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30 pages, 461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Literacy in Contexts of Vulnerability: Determinants Among Women Horticulturists in Guinea-Bissau

by Ani Caroline Grigion Potrich, Ana Luiza Paraboni, Teju Ducanda, Karen Susele Gimenes Machado, Gabriel Leite Barcelos Moreira, Amanda de Arcega Innocente and Natália Machado

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(12), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18120708 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Financial literacy plays a crucial role in promoting social and economic resilience, particularly in vulnerable contexts where access to education and financial services is limited. This study provides the first empirical analysis of the determinants of financial literacy among women horticulturists in Guinea [...] Read more.

Financial literacy plays a crucial role in promoting social and economic resilience, particularly in vulnerable contexts where access to education and financial services is limited. This study provides the first empirical analysis of the determinants of financial literacy among women horticulturists in Guinea Bissau in West Africa, a group that sustains household income and local markets through informal work. A survey with face-to-face data collection was employed, using a structured questionnaire to assess financial literacy across three dimensions: financial attitude, financial behavior, and financial knowledge. All 978 women horticulturists at the Pessubé Farm were invited to participate in the survey, and 200 valid questionnaires were returned and used as the final sample. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Results revealed prudent and consistent financial behaviors, mid to low financial attitudes marked by concern about expenses and short-term planning, and limited conceptual financial knowledge, with frequent uncertainty on basic topics such as inflation, interest, and diversification. Regression analysis showed that financial satisfaction and food sufficiency are positively associated with higher levels of financial literacy, while overdue debts exert a negative effect. These findings highlight that strengthening financial literacy in low income and informal settings requires context sensitive strategies integrating financial education, debt management, and food security initiatives, emphasizing the multidimensional nature of financial literacy and its role in inclusive and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Financial Fragility to Resilience: Households, Investors, and Small Businesses)

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13 pages, 5989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Design and Performance Evaluation of a Friction and Wear Testing Apparatus for the Bushing of the Variable Stator Vane

by Shenglei Liu and Liyang Xie

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13077; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413077 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The Variable Stator Vane (VSV) system is a critical component in aircraft engines, with its bushing providing structural support and lubrication. Under high temperatures, complex loads, and periodic motions, the bushing is prone to wear, which can affect system performance. In this study, [...] Read more.

The Variable Stator Vane (VSV) system is a critical component in aircraft engines, with its bushing providing structural support and lubrication. Under high temperatures, complex loads, and periodic motions, the bushing is prone to wear, which can affect system performance. In this study, a friction and wear test rig was designed to simulate realistic VSV bushing operating conditions. The rig is equipped with a programmable reciprocating drive, adjustable radial and bending moment loading, and a closed-loop temperature control system, allowing the wear process to be reproduced under high-temperature and complex loading conditions. Friction torque is measured using a torque sensor, while the equivalent wear volume is calculated from real-time data collected by two position sensors. Six samples were tested under 250 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C, with bending moments of 1.5 Nm and 3 Nm, and a radial load of 30 KN, for 15,000 cycles. The results show that friction and wear evolve in two distinct stages: in the initial stage, friction torque and wear increase rapidly, followed by a slower growth rate during the stable stage. Higher temperatures and larger loads result in greater peak friction torque and more severe early wear. This study provides experimental methods to support VSV bushing material optimization, structural improvements, and lifetime prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)

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17 pages, 7456 KB

Open AccessArticle

Processing Performance Improvement in Electrical Discharge Machining of Deep Narrow Groove Using Rounded Corner Electrode

by Jin Wang, Chunkai Qiao, Kejun Ma, Hu He and Zhixin Jia

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413081 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The processing performance of deep narrow grooves by electrical discharge machining (EDM) needs to be further improved, mainly reflected in the serious electrode wear and low processing efficiency. This study firstly conducted a single-factor experiment on electrical parameters to analyze the influence of [...] Read more.

The processing performance of deep narrow grooves by electrical discharge machining (EDM) needs to be further improved, mainly reflected in the serious electrode wear and low processing efficiency. This study firstly conducted a single-factor experiment on electrical parameters to analyze the influence of electrical parameters on electrode length wear and electrode sharp corner wear, respectively. It was found that the increase in pulse width and duty cycle could reduce electrode length wear, but at the same time led to an increase in electrode sharp corner wear. The reason is that bubbles and debris tend to accumulate at the sharp corner of the electrode. It causes short circuits and arcing phenomena, intensifying the sharp corner wear of the electrode. To address this issue, it is proposed to use a rounded corner electrode to facilitate the exclusion of bubbles and debris from the machining gap, reduce the occurrence of short circuits and arcing phenomena, thereby lowering the electrode length and sharp corner wear, and enhancing processing efficiency. Through the simulation of the flow field in the machining gap, it is theoretically proven that the rounded corner electrode can promote the movement of bubbles and debris towards the outlet of the machining gap and slow down the accumulation of bubbles and debris. Through the EDM of deep narrow groove, it is proven that the electrode wear and processing efficiency of the rounded corner electrode are both superior to those of the sharp corner electrode, and the electrode wear and processing efficiency increase with the increase in the rounded corner radius of the electrode. The research results have contributed to improving the performance of deep narrow grooves by EDM. Full article

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20 pages, 21440 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Liquefaction in Sarangani Peninsula, Philippines Triggered by the 17 November 2023 Magnitude 6.8 Earthquake

by Daniel Jose L. Buhay, Bianca Dorothy B. Brusas, John Karl A. Marquez, Paulo P. Dajao, Robelyn Z. Mangahas-Flores, Nicole Jean L. Mercado, Oliver Paul C. Halasan, Hazel Andrea L. Vidal and Carlos Jose Francis C. Manlapat

GeoHazards 2025, 6(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040080 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The 17 November 2023 M_W 6.8 earthquake located offshore of Southern Mindanao, Philippines, triggered soil liquefaction along the lowlands of the Sarangani Peninsula. Detailed mapping, geomorphological interpretations, geophysical surveys, comparison with predictive models, and grain size analysis were conducted to obtain a [...] Read more.

The 17 November 2023 M_W 6.8 earthquake located offshore of Southern Mindanao, Philippines, triggered soil liquefaction along the lowlands of the Sarangani Peninsula. Detailed mapping, geomorphological interpretations, geophysical surveys, comparison with predictive models, and grain size analysis were conducted to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the earthquake parameters and subsurface conditions that permitted liquefaction. Soil liquefaction manifested as sediment and water vents, fissures, lateral spreads, and ground deformation, mainly along landforms with shallow groundwater levels such as river deltas, fills, floodplains, and beaches. In populated areas, ground failure due to liquefaction also damaged some buildings. All these impacts fall within the boundaries of the available liquefaction hazard maps for Sarangani Peninsula and the predictive empirical equations generated by various authors. Simulated peak ground acceleration values also indicate that sufficient ground shaking was generated for the soil to liquefy. Refraction microtremor (ReMi) surveys reveal shear wave velocities ranging from 121 to 215 m/s, which infer the presence of soft and stiff soils beneath the surface, promoting the sites’ potential to liquefy. Grain size analyses of sediment ejecta confirm the presence of these liquefiable sediments from the subsurface, with grain sizes ranging from silt to medium sand. The results of three-component microtremor (3CMt) surveys also show varying sediment thicknesses, which are consistent with the thickness of soft sediment layers inferred by ReMi surveys. The information resulting from this study may be useful for researchers, planners, and engineers for liquefaction hazard assessment and mitigation, especially in the Sarangani Peninsula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismological Research and Seismic Hazard & Risk Assessments)

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25 pages, 3479 KB

Open AccessReview

Antidiabetic Agents as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases

by Snehal Raut and Luca Cucullo

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121490 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain leading causes of global morbidity and mortality and often coexist, in part through shared mechanisms of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Neuroinflammatory signaling, including microglial activation, cytokine release, and impaired autonomic regulation, contributes to endothelial dysfunction, [...] Read more.

Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain leading causes of global morbidity and mortality and often coexist, in part through shared mechanisms of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Neuroinflammatory signaling, including microglial activation, cytokine release, and impaired autonomic regulation, contributes to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke, while cardiac and metabolic disturbances can reciprocally exacerbate brain pathology. Increasing evidence shows that several antidiabetic agents exert pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that extend beyond glycemic control. Metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate key pathways such as AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2 activation, and NLRP3 inflammasome suppression, with demonstrated vascular and neuroprotective actions in preclinical models. Clinically, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce major cardiovascular events, improve systemic inflammatory markers, and show emerging signals for cognitive benefit, while metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors exhibit supportive but less robust evidence. This review synthesizes molecular, preclinical, and clinical data across drug classes, with particular emphasis on GLP-1 receptor agonists, and highlights outstanding translational questions including blood–brain barrier penetration, biomarker development, optimal patient selection, and timing of intervention. We propose a unified framework to guide future trials aimed at leveraging antidiabetic therapies such as DDP-4 anti-inflammatory and antioxidant interventions for neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related Diseases—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 14721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate Particle Size and Replacement Ratio on Concrete Mechanical Properties and Mesoscale Structure

by Xuanxuan Liu, Zhenhao Zhou, Jingwei Gong and Qiang Jin

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244493 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of steel slag coarse aggregate (SSA) particle size on the macroscopic mechanical properties of concrete. Considering that the macroscopic behavior of concrete is significantly influenced by its mesoscale structural characteristics, and that coarse aggregate particle size is a [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of steel slag coarse aggregate (SSA) particle size on the macroscopic mechanical properties of concrete. Considering that the macroscopic behavior of concrete is significantly influenced by its mesoscale structural characteristics, and that coarse aggregate particle size is a key factor determining these features, uniaxial compression experiments together with mesoscale simulations were carried out to develop a model linking the mesoscale structure to the mechanical response of steel slag coarse aggregate concrete (SSAC). The results show that SSAC exhibits a failure pattern comparable to that of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), but its stress–strain curve exhibits a steeper ascending branch and higher peak stress. With the increasing SSA replacement ratio, the peak stress continuously increases; within the same particle size range, the elastic modulus shows an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, reaching its maximum at a 50% replacement ratio. Expanding the particle size range changes the peak strain response from approximately linear to rapidly increasing; smaller particle sizes result in a gentler post-peak drop, whereas higher replacement ratios produce a steeper decline. The mesoscale model further shows that for SSA particle sizes of 5–20 mm, 5–15 mm, and 5–10 mm, the cohesive strength of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) increases by 75%, 106%, and 92%, respectively, compared with NAC. Increasing the coarse aggregate volume fraction further enhances the ITZ strength improvement. This study offers valuable insights for improving the mixture design and performance of SSAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Low-Carbon Building Materials in Special Areas)

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15 pages, 2580 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Grape Stalks to Lignin Nanoparticles: A Study on Extraction Scale-Up, Solubility Enhancement and Green Nanoparticle Production

by Ana C. Cassoni, Ana I. Bourbon, Lorenzo Pastrana, Marta Vasconcelos and Manuela Pintado

Foods 2025, 14(24), 4274; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244274 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

To effectively valorize lignin, some challenges must be addressed. First, emerging techniques based on green methods may experience difficulties during the scale-up process. Secondly, the low solubility of lignin can hinder further valorization. This study investigated the impact of lignin extraction scale-up on [...] Read more.

To effectively valorize lignin, some challenges must be addressed. First, emerging techniques based on green methods may experience difficulties during the scale-up process. Secondly, the low solubility of lignin can hinder further valorization. This study investigated the impact of lignin extraction scale-up on yield and purity and evaluated strategies to enhance lignin solubility. Lignin from grape stalks was extracted using two previously optimized methods—alkaline and deep eutectic solvents—at a scale-up by factors of 5, 10, and 20 times. Although a slight decrease in extraction yield was observed with increasing scale, lignin purity remained consistent across all conditions. After extraction, lignin samples were subjected to solubilization tests using surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol) and organic solvents (ethanol and acetic acid). Results demonstrated that surfactants were notably more effective in solubilizing lignin (up to 74.5%) compared to organic solvents. Furthermore, as an alternative to lignin solubilization, the production of lignin nanoparticles through ultrasonication with minimal chemical use was also explored. Upon optimization, spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of approximately 200 nm were successfully obtained. The use of surfactants was necessary to avoid nanoparticle aggregation during concentration steps and to enhance colloidal stability. This study demonstrates the feasibility of scaling up lignin extraction methods and further explores two approaches to enhancing the valorization of the obtained lignin—solubilization and the production of lignin nanoparticles—thereby contributing to the development of efficient and sustainable strategies for diverse lignin-based applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Encapsulation Processes: Improvement and Innovation of Bio-Micro/Nanostructures with High-Value Compounds in Food)

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19 pages, 489 KB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of Antimicrobials Against Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Porous Materials: A Review

by Jinge Huang, Breanna Kimbrell, Runan Yan, Angela M. Fraser and Xiuping Jiang

Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122827 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Fomites are common vehicles for viral transmission. Most studies on virus disinfection have focused on non-porous, hard surfaces, with few investigating porous materials. This review addresses two research questions: (1) What affects viral viability on reusable porous materials? (2) Which antimicrobials effectively target [...] Read more.

Fomites are common vehicles for viral transmission. Most studies on virus disinfection have focused on non-porous, hard surfaces, with few investigating porous materials. This review addresses two research questions: (1) What affects viral viability on reusable porous materials? (2) Which antimicrobials effectively target viruses on these materials? Among existing studies, viral persistence on reusable porous surfaces was influenced by several factors, including viral envelope status, virus subtype, material type and structure, temperature, relative humidity, deposition method, and transmission medium. Disinfectants evaluated included ultraviolet irradiation, steam, chlorine, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, glutaraldehyde, silver, and peroxide-based agents. Chlorine and steam were most effective; glutaraldehyde and peroxides showed limited action against non-enveloped viruses. Viral persistence and disinfection efficacy on reusable porous materials are influenced by multiple factors, highlighting the need for robust environmental management and infection control practices. Lack of standard tests and long-term disinfection effects on material integrity remain key challenges needing further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Virus Detection and Disinfection in the Environment)

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26 pages, 2632 KB

Open AccessArticle

CAGM-Seg: A Symmetry-Driven Lightweight Model for Small Object Detection in Multi-Scenario Remote Sensing

by Hao Yao, Yancang Li, Wenzhao Feng, Ji Zhu, Haiming Yan, Shijun Zhang and Hanfei Zhao

Symmetry 2025, 17(12), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17122137 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

In order to address challenges in small object recognition for remote sensing imagery—including high model complexity, overfitting with small samples, and insufficient cross-scenario generalization—this study proposes CAGM-Seg, a lightweight recognition model integrating multi-attention mechanisms. The model systematically enhances the U-Net architecture: First, the [...] Read more.

In order to address challenges in small object recognition for remote sensing imagery—including high model complexity, overfitting with small samples, and insufficient cross-scenario generalization—this study proposes CAGM-Seg, a lightweight recognition model integrating multi-attention mechanisms. The model systematically enhances the U-Net architecture: First, the encoder adopts a pre-trained MobileNetV3-Large as the backbone network, incorporating a coordinate attention mechanism to strengthen spatial localization of min targets. Second, an attention gating module is introduced in skip connections to achieve adaptive fusion of cross-level features. Finally, the decoder fully employs depthwise separable convolutions to significantly reduce model parameters. This design embodies a symmetry-aware philosophy, which is reflected in two aspects: the structural symmetry between the encoder and decoder facilitates multi-scale feature fusion, while the coordinate attention mechanism performs symmetric decomposition of spatial context (i.e., along height and width directions) to enhance the perception of geometrically regular small targets. Regarding training strategy, a hybrid loss function combining Dice Loss and Focal Loss, coupled with the AdamW optimizer, effectively enhances the model’s sensitivity to small objects while suppressing overfitting. Experimental results on the Xingtai black and odorous water body identification task demonstrate that CAGM-Seg outperforms comparison models in key metrics including precision (97.85%), recall (98.08%), and intersection-over-union (96.01%). Specifically, its intersection-over-union surpassed SegNeXt by 11.24 percentage points and PIDNet by 8.55 percentage points; its F1 score exceeded SegFormer by 2.51 percentage points. Regarding model efficiency, CAGM-Seg features a total of 3.489 million parameters, with 517,000 trainable parameters—approximately 80% fewer than the baseline U-Net—achieving a favorable balance between recognition accuracy and computational efficiency. Further cross-task validation demonstrates the model’s robust cross-scenario adaptability: it achieves 82.77% intersection-over-union and 90.57% F1 score in landslide detection, while maintaining 87.72% precision and 86.48% F1 score in cloud detection. The main contribution of this work is the effective resolution of key challenges in few-shot remote sensing small-object recognition—notably inadequate feature extraction and limited model generalization—via the strategic integration of multi-level attention mechanisms within a lightweight architecture. The resulting model, CAGM-Seg, establishes an innovative technical framework for real-time image interpretation under edge-computing constraints, demonstrating strong potential for practical deployment in environmental monitoring and disaster early warning systems. Full article

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13 pages, 375 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Communication Strategies of Intelligent Agents in Production Systems on the Shift of Sustainable Solutions

by Polina A. Sharko, Zhanna V. Burlutskaya, Aleksei M. Gintciak, Salbek M. Beketov and Karina A. Lundaeva

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 11130; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411130 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Current decision support systems for recommending labor resource allocation and generating production schedules in the systems with decentralized technological process control often fail to account for the impact of participants’ communication strategies on the shifts in target performance indicators, which depend on the [...] Read more.

Current decision support systems for recommending labor resource allocation and generating production schedules in the systems with decentralized technological process control often fail to account for the impact of participants’ communication strategies on the shifts in target performance indicators, which depend on the alignment between local goals of production units and the global objectives of the system. The goal of the present study is to develop an approach for determining optimal communication parameters among intelligent agents to achieve system-level performance targets using the previously developed multiagent systems (MAS) for optimizing technological processes. The research investigates how agent constraint systems influence both overall system welfare and the individual welfare of agents, considering the shifts in their objective functions driven by preferred communication strategies. A workflow is developed to identify effective constraints. Using this workflow, the study provides recommendations for assigning regional field development plans, accounting for participants’ tendencies toward cooperation. On data where the potential for increasing the region’s flow rate through optimization of labor resource allocation and scheduling of well intervention operations (GTO) does not exceed 6%, the presented solution enabled the development of field plans that result in an additional 1% increase in the predicted oil production region’s flow rate on top of the gain achieved through resource allocation optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Smart Manufacturing and Industrial Intelligence)

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19 pages, 2659 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Structure-Aware Masked Autoencoder for Sparse Character Image Recognition

by Cheng Luo, Wenhong Wang, Junhang Mai, Tianwei Mu, Shuo Guo and Mingzhe Yuan

Electronics 2025, 14(24), 4886; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244886 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Conventional vehicle character recognition methods often treat detection and recognition as separate processes, resulting in limited feature interaction and potential error propagation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a structure-aware self-supervised Masked Autoencoder (CharSAM-MAE) framework, combined with an independent region extraction preprocessing [...] Read more.

Conventional vehicle character recognition methods often treat detection and recognition as separate processes, resulting in limited feature interaction and potential error propagation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a structure-aware self-supervised Masked Autoencoder (CharSAM-MAE) framework, combined with an independent region extraction preprocessing stage. A YOLOv8n detector is employed solely to crop the region of interest (ROI) from full-frame vehicle images using 50 single bounding-box annotated samples. After cropping, the detector is discarded, and subsequent self-supervised pre-training and recognition are fully executed using MAE without any involvement of YOLO model parameters or labeled data. CharSAM-MAE incorporates a structure-aware masking strategy and a region-weighted reconstruction loss during pre-training to improve both local structural representation and global feature modeling. During fine-tuning, a multi-head attention-enhanced CTC decoder (A-CTC) is applied to mitigate issues such as sparse characters, adhesion, and long-sequence instability. The framework is trained on 13,544 ROI images, with only 5% of labeled data used for supervised fine-tuning. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 99.25% character accuracy, 88.6% sequence accuracy, and 0.85% character error rate, outperforming the PaddleOCR v5 baseline (98.92%, 85.2%, and 1.15%, respectively). These results verify the effectiveness of structure-aware self-supervised learning and highlight the applicability of the proposed method for industrial character recognition with minimal annotation requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles)

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15 pages, 6994 KB

Open AccessArticle

Repetitive DNA Dynamics, Phylogenetic Relationships and Divergence Times in Andean Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)

by Rodrigo A. Vargas, Ronie E. Haro, Camilla Bruno Di-Nizo and Elkin Y. Suárez-Villota

Biology 2025, 14(12), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14121776 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The genus Ctenomys comprises a group of rodents with remarkable karyotypic variability linked to the distribution of repetitive sequences and rearrangements. We analyzed the distribution and variation of repetitive DNA in two parapatric Andean species from Chile: Ctenomys maulinus brunneus (2n = 26; [...] Read more.

The genus Ctenomys comprises a group of rodents with remarkable karyotypic variability linked to the distribution of repetitive sequences and rearrangements. We analyzed the distribution and variation of repetitive DNA in two parapatric Andean species from Chile: Ctenomys maulinus brunneus (2n = 26; FNa = 48) and Ctenomys sp. (2n = 28; FNa = 50). Self-genomic in situ hybridization (Self-GISH), whole comparative genomic hybridization (W-CGH), and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a telomeric probe were performed. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times based on cytochrome b sequences helped infer the direction and timing of cytogenetic changes. Self-GISH revealed the absence of highly repetitive sequences in four chromosome pairs of C. m. brunneus and nine in Ctenomys sp. W-CGH showed no differential expansion of species-specific repeats, suggesting no recent major sequence turnover. FISH detected signals exclusively in telomeres. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that C. m. maulinus (2n = 26) diverged from the clade formed by C. m. brunneus and Ctenomys sp. during the Late Pleistocene, supporting, together with cytogenetic data, a loss of repetitive sequences associated with fission events from 2n = 26 to 28. These findings highlight the evolutionary significance of repetitive DNA and reinforce Ctenomys as a model for studying chromosomal evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Biology)

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27 pages, 5941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Physics Digital Twin Models for Predicting Thermal Runaway and Safety Failures in EV Batteries

by Vinay Kumar Ramesh Babu, Arigela Satya Veerendra, Srinivas Gandla and Yarrigarahalli Reddy Manjunatha

Automation 2025, 6(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation6040092 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The rise in thermal runaway events within electric vehicle (EV) battery systems requires anticipatory models to predict critical safety failures during operation. This investigation develops a multi-physics digital twin framework that links electrochemical, thermal, and structural domains to replicate the internal dynamics of [...] Read more.

The rise in thermal runaway events within electric vehicle (EV) battery systems requires anticipatory models to predict critical safety failures during operation. This investigation develops a multi-physics digital twin framework that links electrochemical, thermal, and structural domains to replicate the internal dynamics of lithium-ion packs in both normal and faulted modes. Coupled simulations distributed among MATLAB 2024a, Python 3.12-powered three-dimensional visualizers, and COMSOL 6.3-style multi-domain solvers supply refined spatial resolution of temperature, stress, and ion concentration profiles. While the digital twin architecture is designed to accommodate different battery chemistries and pack configurations, the numerical results reported in this study correspond specifically to a lithium NMC-based 4S3P cylindrical cell module. Quantitative benchmarks show that the digital twin identifies incipient thermal deviation with 97.4% classification accuracy (area under the curve, AUC = 0.98), anticipates failure onset within a temporal margin of ±6 s, and depicts spatial heat propagation through three-dimensional isothermal surface sweeps surpassing 120 °C. Mechanical models predict casing strain concentrations of 142 MPa, approaching polymer yield strength under stress load perturbations. A unified operator dashboard delivers diagnostic and prognostic feedback with feedback intervals under 1 s, state-of-health (SoH) variance quantified by a root-mean-square error of 0.027, and mission-critical alerts transmitting with a mean latency of 276.4 ms. Together, these results position digital twins as both diagnostic archives and predictive safety envelopes in the evolution of next-generation EV architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation in Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 5123 KB

Open AccessProtocol

Secondary Perfusion to Model Viability of Livers Declined for Transplantation

by Avery K. Fortier, Kimberly M. Feeney, Matthew L. Holzner, Joseph DiNorcia, Ron Shapiro, Leona Kim-Schluger, Sander S. Florman, L. Leonie van Leeuwen and M. Zeeshan Akhtar

Livers 2025, 5(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers5040066 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The donor liver shortage has created an urgent need to utilize higher-risk grafts for transplantation. Normothermic machine perfusion enables ex vivo graft assessment prior to transplantation, offering a route to expand access safely. However, proposed performance metrics often fail to differentiate dysfunctional [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The donor liver shortage has created an urgent need to utilize higher-risk grafts for transplantation. Normothermic machine perfusion enables ex vivo graft assessment prior to transplantation, offering a route to expand access safely. However, proposed performance metrics often fail to differentiate dysfunctional grafts from functional grafts. Organs showing borderline results require careful deliberation as clinicians seek to balance recipient safety with waiting list access. The crucial question remains: are we discarding organs appropriately? Methods: To address this question, we describe a novel “secondary perfusion” model. We suggest that organs declined for transplantation after normothermic perfusion be subjected to an additional trial of cold ischemia and warm reanimation, mimicking reperfusion. Results: We present a protocol description and proof-of-concept case study using a marginal donor liver, showing how secondary perfusion enabled confirmation of predicted dysfunction. Conclusions: We share a protocol for modeling the performance of discarded organs in a recipient. We aim for this proof of concept to enable further investigation of existing viability criteria and better inform clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transforming Liver Transplantation: Breakthroughs and Boundaries)

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13 pages, 2727 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Analysis of the Putative Succinyl-Diaminopimelic Acid Desuccinylase DapE from Campylobacter jejuni: Captopril-Mediated Structural Stabilization

by Si Yeon Ahn, Young-Bong You, Han Byeol Oh, Min-Ah Park and Sung-il Yoon

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(12), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47121035 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

DapE is a highly conserved bacterial enzyme that produces L,L-diaminopimelic acid in the meso-diaminopimelic acid and lysine synthesis pathway, which is essential for peptidoglycan formation in the cell wall. DapE has been recognized as a promising antibacterial drug target and can be [...] Read more.

DapE is a highly conserved bacterial enzyme that produces L,L-diaminopimelic acid in the meso-diaminopimelic acid and lysine synthesis pathway, which is essential for peptidoglycan formation in the cell wall. DapE has been recognized as a promising antibacterial drug target and can be inhibited by captopril. The pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni expresses a DapE ortholog, cjDapE. However, the structural basis underlying the enzymatic activity of cjDapE and its inhibition by captopril is unknown. Here, we report the crystal structures of cjDapE in complexes with Zn²⁺ and with both Zn²⁺ and captopril. cjDapE consists of a catalytic domain (CD) and a dimerization domain (DD). The CD harbors a pocket, which accommodates two Zn²⁺ ions in close proximity as the catalytic active site. cjDapE assembles into a dimer primarily using DD residues, with two DD loops largely disordered in the absence of captopril. Upon captopril binding, these loops become ordered and contribute to dimer stabilization by involving both DD and CD residues. Notably, captopril binding maintains cjDapE in an open conformation that is incompatible with catalytic activity. Our comparative structural analysis suggests that captopril inhibits cjDapE primarily via substrate competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Domains: Structure and Molecular Function)

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4 pages, 147 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Social Bots

by Yangyang Li, Yangzhao Yang and Hu Huang

Electronics 2025, 14(24), 4885; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244885 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The digital landscape of the 21st century has been irrevocably shaped by the rise of automated actors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Social Bots)

15 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Collateral Damage: Qualitative Descriptions of Betrayal, Loss, and Grief Associated with Domestic Violence and the Family System

by Geneece Goertzen, Evan Copello and Gaynor I. Yancey

Fam. Sci. 2025, 1(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/famsci1020013 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Recurring themes in domestic violence literature have exposed hidden psycho-social-spiritual aspects accompanying the devastating reality of the many harms, disappointments, and life changes endured by domestic violence survivors. This is not just due to the actual abuses from intimate partners but also from [...] Read more.

Recurring themes in domestic violence literature have exposed hidden psycho-social-spiritual aspects accompanying the devastating reality of the many harms, disappointments, and life changes endured by domestic violence survivors. This is not just due to the actual abuses from intimate partners but also from others in near proximity. This article describes the accompanying devastation, whether intentional or not, and from both individuals and institutions, as collateral damage—the additional emotional and social consequences experienced by survivors of domestic violence. Through qualitative responses in a discussion of betrayal, loss, and grief, new insight is brought to the overlap, seriousness, and overall toll of these consequences. In recognizing that collateral damage exists in cases of domestic violence, helping professionals, community partners, and policymakers can repair harm, offer education, strengthen safety measures and protective strategies, and thereby support both the individual survivor and the family system subjected to abuse. This exploratory study aims to expand inquiry within the domestic violence literature and offer avenues of recognition of the compounding issues faced by many survivors and their children. Full article

29 pages, 7309 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method of Path Planning for an Intelligent Agent Based on an Improved RRT* Called KDB-RRT*

by Wenqing Wei, Kun Wei and Jianhui Zhang

Sensors 2025, 25(24), 7545; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25247545 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

To address challenges in agent path planning within complex environments—particularly slow convergence speed, high path redundancy, and insufficient smoothness—this paper proposes KDB-RRT*, a novel algorithm built upon RRT.* This method integrates a bidirectional search strategy with a three-layer optimization framework: ① accelerated node [...] Read more.

To address challenges in agent path planning within complex environments—particularly slow convergence speed, high path redundancy, and insufficient smoothness—this paper proposes KDB-RRT*, a novel algorithm built upon RRT.* This method integrates a bidirectional search strategy with a three-layer optimization framework: ① accelerated node retrieval via KD-tree indexing to reduce computational complexity; ② enhanced exploration efficiency through goal-biased dynamic circle sampling and a bidirectional gravitational field guidance model, coupled with adaptive step size adjustment using a Sigmoid function for directional expansion and obstacle avoidance; and ③ trajectory optimization employing DP algorithm pruning and cubic B-spline smoothing to generate curvature-continuous paths. Additionally, a multi-level collision detection framework integrating Separating Axis Theorem (SAT) pre-judgment, R-tree spatial indexing, and active obstacle avoidance strategies is incorporated, ensuring robust collision resistance. Extensive experiments in complex environments (Z-shaped map, loop-shaped map, and multi-obstacle settings) demonstrate KDB-RRT’s superiority over state-of-the-art methods (Optimized RRT*, RRT*-Connect, and Informed-RRT*), reducing average planning time by up to 97.9%, shortening path length by 5.5–21.4%, and decreasing inflection points by 40–90.5%. Finally, the feasibility of the algorithm’s practical application was further verified based on the ROS platform. The research results provide a new method for efficient path planning of intelligent agents in unstructured environments, and its three-layer optimization framework has important reference value for mobile robot navigation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)

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15 pages, 2973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vibro-Acoustic Characterization of Additively Manufactured Loudspeaker Enclosures: A Parametric Study of Material and Infill Influence

by Jakub Konopiński, Piotr Sosiński, Mikołaj Wanat and Piotr Góral

Signals 2025, 6(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/signals6040073 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the influence of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parameters—specifically material type, infill geometry, and density—on the vibro-acoustic characteristics of loudspeaker enclosures. The enclosures were designed as exponential horns to intensify resonance phenomena for precise evaluation. Twelve unique [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the influence of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parameters—specifically material type, infill geometry, and density—on the vibro-acoustic characteristics of loudspeaker enclosures. The enclosures were designed as exponential horns to intensify resonance phenomena for precise evaluation. Twelve unique configurations were fabricated using three materials with distinct damping properties (PLA, ABS, wood-composite) and three internal geometries (linear, honeycomb, Gyroid). Key vibro-acoustic properties were assessed via digital signal processing of recorded audio signals, including relative frequency response and time-frequency (spectrogram) analysis, and correlated with a predictive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model of mechanical vibrations. The study unequivocally demonstrates that a material with a high internal damping coefficient is a critical factor. The wood-composite enabled a reduction in the main resonance amplitude by approximately 4 dB compared to PLA with the same geometry, corresponding to a predicted 86% reduction in mechanical vibration. Furthermore, the results show that a synergy between a high-damping material and an advanced, energy-dissipating infill (Gyroid) is crucial for achieving high acoustic fidelity. The wood-composite with 10% Gyroid infill was identified as the optimal design, offering the most effective resonance damping and the most neutral tonal characteristic. This work provides a valuable contribution to the field by establishing a clear link between FDM parameters and acoustic outcomes, delivering practical guidelines for performance optimization in personalized audio systems. Full article

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12 pages, 1397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Cardiogenic Shock in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Using a Nomogram

by Jie Wang, Changying Zhao, Chuqing Yang, Yang Dong, Xiaohong Yang and Chaofeng Sun

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8789; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248789 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a high mortality rate. Early identification of patients at risk for in-hospital CS is crucial for timely intervention. This study aimed to develop a risk prediction model for CS using [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a high mortality rate. Early identification of patients at risk for in-hospital CS is crucial for timely intervention. This study aimed to develop a risk prediction model for CS using admission data. Methods: This retrospective case–control study included AMI patients and classified them into case and control groups, based on the development of in-hospital CS. Clinical information at admission was obtained and 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed based on age, gender, and diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Factors with p < 0.10 at baseline were incorporated to identify the independent risk factors, which were further used to construct a predictive nomogram. Results: After PSM, 374 patients were finally enrolled in both groups. After relaxed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and multivariate logistic regression, independent risk factors identified for CS in AMI patients included systolic blood pressure [odds ratio (OR): 0.866; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.844–0.888, p < 0.001], diastolic blood pressure (OR: 1.031; 95% CI: 1.001–1.063, p = 0.046), triglycerides (OR: 0.561; 95% CI: 0.385–0.820, p = 0.003), creatinine (OR: 1.005; 95% CI: 1.000–1.010, p = 0.048), globulin (OR: 0.915; 95% CI: 0.862–0.972, p = 0.004), left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.951; 95% CI: 0.928–0.975, p < 0.001), and coronary angiography (OR: 0.183; 95% CI: 0.058–0574, p = 0.004). The nomogram incorporating these variables demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.937 (95% CI: 0.952–0.967), indicating good discriminatory ability in the calibration curve and decision curve. Conclusions: Seven independent risk factors for CS in AMI patients were identified upon admission. The proposed nomogram might facilitate early risk stratification and guide clinical decision-making to improve outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation)

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10 pages, 1565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hot-Air Drying Temperature Affects Physiological Performance and Cyto(geno)toxic Endpoints in Soybean Seeds

by Daynara Martins da Silva, Tathiana Elisa Masetto, Leilaine Gomes da Rocha, Valdiney Cambuy Siqueira, Diogo Santos Crippa and Allan Dellon Alegre Takagi

Seeds 2025, 4(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds4040068 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Soybeans are widely used in agro-industrial sectors, and global demand for this crop continues to rise. After harvest, however, soybean seeds often lack the appropriate moisture content for storage, making drying a common practice under changing climate conditions. Because temperature is a critical [...] Read more.

Soybeans are widely used in agro-industrial sectors, and global demand for this crop continues to rise. After harvest, however, soybean seeds often lack the appropriate moisture content for storage, making drying a common practice under changing climate conditions. Because temperature is a critical factor during drying, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of air-drying temperature on physiological responses and cytogenetic conformation of soybean seeds. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design with four replications for each temperature. Seeds with 23 percent moisture content were dried in a convective dryer equipped with airflow and temperature control at 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C until reaching 13 percent. Samples for physiological and cytological analyses were collected before and after drying. The results indicated that drying temperature influenced seed performance and vigor. Moreover, nuclear alterations were identified as an important component of the genotoxicity caused by high drying temperatures. Overall, air temperatures above 50 °C induced physiological and cytogenotoxic effects, underscoring the need for careful monitoring during seed drying. Full article

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17 pages, 5052 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Analysis and Fingerprint Construction for Thick-Skinned Melon (Cucumis melo subsp. melo) Based on InDel Markers

by Dandan Ren, Jinglei Liao, Keyan Zhang, Jiaying Zhang, Jingtao Qu, Guobin Ma and Jufen Li

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243782 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a significant horticultural crop valued for its aroma and health-promoting compounds. However, the genetic similarity among numerous varieties poses challenges for identification and breeding. ‘Dongfangmi No.4’ is an F₁ hybrid derived from a cross between two [...] Read more.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a significant horticultural crop valued for its aroma and health-promoting compounds. However, the genetic similarity among numerous varieties poses challenges for identification and breeding. ‘Dongfangmi No.4’ is an F₁ hybrid derived from a cross between two Hami melon inbred lines, ‘M06-1-3’ and ‘M15-3’. This study utilized resequencing data derived from the bi-parents of ‘Dongfangmi No.4’ to identify 557,878 insertion and deletion (InDel) variations across the entire genome. Thirty-nine highly polymorphic InDel markers were screened to conduct a genetic analysis of 40 representative cultivated varieties, with marker MS108 specifically distinguishing ‘Dongfangmi No.4’ from the other 39 cultivated varieties. Genetic analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity within the population (average observed heterozygosity Ho = 0.313, Shannon index I = 0.528), and polymorphic information content (PIC) analysis indicated that 54% of the markers (21/39) were highly polymorphic. Principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering demonstrated significant genetic differentiation between cantaloupe and Hami melons, as well as between cantaloupe and honeydew. In contrast, the genetic boundaries between Hami melons and honeydew were obscured due to frequent germplasm exchange. Ultimately, seven core InDel markers were selected to construct the DNA fingerprinting map, successfully achieving complete differentiation of 40 varieties. This marker system provides an effective molecular tool for melon variety identification, intellectual property protection, and breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Marker-Assisted Technologies for Crop Breeding—2nd Edition)

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43 pages, 2591 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Supplementation with Milk Proteins on Body Composition and Anthropometric Parameters: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis

by Shooka Mohammadi, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Navid Alaghemand, Amneh F. Alnsour, Shokoufeh Shokouhifar, Aida Borzabadi, Milad Mehrbod, Darren G. Candow, Scott C. Forbes, Jose Antonio, Katsuhiko Suzuki and Omid Asbaghi

Nutrients 2025, 17(24), 3877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17243877 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is no consensus regarding the impacts of supplementation with milk proteins (MPs) on body composition (BC). This systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessed the effects of MP, casein protein (CP), and whey protein (WP) supplementation on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: There is no consensus regarding the impacts of supplementation with milk proteins (MPs) on body composition (BC). This systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessed the effects of MP, casein protein (CP), and whey protein (WP) supplementation on BC and anthropometric parameters. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in several databases to identify eligible RCTs published until October 2025. Random-effects models were applied to estimate the pooled effects of MP supplementation on anthropometric parameters. Results: A total of 150 RCTs were included. MP supplementation substantially increased lean body mass (LBM) (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.41 kg; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.62; p < 0.001) and fat-free mass (FFM) (WMD: 0.67 kg; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.94; p < 0.001). It also significantly reduced body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: −0.66%; 95% CI: −1.03, −0.28; p = 0.001), fat mass (FM) (WMD: −0.66 kg; 95% CI: −0.91, −0.41; p < 0.001), and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: −0.69 cm; 95% CI: −1.16, −0.22; p = 0.004). No considerable effects were observed for muscle mass (MM), body mass index (BMI), and body weight (BW). Dose–response analysis revealed that MP dosage was associated with significant changes in BFP, LBM, and MM. Conclusions: MP supplementation was associated with favorable modifications in body composition, including increases in LBM and FFM, as well as reductions in FM, BFP, and WC. These findings provide coherent and consistent evidence supporting the potential role of MP supplementation in targeted body composition management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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21 pages, 792 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Risk Factors and Preventing Strategies of Pocket Hematoma After Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation: A Systematic Review

by Siyin Ding and Xiaohong Pan

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(12), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12120490 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pocket hematoma is a common complication following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation, traditionally perceived as a manageable local issue. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that clinically significant pocket hematoma (CSH) is strongly associated with increased infection rates, elevated healthcare costs, and heightened mortality. [...] Read more.

Pocket hematoma is a common complication following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation, traditionally perceived as a manageable local issue. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that clinically significant pocket hematoma (CSH) is strongly associated with increased infection rates, elevated healthcare costs, and heightened mortality. Key risk factors include advanced age, low body mass index (BMI), chronic kidney disease, complex procedures (device upgrades/replacements) and periprocedural antithrombotic management, particularly uninterrupted dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) bridging strategies, which significantly elevate bleeding risk compared to continued vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) protocols. Novel compression devices and topical hemostatic agents show promise for prevention, while standardized definitions and risk stratification tools are urgently needed. This review synthesizes current evidence on multifactorial pathogenesis, adverse outcomes, and evolving preventive strategies for pocket hematoma, emphasizing its underappreciated clinical significance and the critical need for optimized periprocedural management in high-risk patients. Full article

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17 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Updating the Role of Carboplatin Added to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

by Ida Taglialatela, Beatrice Ruffilli, Benedetta Conte, Francesca D’Avanzo, Valentina Rossi, Simone Nardin and Alessandra Gennari

Cancers 2025, 17(24), 3961; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17243961 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with poor prognosis and a high risk of early relapse. The incorporation of platinum-based agents into neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) regimens has been linked to improved pathological complete response (pCR) rates. However, the clinical benefit of carboplatin [...] Read more.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with poor prognosis and a high risk of early relapse. The incorporation of platinum-based agents into neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) regimens has been linked to improved pathological complete response (pCR) rates. However, the clinical benefit of carboplatin (CBDCA) remains debated due to variable long-term survival outcomes and concerns over cumulative toxicity. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of adding CBDCA to NACT in early-stage TNBC (eTNBC). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching MEDLINE, PubMed, and major oncology conference proceedings (2014–2024), with no language restrictions. Randomized phase II–III trials assessing the addition of CBDCA to standard NACT in eTNBC and reporting pCR and survival outcomes were included. The systematic review followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The protocol has not been registered. The primary endpoint was pCR; the secondary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). For pCR, a random-effects model was used, and odds ratios (OR) were log-transformed. For DFS, a mixed-effects model was applied, extracting hazard ratios (HR) and converting them into logHR values. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and publication bias was evaluated through the Fail-Safe N method and Egger’s regression test. Statistical analyses were performed using Jamovi v2.4.11. Results: Of 30 studies identified, 9 randomized clinical trials were eligible; 6 (BrighTNess, GeparSixto, GS5-01, BR-15-1 PEARLY, NACATRINE, CALGB 40603) met all inclusion criteria, totaling 3402 patients. The addition of CBDCA to NACT significantly improved pCR (OR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.38–1.92; p < 0.001), with low heterogeneity (I² = 0.81%) and no publication bias. DFS was also significantly improved (SHR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63–0.91; p = 0.003), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 27.95%) and no bias detected. Conclusions: Adding carboplatin to NACT significantly improves pCR and DFS in patients with early-stage TNBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Anti-Cancer Drug Research)

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17 pages, 3401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Structure and Bonding Properties of Ag/Cu Through-Layered Composite Fabricated by Dual-Face Hot-Roll Inlaying Process

by Yong Wang, Quanzhen Yang, Kunshan Guo, Tianhao Liu, Xue Zhao, Lei Huang, Haiguang Ruan, Xiaorong Zhou and Yi Chen

Materials 2025, 18(24), 5580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245580 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

A novel dual-face hot-roll inlaying technique was developed to fabricate a Ag/Cu through-layered composite for use in melt elements for fuse production, including two stages of grooving in a Cu strip followed by separate inlaying of Ag strips at the same positions on [...] Read more.

A novel dual-face hot-roll inlaying technique was developed to fabricate a Ag/Cu through-layered composite for use in melt elements for fuse production, including two stages of grooving in a Cu strip followed by separate inlaying of Ag strips at the same positions on the opposite surfaces. The microstructure was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and selective area electron diffraction (SAED). The Ag/Cu interfaces are flat and well bonded, with an elemental interdiffusion layer of less than 2 μm. The same textural components—copper, brass, and S-type components—were identified in both the Ag and Cu layers. However, no well-matched crystal orientation relationship between Ag and Cu was detected at the interface. Moreover, tensile properties and electrical resistance were measured to evaluate the bonding strength and conductivity of the interface. It was found that Ag/Cu bonding strength surpassed the tensile strength of Ag, i.e., 260 MPa. While the total elongation is less than 1%, the Ag layer exhibits excellent plasticity, with a section shrinkage over 90%. Compared with the calculated resistivity with a series circuit model, the tested value of the composite sample, including six Ag/Cu interfaces, increased by only 6.6%, indicating good conductivity of the Ag/Cu interface. Therefore, the obtained composite is a promising candidate for the fabrication of melt elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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