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25 pages, 2750 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glycosylation Variability of Serum α1-Acid Glycoprotein in the Context of Developing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Severe COVID-19

by Ewa Maria Kratz, Patrycja Kossakowska, Izabela Kokot and Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210946 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

In COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), multi-organ complications depend on the immune system’s activity. α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a highly glycosylated positive acute-phase protein having multifaceted immunomodulatory and protective effects. We were interested in changes in serum AGP concentrations, expression of its glycans, and [...] Read more.

In COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), multi-organ complications depend on the immune system’s activity. α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a highly glycosylated positive acute-phase protein having multifaceted immunomodulatory and protective effects. We were interested in changes in serum AGP concentrations, expression of its glycans, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) between severe COVID-19 patients, convalescents, and healthy controls, and whether any of the analyzed parameters could serve as an additional diagnostic biomarker of severe COVID-19 and/or help monitor recovery. We were also interested in associations between the examined parameters. AGP concentrations were measured using an immunoturbidimetric method. The profile and degree of AGP glycosylation were analyzed using lectin-ELISA with lectins: sialo-specific from Sambucus nigra (SNA) and Maackia amurensis (MAA), fucose-specific from Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA) and Aleuria aurantia (AAL). The static and capacitive ORP (sORP and cORP, respectively) were measured using MiOXSYS C+^® device (Caerus Biotechnologies, Vilnius, Lithuania). Statistica13.3PL software was used for statistical analysis. AGP concentrations increased in COVID-19 patients, showing high clinical usefulness in distinguishing them from convalescents and controls. AGP α2,6-sialylation (reactivity with SNA) was reduced in COVID-19 vs. other study groups, while α2,3-sialylation (reactivity with MAA) was reduced in convalescents vs. controls. The expression of LTA-reactive fucose (Lewis^x structures, Le^x) was reduced in COVID-19 patients compared to controls and convalescents, but AGP reactivity with AAL did not differ between the study groups. The sORP was reduced, and the cORP was increased in COVID-19. The observed negative correlations between sORP and AGP levels may suggest the antioxidant effect of AGP during severe COVID-19. Higher levels of serum AGP in severe COVID-19, together with low expression of sialic acid α2,6-linked and Le^x structures, accompanied by reduced sORP, constitute a characteristic pattern of biomarker expression during severe COVID-19. The increased expression of SNA-reactive sialic acid and Le^x structures may reflect the recovery process after SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. The observed negative correlations between AGP and sORP levels may suggest that serum AGP in COVID-19 also plays a role as an antioxidative molecule. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

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20 pages, 1878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circulating microRNA Profiles in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Evidence for Distinct Plasma Signatures Compared with Polytrauma Patients

by Jason-Alexander Hörauf, Miriam Saenger, Philipp Störmann, André El Saman, Ingo Marzi, Dirk Henrich, Liudmila Leppik and Cora Rebecca Schindler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10954; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210954 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating complication of trauma, causing long-term disability and significant socioeconomic burden. Beyond the primary mechanical insult, secondary injury cascades involving apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation amplify tissue damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate these processes at the post-transcriptional [...] Read more.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating complication of trauma, causing long-term disability and significant socioeconomic burden. Beyond the primary mechanical insult, secondary injury cascades involving apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation amplify tissue damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate these processes at the post-transcriptional level, yet data on circulating miRNAs in human SCI remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize acute plasma miRNA expression patterns in isolated traumatic SCI that may indicate SCI-specific signatures. Plasma was collected from five SCI patients at admission and 48 h post-injury and five healthy controls (HCs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on plasma RNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and selected candidate miRNAs were validated by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in an expanded cohort of SCI patients, polytrauma patients without neurotrauma (PT), and HC (each n = 8). Pathway enrichment and validated target analysis were performed to assess biological relevance of candidate miRNAs. At emergency room admission, 46 miRNAs were differentially expressed in SCI plasma (18 upregulated, 28 downregulated). By 48 h, a global downregulation was observed, with 47 miRNAs significantly decreased compared with HC. ddPCR validation revealed markedly stronger suppression of miR-182-5p, miR-190a-5p, miR-144-5p, and miR-30c-5p expression levels in SCI compared with PT. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and target prediction suggested that the identified miRNAs may be linked to neuroprotective and regenerative functions. Our findings demonstrate early and profound alterations in circulating miRNAs after acute SCI. The downregulation of the identified miRNAs may reflect maladaptive changes that promote neuroinflammation and hinder axonal regeneration, although the exact functional consequences remain to be clarified. These data suggest that circulating miRNAs could hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and, potentially, as therapeutic targets to influence secondary injury processes. However, given the exploratory nature and limited sample size of this study, the findings should be validated in larger, sufficiently powered cohorts to robustly delineate differences between patient groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases: 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 1214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linear Programming for Computing Equilibria Under Truncation Selection and Designing Defensive Strategies Against Malicious Opponents

by Zhuoer Zhang and Bryce Morsky

Games 2025, 16(6), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/g16060059 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Linear programming and polyhedral representation conversion methods have been widely applied to game theory to compute equilibria. Here, we introduce new applications of these methods to two game-theoretic scenarios in which players aim to secure sufficiently large payoffs rather than maximum payoffs. The [...] Read more.

Linear programming and polyhedral representation conversion methods have been widely applied to game theory to compute equilibria. Here, we introduce new applications of these methods to two game-theoretic scenarios in which players aim to secure sufficiently large payoffs rather than maximum payoffs. The first scenario concerns truncation selection, a variant of the replicator equation in evolutionary game theory where players with fitnesses above a threshold survive and reproduce while the remainder are culled. We use linear programming to find the sets of equilibria of this dynamical system and show how they change as the threshold varies. The second scenario considers opponents who are not fully rational but display partial malice: they require a minimum guaranteed payoff before acting to minimize their opponent’s payoff. For such cases, we show how generalized maximin procedures can be computed with linear programming to yield improved defensive strategies against such players beyond the classical maximin approach. For both scenarios, we provide detailed computational procedures and illustrate the results with numerical examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Non-Cooperative Game Theory)

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17 pages, 2765 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enzymatic Potential of Schizophyllum commune BNT39 in BHET Hydrolysis and PET Biodegradation

by Fernando Gabriel Martínez, Verónica Canal Martínez, Claudia Elizabeth Pereira, Federico Zannier, Víctor Gonzalo Arnau, Cintia Mariana Romero and Analía Álvarez

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3663; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113663 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

The accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the environment demands efficient microbial strategies for its degradation. This study evaluates the biodegradation potential of Schizophyllum commune BNT39 toward bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), a major PET intermediate, and PET itself. Clear halos on BHET-agar plates indicated [...] Read more.

The accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the environment demands efficient microbial strategies for its degradation. This study evaluates the biodegradation potential of Schizophyllum commune BNT39 toward bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), a major PET intermediate, and PET itself. Clear halos on BHET-agar plates indicated extracellular hydrolytic activity. In liquid culture, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed a three-phase degradation profile characterized by rapid BHET hydrolysis, transient dimer accumulation, and subsequent conversion to terephthalic acid (TPA). BHET was reduced by approximately 96% within seven days, while TPA accumulation reached 0.8 mg/mL after 30 days of incubation. Although PET degradation was limited, TPA was consistently detected as the principal product, with no BHET or MHET intermediates. To explore strategies for enhancing enzymatic activity, apple-derived cutin, PET, BHET, and polycaprolactone (PCL) were tested as inducers. Cutin markedly stimulated extracellular enzyme production, suggesting activation of cutinase-like enzymes. Overall, S. commune BNT39 demonstrates the ability to transform PET-related substrates, with cutin emerging as a promising natural stimulant to enhance enzymatic depolymerization. Future studies should focus on enzyme purification, activity profiling, and reaction optimization near PET’s glass transition temperature, where the polymer becomes more accessible for enzymatic attack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes, Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling Sustainability)

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16 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Food Proteins on Wheat Starch Pasting and Thermal Properties

by Andrés Gustavo Teobaldi, Esteban Josué Carrillo Parra, Gabriela Noel Barrera and Pablo Daniel Ribotta

Foods 2025, 14(22), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14223865 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different food proteins (wheat gluten, soy protein, whey protein, and ovalbumin), applied in different proportions, on the pasting and thermal properties of wheat starch using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different food proteins (wheat gluten, soy protein, whey protein, and ovalbumin), applied in different proportions, on the pasting and thermal properties of wheat starch using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), enriching the RVA analysis with mathematical models for a deeper mechanistic understanding of the pasting behavior. Gluten and whey proteins significantly increased peak viscosity (up to +105% and +22%, respectively), while soy protein and ovalbumin decreased it (up to −16%). Conversely, the addition of all four proteins resulted in an increase in the starch pasting profile during the cooling period of the starch pastes (up to +95%). Additionally, the presence of all four proteins accelerated the starch paste formation process (0.2–0.9 min). Mathematical models showed that the addition of proteins accelerated both the viscosity decline phase (breakdown) immediately following the peak and the subsequent viscosity increase phase (setback), leading to the final viscosity. All proteins increased the gelatinization onset temperature, indicating restricted water availability for starch. Consequently, a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy was observed, most notably with ovalbumin (−28%) and whey protein (−24%). Conversely, the retrogradation characteristics showed no consistent pattern. These results offer valuable insights into managing the thermal stability of starch within diverse food applications (e.g., flour-based products) utilizing different protein sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food Protein and Alternative Protein: Properties, Benefits, and Applications)

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27 pages, 4352 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Zero-Carbon Development in Data Centers Using Waste Heat Recovery Technology: A Systematic Review

by Lingfei Zhang, Zhanwen Zhao, Bohang Chen, Mingyu Zhao and Yangyang Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10101; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210101 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid advancement of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing has driven continuous expansion of global data centers, resulting in increasingly severe energy consumption and carbon emission challenges. According to projections by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing has driven continuous expansion of global data centers, resulting in increasingly severe energy consumption and carbon emission challenges. According to projections by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global electricity demand of data centers is expected to double by 2030. The construction of green data centers has emerged as a critical pathway for achieving carbon neutrality goals and facilitating energy structure transition. This paper presents a systematic review of the role of waste heat recovery technologies in data centers for achieving low-carbon development. Categorized by aspects of waste heat recovery technologies, power production and district heating, it focuses on assessing the applicability of heat collection technologies, such as heat pumps, thermal energy storage and absorption cooling, in different scenarios. This study examines multiple electricity generation pathways, specifically the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Kalina Cycle (KC), and thermoelectric generators (TEG), with comprehensive analysis of their technical performance and economic viability. The study also assesses the feasibility and environmental advantages of using data center waste heat for district heating. This application, supported by heat pumps and thermal energy storage, could serve both residential and industrial areas. The study shows that waste heat recovery technologies can not only significantly reduce the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of data centers, but also deliver substantial economic returns and emission reduction potential. In the future, the integration of green computing power with renewable energy will emerge as the cornerstone of sustainable data center development. Through intelligent energy management systems, cascaded energy utilization and regional energy synergy, data centers are poised to transition from traditional “energy-intensive facilities” to proactive “clean energy collaborators” within the smart grid ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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12 pages, 368 KB

Open AccessArticle

Velocity-Based vs. Percentage-Based Training: Superior Effects on Acceleration and Explosive Power in High School Triple Jump Athletes

by Bumchul Chung, Wonchul Bing and Donghyun Kim

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12010; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212010 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study compared velocity-based training (VBT) with percentage-based training (PBT) on acceleration (30-m sprint) and explosive power in high school triple jump athletes. Twelve male national-level athletes were randomized (1:1, concealed allocation; blinded assessors) to VBT (n = 6) or PBT ( [...] Read more.

This study compared velocity-based training (VBT) with percentage-based training (PBT) on acceleration (30-m sprint) and explosive power in high school triple jump athletes. Twelve male national-level athletes were randomized (1:1, concealed allocation; blinded assessors) to VBT (n = 6) or PBT (n = 6). Both groups completed identical lower-body resistance training three times per week for eight weeks; the VBT group additionally received real-time barbell-velocity feedback with velocity-loss (VL) based set termination (15–20%). Performance was assessed using 30-m sprint, standing long jump (SLJ), standing triple jump (STJ), and vertical jump (VJ) at pre- and post-test. Statistical analysis included baseline-adjusted ANCOVA and effect sizes (Hedges’ g). VBT improved 30-m sprint (−1.08%, d = 0.89), SLJ (+2.07%, d = 1.02), STJ (+1.64%, d = 0.63), and VJ (+6.01%, d = 1.39; all p < 0.001). PBT also improved SLJ (+1.03%, d = 0.69; p < 0.001) and showed a moderate, statistically significant within-group gain in STJ (+0.56%, d = 0.72; p = 0.001), while improvements in 30-m sprint and VJ were modest. Between-group effects favored VBT across all outcomes. These preliminary findings suggest that VBT may provide more targeted neuromuscular adaptations than PBT, particularly in explosive movements relevant to triple jump performance. However, due to the modest sample size and limited precision, the results should be interpreted with caution and confirmed in larger, adequately powered randomized trials. Nevertheless, this study offers practical insight into load prescription for youth jump athletes and represents one of the first randomized trials to directly compare VBT and PBT in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance Training: Acute Responses, Short and Long-Term Adaptations in Athletic Performance and Health)

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18 pages, 852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Interim Recruitment Outcomes of a Multi-Modal, Multi-Level Patient Navigation Intervention for Lung Cancer Screening in the Southeast U.S.

by Marvella E. Ford, Louise Henderson, Alison Brenner, Vanessa B. Sheppard, Stephanie B. Wheeler, Tiffani Collins, Monique Williams, Rosuany Vélez Acevedo, Christopher Lyu, Chyanne Summers, Courtenay Scott, Aretha R. Polite-Powers, Sharvette J. Slaughter, Dana LaForte, Darin King, Amber S. McCoy, Jessica Zserai, Sherrick S. Hill, Melanie Slan, Steve Bradley-Bull, Neusolia Valmond, Angela M. Malek, Ellen Gomez, Megan R. Ellison and Robert A. Winn Show full author list Hide full author list

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223633 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States (U.S.). Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina are among the U.S. states with extraordinarily high rates of lung cancer mortality, particularly among Black residents. The current lung cancer screening [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States (U.S.). Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina are among the U.S. states with extraordinarily high rates of lung cancer mortality, particularly among Black residents. The current lung cancer screening guidelines, revised in 2021, support screening for younger, non-Medicare age-eligible individuals who smoke. However, their health insurance, if any, may not cover their screening. This lack of access could create more disparities in lung cancer mortality rates. Methods: To address this concern, the Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center, and the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center secured a four-year Stand Up To Cancer^® (SU2C) grant titled “Southeastern Consortium for Lung Cancer Screening (SC3) Study” with a novel aim to test the effectiveness of a multimodal, multilevel, barrier-focused patient navigation intervention to promote lung cancer screening among Black patients from federally qualified health centers. Results: A total of 170/675 Black participants have been recruited to date. The majority of participants (n = 134; 78.82%) were aged 55–74 years. Most participants were unmarried (n = 100; 58.82%), more than half had a high school education/GED or less (n = 111; 65.29%), most currently smoked (n = 142; 83.53%), and more males than females participated (n = 107; 62.94% male). Their reported lung cancer screening barriers, addressed by the patient navigators, were cost concerns, insurance coverage issues, and recent medical history precluding screening. Conclusions with Relevance to Cancer Health Equity: This SC3 study includes a unique lung cancer screening cohort that is in direct contrast to the predominantly White cohort in the National Lung Screening Trial. The SU2C study has created a novel, community-engaged approach to lung cancer screening navigation that could become the gold standard in high-risk medically underserved populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Services Research in Cancer Care)

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20 pages, 2037 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Hybrid Strategies for CTO PCI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antegrade and Retrograde Techniques

by Andrei-Mihnea Rosu, Maria-Daniela Tanasescu, Theodor-Georgian Badea, Emanuel-Stefan Radu, Eduard-George Cismas, Alexandru Minca, Oana-Andreea Popa and Luminita-Florentina Tomescu

Life 2025, 15(11), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111739 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO PCI) is a complex revascularization procedure requiring advanced techniques to ensure procedural success and safety. Hybrid strategies combining antegrade dissection/re-entry (ADR) and retrograde approaches have become increasingly adopted in contemporary practice. Objectives: To [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO PCI) is a complex revascularization procedure requiring advanced techniques to ensure procedural success and safety. Hybrid strategies combining antegrade dissection/re-entry (ADR) and retrograde approaches have become increasingly adopted in contemporary practice. Objectives: To systematically review and synthesize evidence comparing outcomes of ADR and retrograde CTO PCI techniques, with pooled estimates of success rates and adverse events. Methods: This review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2015 and June 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting outcomes of ADR and/or retrograde CTO PCI. Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for consistently reported outcomes. Results: Twenty studies encompassing over 87,000 CTO PCI procedures were included. Pooled analysis of 16 studies demonstrated a technical success rate of 83.4% and a procedural success rate of 84.6%. The in-hospital major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate was 3.3%. Hybrid strategies integrating ADR and retrograde approaches yielded the highest success rates (86–91%) with acceptable safety profiles. Use of adjunctive tools such as IVUS, dual arterial access, and re-entry devices was associated with improved outcomes. Discussion: Hybrid CTO PCI techniques are safe, effective, and reproducible across diverse clinical settings. When performed by experienced operators using modern adjuncts, these strategies provide durable benefits and should be considered standard for complex occlusions. Limitations include variation in study quality, heterogeneous procedural definitions, and lack of long-term data in several cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Coronary Heart Disease)

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26 pages, 1096 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Diagnostics and Therapies in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Critical Review

by Jorge H. Hernandez-Felix, Monica Isabel Meneses-Medina, Rachel Riechelmann, Jonathan Strosberg, Rocio Garcia-Carbonero and Jaydira del Rivero

Cancers 2025, 17(22), 3632; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17223632 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are biologically diverse tumors. This article is a critical review of recent evidence focusing on systemic therapies (through mid-2025). We summarize what is most practice-relevant and where gaps remain. In diagnosis, somatostatin-receptor PET/CT has largely replaced older scintigraphy, and adding [...] Read more.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are biologically diverse tumors. This article is a critical review of recent evidence focusing on systemic therapies (through mid-2025). We summarize what is most practice-relevant and where gaps remain. In diagnosis, somatostatin-receptor PET/CT has largely replaced older scintigraphy, and adding FDG PET can flag more aggressive disease. Blood-based tests and selected tissue markers (e.g., MGMT, DAXX/ATRX/ALT) show promise but require cautious interpretation in routine care. In treatment, radioligand therapy (PRRT) is used earlier in appropriate receptor-positive disease; cabozantinib improves progression-free survival after prior therapy; and belzutifan offers a biomarker-guided option for malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Immunotherapy remains limited to defined subsets, including high-grade neoplasms. We appraise strengths and limitations of key trials, note issues of access and toxicity, and highlight active areas in development (SSTR antagonists, alpha emitters, and dose-guided PRRT). Our goal is to provide a concise, evidence-based map of the field to support informed clinical judgment and future research priorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Neuroendocrine Tumors: Treatment and Management)

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16 pages, 320 KB

Open AccessReview

Regulation and Roles of Metacyclogenesis and Epimastigogenesis in the Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

by Abel Sana, Izadora Volpato Rossi and Marcel Ivan Ramirez

Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111149 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits remarkable developmental plasticity that enables its survival across distinct environments within the insect vector and mammalian host. This review focuses on two critical differentiation processes—metacyclogenesis and epimastigogenesis—emphasising their environmental triggers, metabolic regulation, and [...] Read more.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits remarkable developmental plasticity that enables its survival across distinct environments within the insect vector and mammalian host. This review focuses on two critical differentiation processes—metacyclogenesis and epimastigogenesis—emphasising their environmental triggers, metabolic regulation, and roles in parasite transmission and life cycle progression. Metacyclogenesis, occurring in the hindgut of triatomine vectors, transforms replicative epimastigotes into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes and is tightly controlled by factors such as nutrient starvation, pH, and temperature. In contrast, epimastigogenesis allows trypomastigotes to revert to epimastigote forms, primarily in the vector midgut, as part of the parasite’s adaptation to vector colonisation. We compare these processes through the lens of stress-induced signalling and proteomic reprogramming, highlighting their metabolic divergence and ecological significance. Emerging evidence also suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by different parasite forms may actively modulate these transitions, supporting parasite communication and immune evasion strategies. A better understanding of these transitions provides novel insight into parasite adaptation and reveals potential molecular targets for disrupting the life cycle of T. cruzi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virulence and Molecular Cell Biology of Parasites)

27 pages, 1589 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Can Large Language Models Foster Critical Thinking, Teamwork, and Problem-Solving Skills in Higher Education?: A Literature Review

by Rafael Martínez-Peláez, Luis J. Mena, Homero Toral-Cruz, Alberto Ochoa-Brust, Apolinar González Potes, Víctor Flores, Rodolfo Ostos, Julio C. Ramírez Pacheco, Ramón A. Félix and Vanessa G. Félix

Systems 2025, 13(11), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13111013 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Over the last two years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have obtained significant attention from the academic sector, making their application in higher education attractive for students, managers, faculty, and stakeholders. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review [...] Read more.

Over the last two years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have obtained significant attention from the academic sector, making their application in higher education attractive for students, managers, faculty, and stakeholders. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review on the adoption of LLMs in the higher education system to address persistent issues and promote critical thinking, teamwork, and problem-solving skills. Following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, a systematic search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection for studies published between 2023 and 2024. After a systematic search and filtering of 203 studies, we included 22 articles for further analysis. The findings show that LLMs can transform traditional teaching through active learning, align curricula with real-world demands, provide personalized feedback in large classes, and enhance assessment practices focused on applied problem-solving. Their effects are transversal, influencing multiple dimensions of higher education systems. Consequently, LLMs have the potential to improve educational equity, strengthen workforce readiness, and foster innovation across disciplines and institutions. This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (2025 CRD420251165731). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of a Large Language Model (LLM) in Education Reform and Innovation)

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17 pages, 327 KB

Open AccessArticle

Civil Religion and Christian Normativity: Heteronormative Mobilization in Korean Protestantism and a Process-Theological Response

by Hye-Ryung Kim

Religions 2025, 16(11), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111441 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study critically examines the civil–religious influence of Korean conservative Protestantism, which mobilizes heteronormative strategies to oppose anti-discrimination and family rights legislation, through the lens of Christian normativity. These movements justify heteronormative values by appealing to the immutability of the “creation order” in [...] Read more.

This study critically examines the civil–religious influence of Korean conservative Protestantism, which mobilizes heteronormative strategies to oppose anti-discrimination and family rights legislation, through the lens of Christian normativity. These movements justify heteronormative values by appealing to the immutability of the “creation order” in Genesis. Yet such literalist interpretations disregard contemporary findings in evolutionary biology and animal behavior that document same-sex phenomena across species, thereby framing creation and evolution in rigid opposition. Imported from American fundamentalism, “creation science” has further fueled an anti-intellectual public sentiment that naturalizes heterosexuality as divine law. The absolutism of the creation order and special revelation exposes deep theological contradictions when confronted with the existence of diverse sexual and gender identities. In response, this study turns to process theology, which reimagines creation as open-ended, dynamic, and co-creative. Engaging Catherine Keller’s apophatic theology to reopen theological space for sexual minorities, it further develops Justin Sabia-Tanis’s interpretation of transgender transformation as a process of co-evolution, in dialogue with Donna Haraway’s notion of cyborg hybridity. Moreover, drawing on John B. Cobb Jr.’s “persuasive political theology,” it argues that participation in divine co-creation must be expanded into the socio-political sphere. Ultimately, this study seeks to resist anti-intellectualism and advocate for a transformative Christian civil religion in Korea—one oriented toward justice, inclusion, and continual co-creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traditional and Civil Religions: Theory and Political Practice)

16 pages, 1673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Uncovering the Genetic Basis of Porcine Resilience Through GWAS of Feed Intake Data

by Zhenyu Wang, Wenshui Xin, Mengyu Li, Dongdong Duan, Jinyi Han, Mingyu Wang, Shenping Zhou and Xinjian Li

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223269 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Resilience usually refers to the ability of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbance or to quickly return to its pre-disturbance state. Pigs with strong resilience usually have better production performance and higher tolerance to common diseases. This study utilized feed intake [...] Read more.

Resilience usually refers to the ability of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbance or to quickly return to its pre-disturbance state. Pigs with strong resilience usually have better production performance and higher tolerance to common diseases. This study utilized feed intake records collected by a Feed Intake Recording Equipment from three pig breeds (Duroc: 823; Landrace: 582; and Yorkshire: 2032). Six resilience traits were constructed using the root mean square error (RMSE) of daily feed intake and feeding duration, cumulative feed intake, and cumulative feeding duration derived from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, along with quantile regression (QR) estimates of daily feed intake and feeding duration. The correlations between these resilience traits and production traits were subsequently estimated. Single-trait genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were performed using imputed resequencing data to identify key genomic regions and candidate genes associated with resilience traits. The estimated heritability ranged from 0.103 to 0.267 for resilience traits and 0.293 to 0.560 for production traits. Moderate genetic correlations were observed among the resilience traits, while moderate to high genetic correlations were found between resilience traits and production traits. In particular, the traits RMSE_FI, RMSE_CFI, QR_FI, and QR_FD exhibited significant moderate to high correlations with most production traits. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on imputed whole-genome sequencing data was conducted to identify genomic regions associated with resilience traits in pigs. Using single-trait mixed linear models, 179 SNPs were identified and annotated to 44 candidate genes. Several of these genes (CD74, CSF1R, and HTR4) are involved in host immune responses and signal transduction pathways. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying resilience in pigs and provide insights for enhancing genomic selection in pig breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement in Pigs)

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19 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Problem of Evil, Rhetoric, and the Drama of the Divine Economy

by B. Kyle Keltz

Religions 2025, 16(11), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111442 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

The contemporary debate over the problem of evil in analytic philosophy of religion is prone to focusing solely on the problem as an abstract dialectical issue that only concerns philosophers. However, this focus on abstract solutions to the problem of evil can seem [...] Read more.

The contemporary debate over the problem of evil in analytic philosophy of religion is prone to focusing solely on the problem as an abstract dialectical issue that only concerns philosophers. However, this focus on abstract solutions to the problem of evil can seem to be less compelling in the face of personally experienced suffering, and it has given rise to newer approaches to the problem of evil, including anti-theodicy, which is the idea that theodicy itself is morally problematic. To remedy these issues, theists must turn to rhetoric to supplement theodicy. George Campbell’s view of rhetoric provides great insights into possible solutions, showing how including biblical narratives in theodicy can provide more comprehensive and compelling explanations for why God allows evil. Full article

22 pages, 2672 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping Agricultural Sustainability Through Life Cycle Assessment: A Narrative Review

by Konstantinos Spanos, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Charisios Achillas and Dimitrios Aidonis

Environments 2025, 12(11), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110436 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has gained popularity. However, the notion of sustainable agriculture is highly imprecise and unclear, making its application and execution exceedingly challenging. Moreover, disagreements about what sustainability means can lead to a deeper understanding [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has gained popularity. However, the notion of sustainable agriculture is highly imprecise and unclear, making its application and execution exceedingly challenging. Moreover, disagreements about what sustainability means can lead to a deeper understanding of the intricate empirical procedures and possibly debatable principles involved in any effort to achieve sustainability in agriculture. Practices to increase crop resilience, lower chemical inputs, and boost efficiency are examples of future developments. This review identifies how agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA) studies engage with climate-related metrics such as GHG emissions and land use changes, offering insights for adaptation and mitigation strategies. This review also addresses the need to synthesize existing research on how agriculture and food systems can become more environmentally friendly through LCA. LCA enables the identification of environmental hotspots within agricultural systems, therefore, guiding efforts to limit resource consumption and emissions. For this purpose, a search of a bibliographic database was carried out and the results obtained were analyzed with the open-source tool bibliometrix. There were 2328 results in total with publication years from 1993 to 2025, the latter of which refers to a pre-publication. Then, a post-processing analysis of 1411 articles was conducted and a narrative review of around 100 publications was carried out, where agricultural practices with LCA, current trends, and research gaps were explored. Finally, this paper contributes by identifying three major research gaps derived from the literature synthesis: firstly, the underrepresentation of dynamic LCA models in agriculture; secondly, the lack of geographical balance in case studies; and thirdly, the insufficient integration of socio-economic dimensions in environmental assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities)

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18 pages, 2939 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of HVAC Sound Preferences from Cortical Magnetic Patterns During Paired-Comparison Tasks

by Hajime Yano, Tetsuya Takiguchi and Seiji Nakagawa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12009; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212009 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Assessing preferences for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) sounds is important for improving comfort in living spaces. Recently, preference assessments using neurophysiological measurements have gained attention. However, associations between HVAC sound preferences and cortical activity remain insufficiently understood to establish neurophysiological indices. [...] Read more.

Assessing preferences for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) sounds is important for improving comfort in living spaces. Recently, preference assessments using neurophysiological measurements have gained attention. However, associations between HVAC sound preferences and cortical activity remain insufficiently understood to establish neurophysiological indices. In this study, we developed machine learning models that estimate preference scores from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals recorded during HVAC sound presentation. We also developed spatial filters based on the common spatial pattern to extract MEG signals associated with the preferences. Both were trained for each participant using MEG signal pairs and participant’s paired-comparison judgments of HVAC sounds based on either coolness or preference. The preference scores estimated from the training data were strongly correlated with the average preference scores obtained through a psychological paired-comparison method (r > 0.98). Analysis of trained linear models revealed that the spatial filters primarily contributing to score estimation extracted theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (8–13 Hz) oscillations. These suggest that the signals extracted by the spatial filters may reflect cortical activity associated with the coolness and preference of HVAC sounds, and that the preference estimation models may capture the relationship between cortical activity and psychological scales of HVAC sound preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering)

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23 pages, 808 KB

Open AccessArticle

ACGA a Novel Biomimetic Hybrid Optimisation Algorithm Based on a HP Protein Visualizer: An Interpretable Web-Based Tool for 3D Protein Folding Based on the Hydrophobic-Polar Model

by Ioan Sima, Daniela-Maria Cristea, Laszlo Barna Iantovics and Virginia Niculescu

Biomimetics 2025, 10(11), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10110763 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this study, we used the hydrophobic-polar (HP) two-dimensional square and three-dimensional cubic lattice models for the problem of protein structure prediction (PSP). This kind of lattice reduces computational time and calculations, the conformational space from

9^{n}

to

3^{n - 2}

[...] Read more.

In this study, we used the hydrophobic-polar (HP) two-dimensional square and three-dimensional cubic lattice models for the problem of protein structure prediction (PSP). This kind of lattice reduces computational time and calculations, the conformational space from

9^{n}

to

3^{n - 2}

for the 2D square lattice and

5^{n - 2}

for the 3D cubic lattice. Even within this context, it remains challenging for genetic algorithms or other metaheuristics to identify the optimal solutions. The contributions of the paper consist of: (1) implementation of a high-performing novel genetic algorithm (GA); instead of considering only the self-avoiding walk (SAW) conformations approached in other work, we decided to allow any conformation to appear in the population at all stages of the proposed all conformations biomimetic genetic algorithm (ACGA). This increases the probability of achieving good conformations (self avoiding walk ones), with the lowest energy. In addition to classical crossover and mutation operators, (2) we introduced specific translation operators for these two operations. We have proposed and implemented an HP Protein Visualizer tool which offers interpretability, a hybrid approach in that the visualizer gives some insight to the algorithm, that analyse and optimise protein structures HP model. The program resulted based on performed research, provides a molecular modeling tool for studying protein folding using technologies such as Node.js, Express and p5js for 3D rendering, and includes optimization algorithms to simulate protein folding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare)

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15 pages, 1340 KB

Open AccessReview

Neuroinflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Frontier for Sanfilippo Syndrome

by Donato Rigante and Chiara Veredice

Children 2025, 12(11), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111530 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also named ‘mucopolysaccharides’, are nodal constituents of the connective tissue matrix which go through synthesis, demolition, and reconstruction within several cellular structures: an abnormal GAG catabolism is the basis of progressive intra-lysosomal accumulation of non-metabolized GAGs, defining all mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), protean [...] Read more.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also named ‘mucopolysaccharides’, are nodal constituents of the connective tissue matrix which go through synthesis, demolition, and reconstruction within several cellular structures: an abnormal GAG catabolism is the basis of progressive intra-lysosomal accumulation of non-metabolized GAGs, defining all mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), protean disorders characterized by physical abnormalities and multi-organ failure depending on the specific site of non-renewable GAGs stored. A severe cognitive decline is typically observed in the Sanfilippo syndrome, which corresponds to MPS type III, a group of four inherited neurodegenerative diseases resulting from the lack of specific enzymes involved in heparan sulfate (HS) metabolism. As a consequence, the storage of partially degraded HS fragments within lysosomes of the central nervous system elicits chain inflammatory reactions involving the NLRP3-inflammasome in microglia and astrocytes, which cease their homeostatic and immune functions and finally compromise neuron survival. This article provides an overview of the neuroinflammatory picture observed in children with MPS type III, postulating a role of HS accumulation to prime innate immunity responses which culminate with pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the brain and highlighting the relevance of interleukin-1 as a main contributor to neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Immune-Mediated Neurological Disorders in Children)

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17 pages, 7928 KB

Open AccessArticle

KBN2202, a Salicylic Acid Derivative, Preserves Neuronal Architecture, Enhances Neurogenesis, Attenuates Amyloid and Inflammatory Pathology, and Restores Recognition Memory in 5xFAD Mice at an Advanced Stage of AD Pathophysiology

by Sun-Young Lee, Jong Chul Kim, Mi Ran Choi, Jiseo Song, Moonhang Kim, Seok-Hwan Chang, Jong Sung Kim, Joon-Suk Park and Sang-Rae Lee

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210942 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, synaptic degeneration, impaired neurogenesis, and chronic neuroinflammation. KBN2202, a small-molecule salicylic acid derivative [2-[(2-naphthalen-1-yloxy)ethyl]amino]-4-hydroxybenzoic acid], was investigated for its potential as a multi-target therapeutic agent in advanced-stage AD. [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, synaptic degeneration, impaired neurogenesis, and chronic neuroinflammation. KBN2202, a small-molecule salicylic acid derivative [2-[(2-naphthalen-1-yloxy)ethyl]amino]-4-hydroxybenzoic acid], was investigated for its potential as a multi-target therapeutic agent in advanced-stage AD. To this end, 9-month-old 5xFAD mice with established AD-like pathology received daily oral KBN2202 (5 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle for 12 weeks. KBN2202 demonstrated broad histopathological benefits. It preserved hippocampal CA1 cytoarchitecture and increased dendritic length in cortical neurons. Neurogenic activity was also enhanced, with elevated doublecortin (DCX) expression in the subventricular zone (SVZ). At the molecular level, KBN2202 reduced amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs), key intermediates in amyloidogenic processing, and histological staining confirmed a significant reduction in fibrillar and diffuse Aβ plaque burden in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, KBN2202 attenuated astrocytic and microglial activation, indicating suppression of chronic neuroinflammation. In behavioral assessments, KBN2202 significantly improved recognition memory in the novel object recognition (NOR) test, while Y-maze performance remained unchanged. Overall, the compound exhibited robust neuroprotective, pro-neurogenic, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings support the therapeutic potential of KBN2202 as a multi-functional candidate for symptomatic-stage AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

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32 pages, 8009 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy

by Nivedita, Shashwat Sharma, Dyah Ika Krisnawati, Tsai-Mu Cheng and Tsung-Rong Kuo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10949; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210949 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance has prompted the search for alternative antibacterial therapies. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which utilizes light-activated photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), offers a promising, non-invasive approach. The aim of this review is to analyze recent advances [...] Read more.

The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance has prompted the search for alternative antibacterial therapies. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which utilizes light-activated photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), offers a promising, non-invasive approach. The aim of this review is to analyze recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated aPDT and synthesize crucial design principles necessary to overcome the current translational barriers, thereby establishing a roadmap for future clinically applicable antimicrobial treatments. Emerging nanoparticle platforms, including upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), carbon dots (CDs), mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), liposomes, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), have demonstrated improved photosensitizer delivery, enhanced ROS generation, biofilm disruption, and targeted bacterial eradication. Synergistic effects are observed when aPDT is integrated with photothermal, chemodynamic, or immunotherapeutic approaches. The review further examines the mechanisms of action, biocompatibility, and antibacterial performance of these nanoparticle systems, particularly against drug-resistant strains and in challenging environments such as chronic wounds. Overall, nanomaterial-mediated aPDT presents a highly promising and versatile solution to antimicrobial resistance. Future perspectives include the integration of artificial intelligence to personalize aPDT by predicting optimal light dosage and nanoplatform design based on patient-specific data, rigorous clinical validation through trials, and the development of safer, more efficient nanoparticle platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Molecular Insights into Antimicrobial Photo-Treatments)

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17 pages, 3921 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Label-Free Fluorescence Polarization for Protein Detection Based on Albumin Nanoparticles

by Yunshu Wang, Ruixin An, Fengwei Liu, Zeyan Dong, Sheng Yang and Siyu Liu

Chemosensors 2025, 13(11), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13110396 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Human serum albumin (HSA), an endogenous protein, was employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The treatment of an HSA solution with ethanol and glutaraldehyde resulted in the formation of human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA NPs), which exhibited a weak fluorescence emission peak at [...] Read more.

Human serum albumin (HSA), an endogenous protein, was employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The treatment of an HSA solution with ethanol and glutaraldehyde resulted in the formation of human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA NPs), which exhibited a weak fluorescence emission peak at 515 nm upon excitation at 360 nm. Importantly, these synthesized HSA NPs displayed a pronounced fluorescence polarization (FP) signal under identical excitation and emission conditions. Furthermore, incubation of the HSA NPs with specific DNA aptamers targeting lysozyme and thrombin led to a significant decrease in the FP values. This reduction in FP was effectively reversed upon the addition of lysozyme and thrombin. Based on these observations, a label-free fluorescence polarization-based detection platform for lysozyme and thrombin was developed utilizing HSA NPs and a DNA aptamer system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensors and Their Application in Detection, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2245 KB

Open AccessReview

Adsorption–Degradation Integrated Approaches to Mycotoxin Removal from Food Matrices: A Comprehensive Review

by Xiyu Yang, Mingjian Yao, Wenchao Liao and Xiaoyang Li

Toxins 2025, 17(11), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110556 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination is a crucial issue in food safety. However, the removal of trace amounts of mycotoxins from complex food and feed matrices without significant loss of nutritional and flavor quality remains a significant challenge. The integrated adsorption–catalysis strategy involves immobilizing catalytic modules [...] Read more.

Mycotoxin contamination is a crucial issue in food safety. However, the removal of trace amounts of mycotoxins from complex food and feed matrices without significant loss of nutritional and flavor quality remains a significant challenge. The integrated adsorption–catalysis strategy involves immobilizing catalytic modules onto adsorption materials, enabling in situ degradation while enriching the mycotoxins. This approach can significantly reduce the dosage of detoxification agents and achieve efficient removal of trace mycotoxins in food. This review provides an overview of adsorbents with enrichment capabilities and their applications in the targeted removal of mycotoxins from food. The adsorption–degradation coupled systems are categorized into the following two main types: adsorption–photocatalysis coupled systems and adsorption–biocatalysis coupled systems. The review introduces recent advances in the design of bifunctional catalysts, focusing on their synergistic mechanisms and practical applications for detoxifying various mycotoxins in food matrices. Finally, the review discusses current industrial challenges and offers insights into future directions for this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Detection and Removal of Mycotoxins in Food)

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13 pages, 1203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shade as an Agro-Technique to Improve Gas Exchange, Productivity, Bioactive Potential, and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits of Hylocereus costaricensis

by Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira, Noemi Tel-Zur, Francisca Gislene Albano-Machado, Daniela Melo Penha, Monique Mourão Pinho, Marlos Bezerra, Maria Raquel Alcântara de Miranda, Carlos Farley Herbster Moura, Ricardo Elesbão Alves, William Natale and Márcio Cleber de Medeiros Corrêa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16040128 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Hylocereus species are promising for enhancing fruit productivity in arid regions, but high solar radiation often leads to yield loss. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term impact of different shading levels on the physiological performance, productivity, and post-harvest quality of Hylocereus costaricensis [...] Read more.

Hylocereus species are promising for enhancing fruit productivity in arid regions, but high solar radiation often leads to yield loss. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term impact of different shading levels on the physiological performance, productivity, and post-harvest quality of Hylocereus costaricensis under semi-arid conditions. Plants were grown in the field under two shade levels, i.e., 35 and 50% and their performances were compared to plants under control, i.e., 0% of shade or full sunlight. The nighttime CO₂ assimilation and productivity increased significantly by 310.5 and 114.6% and 34.3 and 50.14% for plants under 35 and 50% of shade, respectively, compared to the control. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that shade enhanced skin betalain (BETS) and phenolic content (PETP), whereas non-shaded plants expressed traits more closely associated with plant and fruit photoprotective pigment synthesis, i.e., total carotenoids and yellow flavonoids, respectively, along with total sugar accumulation, underscoring the significant impact of shading on both metabolic activity and overall agronomic outcomes. Shading within the 35% to 50% range is effective to cope with high solar radiation by improving photosynthetic capacity, productivity, and post-harvest quality, especially regarding the accumulation of pigments such as betalains, indicating that shade as an agro-technique is a valuable approach for the cultivation of Hylocereus species in dryland regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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12 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Changes in the Adjusted Body Mass Index (BMI) Percentile Among Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, During and After the COVID-19 Lockdown

by Amal Alhakami, Ebtihag O. Alenzi, Najla Ali Algariri, Rawan Abdulaziz Assiri and Hala Muidh Alqahtani

Healthcare 2025, 13(22), 2875; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13222875 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed significant changes on daily life. It negatively impacts children’s physical activity and lifestyle behaviors, which may cause accelerated weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to evaluate children’s longitudinal age- and sex-adjusted body mass index [...] Read more.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed significant changes on daily life. It negatively impacts children’s physical activity and lifestyle behaviors, which may cause accelerated weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to evaluate children’s longitudinal age- and sex-adjusted body mass index (BMI) percentile changes during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Height and weight data were obtained from electronic medical records for children (ages 2–18) visiting outpatient clinics during three periods: pre-COVID-19 lockdown, during COVID-19 lockdown, and post-COVID-19 lockdown. According to the availability of anthropometric information, three partially overlapping cohorts were formed: Cohort 1 (N = 934, pre- and during lockdown), Cohort 2 (N = 1129, during and post-lockdown), and Cohort 3 (N = 203, data from all three periods). Results: During the lockdown, the mean changes in percentiles of age- and sex-adjusted BMI were 6% ± 0.23, while after the lockdown, there were smaller mean changes in BMI percentiles (1% ± 0.19). There were significant associations of age and the baseline BMI categories with the change in the means of the adjusted BMI percentile of children during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (p-value < 0.001). In addition, there were significant associations of gender and the baseline BMI categories with the change in the means of the adjusted BMI percentile of children over a three-time series (p-value: <0.04, <0.001, respectively). Conclusions: In conclusion, children experienced increased BMI during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. This result highlights the importance of structured interventions to mitigate the consequences during challenging times on children’s health. Full article

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18 pages, 2290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Microwave Treatment on Physicochemical Properties and Subsequent Anaerobic Digestion of Fecal Sludge

by Principal Mdolo, Jon Pocock and Konstantina Velkushanova

Water 2025, 17(22), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223230 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Fecal sludge (FS) requires effective management to mitigate environmental and public health risks and enable resource recovery. This study evaluated the effects of microwave (MW) treatment on FS characteristics and subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD) performance. MW treatment raised FS temperatures to ~96 °C, [...] Read more.

Fecal sludge (FS) requires effective management to mitigate environmental and public health risks and enable resource recovery. This study evaluated the effects of microwave (MW) treatment on FS characteristics and subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD) performance. MW treatment raised FS temperatures to ~96 °C, reducing FS volume by 50% and inducing three thermal phases. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) showed a multi-phase pattern, with a maximum solubilization of 29.8% during initial heating due to the solubilization of proteins and carbohydrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological changes, while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that core functional groups remained unchanged. MW-pretreated FS enhanced AD performance, achieving a 17% increase in cumulative methane yield, alongside 18% and 33% improvements in organic loading and methane production rates, respectively. MW treatment influenced the phase distribution of digestate components, showing a shift in nutrient portioning towards the liquid fraction. These results suggest that integrating MW pretreatment into FS management systems can improve energy recovery, reduce treatment costs, and support resource-efficient sanitation solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

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19 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Healthcare Innovation: A Mixed-Methods Study of an Impact Entrepreneurship Course for Nurse Practitioner Students

by Zvika Orr, Beth G. Zalcman, Ronit Pinchas-Mizrachi and Anat Romem

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(11), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15110397 (registering DOI) - 12 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite its benefits for both nurses and patients, entrepreneurship among nurses remains uncommon. Specifically, impact entrepreneurship has rarely been applied in nursing. Impact entrepreneurship promotes solutions to health, social, and environmental challenges using business models committed to measurable social impact and return [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite its benefits for both nurses and patients, entrepreneurship among nurses remains uncommon. Specifically, impact entrepreneurship has rarely been applied in nursing. Impact entrepreneurship promotes solutions to health, social, and environmental challenges using business models committed to measurable social impact and return on investment. Beginning in 2020, an impact entrepreneurship course was introduced as a mandatory component of the master’s and nurse practitioner programs in geriatrics and palliative care at an Israeli college. This article examines the perceptions of the nurses who completed the course and explores how the course affected them and their professional practice. Methods: This mixed-methods study employed a convergent design and included self-administered questionnaires sent to all graduates of two cohorts, along with a qualitative thematic analysis of students’ reflective essays written during the course. Results: Students reported that the course empowered them to be innovators and contributed to their professional and personal development. They also explained that studying impact entrepreneurship could increase their earning potential and enable them to make a substantial difference for patients. Throughout the course, participants shifted their view of entrepreneurship and realized that, given nurses’ closeness with patients, they can and should be entrepreneurs. Before the course, students were reluctant to engage in entrepreneurship; afterward, students demonstrated marked interest in pursuing entrepreneurial pathways. Conclusions: Exposure to impact entrepreneurship can help nurses identify and implement creative and cost-effective solutions to workplace challenges. The professional characteristics of nurses position them as potential leaders of impact entrepreneurship in healthcare. Educational institutions worldwide should incorporate the subject of impact entrepreneurship into curricula and practice to realize that potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nursing Education and Leadership)

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