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Recent Articles  

12 pages, 3343 KiB  
Article
Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material via In Situ Solid–Liquid Host–Guest Composite Strategy
by Jian Chen and Afang Zhang
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3376; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163376 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Solid–liquid phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted significant attention due to their high enthalpy, which enables superior energy storage density. However, it is difficult to maintain their original shapes in a molten state. Therefore, confining PCMs within porous materials is an important method, [...] Read more.
Solid–liquid phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted significant attention due to their high enthalpy, which enables superior energy storage density. However, it is difficult to maintain their original shapes in a molten state. Therefore, confining PCMs within porous materials is an important method, either through mixing molten polymers and PCMs or confining PCMs in pre-prepared porous materials (e.g., aerogels). The former method is straightforward and easy to execute but its stability is severely limited, and the latter is exactly the opposite. Herein, aerogel-confined functional liquid made via in situ solid–liquid host–guest composite strategy is reported. As a proof of concept, Nylon 66 and 1,6-hexanediol are selected as the solid and liquid phases, respectively. 1,6-hexanediol not only serves as a solvent to dissolve Nylon 66 but also induces sol–gel transition during the cooling process and acts as a PCM to store energy. Unlike aerogel-supported systems requiring multi-step processing, this approach integrates porous host formation and PCM encapsulation in one step. The resulting shape-stabilized PCMs (ss-PCMs) exhibit obscure leakage, high latent heat (160 J/g), mechanical robustness (compressive modulus of 3.6 MPa), and low thermal conductivity (0.081 W/(m·K)) above 75 wt% loading of 1,6-hexanediol. These ss-PCMs enable infrared stealth by delaying thermal detection and passive thermal buffering that suppress temperature fluctuations. The in situ solid–liquid host–guest composite strategy is straightforward, being achievable through a one-pot method involving heating and cooling cycles, with high raw material utilization and minimal waste generation, thus maximizing the conversion rate of raw materials into the final product. By combining the excellent liquid retention capability of aerogels with process simplicity, this methodology opens new avenues for the development of ss-PCMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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8 pages, 451 KiB  
Article
Diminishing Efficacy of Second-Line Levofloxacin-Based Quadruple Therapy in Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Prospective Real-World Study in Vietnam Amid Rising Antibiotic Resistance
by Thong Duy Vo, Thao Thu Ngan and Thuy Thi Thanh Trinh
Antibiotics 2025, 14(8), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080826 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains highly prevalent in Vietnam, associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world eradication rate of levofloxacin-based bismuth quadruple therapy (PALB) as second-line treatment, assess adherence, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains highly prevalent in Vietnam, associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world eradication rate of levofloxacin-based bismuth quadruple therapy (PALB) as second-line treatment, assess adherence, and identify associated factors with treatment success. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 225 patients with confirmed failure of classical bismuth-based quadruple therapy. All received a 14-day PALB regimen. H. pylori eradication was assessed using 13C-urea breath test and/or rapid urease test 4–12 weeks after treatment. Results: Eradication rates were 78.2% (mITT) and 78.6% (PP), with 95% CIs overlapping the 80% benchmark. Adherence was high (91.6%) and significantly associated with success (OR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.11–7.74; p = 0.039). No other factors were significantly associated. Conclusions: While PALB remains a valid second-line therapy, its efficacy may be declining, though not statistically inferior to 80%. Improving adherence and strengthening stewardship are essential. Full article
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35 pages, 2758 KiB  
Review
Redox Homeostasis in Red Blood Cells: From Molecular Mechanisms to Antioxidant Strategies
by Sara Spinelli, Angela Marino, Alessia Remigante and Rossana Morabito
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080655 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are uniquely vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their role in O2 transport and their high content of heme iron and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Despite lacking nuclei and organelles, RBC homeostasis relies on a finely tuned redox [...] Read more.
Red blood cells (RBCs) are uniquely vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their role in O2 transport and their high content of heme iron and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Despite lacking nuclei and organelles, RBC homeostasis relies on a finely tuned redox system to preserve membrane integrity, cytoskeletal organization, and metabolic function. Impairment of this delicate balance results in a series of oxidative events that ultimately leads to the premature clearance of RBCs from the bloodstream. This review outlines the main oxidative mechanisms that affect RBC at different levels, such as membrane, cytoskeleton, and intracellular environment, with a focus on the molecular targets of reactive species. The role of major antioxidant systems in preventing or reversing redox damage will also be examined, revealing their multiple mechanisms of action ranging from direct ROS scavenging to the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense pathways. Redox regulatory mechanisms in RBCs are required to maintain membrane integrity, cytoskeletal organization, and metabolic function. Disruption of these processes causes several oxidative processes that trigger premature RBC removal. Cumulative evidence places oxidative stress at the core of RBC dysfunction in both physiological aging and pathological conditions, including diabetes, inflammatory conditions, and hemolytic disorders. Antioxidant-based strategies, rather than providing generalized protection, should aim to selectively target the specific molecular pathways affected in distinct clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Effects of Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Human Diseases)
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31 pages, 4259 KiB  
Article
Neuronal Count, Brain Injury, and Sustained Cognitive Function in 5×FAD Alzheimer’s Disease Mice Fed DHA-Enriched Diets
by Cristina de Mello-Sampayo, Mafalda Soares Pádua, Maria Rosário Silva, Maria Lourenço, Rui M. A. Pinto, Sandra Carvalho, Jorge Correia, Cátia F. Martins, Romina Gomes, Ana Gomes-Bispo, Cláudia Afonso, Carlos Cardoso, Narcisa Bandarra and Paula A. Lopes
Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081164 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting over 50 million people globally. Since 1906, efforts to understand this neurodegenerative disease and to develop effective treatments have continued to this day. Recognizing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) as a safe, inexpensive [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting over 50 million people globally. Since 1906, efforts to understand this neurodegenerative disease and to develop effective treatments have continued to this day. Recognizing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) as a safe, inexpensive and vital nutrient for brain health and cognitive protection due to its key role in brain development and function, this study explores novel, sustainable non-fish sources as potential dietary supplements to prevent or mitigate AD, within a blue biotechnology framework. Forty 5×FAD male mice, five weeks old, were allocated to five body weight-matched dietary groups (n = 8) and fed isocaloric diets based on AIN-93M standard chow for 6 months. Each diet, except the control feed (non-supplemented group), enclosed a modified lipid fraction supplemented with 2% of the following: (1) linseed oil (LSO, rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA,18:3n-3)); (2) cod liver oil (fish oil, FO, rich in both DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3)); (3) Schizochytrium sp. microalga oil (Schizo) with 40% of DHA; and (4) commercial DHASCO oil (DHASCO) with 70% of DHA. The different diets did not affect (p > 0.05) growth performance criteria (e.g., final body weight, daily feed intake, and body weight gain) suggesting no effect on the overall caloric balance or mice growth, but n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated-fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and total lipids (p < 0.001). No systemic inflammation was detected in 5×FAD mice. In parallel, a beneficial modulation of lipid metabolism by DHA-enriched diets was observed, with polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation, particularly DHA, across key metabolic tissues, such as the liver (p < 0.001) and the brain (p < 0.001). No behavioural variations were detected using an open-field test after 6 months of diet (p > 0.05). While mice fed a standard diet or LSO diet showed cognitive deficit, the incorporation of FO, Schizo or DHASCO oils into dietary routine showed promising protective effects on the working memory (p < 0.05) and the last two diets also on the recognition memory (p < 0.05) Increased neuronal count (p < 0.05), reflecting neuronal survival, was clearly observed with the fish oil diet. In turn, the number of TAU-positive cells (p < 0.05) was reduced in the Schizo diet, while β-amyloid deposition (p < 0.01) and the neuroinflammatory marker, IBA1 (p < 0.05), were decreased across all DHA-enriched diets. These promising findings open new avenues for further studies focused on the protective effects of DHA derived from sustainable and underexploited Schizochytrium sp. microalga in the prevention of AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Biochemistry)
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22 pages, 3517 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Flavor Profiles and Key Aroma-Active Compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing Baijiu Across Distilling Stages
by Lei Tian, Pei Xu, Ji Qin, Guojun Hou, Qiao Huang, Ying Liu, Yu Li and Tongwei Guan
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162814 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Distillation, a crucial step in Baijiu production, profoundly influences its flavor. However, the aroma-active compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing (SXQ) Baijiu during distillation remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the volatile flavor compound (VFC) composition and alcohol content variations across three [...] Read more.
Distillation, a crucial step in Baijiu production, profoundly influences its flavor. However, the aroma-active compounds of Sichuan Xiaoqu Qingxiangxing (SXQ) Baijiu during distillation remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the volatile flavor compound (VFC) composition and alcohol content variations across three key distillation stages (i.e., head, heart, and tail) of SXQ Baijiu using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS), alongside electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue). A total of 111 VFCs, 22 key odorants, and 11 pivotal differential VFCs were identified. Ethyl octanoate were identified as the most critical odor-active compounds, while isoamylol was recognized as a key difference marker. VFC concentrations in raw Baijiu decreased from head > heart > tail, while VFC categories increased from tail > head > heart. The flavor profiles of the head differ significantly from those of the heart and tail in Baijiu distillation. Alcohol content decreased as distillation proceeded. The E-nose and E-tongue effectively distinguished raw Baijiu samples from different distillation stages. This study enhances our understanding of volatile compounds and their aroma contributions during the distillation process of SXQ Baijiu. The findings provides bases for optimizing the distillation and quality-based classification of distillates in SXQ Baijiu production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drinks and Liquid Nutrition)
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14 pages, 1159 KiB  
Article
Using Fish Skin Gelatin Hydrolysate as Stabilizer and/or Emulsifier Agent in Ice Cream Production and Melting, Textural, Rheological, and Sensory Characteristics
by Sefik Tekle, Hamza Goktas, Cansu Agan, Aysen Develioglu-Arslan and Zeynep Hazal Tekin-Cakmak
Gels 2025, 11(8), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080643 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
The increasing global interest in fish consumption leads to a greater generation of fish waste. Fish waste, rich in nutrients such as protein, bioactive compounds, and vitamins, is attracting growing attention for its potential applications in food. In this study, gelatin hydrolysate obtained [...] Read more.
The increasing global interest in fish consumption leads to a greater generation of fish waste. Fish waste, rich in nutrients such as protein, bioactive compounds, and vitamins, is attracting growing attention for its potential applications in food. In this study, gelatin hydrolysate obtained from fish skin waste was utilized as a stabilizer and/or emulsifier in ice cream production. It was found that gelatin hydrolysate significantly increased the protein content of the ice cream samples. The K and n values in different ice cream compositions varied between 0.009 and 1.012 Pa.sn and 0.356 and 0.863, respectively. The consistency coefficients of samples D1 (sahlep and mono-diglyceride) and D3 (sahlep and gelatin hydrolysate) were almost the same, indicating that the mono-diglyceride was replaced by an equivalent amount of gelatin hydrolysate. All the ice cream mixtures tested showed non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic flow, as indicated by their n values being less than 1. All mixtures demonstrated greater elasticity than viscosity, as their storage modulus (G′) was higher than their loss modulus (G″). In the third interval of 3-ITT, all ice cream mixtures displayed thixotropic behavior, indicating that their viscoelastic properties could be restored after a sudden deformation. The overrun levels of the samples ranged from 9.55% to 21.74%; the use of gelatin hydrolysate resulted in a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05). The highest hardness and stickiness values in the samples were determined in the specific sample containing equal amounts of emulsifier, stabilizer, and gelatin hydrolysate. Furthermore, gelatin hydrolysate prolonged the first dripping time and melting rate of the samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Food Gels (2nd Edition))
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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1488 KiB  
Article
PG-Mamba: An Enhanced Graph Framework for Mamba-Based Time Series Clustering
by Yao Sun, Dongshi Zuo and Jing Gao
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 5043; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165043 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Time series clustering finds wide application but is often limited by data quality and the inherent limitations of existing methods. Compared to high-dimensional structured data like images, the low-dimensional features of time series contain less information, and endogenous noise can easily obscure important [...] Read more.
Time series clustering finds wide application but is often limited by data quality and the inherent limitations of existing methods. Compared to high-dimensional structured data like images, the low-dimensional features of time series contain less information, and endogenous noise can easily obscure important patterns. When dealing with massive time series data, existing clustering methods often focus on mining associations between sequences. However, ideal clustering results are difficult to achieve by relying solely on pairwise association analysis in the presence of noise and information scarcity. To address these issues, we propose a framework called Patch Graph Mamba (PG-Mamba). For the first time, the spatio-temporal patterns of a single sequence are explored by dividing the time series into multiple patches and constructing a spatio-temporal graph (STG). In this graph, these patches serve as nodes, connected by both spatial and temporal edges. By leveraging Mamba-driven long-range dependency learning and a decoupled spatio-temporal graph attention mechanism, our framework simultaneously captures temporal dynamics and spatial relationships and, thus, enabling the effective extraction of key information from time series. Furthermore, a spatio-temporal adjacency matrix reconstruction loss is introduced to mitigate feature space perturbations induced by the clustering loss. Experimental results demonstrate that PG-Mamba outperforms state-of-the-art methods, offering new insights into time series clustering tasks. Across the 33 datasets of the UCR time series archive, PG-Mamba achieved the highest average rank of 3.606 and secured the most first-place rankings (13). Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Cyber–Physical Systems)
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13 pages, 452 KiB  
Article
The Association Between Physical Activity and Quality of Sleep Among Nursing Students in Saudi Arabia
by Eman Bajamal, Jori Alotaibi, Danah Balamash, Esraa Alsaeedi, Hanan Ali, Joud Alzahrani, Layan Swat, Ajwan Alamri, Raneem Jundi, Renad Alzahrani and Samar Alharbi
Healthcare 2025, 13(16), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13161991 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Nursing students usually face excessive academic and clinical demands that negatively impact their sleep quality. Physical activity (PA) has been proposed to enhance sleep, yet few investigations have focused on this correlation within the Saudi environment. The purpose of this research was [...] Read more.
Background: Nursing students usually face excessive academic and clinical demands that negatively impact their sleep quality. Physical activity (PA) has been proposed to enhance sleep, yet few investigations have focused on this correlation within the Saudi environment. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between PA and sleep quality in Saudi nursing students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 554 nursing students from different universities in Saudi Arabia. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to collect data. Snowball sampling was used to recruit the participants through social media. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and inferential tests were employed for the analysis. Results: Most participants were female (85.1%) and aged 18–34 years (95.5%). LPA levels were reported by 59.6% of students, and only 8.2% engaged in VPA. The majority (91%) reported poor sleep duration (<5 h), and 57.4% had poor sleep efficiency. Overall, 86.7% of students experienced poor sleep quality. Gender and GPA were significantly associated with both PA and sleep quality. Female students and those with lower GPAs were more likely to report LPA and poor sleep. Marital status was also associated with higher levels of VPA. No significant associations were found with age, academic year, region, income, or parental education. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between PA and sleep quality (r = 0.192, p < 0.001), suggesting that increased PA is modestly associated with better sleep. Conclusion: The research shows a high rate of poor sleep and low physical activity in nursing students, indicating an alarming health trend. Although PA was linked significantly to better sleep, the modest strength indicates the necessity for multi-component interventions. Structured PA programs and sleep hygiene education should be incorporated into nursing curricula by universities to foster students’ well-being and academic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Fitness in the Health Promotion of Children and Adolescents)
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17 pages, 1093 KiB  
Article
Research on Direct Spread Spectrum Signal Monitoring Technology Based on Combined Partitioned Matched Filter–Fast Fourier Transform and Partitioned Matched Filter–Fractional Fourier Transform Algorithms
by Huaiyi Guan, Jun Fu, Bao Li, Hongwei Wei, Pengfei Jiang, Shiyao Zhao and Yi Huang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8958; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168958 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
To address the challenge of monitoring BeiDou RDSS signals under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high-dynamic conditions, this paper introduces a hierarchical joint processing algorithm combining PMF-FFT and PMF-FRFT. The method counters the energy dispersion issue in conventional FFT-based techniques by employing a [...] Read more.
To address the challenge of monitoring BeiDou RDSS signals under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high-dynamic conditions, this paper introduces a hierarchical joint processing algorithm combining PMF-FFT and PMF-FRFT. The method counters the energy dispersion issue in conventional FFT-based techniques by employing a two-stage “coarse–fine” strategy. A computationally efficient PMF-FFT performs a rapid coarse search, followed by an intelligent trigger, based on a correlation peak morphology, that initiates a localized PMF-FRFT fine search for high-dynamic signals, to precisely estimate the code phase, center frequency, and Doppler rate. Experimental results demonstrated that the algorithm’s acquisition performance was comparable to a global PMF-FRFT search and superior to the conventional PMF-FFT, achieving a 4.91% correlation peak improvement at −10 dB SNR and a gain of nearly 30% in extreme conditions (−20 dB SNR, 1000 Hz offset). Crucially, its average processing time (∼0.088 s) was on the same order of magnitude as PMF-FFT (∼0.0568 s) and significantly faster than global PMF-FRFT (∼0.3317 s). The proposed algorithm effectively balances detection performance with computational efficiency, offering a viable solution for the real-time monitoring of high-dynamic DSSS signals. Full article
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19 pages, 589 KiB  
Article
Organized Land Transfer and Improvement in Agricultural Land Allocation Efficiency: Effects and Mechanisms
by Liping Kong, Mengfei Gao and Yueqing Ji
Land 2025, 14(8), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081640 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Against the backdrop of pervasive land fragmentation and high transaction costs, organized land transfer has emerged as a growing trend in China’s agricultural land market, facilitating the transition toward moderate-scale farming. Based on survey data from 1472 households across 72 villages in Jiangsu [...] Read more.
Against the backdrop of pervasive land fragmentation and high transaction costs, organized land transfer has emerged as a growing trend in China’s agricultural land market, facilitating the transition toward moderate-scale farming. Based on survey data from 1472 households across 72 villages in Jiangsu Province, this study investigates the impact of organized land transfer on agricultural land allocation efficiency and explores the underlying mechanisms. The results show that organized land transfer significantly enhances agricultural land allocation efficiency. This finding proves to be robust across a series of robustness analyses. Specifically, organized land transfer enhances land allocation efficiency, primarily by enhancing transfer stability, expanding the transfer scale, and broadening the transfer scope. Moreover, our analysis of moderating factors reveals that the strength of the village collective economy positively moderates the relationship between organized land transfer and efficiency, whereas lineage networks exert a negative moderating influence. Addressing equity implications, this study also examines the model’s impact on farmers’ autonomy. The findings indicate that organized land transfer significantly suppresses transfer willingness, particularly in those with low incomes and the elderly. These results carry significant policy implications: when promoting organized land transfer, it is crucial to balance the strengthening of village collectives’ intermediary role with robust regulatory frameworks designed to safeguard farmers’ land rights and autonomy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)
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15 pages, 3160 KiB  
Article
Annealed Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Cartilage Replacement: Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Mechanical Properties
by Hassan Mahmoud, Christian M. Puttlitz, Benjamin C. Gadomski and Kevin M. Labus
Gels 2025, 11(8), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080644 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to determine the interactive effects of multiple synthesis parameters on annealed PVA hydrogel properties and assess these hydrogels for the application of cartilage replacement. PVA hydrogels were synthesized at two different molecular weight ranges (89–98 kDa and [...] Read more.
The objective of this paper was to determine the interactive effects of multiple synthesis parameters on annealed PVA hydrogel properties and assess these hydrogels for the application of cartilage replacement. PVA hydrogels were synthesized at two different molecular weight ranges (89–98 kDa and 146–186 kDa), two polymer concentrations (10% PVA and 20% PVA), and four different annealing temperatures (120 °C, 135 °C, 150 °C, and 165 °C). The compressive, tensile, and wear mechanical properties were measured, and the crystalline structure of these hydrogels was assessed via differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrogels showed increasing polymer weight percent, tensile modulus, and compressive modulus with increasing annealing temperature. Depending on synthesis parameters, the hydrogels matched or exceeded the previously published compressive and tensile properties of native cartilage. Higher molecular weight PVA hydrogels (146–186 kDa) exhibited less wear, but greater friction, compared to lower molecular weight PVA (89–98 kDa). The PVA hydrogels exhibited crystallinity in the range of 53–78%, but no consistent differences in crystallinity were detected between hydrogel variants. It was concluded that the (10% PVA, 146 kDa, 165 °C) annealed PVA hydrogel demonstrated the most appropriate balance of high tensile strength and compressive compliance comparable to cartilage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology)
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34 pages, 4622 KiB  
Review
Colorimetric Food Freshness Indicators for Intelligent Packaging: Progress, Shortcomings, and Promising Solutions
by Xiaodong Zhai, Yuhong Xue, Yue Sun, Xingdan Ma, Wanwan Ban, Gobinath Marappan, Haroon Elrasheid Tahir, Xiaowei Huang, Kunlong Wu, Zhilong Chen, Wenwu Zou, Biao Liu, Liang Zhang, Zhikun Yang and Jaroslav Katona
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162813 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
The colorimetric food freshness indicator (CFFI) is a promising technology in intelligent food packaging, offering the capability for real-time monitoring of food freshness through colorimetric changes. This technology holds significant promise in mitigating food waste and enhancing transparency across the supply chain. This [...] Read more.
The colorimetric food freshness indicator (CFFI) is a promising technology in intelligent food packaging, offering the capability for real-time monitoring of food freshness through colorimetric changes. This technology holds significant promise in mitigating food waste and enhancing transparency across the supply chain. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the classification system for the CFFI, encompassing colorimetric films and sensor arrays. It explores their applications across key perishable food categories, including meats, seafoods, fruits, and vegetables. Furthermore, this paper offers an in-depth analysis of three critical challenges currently hindering technological advancement: safety concerns, stability issues, and limitations in sensitivity and selectivity. In addressing these challenges, this paper proposes forward-looking solutions and outlines potential research directions aimed at overcoming these bottlenecks, thereby fostering substantial progress in the development of this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Packaging and Preservation Technologies for Improving Fresh Product Shelf Life)
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15 pages, 635 KiB  
Article
Adversity Quotient Influences Self-Regulated Learning Strategies via Achievement Motivation Among Chinese University Students
by Xiang Wang, Zi Yan, Anqi Tang, Chen Chen, Junjun Chen and Yuhan Xiong
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081042 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Aims: This study explored university students’ adversity quotient and its relationship with students’ achievement motivation and self-regulated learning strategies in the Chinese context. Methods: A total of 319 Chinese university students responded to a questionnaire that measures the adversity quotient (control, ownership, reach, [...] Read more.
Aims: This study explored university students’ adversity quotient and its relationship with students’ achievement motivation and self-regulated learning strategies in the Chinese context. Methods: A total of 319 Chinese university students responded to a questionnaire that measures the adversity quotient (control, ownership, reach, endurance, and transcendence), achievement motivation (motive to success and motive to avoid failure), and self-regulated learning strategies (general strategies for learning and clarification strategies for learning). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that (1) control and ownership directly and positively correlated with self-regulated learning strategies; (2) control and endurance positively correlated with self-regulated learning strategies mediated by their motive to achieve success; (3) reach negatively correlated with students learning strategies through the motive to achieve success; and (4) control, ownership, and endurance negatively correlated with the motive to avoid failure while reach was positively correlated with it. Conclusions: This study shows that developing university students’ adversity quotient is essential. It implies that achievement motivation can be one possible mechanism underlying relationships between the adversity quotient and self-regulated learning strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Emotional Learning and Wellbeing in Education)
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11 pages, 2246 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Structural Stability and Electrochemical Performance of δ-MnO2 Cathodes via Fe3+ Doping for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
by Pengfei Wang, Haiyang Yu, Chengyan Zou, Yuxue Wu and Zhengfei Chen
Solids 2025, 6(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6030045 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Due to its unique layered structure that facilitates ion intercalation and deintercalation, δ-MnO2 has emerged as a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). However, its structural collapse and Mn dissolution during prolonged cycling significantly limit its practical application. In this [...] Read more.
Due to its unique layered structure that facilitates ion intercalation and deintercalation, δ-MnO2 has emerged as a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). However, its structural collapse and Mn dissolution during prolonged cycling significantly limit its practical application. In this study, we demonstrate that metal ion doping, particularly with Fe3+, can effectively stabilize the δ-MnO2 structure and enhance its electrochemical performance. Through a hydrothermal synthesis approach, δ-MnO2 materials with varying Fe3+ doping ratios are prepared and systematically investigated. Among them, the sample with a Mn:Fe molar ratio of 20:1 exhibits the best performance, maintaining the layered δ-MnO2 phase while significantly increasing Mn3+ content and promoting the formation of oxygen vacancies. At a current density of 0.5 A·g−1, the iron-doped sample exhibited an initial specific capacity of 116.24 mAh·g−1, with a capacity retention rate of 41.7% after 200 cycles. In contrast, the undoped δ-MnO2 showed an initial specific capacity of only 85.15 mAh·g−1, with a capacity retention rate of merely 19.9% after 200 cycles. The results suggest that Fe3+ doping not only suppresses Mn dissolution but also improves structural stability and Zn2+ transport kinetics. This work provides new insights into the development of durable Mn-based cathode materials for aqueous ZIBs. Full article
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18 pages, 1111 KiB  
Article
Latent Mamba-DQN: Improving Temporal Dependency Modeling in Deep Q-Learning via Selective State Summarization
by HanYul Ryu, Chae-Bong Sohn and Dae-Yeol Kim
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8956; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168956 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study proposes a novel framework, Mamba-DQN, which integrates the state space-based time-series encoder Mamba-SSM into the Deep Q-Network (DQN) architecture to improve reinforcement learning performance in dynamic environments. Conventional reinforcement learning models primarily rely on instantaneous state information, limiting their ability to [...] Read more.
This study proposes a novel framework, Mamba-DQN, which integrates the state space-based time-series encoder Mamba-SSM into the Deep Q-Network (DQN) architecture to improve reinforcement learning performance in dynamic environments. Conventional reinforcement learning models primarily rely on instantaneous state information, limiting their ability to effectively capture temporal dependencies. To address this limitation, the proposed Mamba-DQN generates latent representations that summarize temporal information from state sequences and utilizes them for both Q-value estimation and Prioritized Experience Replay (PER), thereby enhancing the adaptability of policy learning and improving sample efficiency. The Mamba-SSM offers linear computational complexity and is optimized for parallel processing, enabling real-time learning and policy updates even in environments characterized by high state transition rates. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was validated through experiments conducted in environments with strong temporal dependencies and sparse rewards. Experimental results demonstrate that Mamba-DQN achieves superior stability and efficiency in policy learning compared to conventional DQN, LSTM-DQN, and Transformer-DQN models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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14 pages, 557 KiB  
Review
Advances in Kidney Transplant, Machine Perfusion, and Viability Markers
by Stephanie Y. Ohara, Mariana Chavez-Villa, Shennen Mao, Jacob Clendenon, Julie Heimbach, Randi Ryan, Lavanya Kodali, Michelle C. Nguyen, Rafael Nateras-Nunez and Caroline C. Jadlowiec
Kidney Dial. 2025, 5(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5030037 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Despite improvements in kidney transplantation rates, the shortage of donor kidneys remains a critical issue, exacerbated by non-utilization of recovered kidneys due to quality concerns, necessitating advancements in perfusion methods to enhance graft outcomes and usage. Although static cold storage remains the default [...] Read more.
Despite improvements in kidney transplantation rates, the shortage of donor kidneys remains a critical issue, exacerbated by non-utilization of recovered kidneys due to quality concerns, necessitating advancements in perfusion methods to enhance graft outcomes and usage. Although static cold storage remains the default standard for kidney preservation, newer methods like hypothermic machine perfusion have shown improved outcomes, including reduced delayed graft function and better survival rates. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion and normothermic machine perfusion offer some potential clinical benefits but studies to date have demonstrated mixed results. In the United States, LifePort and the XVIVO’s Kidney Assist Transport are the most popular hypothermic perfusion devices, with NMP devices mostly in trials. Combining perfusion with biomarkers such as mitochondrial flavin mononucleotide, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and osteopontin shows promise in assessing kidney viability and predicting post-transplant outcomes, though further research is also needed. Emphasis on repair biomarkers, such as uromodulin and osteopontin, aims to better predict graft outcomes and develop new therapies. While notable advancements have been made in the use of machine perfusion and viability testing for liver transplantation, additional research with larger sample sizes is essential to substantiate these results and enhance kidney transplantation outcomes. Full article
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11 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
A Single Subcutaneous Dose of BMD-1141 Stimulates Hair Regrowth Comparable to Daily, High-Dose Ruxolitinib in a Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata
by Robert Gensure, Brett King, Stephen Sikkink, Andrei Mardaryev and Robyn Goforth
Cells 2025, 14(16), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161251 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder of hair loss resulting from a T-cell mediated attack on hair follicles. Three Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe alopecia areata; however, safety concerns for immunosuppressive therapy have limited their [...] Read more.
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder of hair loss resulting from a T-cell mediated attack on hair follicles. Three Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe alopecia areata; however, safety concerns for immunosuppressive therapy have limited their use. We previously demonstrated that BMD-1141, consisting of parathyroid hormone (PTH) fused to a collagen-binding domain (CBD) (PTH-CBD) improved hair retention, increased anagen hair follicles counts, and reduced hair follicle dystrophy in C3H/HeJ-engrafted mice). We now compare the effects of a single subcutaneous injection of BMD-1141 with the daily, high-dose, oral administration of the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib on anagen hair follicle counts and hair regrowth in C3H/HeJ-engrafted mice. BMD-1141-treated mice exhibited a significant increase in anagen hair follicle counts (p < 0.05) and enhanced hair regrowth compared to ruxolitinib-treated mice after 8 weeks. Hair follicles from the BMD-1141-treated mice showed increased beta-catenin, consistent with a mechanism of stimulating the anagen transition of hair follicles, and did not increase immune cell infiltration. Thus, a single subcutaneous dose of BMD-1141 stimulated hair regrowth comparable to daily ruxolitinib, apparently by stimulating the hair cycle, rather than inhibiting the autoimmune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Signalings in Hair Regeneration)
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11 pages, 2092 KiB  
Article
Regeneration and Herbivory Across Multiple Forest Types Within a Megafire Burn Scar
by Devri A. Tanner, Kordan Kildew, Noelle Zenger, Benjamin W. Abbott, Neil Hansen, Richard A. Gill and Samuel B. St. Clair
Fire 2025, 8(8), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8080323 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Human activities are increasing the occurrence of megafires that alter ecological dynamics in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of a 610 km2 megafire on patterns of tree regeneration and herbivory across three forest types (aspen/fir, [...] Read more.
Human activities are increasing the occurrence of megafires that alter ecological dynamics in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of a 610 km2 megafire on patterns of tree regeneration and herbivory across three forest types (aspen/fir, oak/maple, and pinyon/juniper). Seventeen transect pairs in adjacent burned/unburned forest stands (6 aspen/fir, 5 oak/maple, and 6 pinyon/juniper) were measured. Sapling density, meristem removal, and height were measured across the transect network over a three-year period from 2019 to 2021. Tree species able to resprout from surviving roots (oak and aspen) generally responded positively to fire while species that typically regenerate by seeding showed little post-fire regeneration. Browse pressure was concentrated on deciduous tree species and was greater in burned areas but the effect diminished over the three-year study period. Meristem removal by herbivores was below the critical threshold, resulting in vertical growth over time. Our results indicate that forest regeneration within the megafire scar was generally positive and experienced sustainable levels of ungulate browsing that were likely to result in forest recruitment success. Full article
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23 pages, 1501 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Processed Food and Frailty: Evidence from a Prospective Cohort Study and Implications for Future Research
by Elsa M. Konieczynski, Shivani Sahni, Paul F. Jacques and Elena N. Naumova
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162631 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) make up a growing share of older adults’ diets and may contribute to frailty through pro-inflammatory pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the association of UPF intake with frailty development and with annual changes in select [...] Read more.
Background: Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs) make up a growing share of older adults’ diets and may contribute to frailty through pro-inflammatory pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the association of UPF intake with frailty development and with annual changes in select frailty components. Methods: This prospective cohort study used data from 2547 participants in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. UPF intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and classified according to the NOVA framework, and frailty was defined by the Fried frailty phenotype. We used cumulative and mixed logistic regression models to examine the association between daily servings of UPF and odds of developing frailty, adjusting for baseline age, education, energy intake, multivitamin use, smoking, self-rated health, history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diet quality. For the frailty component analysis, we used cumulative linear regression models to assess the association between UPF intake and annual changes in grip strength, gait speed, and weight, further adjusting for BMI and physical activity. We also evaluated potential effect modification by sex and baseline age (<60 vs. ≥60 years). Results: The study population was 55.1% female, with a mean age of 60.3 ± 8.9 years. Over an average follow-up of 10.8 years, 233 participants (9.2%) developed frailty. UPF intake was not associated with frailty development in either the cumulative or mixed regression models. UPF intake was not associated with annual weight change but was inversely associated with annual change in gait speed and with annual change in grip strength in men only. Conclusions: Our findings contribute preliminary evidence that, in middle-aged and older adults, increased UPF intake is not associated with frailty but may be related to worsening muscle strength and function. Further research with a more granular approach to UPF classification is required to translate these findings to practical recommendations and to clarify their clinical significance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Dietary Quality and Human Health)
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14 pages, 2160 KiB  
Article
Arthrospira Platensis Attenuates Endothelial Inflammation and Monocyte Activation
by Ilaria Leone, Valentino Costabile, Giovanni Smaldone, Monica Franzese, Andrea Soricelli and Anna D’Agostino
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7844; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167844 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease and remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability worldwide. Therefore, the identification of early [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease and remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability worldwide. Therefore, the identification of early biomarkers and clarification of the mechanism of action of pharmacological adjuvants is urgently needed. Nutraceuticals such as Arthrospira platensis (commonly known as spirulina) have emerged as promising modulators for their notable vascular anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we provide novel evidence of the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic potential of Arthrospira platensis toward endothelial cells and immune interactions, combining in vitro assays with bioinformatic profiling. Spirulina treatment significantly attenuated endothelial and angiogenic activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and VEGFA/VEGFR2 expression. Additionally, it also decreased the activation and adhesion capabilities of THP-1 monocytic cell lines. Through computational analysis of the complex molecular mixture present in Arthrospira platensis, we have identified a subset of compounds exhibiting high structural similarity to CHEMBL3559503, a well-characterized synthetic molecule with dual activity as a TLR9 agonist and anti-angiogenic agent. This represents a novel insight, suggesting that spirulina may serve as a natural source of analogues capable of modulating both immune and angiogenic pathways. These results highlight Arthrospira platensis as a promising candidate nutraceutical for targeting endothelial/immune crosstalk in the context of atherosclerosis prevention, offering both mechanistic insights and translational potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathophysiology and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease)
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15 pages, 6056 KiB  
Article
Effects of Increased Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Ion Concentrations on Survival Conditions, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters in Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius)
by Xuechun Jiang, Fanjiang Ou, Tongshan Jia, Hao Guo, Peng Liu, Wenzhuo Tian, Shuaichen Wu, Siyuan Chen, Wenping Feng and Weijie Zhang
Biology 2025, 14(8), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081046 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study examined the effects of calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion concentrations on Strongylocentrotus intermedius through seven experimental rearing groups: two calcium ion levels (550 mg/L and 733 mg/L), two magnesium ion levels (1727 mg/L and 2302 mg/L), two potassium ion levels (533 [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion concentrations on Strongylocentrotus intermedius through seven experimental rearing groups: two calcium ion levels (550 mg/L and 733 mg/L), two magnesium ion levels (1727 mg/L and 2302 mg/L), two potassium ion levels (533 mg/L and 710 mg/L), and a control. After 45 days of cultivation, 733 mg/L of calcium ions significantly reduced the S. intermedius survival rate, while 550 mg/L of calcium ions had no significant adverse effects on survival, growth (SGR), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), gonad colour, or immune enzyme activity, and it significantly increased the gonad index (GI). Meanwhile, 2302 mg/L of magnesium ions caused 100% mortality within 2 days, and 1727 mg/L of magnesium ions significantly reduced the survival rate and SGR while increasing the FCR. Additionally, 710 mg/L of potassium ions had no significant impact on the survival rate but significantly reduced SGR, the GI, and gonad colour while increasing the FCR, whereas 533 mg/L of potassium ions showed no significant adverse effects on survival, SGR, the FCR, gonad colour, digestive enzyme activity, or immune enzyme activity. The study results indicate that when formulating artificial seawater using source water with elevated calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion concentrations for S. intermedius aquaculture, calcium ions under 550 mg/L and potassium ions under 533 mg/L are biologically acceptable. However, magnesium ions require adjustment to a narrow optimal range to ensure survival and physiological performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Echinoderm Research (2nd Edition))
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35 pages, 9639 KiB  
Review
Use of Remote Sensing Data to Study the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia—Geoscience and Geological Hazards
by Jean-Paul Deroin
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162814 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
The Aral Sea Basin (ASB), situated in Central Asia, serves as a prime example of a man-made environmental disaster. The practice of irrigation can be traced back to ancient times. However, the substantial water withdrawals that have occurred since the second half of [...] Read more.
The Aral Sea Basin (ASB), situated in Central Asia, serves as a prime example of a man-made environmental disaster. The practice of irrigation can be traced back to ancient times. However, the substantial water withdrawals that have occurred since the second half of the 20th century appear to have led to the irreversible drying up of the Aral Sea and the disruption of the flow of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. This study conducts a comprehensive review of satellite data from the past sixty years, drawing upon a selection of peer-reviewed papers available on Scopus. The selection of papers is conducted in accordance with a methodology that is predicated on the combination of keywords. The study focuses on geoscientific aspects, including the atmosphere, water resources, geology, and geological hazards. The primary sensors employed in this study were Terra-MODIS, NOAA-AVHRR, and the Landsat series. It is evident that certain data types, including radar data, US or Soviet archives, and very-high-resolution data such as OrbView-3, have seen minimal utilisation. Despite the restricted application of remote sensing data in publications addressing the ASB, remote sensing data offer a substantial repository for monitoring the desiccation of the Aral Sea, once the fourth largest continental body of water, and for the estimation of its water surface and volume. Nevertheless, the utilisation of remote sensing in publications concerning the Aral region remains limited, with less than 10% of publications employing this method. Sentinel-2 data has been utilised to illustrate the construction of the Qosh Tepa Canal in Afghanistan, a project which has been the subject of significant controversy, with a particular focus on the issue of water leakage. This predicament is indicative of the broader challenges confronting the region with regard to water management in the context of climate change. A comparison of the Aral Sea’s case history is drawn with analogous examples worldwide, including Lake Urmia, the Great Salt Lake, and, arguably more problematically, the Caspian Sea. Full article
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20 pages, 5906 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization of Surface Roughness, Cutting Force, and Temperature in Ultrasonic-Vibration-Assisted Milling of Titanium Alloy
by Gaofeng Hu, Yanjie Lu, Shengming Zhou, Xin He, Fenghui Zhang, Pengchao Zhu, Mingshang Wang, Taowei Tan and Guangjun Chen
Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080936 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) are widely used in the aerospace field. However, as a typical difficult-to-machine material, titanium alloys have a low thermal conductivity, a high chemical activity, and a significant adiabatic shear effect. In conventional milling (CM), the temperature in the cutting zone [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) are widely used in the aerospace field. However, as a typical difficult-to-machine material, titanium alloys have a low thermal conductivity, a high chemical activity, and a significant adiabatic shear effect. In conventional milling (CM), the temperature in the cutting zone rises sharply, leading to tool adhesion, rapid wear, and damage to the workpiece surface. This article systematically investigated the influence of process parameters on the surface roughness, cutting force, and cutting temperature in the ultrasonic-vibration-assisted milling (UAM) process of titanium alloys, based on which multi-objective optimization process of the milling process parameters was conducted, by utilizing the grey relational analysis method. An orthogonal experiment with four factors and four levels was conducted. The effects of various process parameters on the surface roughness, cutting force, and cutting temperature were systematically analyzed for both UAM and CM. The grey relational analysis method was employed to transform the optimization problem of multiple process target parameters into a single-objective grey relational degree optimization problem. The optimized parameter combination was as follows: an ultrasonic amplitude of 6 μm, a spindle speed of 6000 rpm, a cutting depth of 0.20 mm, and a feed rate of 200 mm/min. The experimental results indicated that the surface roughness Sa was 0.268 μm, the cutting temperature was 255.39 °C, the cutting force in the X direction (FX) was 5.2 N, the cutting force in the Y direction (FY) was 7.9 N, and the cutting force in the Z direction (FZ) was 6.4 N. The optimization scheme significantly improved the machining quality and reduced both the cutting forces and the cutting temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E：Engineering and Technology)
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6 pages, 391 KiB  
Opinion
Bt in the Spotlight: Defending Its Relevance in an RNAi-Driven Future
by Camilo Ayra-Pardo and Denis J. Wright
Insects 2025, 16(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080837 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
The rise of RNAi-based biopesticides marks a turning point in pest control, prompting reflection on the future role of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Far from being outdated, Bt remains a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, with proven efficacy, safety, and public trust. This opinion piece [...] Read more.
The rise of RNAi-based biopesticides marks a turning point in pest control, prompting reflection on the future role of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Far from being outdated, Bt remains a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, with proven efficacy, safety, and public trust. This opinion piece advocates for Bt’s continued relevance in an RNAi-driven future, urging a complementary, not competitive, view of both technologies within integrated pest management frameworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Insecticides and Bt Crops: Challenges and Opportunities)
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32 pages, 3096 KiB  
Review
Orthodontic Perspectives in the Interdisciplinary Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
by Silvia Müller-Hagedorn, Véronique Abadie and Theodosia Bartzela
Children 2025, 12(8), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081066 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, multifactorial, and often underdiagnosed condition with significant consequences for cognitive and behavioral development. Early detection and timely multidisciplinary interventions are essential, particularly in children with craniofacial anomalies or syndromes associated with increased OSA risks, [...] Read more.
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, multifactorial, and often underdiagnosed condition with significant consequences for cognitive and behavioral development. Early detection and timely multidisciplinary interventions are essential, particularly in children with craniofacial anomalies or syndromes associated with increased OSA risks, to prevent long-term complications. This narrative review explores the orthodontists’ role in the interdisciplinary management of pediatric OSA, focusing on early screening for craniofacial risk factors and implementing interceptive orthodontic interventions that support favorable airway development and growth modulation. Through early and frequent interaction with pediatric patients, orthodontists are well-positioned to identify clinical signs of airway-related abnormalities and craniofacial risk factors such as mandibular and maxillary retrognathism, maxillary constriction, and high-arched palatal vaults. Orthodontic interventions such as rapid maxillary expansion (RME), mandibular advancement, and myofunctional therapy may improve airway patency in selected cases. These approaches should be coordinated and integrated within the multidisciplinary team, including orthodontists, pediatricians, sleep specialists, ENT specialists, and speech-language pathologists. Furthermore, caregivers’ involvement and patients’ compliance are keys to success. Despite encouraging clinical observations, current evidence is limited by heterogeneity and a lack of long-term outcome data. Future research should prioritize well-designed prospective trials, explore the effectiveness of combined therapeutic strategies, and support the development of standard diagnostic protocols. Equally important is a stronger focus on early diagnosis and preventive measures to enhance patient outcomes and long-term treatment strategies. Integrating orthodontists into early OSA care is essential for optimizing outcomes and reducing long-term morbidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Paediatric Sleep Medicine)
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17 pages, 386 KiB  
Article
A Horizon-as-Apparatus Model That Reproduces Black Hole Thermodynamics
by Daegene Song
Entropy 2025, 27(8), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27080859 (registering DOI) - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
We present a measurement-driven model in which the black hole horizon functions as a classical apparatus, with Planck-scale patches acting as detectors for quantum field modes. This approach reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking area law SBH=A4ℓp2 and provides [...] Read more.
We present a measurement-driven model in which the black hole horizon functions as a classical apparatus, with Planck-scale patches acting as detectors for quantum field modes. This approach reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking area law SBH=A4ℓp2 and provides a concrete statistical interpretation of the 1/4 factor, while adhering to established principles rather than deriving the entropy anew from first principles. Each patch generates a thermal ensemble (∼0.25 nat per mode), and summing over area-scaling patches yields the total entropy. Quantum simulations incorporating a realistic Hawking spectrum produce ⟨Sk⟩=0.257 nat (3% above 0.25 nat), and we outline testable predictions for analogue systems. Our main contribution is the horizon-as-apparatus mechanism and its information-theoretic bookkeeping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coarse and Fine-Grained Aspects of Gravitational Entropy)
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