band substrate-integrated waveguide antennas on borosilicate glass: the printed vias and arc feed elements exhibit a reflection coefficient minimum of –18 dB at 14.2 GHz, a –10 dB bandwidth of 12.8–16.2 GHz, and an 8 dBi peak gain with 37° beam tilt, closely matching full-wave predictions. This physics-driven, all-in-one EHD approach provides a scalable route to high-performance, glass-integrated RF devices and transparent electronics. Full article

27 pages, 15012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights in the Helicellini Ihering, 1909 with Description of Kherattolactea Gen. Nov. and the First Record of Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018 from Algeria

by Issaad Kawther Ezzine, Houria Bouaziz-Yahiatene, Willy De Mattia and Eike Neubert

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080550 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis [...] Read more.

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis of two mitochondrial and two nuclear markers of representatives of the known genera as well as two Algerian taxa has been conducted. The result confirms the affiliation of the latter in the Candidula-like complex. Comparative anatomical analysis led to the description of a new genus, Kherattolactea gen. nov., endemic to northern Algeria with Xerophila keratae, Kobelt, 1892 as the type species. The anatomical distinction corroborates the result of the molecular analysis that reveals apomorphic nucleotide substitution. Moreover, the result of the combined analysis provides the first confirmed record of the genus Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018, in north Africa, represented by the species Orexana lemoinei Kobelt, 1882 nov. comb. A new Xerogyra species, Xerogyra halgassi nov. sp., from the Apennine Mountain has been described based on the combination of morphoanatomical and molecular traits. For the first time, the morphoanatomical description of the known Xerogyra species has been presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Phylogenetics, and Phylogeography of Animals in the Mediterranean Region)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Taconis-Based Cryogenic Thermoacoustic Engine with Hydrogen and Helium

by Matthew P. Shenton, Jacob W. Leachman and Konstantin I. Matveev

Energies 2025, 18(15), 4114; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154114 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Taconis oscillations represent spontaneous excitation of acoustic modes in tubes with large temperature gradients in cryogenic systems. In this study, Taconis oscillations in hydrogen and helium systems are enhanced with a porous material resulting in a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine. A theoretical model is [...] Read more.

Taconis oscillations represent spontaneous excitation of acoustic modes in tubes with large temperature gradients in cryogenic systems. In this study, Taconis oscillations in hydrogen and helium systems are enhanced with a porous material resulting in a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine. A theoretical model is developed using the thermoacoustic software DeltaEC, version v6.4b2.7, to predict system performance, and an experimental apparatus is constructed for engine characterization. The low-amplitude thermoacoustic model predicts the pressure amplitude, frequency, and temperature gradient required for excitation of the standing-wave system. Experimental measurements, including the onset temperature ratio, acoustic pressure amplitudes, and frequencies, are recorded for different stack materials and geometries. The findings indicate that, independent of stack, hydrogen systems excite at smaller temperature differentials than helium (because of different properties such as lower viscosity for hydrogen), and the stack geometry and material affect the onset temperature ratio. However, pressure amplitude in the excited states varies minimally. Initial measurements are also conducted in a cooling setup with an added regenerator. The configuration with stainless-steel mesh screens produces a small cryogenic refrigeration effect with a decrease in temperature of about 1 K. The reported characterization of a Taconis-based thermoacoustic engine can be useful for the development of novel thermal management systems for cryogenic storage vessels, including refrigeration and pressurization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Host Cell Vector Model for Analyzing Viral Protective Antigens and Host Immunity

by Sun-Min Ahn, Jin-Ha Song, Seung-Eun Son, Ho-Won Kim, Gun Kim, Seung-Min Hong, Kang-Seuk Choi and Hyuk-Joon Kwon

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157492 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to the poultry industry, causing substantial economic losses. Although traditional vaccines have helped reduce the disease burden, they typically rely on multivalent antigens, emphasize humoral immunity, and require intensive production. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to the poultry industry, causing substantial economic losses. Although traditional vaccines have helped reduce the disease burden, they typically rely on multivalent antigens, emphasize humoral immunity, and require intensive production. This study aimed to establish a genetically matched host–cell system to evaluate antigen-specific immune responses and identify conserved CD8+ T cell epitopes in avian influenza viruses. To this end, we developed an MHC class I genotype (B21)-matched host (Lohmann VALO SPF chicken) and cell vector (DF-1 cell line) model. DF-1 cells were engineered to express the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 either transiently or stably, and to stably express the matrix 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of A/chicken/South Korea/SL20/2020 (H9N2, Y280-lineage). Following prime-boost immunization with HA-expressing DF-1 cells, only live cells induced strong hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody titers in haplotype-matched chickens. Importantly, immunization with DF-1 cells transiently expressing NP induced stronger IFN-γ production than those expressing M1, demonstrating the platform’s potential for differentiating antigen-specific cellular responses. CD8+ T cell epitope mapping by mass spectrometry identified one distinct MHC class I-bound peptide from each of the HA-, M1-, and NP-expressing DF-1 cell lines. Notably, the identified HA epitope was conserved in 97.6% of H5-subtype IAVs, and the NP epitope in 98.5% of pan-subtype IAVs. These findings highlight the platform’s utility for antigen dissection and rational vaccine design. While limited by MHC compatibility, this approach enables identification of naturally presented epitopes and provides insight into conserved, functionally constrained viral targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Immune Response to Virus Infection and Vaccines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 1260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by Geometric Mechanotransductive 3D-Printed Poly-(L)-Lactic Acid Matrices

by Harrison P. Ryan, Bruce K. Milthorpe and Jerran Santos

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157494 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Bone-related defects present a key challenge in orthopaedics. The current gold standard, autografts, poses significant limitations, such as donor site morbidity, limited supply, and poor morphological adaptability. This study investigates the potential of scaffold geometry to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem [...] Read more.

Bone-related defects present a key challenge in orthopaedics. The current gold standard, autografts, poses significant limitations, such as donor site morbidity, limited supply, and poor morphological adaptability. This study investigates the potential of scaffold geometry to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) through mechanotransduction, without the use of chemical inducers. Four distinct poly-(L)-lactic acid (PLA) scaffold architectures—Traditional Cross (Tc), Triangle (T), Diamond (D), and Gyroid (G)—were fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. hADSCs were cultured on these scaffolds, and their response was evaluated utilising an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, immunofluorescence, and extensive proteomic analyses. The results showed the D scaffold to have the highest ALP activity, followed by Tc. Proteomics results showed that more than 1200 proteins were identified in each scaffold with unique proteins expressed in each scaffold, respectively Tc—204, T—194, D—244, and G—216. Bioinformatics analysis revealed structures with complex curvature to have an increased expression of proteins involved in mid- to late-stage osteogenesis signalling and differentiation pathways, while the Tc scaffold induced an increased expression of signalling and differentiation pathways pertaining to angiogenesis and early osteogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Tissue Repair and Tissue Regeneration)

17 pages, 4983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Year Post-Fire Abundance of Arthropod Groups Across Different Types of Forest in Temperate Central Europe

by Václav Zumr, Oto Nakládal and Jiří Remeš

Fire 2025, 8(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8080305 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Forest fires are commonly regarded as negative for ecosystems; however, they also represent a major ecological force shaping the biodiversity of invertebrates and many other organisms. The aim of this study was to better understand how multiple groups of invertebrates respond to wildfire [...] Read more.

Forest fires are commonly regarded as negative for ecosystems; however, they also represent a major ecological force shaping the biodiversity of invertebrates and many other organisms. The aim of this study was to better understand how multiple groups of invertebrates respond to wildfire across different forest types in Central Europe. The research was conducted following a large forest fire (ca. 1200 ha) that occurred in 2022. Data were collected over two years (2023 and 2024), from April to September. The research was conducted in coniferous forests and included six pairwise study types: burnt and unburnt dead spruce (bark beetle affected), burnt and unburnt clear-cuts, and burnt and unburnt healthy stands. In total, 96 traps were deployed each year. Across both years, 220,348 invertebrates were recorded (1.Y: 128,323; 2.Y: 92,025), representing 24 taxonomic groups. A general negative trend in abundance following forest fire was observed in the groups Acari, Auchenorhyncha, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Formicidae, Chilopoda, Isopoda, Opiliones, and Pseudoscorionida. Groups showing a neutral response included Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diplopoda, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera, Thysanoptera, and Trichoptera. Positive responses, indicated by an increase in abundance, were recorded in Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. However, considerable differences among management types (clear-cut, dead spruce, and healthy) were evident, as their distinct characteristics largely influenced invertebrate abundance in both unburnt and burnt variants of the types across all groups studied. Forest fire primarily creates favorable conditions for heliophilous, open-landscape, and floricolous invertebrate groups, while less mobile epigeic groups are strongly negatively affected. In the second year post-fire, the total invertebrate abundance in burnt sites decreased to 59% of the first year’s levels. Conclusion: Forest fire generates a highly heterogeneous landscape from a regional perspective, creating unique ecological niches that persist more than two years after fire. For many invertebrates, successional return toward pre-fire conditions is delayed or incomplete. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42 pages, 5770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Echoes from Below: A Systematic Review of Cement Bond Log Innovations Through Global Patent Analysis

by Lim Shing Wang, Muhammad Haarith Firdaous and Pg Emeroylariffion Abas

Inventions 2025, 10(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10040067 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Maintaining well integrity is essential in the oil and gas industry to prevent environmental hazards, operational risks, and economic losses. Cement bond log (CBL) tools are essential in evaluating cement bonding and ensuring wellbore stability. This study presents a patent landscape review of [...] Read more.

Maintaining well integrity is essential in the oil and gas industry to prevent environmental hazards, operational risks, and economic losses. Cement bond log (CBL) tools are essential in evaluating cement bonding and ensuring wellbore stability. This study presents a patent landscape review of CBL technologies, based on 3473 patent documents from the Lens.org database. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant entries, 167 granted patents were selected for in-depth analysis. These were categorized by technology type (wave, electrical, radiation, neutron, and other tools) and by material focus (formation, casing, cement, and borehole fluid). The findings reveal a dominant focus on formation evaluation (59.9%) and a growing reliance on wave-based (22.2%) and other advanced tools (25.1%), indicating a shift toward high-precision diagnostics. Geographically, 75% of granted patents were filed through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and 97.6% were held by companies, underscoring the dominance of corporate innovation and the minimal presence of academia and individuals. The review also identifies notable patents that reflect significant technical innovations and discusses their role in advancing diagnostic capabilities. These insights emphasize the need for broader collaboration and targeted research to advance well integrity technologies in line with industry goals for operational performance and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Energy and Thermal/Fluidic Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Secondary Prostate Lymphoma Mimicking Prostate Cancer Successfully Managed by Transurethral Resection to Relieve Urinary Retention

by Lorand-Tibor Reman, Ovidiu Malau, Daniel Porav-Hodade, Calin Chibelean, Arpad-Oliver Vida, Ciprian Todea, Veronica Ghirca, Alexandru Laslo, Raul-Dumitru Gherasim, Rares Vascul, Orsolya-Brigitta Katona, Raluca-Diana Hagău and Orsolya Martha

Pathophysiology 2025, 32(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32030038 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Secondary lymphoma of the prostate is described as the involvement of the prostate gland by lymphomatous spread from a primary site. This condition is exceedingly rare and often presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The symptoms often mimic those of benign prostatic hyperplasia or [...] Read more.

Secondary lymphoma of the prostate is described as the involvement of the prostate gland by lymphomatous spread from a primary site. This condition is exceedingly rare and often presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The symptoms often mimic those of benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer, including LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) and even complete urinary retention. Here, we present a rare case of a 62-year-old male patient undergoing chemotherapy for stage IV mantle cell stomach lymphoma and subsequently secondary prostatic involvement. The patient presented with complete urinary retention, accompanied by biochemical (PSA = 11.7 ng/mL) and imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging-PIRADS V lesion) suspicion for prostate cancer. Histopathologic analysis of the MRI-targeted prostate fusion biopsy revealed secondary prostatic lymphoma. The chosen treatment was transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) for relief of symptoms, which significantly improved urinary function (postoperative IPSS = 5 and Qmax = 17 mL/s). This case underscores the importance of considering prostatic lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction, especially in patients with a known lymphoma history. This report also provides a focused review of the literature on secondary prostatic lymphoma, highlighting the diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Pathophysiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 9090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Climate Change on the Global Distribution of Trachypteris picta (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

by Huafeng Liu, Shuangyi Wang, Yunchun Li, Shuangmei Ding, Aimin Shi, Ding Yang and Zhonghua Wei

Insects 2025, 16(8), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080802 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Trachypteris picta (Pallas, 1773) is a significant pest that can cause serious damage to poplars and willows. To assess the impact of climate change on the suitable habitats of T. picta, this study conducted a comparative analysis of its global suitable habitats [...] Read more.

Trachypteris picta (Pallas, 1773) is a significant pest that can cause serious damage to poplars and willows. To assess the impact of climate change on the suitable habitats of T. picta, this study conducted a comparative analysis of its global suitable habitats using climatic factors, global land use type, and global vegetation from different periods, in combination with the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results indicate that the annual mean temperature (Bio01), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), and isothermality (Bio03) are the four most important climate variables determining the distribution of T. picta. Under the current climate conditions, the highly suitable areas are primarily located in southern Europe, covering an area of 2.22 × 10⁶ km². Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat for T. picta is expected to expand and shift towards higher latitudes. In the 2050s, the SSP5-8.5 scenario has the largest suitable area compared to other scenarios, while the SSP2-4.5 scenario has the largest suitable area in the 2090s. In addition, the centroids of the total suitable areas are expected to shift toward higher latitudes under future climate conditions. The results of this study provide valuable data for the monitoring, control, and management of this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Wearable Sensors for the Identification and Prediction of Defensive Pessimism Personality Traits

by You Zhou, Dongfen Li, Bowen Deng and Weiqian Liang

Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080906 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Defensive pessimism, an important emotion regulation and motivation strategy, has increasingly attracted scholarly attention in psychology. Recently, sensor-based methods have begun to supplement or replace traditional questionnaire surveys in personality research. However, current approaches for collecting vital signs data face several challenges, including [...] Read more.

Defensive pessimism, an important emotion regulation and motivation strategy, has increasingly attracted scholarly attention in psychology. Recently, sensor-based methods have begun to supplement or replace traditional questionnaire surveys in personality research. However, current approaches for collecting vital signs data face several challenges, including limited monitoring durations, significant data deviations, and susceptibility to external interference. This paper proposes a novel approach using a NiCr/NiSi alloy film temperature sensor, which has a K-type structure and flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor to identify and predict defensive pessimism personality traits. Experimental results indicate that the Seebeck coefficients for K-, T-, and E-type thermocouples are approximately 41 μV/°C, 39 μV/°C, and 57 μV/°C, respectively, which align closely with national standards and exhibit good consistency across multiple experimental groups. Moreover, radial artery frequency experiments demonstrate a strong linear relationship between pulse rate and the intensity of external stimuli, where stronger stimuli correspond to faster pulse rates. Simulation experiments further reveal a high correlation between radial artery pulse frequency and skin temperature, and a regression model based on the physiological sensor data shows a good fit (p < 0.05). These findings verify the feasibility of using temperature and flexible piezoelectric pressure sensors to identify and predict defensive pessimism personality characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Analyses and Designs for Flexible/Stretchable Electronics, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphofunctional Profile Focusing on Strength and Ultrasound of the Upper Limbs in Female Breast Cancer Survivors: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Between Groups with and Without Lymphoedema and Between Ipsilateral and Contralateral Limbs

by Ana Rafaela Cardozo Da Silva, Juliana Netto Maia, Vanessa Maria Da Silva Alves Gomes, Naiany Tenório, Juliana Fernandes de Souza Barbosa, Ana Claudia Souza da Silva, Vanessa Patrícia Soares de Sousa, Leila Maria Alvares Barbosa, Armèle de Fátima Dornelas de Andrade and Diego Dantas

Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081884 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women. Despite effective treatments, sequelae such as decreased muscle strength, upper limb dysfunction, and tissue changes are common, highlighting the need for functional assessments during rehabilitation. This study analysed the morphofunctional profile of [...] Read more.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women. Despite effective treatments, sequelae such as decreased muscle strength, upper limb dysfunction, and tissue changes are common, highlighting the need for functional assessments during rehabilitation. This study analysed the morphofunctional profile of the upper limbs in breast cancer survivors, comparing muscle strength and ultrasound findings between groups with and without lymphoedema, as well as between ipsilateral and contralateral limbs. Methods: This cross-sectional study included female breast cancer survivors treated at an oncology physical therapy clinic. Muscle strength was measured using dynamometry (handgrip and arm flexor strength), and ultrasound assessed the thickness of the dermal–epidermal complex (DEC), subcutaneous tissue (SUB), and muscle (MT). Results: The upper limbs of 41 women were evaluated. No significant differences were observed between those with and without breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL). When comparing the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs, significant reductions were observed in arm flexor strength (p < 0.001; 95% CI: −9.77 to −2.50), handgrip strength (p < 0.001; 95% CI: −4.10 to −1.22), and tissue thickness, with increased DEC thickness on the forearm (0.20 mm; p = 0.022) and arm flexors (0.25 mm; p < 0.001) of the ipsilateral limb. Conclusion: Significant differences in muscle strength and tissue structure between ipsilateral and contralateral limbs may reflect surgical and local pathophysiological effects. A trend toward reduced values for these parameters was also noted in limbs with BCRL, reinforcing the importance of future research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and guide more effective therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Important Step for the United States: Efforts to Establish the First Official Trade and Diplomatic Relations with the Ottoman Empire During the Process of Developing Its Economy

by Ebru Güher

Histories 2025, 5(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5030037 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study examines how the newly established United States pursued economic development through diplomatic and commercial initiatives with the Ottoman Empire, navigating regional powers and the era’s political-economic conditions. It analyzes using American archival sources how America endeavored to establish commercial and diplomatic [...] Read more.

This study examines how the newly established United States pursued economic development through diplomatic and commercial initiatives with the Ottoman Empire, navigating regional powers and the era’s political-economic conditions. It analyzes using American archival sources how America endeavored to establish commercial and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, which it viewed as critical markets in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, before signing any formal agreement. The research tracks how these early efforts laid foundations for what would become one of the world’s largest economies. The study analyzes America’s diplomatic efforts to secure an agreement with the Ottoman Empire prior to the 7 May 1830 trade agreement—which laid the foundation for bilateral relations—alongside the reactions of regional powers, the prevailing conditions of the period, and the Ottoman administration’s reluctance due to various factors, based on U.S. archival sources that, to the best of our knowledge, have not previously been utilized in existing studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Political, Institutional, and Economy History)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Secretion of Gastrointestinal Hormones

by Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka, Lucyna Ostrowska and Marcelina Radziszewska

Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152544 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The enteroendocrine system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest endocrine organ in the human body, playing a central role in the regulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, and energy homeostasis. Numerous factors—including dietary components, physical activity, and the gut microbiota—affect the secretion [...] Read more.

The enteroendocrine system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest endocrine organ in the human body, playing a central role in the regulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, and energy homeostasis. Numerous factors—including dietary components, physical activity, and the gut microbiota—affect the secretion of GI hormones. This study aims to analyze how these factors modulate enteroendocrine function and influence systemic metabolic regulation. This review synthesizes the current scientific literature on the physiology and distribution of enteroendocrine cells and mechanisms of hormone secretion in response to macronutrients, physical activity, and microbial metabolites. Special attention is given to the interactions between gut-derived signals and central nervous system pathways involved in appetite control. Different GI hormones are secreted in specific regions of the digestive tract in response to meal composition and timing. Macronutrients, particularly during absorption, stimulate hormone release, while physical activity influences hormone concentrations, decreasing ghrelin and increasing GLP-1, PYY, and leptin levels. The gut microbiota, through fermentation and metabolite production (e.g., SCFAs and bile acids), modulates enteroendocrine activity. Species such as Akkermansia muciniphila are associated with improved gut barrier integrity and enhanced GLP-1 secretion. These combined effects contribute to appetite regulation and energy balance. Diet composition, physical activity, and gut microbiota are key modulators of gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Their interplay significantly affects appetite regulation and metabolic health. A better understanding of these relationships may support the development of personalized strategies for managing obesity and related disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 15264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Auxiliary Air-Suction Seed-Filling Structure on Seed Discharge Performance of Peanut High-Speed Seed-Metering Machine

by Peng Guo, Bin Sun, Shuqi Shang, Jialin Hou, Dongwei Wang, Zhuang Zhao, Ahmed Elshafie, Xiaoshuai Zheng and Farid Eltoum

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151678 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Aiming to resolve the problem of the poor peanut seed-filling effect under high-speed operation when developing high-speed peanut sowing with precision, a peanut precision seed-metering machine with an auxiliary air-suction seed-filling device was designed. Focusing on the force analysis of peanuts in the [...] Read more.

Aiming to resolve the problem of the poor peanut seed-filling effect under high-speed operation when developing high-speed peanut sowing with precision, a peanut precision seed-metering machine with an auxiliary air-suction seed-filling device was designed. Focusing on the force analysis of peanuts in the seed chamber, the peanut seed disturbance principle in the seed-metering machine for the blowing structure of an auxiliary air-suction seed-filling device was clarified. The seed-filling process was analyzed via DEM-CFD coupled simulation, and three factors affecting the seed-filling effect were identified, namely the seed-filling chamber ‘V’ angle γ, the bottom blow-air-hole cross-sectional area S, and the bottom blow-air-hole airflow velocity v_q, and the ranges of values of the three factors were determined. The Box–Behnken test was conducted using the seed-filling index and leakage index as the indexes. The results show that the seed-filling chamber ‘V’ angle γ is 56.59°, the bottom blowhole cross-sectional area S is 1088.4 mm², and the blowhole air velocity v_q is 12.11 m·s⁻¹. At this point, the peanut seed suction qualification index and leakage index are optimal, the seed suction qualification index is 96.33%, and the seed leakage index is 2.59%. At the same time, the field test shows that a sowing operation speed of 8–12 km·h⁻¹, a qualified index > 93%, and a leakage index < 4.5% are required to meet the agronomic requirements of peanut precision sowing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Pharmacoeconomic Profiles of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in Rare Diseases: A Systematic Review

by Marianna Serino, Milana Krstin, Sara Mucherino, Enrica Menditto and Valentina Orlando

Healthcare 2025, 13(15), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151894 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background and aim: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) are innovative drugs based on genes, tissues, or cells that target rare and severe diseases. ATMPs have shown promising clinical outcomes but are associated with high costs, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. Hence, this systematic [...] Read more.

Background and aim: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) are innovative drugs based on genes, tissues, or cells that target rare and severe diseases. ATMPs have shown promising clinical outcomes but are associated with high costs, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. Hence, this systematic review aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility profiles of the European Medicines Agency-authorized ATMPs for treating rare diseases. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest scientific databases. Economic evaluations reporting incremental cost-effectiveness/utility ratios (ICERs/ICURs) for ATMPs were included. Costs were standardized to 2023 Euros, and a cost-effectiveness plane was constructed to evaluate the results against willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of EUR 50,000, EUR 100,000, and EUR 150,000 per QALY, as part of a sensitivity analysis. Results: A total of 61 studies met the inclusion criteria. ATMPs for rare blood diseases, such as tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel, were found to be cost-effective in a majority of studies, with incremental QALYs ranging from 1.5 to 10 per patient over lifetime horizon. Tisagenlecleucel demonstrated a positive cost-effectiveness profile in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (58%), while axicabtagene ciloleucel showed a positive profile in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (85%). Onasemnogene abeparvovec for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) showed uncertain cost-effectiveness results, and voretigene neparvovec for retinal diseases was not cost-effective in 40% of studies, with incremental QALYs around 1.3 and high costs exceeding the WTP threshold set. Conclusions: ATMPs in treating rare diseases show promising economic potential, but cost-effectiveness varies across indications. Policymakers must balance innovation with system sustainability, using refined models and the long-term impact on patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare Economics, Management, and Innovation for Health Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide Thin Films for Photonic Integrated Circuit Applications

by Souryaya Dutta, Alex Kaloyeros, Animesh Nanaware and Spyros Gallis

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8603; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158603 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Highly integrable silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits (PICs), offering a comprehensive set of material and optical properties that are ideal for the integration of nonlinear devices and solid-state quantum defects. However, despite significant progress in [...] Read more.

Highly integrable silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits (PICs), offering a comprehensive set of material and optical properties that are ideal for the integration of nonlinear devices and solid-state quantum defects. However, despite significant progress in nanofabrication technology, the development of SiC on an insulator (SiCOI)-based photonics faces challenges due to fabrication-induced material optical losses and complex processing steps. An alternative approach to mitigate these fabrication challenges is the direct deposition of amorphous SiC on an insulator (a-SiCOI). However, there is a lack of systematic studies aimed at producing high optical quality a-SiC thin films, and correspondingly, on evaluating and determining their optical properties in the telecom range. To this end, we have studied a single-source precursor, 1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane (TSCH, C₃H₁₂Si₃), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes for the deposition of SiC thin films in a low-temperature range (650–800 °C) on a multitude of different substrates. We have successfully demonstrated the fabrication of smooth, uniform, and stoichiometric a-SiCOI thin films of 20 nm to 600 nm with a highly controlled growth rate of ~0.5 Å/s and minimal surface roughness of ~5 Å. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and resonant micro-photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy and mapping reveal a high index of refraction (~2.7) and a minimal absorption coefficient (<200 cm⁻¹) in the telecom C-band, demonstrating the high optical quality of the films. These findings establish a strong foundation for scalable production of high-quality a-SiCOI thin films, enabling their application in advanced chip-scale telecom PIC technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI