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8 pages, 664 KB

Open AccessArticle

Current Sustainability Policies in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Insights from a Survey of Swiss Endoscopists

by Sandro Tiziano Stoffel, Andrew Phillips, Sophie Restellini, Tobias Ehmann, Omar Kherad and Sophie Buyse

Green Health 2025, 1(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/greenhealth1030022 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is a daily procedure in clinical practice but contributes substantially to healthcare’s environmental footprint. Data on sustainability policies in Switzerland, however, remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the implementation of sustainability practices among members of the Swiss Society of [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is a daily procedure in clinical practice but contributes substantially to healthcare’s environmental footprint. Data on sustainability policies in Switzerland, however, remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the implementation of sustainability practices among members of the Swiss Society of Gastroenterology (SGG-SSG). We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey between September 2023 and January 2024, targeting all 463 practicing Swiss gastroenterologists listed in the latest SGG-SSG roster. The survey comprised eleven questions covering four domains: respondent demographics; waste and single-use device management and procurement; digitalization; and work–life balance. A total of 161 respondents participated (response rate: 34.8%). Less than half (45.1%) reported waste sorting, while policies for single-use device reduction (23.5%) and waste minimization initiatives (27.8%) were even less common. Nearly half (48.8%) reported including sustainability considerations in procurement policies. In contrast, 52.8% reported having policies to promote work–life balance, and 88.2% reported policies requiring the use of electronic health records, reflecting significant progress in digitalization. While procurement and digitalization efforts are more widely implemented, further coordinated action is needed. Future research should investigate professional attitudes, institutional barriers, and strategies to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices in GI endoscopy. Furthermore, professional societies (particularly SGG-SSG), hospital administrators, and cantonal health authorities must coordinate to establish national standards, integrate sustainability into accreditation, and implement incentives and accountability to reduce the environmental impact of GI endoscopy without compromising quality of care. Full article

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12 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Physical, Psychological, and Lifestyle Factors Affecting Falls in Older Adults: A Study Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

by Kyeongmin Jang

J. Ageing Longev. 2025, 5(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jal5040053 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Falls are a major cause of morbidity in aging populations; this study examined physical, psychological, and lifestyle correlates of falls among older Korean adults. Using 2022 KNHANES data, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of adults aged ≥65 years (n = 612). Fall [...] Read more.

Falls are a major cause of morbidity in aging populations; this study examined physical, psychological, and lifestyle correlates of falls among older Korean adults. Using 2022 KNHANES data, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of adults aged ≥65 years (n = 612). Fall in the past year was the outcome; multivariable logistic regression and ROC analyses evaluated candidate predictors. Lower weekly working hours (<12) (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.23–7.88), insufficient physical activity (<150 min/week) (2.49, 1.03–5.99), reduced grip strength (<15 kg) (2.23, 1.14–4.35), low diastolic blood pressure (<69 mmHg) (2.06, 1.09–3.89), elevated LDL cholesterol (≥150 mg/dL) (3.06, 1.49–6.28), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 3) (3.02, 1.52–6.00) were independently associated with higher fall odds. Age ≥ 75 years, alcohol use, anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 3), vitamin D ≤ 3 ng/mL, and vitamin E ≤ 7 mg/L were not significant in adjusted models. Discrimination was modest across individual markers (AUCs 0.55–0.65); model fit was acceptable (Nagelkerke R² = 0.262; Hosmer–Lemeshow p = 0.318). These findings suggest that screening for low muscle strength, depressive symptoms, hypotension, and high LDL cholesterol—alongside promoting physical activity and social engagement through work—may help identify and manage fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. Causal inference is not supported due to the cross-sectional design. Full article

26 pages, 4207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Refrigerated Spaces: A Comparative Study of Experiments, CFD Predictions and Heat Load Software Accuracy

by Miguel Lança, João Garcia and João Gomes

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6280; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236280 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

A correct cold room heat load calculation ensures that the refrigeration system operates efficiently, reducing operating costs while maintaining a constant temperature to prevent stored goods from spoiling. Refrigeration engineers typically use software to size equipment such as expansion devices and evaporators and [...] Read more.

A correct cold room heat load calculation ensures that the refrigeration system operates efficiently, reducing operating costs while maintaining a constant temperature to prevent stored goods from spoiling. Refrigeration engineers typically use software to size equipment such as expansion devices and evaporators and to estimate heat loads in cold rooms. These tools are available for free from refrigeration manufacturers or can be purchased from software developers. Although practical and easy to use, most of these programs do not follow the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)-recommended approach for estimating heat loads. This article evaluates heat transfer mechanisms, especially natural convection in a refrigerator, through experimental and CFD simulations. Depending on the expression used, the estimated convection heat flux at the evaporator ranged from 5.3 W to 14.2 W in case 0-N, 7.7 W to 25.1 W in case −10-N, and 5.1 W to 22.4 W in case 0-Y. Compared to convective heat transfer, radiation heat flux estimations are often more consistent across different expressions. The results from validated simulations were used to assess the performance of cold room heat load estimation software. Differences of up to 236% in heat load estimates were reported between the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)

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17 pages, 6273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Constraints on the Origin of Sulfur-Related Ore Deposits in NW Tarim Basin, China: Integration of Petrology and C-O-Sr-S Isotopic Geochemistry

by Shaofeng Dong, Yuhang Luo, Jun Han and Daizhao Chen

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121265 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Many small-size ore deposits occur in the Lower Paleozoic strata along the ENE-trending imbricate thrust fault in NW Tarim Basin. Based on field investigations and petrographic examinations, sulfur-related deposits mainly occur within the paleo-karst cavities and are composed of elemental sulfur and anhydrite. [...] Read more.

Many small-size ore deposits occur in the Lower Paleozoic strata along the ENE-trending imbricate thrust fault in NW Tarim Basin. Based on field investigations and petrographic examinations, sulfur-related deposits mainly occur within the paleo-karst cavities and are composed of elemental sulfur and anhydrite. Elemental sulfur is extensively present, whereas anhydrite is limited to the Topulang area. The over-dispersed δ³⁴S values (−25.2 to +7.4‰ VCDT) suggest that elemental sulfur and anhydrite typically originate from a multi-phase process involving bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) superimposed stepwise sulfur disproportionation. The source of sulfate most likely derived from the subsurface Cambrian evaporites. The lower δ¹³C (−6.43 to −3.10‰ VPDB) and δ¹⁸O values (−13.49 to −10.30‰ VPDB) and the higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (>0.7105) further suggest that the calcite cements precipitated from near surface aquifer with significant meteoric water influx and were associated with southeastward propagation since the Cenozoic in response to the remote effects of the India–Eurasia collision. This regional tectonic uplift and meteoric water influx created favorable anoxic environments (“sulfur springs”) for subsequent BSR and sulfur disproportionation along the Kepingtage overthrust fault front, resulting in the mineralization of sulfur-bearing species. This study provides a useful example for understanding the repeated processes of BSR and sulfur disproportionation for deep-buried evaporites associated with tectonic-driven mineralization within the Tarim Basin and elsewhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Formation and Characteristics of Sediment-Hosted Ore Deposits)

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22 pages, 666 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scale Suitability Assessment Framework for Deep Geological Storage of High-Salinity Mine Water in Coal Mines

by Zhe Jiang, Song Du, Songyu Ren, Qiaohui Che, Xiao Zhang and Yinglin Fan

Water 2025, 17(23), 3407; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233407 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Deep well injection and storage (DWIS) technology provides an effective alternative to address the high cost, energy intensity, and limited scalability of conventional treatments for high-salinity mine water from coal mines. However, the absence of a dedicated site suitability evaluation framework remains a [...] Read more.

Deep well injection and storage (DWIS) technology provides an effective alternative to address the high cost, energy intensity, and limited scalability of conventional treatments for high-salinity mine water from coal mines. However, the absence of a dedicated site suitability evaluation framework remains a major gap. Unlike previous approaches that directly applied CO₂ storage criteria, this study refines and restructures the framework based on a systematic analysis of the fundamental differences in mechanisms and risk characteristics unique to mine water storage. Building on the experience of CO₂ geological storage assessment, this study analyzes the key differences in fluid properties and storage mechanisms between water and CO₂ and, for the first time, establishes a comprehensive site suitability evaluation framework for mine water geological storage. The framework integrates three main dimensions—stability and safety, effectiveness, and socio-economic factors—covering 80 key parameters. The indicator system is organized hierarchically at the basin, target-area, and site levels, and incorporates a multi-scale weight adaptation mechanism that assigns scale-dependent weights to the most influential indicators at each evaluation level. An innovative evaluation methodology combining a “one-vote veto” mechanism, progressive filtering, and multi-factor weighted superposition is proposed to determine storage suitability. This work fills a critical research gap in systematic site selection for deep mine water storage in China. It offers theoretical guidance and an engineering paradigm for overcoming technological bottlenecks in high-salinity water treatment, enabling efficient and low-carbon disposal. The study has important implications for promoting the green transformation of the mining industry and achieving national carbon peaking and neutrality goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Water Treatment, Utilization and Storage Technology)

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11 pages, 674 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Stroke Strikes Early: Unusual Causes of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Young Adults

by Mian Urfy and Mariam Tariq Mir

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8475; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238475 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is primarily a disease of older adults, commonly linked to chronic hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In young adults, however, ICH is rare and often driven by distinct structural, hematologic, or vascular causes. Methods: Using the National Inpatient [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is primarily a disease of older adults, commonly linked to chronic hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In young adults, however, ICH is rare and often driven by distinct structural, hematologic, or vascular causes. Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample (2016–2022), we identified hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of ICH (ICD-10-CM: I61.x). Patients younger than 18 years were excluded. Patients were stratified into 18–39 vs. ≥40 years. Comorbidities were defined using validated ICD-10 codes (E08–E13 for diabetes mellitus, I10–I15 for hypertension), excluding transient hyperglycemia (R73.x). Weighted analyses using NIS discharge weights compared demographics, comorbidities, rare etiologies, and outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of mortality. Results: Among 76,264 ICH hospitalizations, 4012 (5.3%) occurred in patients < 40 years. Compared with older adults, younger patients had lower prevalence of hypertension (47.8% vs. 84.1%) and diabetes (10.2% vs. 60.4%) but higher rates of substance use (27.7% vs. 15.6%). Rare etiologies were more frequent, including arteriovenous malformation/aneurysm (14.0% vs. 3.6%), Moyamoya disease (1.4% vs. 0.2%), sickle cell disease (1.1% vs. 0.1%), and pregnancy-related ICH (0.05%). In-hospital mortality was lower among young adults (15.7% vs. 21.7%, p < 0.001), though LOS was longer (12.1 vs. 8.7 days, p < 0.001), and mean hospital charges were higher ($228,000 vs. $125,000, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Young-adult ICH is uncommon but etiologically distinct, often associated with vascular malformations, hemoglobinopathies, and substance use. Despite lower mortality, these patients experience longer and more resource-intensive hospitalizations, underscoring a substantial clinical and economic burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Complications of Uncommon Cerebrovascular Diseases: Cutting-Edge Clinical Research, Reviews, and Expert Opinions)

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10 pages, 330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of the Economic Threshold for the Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Short Stature Maize, Variety Delfín

by Néstor Bautista-Martínez, Omar Hernández-Romero, Everardo López-Bautista, Francisco Santos-González, Lauro Soto-Rojas and Job Alfonso López de Santana-Pimienta

Insects 2025, 16(12), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16121219 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda is a key pest in Latin America, capable of causing significant economic losses if management is not timely. Estimation of economic thresholds adapted to local conditions and specific varieties is essential to optimizing control and reducing unnecessary use of insecticides. The [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a key pest in Latin America, capable of causing significant economic losses if management is not timely. Estimation of economic thresholds adapted to local conditions and specific varieties is essential to optimizing control and reducing unnecessary use of insecticides. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic threshold of S. frugiperda in short stature maize, Delfín variety, under field conditions in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. We set up seven treatments with different levels of artificial infestation (0–25%), plus a regional control, in a completely random design. We evaluated the percentage of damaged plants, with an estimated loss of 32.515 kg/ha for each 1% of damage. Considering a US $325 t⁻¹ price of maize and US $127 ha⁻¹ cost of control, we determined an economic threshold of 12.05% damaged plants. This value is a practical tool for better decision-making in S. frugiperda management in Delfín variety maize. We recommend validation in different agroecological contexts and growing seasons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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12 pages, 1961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Response of Fe and Mn Biogeochemical Processes in Hyporheic Zone Affected by Groundwater Exploitation Along Riverbank

by Yijin Wang and Jun Pan

Water 2025, 17(23), 3408; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17233408 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

In order to explore the co-evolutionary relationship between the functions of microbial communities and the chemical composition of groundwater in a hyporheic zone affected by groundwater exploitation along riverbank, we have taken the Huangjia water source area on the Liao River main stream [...] Read more.

In order to explore the co-evolutionary relationship between the functions of microbial communities and the chemical composition of groundwater in a hyporheic zone affected by groundwater exploitation along riverbank, we have taken the Huangjia water source area on the Liao River main stream in Shenyang as an example. DNA was extracted from microorganisms in the hyporheic zone affected by groundwater exploitation along the riverbank, and we conducted high-throughput sequencing to select the dominant bacterial strains from the indigenous bacteria. They are classified as the Proteobacteria phylum, the Actinobacteria phylum, the Firmicutes phylum, the Bacteroidetes phylum, the Chloroflexi phylum, and the Acidobacteria phylum. The dominant bacteria have a good correlation with Fe, Mn, and environmental factors (such as DO—dissolved oxygen, Eh—oxidation-reduction potential, etc.) in the hyporheic zone. The functions and activities of the superior bacterial strains exhibit a feature of co-evolution with the water’s chemical environment, which has certain response characteristics to redox zoning. Studying the co-evolution relationship between the microbial community structure and function in the hyporheic zone and the chemical composition of the groundwater can provide a microbiological theoretical basis for the redox zonation. It also offers reference for understanding the process of Fe and Mn migration and transformation in the hyporheic zone under the hydrodynamic conditions of groundwater exploitation along the riverbank. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecohydrology)

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23 pages, 6876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Electrohydraulic Technique of Cellulose Fiber Production from Industrial Hemp

by Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn, Oksana Ayurova, Shunqi Mei, Belikto Tsydenov, Nikolay Ulakhanov, Kirill Demin, Yuri Grigoriev, Oyuna Tsybikova and Marina Namsaraeva

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233178 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

The key stage of processing high-cellulose hemp raw materials is delignification—the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses to obtain strong cellulose fibers. This study experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of using the electrohydraulic effect (EHE) to delignify high-cellulose hemp raw material, which can then be [...] Read more.

The key stage of processing high-cellulose hemp raw materials is delignification—the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses to obtain strong cellulose fibers. This study experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of using the electrohydraulic effect (EHE) to delignify high-cellulose hemp raw material, which can then be used as a base for composite materials. Hemp raw material, in the form of 50 mm-long straws, was placed in a water-filled chamber and exposed to a shock wave generated in the water by an electric discharge with an energy of 1.6 kJ at a voltage of 50 kV. The tensile strength of the treated fibers after combined processing (NaOH/EHE) and after EHE reached 262 MPa and 201 MPa, correspondingly, which are 5% and 37% higher than after chemical delignification in a NaOH medium (191 MPa). Cellulose materials obtained from cellulose fiber after EHE exhibit higher strength properties compared to materials based on cellulose obtained by delignification in a NaOH medium. Thus, the tensile strength (σ) of materials made from fibers after EHE was 4.37 MPa, after combined NaOH/EHE treatment 1.94 MPa, and after alkaline treatment 3.95 MPa. EHE reduced delignification time by 2–20 times compared to NaOH treatment and eliminates the need for an additional fiber separation procedure. The use of EHE is proposed as a highly cost-effective, technologically and environmentally sound solution for producing hemp fiber for use in biocomposites, woven, and non-woven materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Waste-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Preparation and Characterization)

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10 pages, 838 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of AI-Driven Large Language Models for Orthodontic Aesthetic Scoring Using the IOTN-AC

by Ahmet Yıldırım and Orhan Cicek

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233048 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of aesthetic assessments performed by artificial intelligence (AI)-based large language models (LLMs) using the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC), which is widely applied to determine the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of aesthetic assessments performed by artificial intelligence (AI)-based large language models (LLMs) using the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC), which is widely applied to determine the need for orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 150 frontal intraoral photographs from patients in the permanent dentition, scored from 1 to 10 on the IOTN-AC, were assessed by two AI-based LLMs (ChatGPT-5 and ChatGPT-5 Pro). Two experienced clinicians independently scored all photographs, with one evaluator’s scores used as the reference (κ = 0.91, ICC = 0.88). Model performance was analyzed by comparing IOTN-AC scores and treatment need classifications. In addition, performance parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity were evaluated. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlation, Cohen’s Kappa, ICC, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Both models demonstrated positive and significant correlations with the reference values for scoring and classification (p < 0.001). Compared to GPT-5 Pro, the GPT-5 model exhibited superior performance, with a lower error rate (MAE = 1.47) and higher classification accuracy (66.7%). Bland–Altman analysis showed that most predictions fell within the 99% confidence interval, and regression analysis revealed no systematic bias (p > 0.05). Conversely, the models failed to achieve consistently high performance in each of the performance parameters. Conclusions: The findings revealed that although AI-based LLMs are promising, statistical accuracy alone is insufficient for safe clinical use, and they should demonstrate consistently high performance across all parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)

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21 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retentive-HAR: Human Activity Recognition from Wearable Sensors with Enhanced Temporal and Inter-Feature Dependency Retention

by Ayokunle Olalekan Ige, Daniel Ayo Oladele and Malusi Sibiya

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12661; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312661 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using wearable sensor data plays a vital role in health monitoring, context-aware computing, and smart environments. Many existing deep learning models for HAR incorporate MaxPooling layers after convolutional operations to reduce dimensionality and computational load. While this approach is [...] Read more.

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using wearable sensor data plays a vital role in health monitoring, context-aware computing, and smart environments. Many existing deep learning models for HAR incorporate MaxPooling layers after convolutional operations to reduce dimensionality and computational load. While this approach is effective in image-based tasks, it is less suitable for the sensor signals used in HAR. MaxPooling introduces a form of temporal downsampling that can discard subtle yet crucial temporal information. Also, traditional CNNs often struggle to capture long-range dependencies within each window due to their limited receptive fields, and they lack effective mechanisms to aggregate information across multiple windows without stacking multiple layers, which increases computational cost. In this study, we introduce Retentive-HAR, a model designed to enhance feature learning by capturing dependencies both within and across sliding windows. The proposed model intentionally omits the MaxPooling layer, thereby preserving the full temporal resolution throughout the network. The model begins with parallel dilated convolutions, which capture long-range dependencies within each window. Feature outputs from these convolutional layers are then concatenated along the feature dimension and transposed, allowing the Retentive Module to analyze dependencies across both window and feature dimensions. Additional 1D-CNN layers are then applied to the transposed feature maps to capture complex interactions across concatenated window representations before including Bi-LSTM layers. Experiments on PAMAP2, HAPT, and WISDM datasets achieve a performance of 96.40%, 94.70%, and 96.16%, respectively, which outperforms the existing methods with minimal computational cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Learning for Complex Combinatorial Optimization: Applications in Cybersecurity, Healthcare, and Intelligent Systems)

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13 pages, 705 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic-Field Oscillations of the Critical Temperature in Ultraclean, Two-Dimensional Type-I Superconductors

by Aiying Zhao, Richard A. Klemm and Qiang Gu

Condens. Matter 2025, 10(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10040061 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

We investigate the influence of Landau Levels (LLs) and Zeeman energy, induced by an applied magnetic field

B

, on the critical temperature

T_{c}

for two-dimensional (2D) ultraclean superconductors using a fully quantum mechanical approach within the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory. In contrast [...] Read more.

We investigate the influence of Landau Levels (LLs) and Zeeman energy, induced by an applied magnetic field

B

, on the critical temperature

T_{c}

for two-dimensional (2D) ultraclean superconductors using a fully quantum mechanical approach within the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory. In contrast to standard BCS theory, it allows for Cooper pair formation between electrons with opposite spins and momenta along the

B

direction, both on the same or on neighboring LLs. Our quantum mechanical treatment of LLs reveals that the critical temperature

T_{c}

for electrons paired on the same LL exhibits oscillations around the BCS critical temperature at low magnetic fields. The Zeeman energy leads to a decrease in

T_{c} (B)

with increasing

B

for electrons paired both on the same and on neighboring LLs. Notably, as the g-factor increases,

T_{c} (B)

decreases faster as the magnetic field increases for a larger g-factor than for a smaller one. Full article

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14 pages, 2635 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Clustered Federated Spatio-Temporal Graph Attention Networks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition

by Tao Yu, Sandro Pinto, Tiago Gomes, Adriano Tavares and Hao Xu

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7277; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237277 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Federated learning (FL) for skeleton-based action recognition remains underexplored, particularly under strong client heterogeneity where regular FedAvg tends to cause client drift and unstable convergence. We introduce Clustered Federated Spatio-Temporal Graph Attention Networks (CF-STGAT), a clustered FL framework that leverages attention-derived spatio-temporal statistics [...] Read more.

Federated learning (FL) for skeleton-based action recognition remains underexplored, particularly under strong client heterogeneity where regular FedAvg tends to cause client drift and unstable convergence. We introduce Clustered Federated Spatio-Temporal Graph Attention Networks (CF-STGAT), a clustered FL framework that leverages attention-derived spatio-temporal statistics from local STGAT models to dynamically group clients and perform attention-weighted inter-cluster fusion that gently align cluster models. Concretely, the server periodically extracts multi-head parameter-based attention descriptors, normalizes and projects them via PCA, and applies K-means to form clusters; a global reference is then computed by attention–similarity weighting and used to regularize each cluster model with a lightweight fusion step. On NTU RGB+D 60/120(NTU 60/120), CF-STGAT consistently outperforms strong FL baselines with the STGAT backbone, yielding absolute top-1 gains of +0.84/+4.09 (NTU 60, X-Sub/X-Setup) and +7.98/+4.18 (NTU 120, X-Sub/X-Setup) over FedAvg, alongside smoother per-client trajectories and lower terminal test loss. Ablations indicate that attention-guided clustering and inter-cluster fusion are complementary: clustering reduces within-group variance whereas fusion limits cross-cluster divergence. The approach keeps local training unchanged and adds only server-side statistics and clustering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision-Based Human Activity Recognition)

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6 pages, 2523 KB

Open AccessCase Report

First-in-Human Application of Very High-Power Short-Duration RF Ablation for Refractory AVNRT: A Case Report

by Milos Babic, Milosav Tomovic, Dejan Vukajlovic, Vasko Zugic, Aleksandra Grbovic, Masa Petrovic, Milovan Bojic and Aleksandra Nikolic

Life 2025, 15(12), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121834 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a rare condition, but poses a clinical challenge after failed standard ablation. Very high-power, short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation has not yet been explored in slow pathway ablation/modification. Case Summary: A 61-year-old woman with recurrent [...] Read more.

Background: Refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a rare condition, but poses a clinical challenge after failed standard ablation. Very high-power, short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation has not yet been explored in slow pathway ablation/modification. Case Summary: A 61-year-old woman with recurrent AVNRT despite two prior ablations and multiple antiarrhythmics underwent successful slow pathway ablation using a 90-watt, 4-s vHPSD protocol. CARTO-guided mapping localized the presumed slow pathway, followed by several 90 W applications. Transient second-degree AV block (Wenckebach type) occurred and resolved spontaneously. The patient remained arrhythmia-free at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: This is the first reported clinical use of 90 W/4 s RF energy for AVNRT. The vHPSD approach may offer an effective alternative for patients with refractory AVNRT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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19 pages, 3230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Traveling Wave Solutions and Symmetries of Reverse Space-Time Nonlocal Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

by Yu-Xiang Li, Yu-Shan Bai and Yan-Ting Ren

Symmetry 2025, 17(12), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17122037 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the reverse space-time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NNLS) equation, which arises in nonlinear optics, Bose–Einstein condensation, integrable systems, and plasma physics. Several classes of exact solutions are constructed using multiple analytical techniques. First, traveling wave solutions of Jacobi elliptic, hyperbolic, and [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the reverse space-time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NNLS) equation, which arises in nonlinear optics, Bose–Einstein condensation, integrable systems, and plasma physics. Several classes of exact solutions are constructed using multiple analytical techniques. First, traveling wave solutions of Jacobi elliptic, hyperbolic, and trigonometric function types are ultimately obtained by employing a traveling wave transformation combined with a Weierstrass-type Riccati equation expansion method. Second, Lie symmetry analysis is applied to the NNLS equation, and the corresponding infinitesimal generators are determined. Using these generators, the original equation is reduced to local and nonlocal ordinary differential equations (ODEs), whose invariant solutions are subsequently obtained through integration. Finally, the NNLS equation is generalized to a multi-component system, for which the general form of the infinitesimal symmetries is derived. Symmetry reductions of the extended system yield further classes of reduced ODEs. In particular, the general form of the multi-component solutions is derived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

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13 pages, 328 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Revelation to Destruction: Godzilla: King of the Monsters and John’s Apocalypse in Conversation

by Robert J. van Niekerk

Religions 2025, 16(12), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121512 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Recent scholarly work on the influence of the Book of Revelation on popular cinematic, literary, and visual apocalyptica has shown steady growth. These studies not only highlight the influence and the processes of de- and recontextualisation of Revelation and other apocalyptic texts, but [...] Read more.

Recent scholarly work on the influence of the Book of Revelation on popular cinematic, literary, and visual apocalyptica has shown steady growth. These studies not only highlight the influence and the processes of de- and recontextualisation of Revelation and other apocalyptic texts, but also employ popular apocalyptica as dialogue partners in critical engagement with ancient writings. The aim of this article is to introduce another such dialogue partner in the form of Godzilla: King of the Monsters. The discussion begins with a brief review of recent scholarship on the dialogical interaction between modern apocalyptica and Revelation. This is followed by a plot summary of the most recent Godzilla reboot films, with particular attention to the influence and echoes of Revelation. Finally, several reflections are offered on how Godzilla: King of the Monsters may function as a dialogue partner for reading Revelation. The central premise is that, as with other modern apocalyptica, there exists a two-way hermeneutical exchange between Godzilla: King of the Monsters and Revelation. Each provides alternative lenses through which to interpret and view the other, opening possibilities for renewed ethical engagement with these ‘texts’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Religions and Theologies)

4 pages, 140 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Monte Carlo Simulation in Reactor Physics

by Shichang Liu and Binji Wang

J. Nucl. Eng. 2025, 6(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jne6040050 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the increasing demand for high-fidelity neutronics analysis and the development of computer technology, the Monte Carlo method is becoming increasingly important, especially in the critical analysis of initial core and shielding calculations [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monte Carlo Simulation in Reactor Physics)

12 pages, 809 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Awareness of Rabies and Post-Bite Practices in Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study

by Nahla H. Hariri, Khalid S. Alrougi, Abdullah A. Almogbil, Mona H. Kassar, Reman G. Alharbi, Abdullah O. Krenshi, Jory M. Altayyar, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Maher N. Alandiyjany, Fozya B. Bashal, Nizar S. Bawahab, Saleh A. K. Saleh and Heba M. Adly

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120337 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public [...] Read more.

Background: Rabies is a fatal yet preventable zoonosis. In Saudi Arabia, uneven surveillance and limited public awareness may delay post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In Makkah, where residents regularly encounter free-roaming dogs, knowledge gaps could elevate exposure risks. Objectives: This study aims to assess public knowledge, attitudes, and post-bite practices regarding rabies, including wound washing and access to PEP among adult residents of the Makkah Region, and to examine associations with pet dog ownership. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Makkah Region (March–June 2025). An online validated bilingual questionnaire targeted residents ≥ 18 years via social media. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, 95% confidence intervals, and binomial logistic regression were applied in IBM SPSS v26; p < 0.05 was significant. Results: Of 523 respondents, 91.8% lived in Makkah city, 52.8% were female, and the age distribution was 18–24 years (44.2%), 25–34 years (35.6%), 35–44 years (12.0%), and ≥45 years (8.2%). Pet dog ownership was rare (1.9%), yet 39.4% reported stray dogs in their communities. Overall, 60.6% knew what rabies is and 63.7% knew it is vaccine-preventable, but 52.2% wrongly believed that transmission occurs only via dog bites. Hospitals (79.7%) and health centers (79.2%) were the most cited vaccination sites; social media was the dominant information source (74.6%). No significant association was found between pet ownership and rabies awareness (all p > 0.05). In multivariable regression (n = 509), adequate rabies knowledge increased the odds of an appropriate intended response (AOR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.27–2.68). Participants aged 30–40 years and those >50 years had significantly lower odds (AOR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24–0.85 and AOR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09–0.56, respectively). Conclusions: Despite moderate awareness, critical misconceptions and inconsistent first aid intentions persist. Priority actions include clear, locally adapted education on immediate wound washing and prompt PEP, standardized bite management pathways across facilities, reliable access to vaccines and immunoglobulin, and targeted social media micro-campaigns. By identifying public misconceptions, knowledge gaps, and preferred communication channels, this study provides baseline evidence to guide community awareness programs, intersectoral collaboration, and One Health-based surveillance essential for Saudi Arabia’s progress toward the global “Zero rabies by 2030” goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies—Global Challenges, Societal Perspectives, and Case Studies)

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11 pages, 524 KB

Open AccessReview

Surgical Management of Isolated Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures: Role of Objective Morphometric Analysis in Decision-Making

by Saša Mijatov, Ivana Mijatov, Denis Brajković, Dušan Rodić and Jagoš Golubović

Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2025, 18(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmtr18040050 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are among the most common midfacial injuries, with significant implications for both function and facial esthetics. Optimal management requires restoring the normal anatomical alignment and symmetry of the zygomatic region to prevent long-term deformity and functional deficits. However, the [...] Read more.

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are among the most common midfacial injuries, with significant implications for both function and facial esthetics. Optimal management requires restoring the normal anatomical alignment and symmetry of the zygomatic region to prevent long-term deformity and functional deficits. However, the decision-making surrounding surgical intervention, particularly in isolated ZMC fractures with moderate displacement, remains nuanced. This review discusses contemporary surgical approaches for isolated ZMC fractures and examines how objective morphometric analysis can guide critical decisions such as the timing of surgery, choice of surgical approach, and extent of fixation. Conventional assessment tools like computed tomography (CT), cephalometric measurements, and intraoperative imaging provide foundational data on fracture anatomy. Emerging technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry, stereophotogrammetry, artificial intelligence (AI)-based symmetry analysis, and surgical navigation systems, offer advanced means to quantify facial symmetry and bone alignment. By integrating these objective metrics into clinical practice, surgeons can enhance preoperative planning and postoperative outcome evaluation, with a particular focus on achieving facial symmetry for optimal esthetic and functional results. We also outline clinical decision-making frameworks that incorporate quantitative measurements, and we discuss current limitations, future directions, and the potential for standardizing protocols in the management of ZMC fractures. Full article

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12 pages, 5301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of h-Shaped Pulse to GHz Harmonic State in a Mode-Locked Fiber Laser

by Lin Wang, Guoqing Hu, Yan Wang, Guangwei Chen, Liang Xuan, Zhehai Zhou and Jun Yu

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121358 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

We experimentally and through simulations demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation, which generates the evolution from h-shaped pulses to GHz harmonic trains. When the polarization angle is continuously changed, the h-shaped pulse sequentially evolves into multiple pulses, bunched [...] Read more.

We experimentally and through simulations demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation, which generates the evolution from h-shaped pulses to GHz harmonic trains. When the polarization angle is continuously changed, the h-shaped pulse sequentially evolves into multiple pulses, bunched solitons, and harmonic pulses. The maximum order of harmonic trains obtained in experiments is 120, corresponding to the repetition frequency of 1.03996 GHz. The coupled Ginzburg-Landau equation and two-time-scale approach to gain is provided to characterize the laser physics. The fast and slow evolution of gain contributes to the stabilization and length of one soliton pattern, respectively. The proposed fiber laser is cost effective and easy to implement, providing a potential way to study soliton dynamics in depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Photonics and Optoelectronics, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Portable Nondestructive Instrument for Apple Watercore Grade Classification Based on 1DQCNN and Vis/NIR Spectroscopy

by Haijian Wu, Yong Lin, Wenbin Zhang, Zikang Cao, Chunlin Zhao, Zhipeng Yin, Yue Lu, Liju Liu and Ding Hu

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121357 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

To address the challenge of nondestructively identifying watercore disease in apples during growth and maturation, a portable device was developed for real-time grading of apple watercore using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with a one-dimensional quadratic convolutional neural network (1DQCNN). The instrument enables rapid, [...] Read more.

To address the challenge of nondestructively identifying watercore disease in apples during growth and maturation, a portable device was developed for real-time grading of apple watercore using visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with a one-dimensional quadratic convolutional neural network (1DQCNN). The instrument enables rapid, nondestructive, and accurate detection of apple watercore grades. The AI-OX2000-13 micro-spectrometer is used as the core data acquisition unit, and an ARM processing system is built with the STM32F103VET6 as the main control chip. A 4G wireless communication module enables efficient and stable data transmission between the processor and computer, meeting the real-time detection needs of apple watercore content in orchard environments. To improve the scientific and accurate classification of watercore grades, this paper combines the BiSeNet and RIFE algorithms to construct a 3D model of apple watercore, allowing quantification of the degree of watercore and classification into four levels. Based on this, quadratic convolution operations are incorporated into a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN), leading to the development of the 1D quadratic convolutional neural network (1DQCNN) model for watercore grade classification. Experimental results indicate that the model achieves a classification accuracy of 98.05%, outperforming traditional methods and conventional CNN models. The designed portable instrument demonstrates excellent accuracy and practicality in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B：Biology and Biomedicine)

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9 pages, 2334 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Magnetocaloric Properties of Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O Crystal

by Yunhui Wang, Tingwei Wan, Yuwei Chen, Zuhua Chen, Zhenxing Li, Yanan Zhao, Jun Shen, Guochun Zhang and Heng Tu

Crystals 2025, 15(12), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15121022 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O single crystal was grown via slow solvent evaporation at room temperature. The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were investigated. The results show that Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂ [...] Read more.

Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O single crystal was grown via slow solvent evaporation at room temperature. The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were investigated. The results show that Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O exhibits paramagnetic behavior across 2–300 K. The maximum magnetic entropy change (−ΔS_M) of 13.90 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ under conditions of 2 K and μ₀ΔH = 5 T approaches the theoretical value of 14.58 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. In addition, the variation of −ΔS_M with temperature is relatively flat, suggesting a wide working temperature range for magnetic refrigeration, which provides the possibility for the application of Co²⁺-based compounds in the field of low-temperature magnetic refrigeration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Crystalline Materials)

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18 pages, 2718 KB

Open AccessReview

The Principle and Development of Optical Maskless Lithography Based Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)

by Xianjie Li, Guodong Cui and Guili Xu

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121356 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the DMD-based optical lithography system has been conducted. The essence of the point-array with an oblique-scanning and stepping operation principle has been systematically analyzed, which will serve as the core driving force for its development and application. Similar to [...] Read more.

A comprehensive review of the DMD-based optical lithography system has been conducted. The essence of the point-array with an oblique-scanning and stepping operation principle has been systematically analyzed, which will serve as the core driving force for its development and application. Similar to conventional lithography, the system development has been presented from the aspects of critical dimension (CD) resolution, overlay accuracy, and throughput. With the unique characterizations of the digital virtue mask, achievements are summarized from integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing to various micro-scale fabrication processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lithography)

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24 pages, 2960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generalized M-Estimation-Based Framework for Robust Guidance Information Extraction

by Jiawei Ren, Xiaoyu Zhang, Shoupeng Li and Panlong Tan

Entropy 2025, 27(12), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27121217 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study tackles state estimation challenges in guidance information extraction. These challenges arise from non-Gaussian noise. We propose a robust framework to address them. The IMCIF framework effectively handles non-Gaussian noise in seeker measurements. However, noise with unstable and statistically undefined characteristics makes [...] Read more.

This study tackles state estimation challenges in guidance information extraction. These challenges arise from non-Gaussian noise. We propose a robust framework to address them. The IMCIF framework effectively handles non-Gaussian noise in seeker measurements. However, noise with unstable and statistically undefined characteristics makes optimal kernel width selection difficult. This limitation compromises estimation accuracy and may even lead to filter divergence. To resolve this issue, we first linearize the nonlinear model using statistical linear regression and integrate generalized M-estimation with IMCIF. SVD is introduced to enhance numerical stability and mitigate divergence caused by suboptimal kernel width selection. Furthermore, DCS kernel function is employed to address severe non-Gaussian noise induced by large field-of-view operations and target surface reflections. A modified weight function method is proposed to preserve the L2- norm criterion while ensuring estimation accuracy under Gaussian noise. Simulations confirm the algorithm’s precision in Gaussian noise. It also maintains high accuracy under significant non-Gaussian noise, proving robustness. These improvements address both numerical stability and adaptive noise suppression, thereby enhancing system reliability across diverse interference scenarios. This work targets guidance system designers needing real-time algorithms, and filtering researchers interested in robust fusion of M-estimation and information-theoretic learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Multidisciplinary Applications)

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17 pages, 2978 KB

Open AccessArticle

GDF6 Alleviates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via AMPKα Signaling Pathway

by Quan Ren, Zhiwei Wang and Wei Ren

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122935 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: Cardiac hypertrophy, a key feature and predisposing factor of heart failure, is mainly controlled by complex signaling cascades. Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) plays critical roles in cell growth and cardiovascular homeostasis; however, its role and underlying mechanisms in cardiac hypertrophy remain [...] Read more.

Objective: Cardiac hypertrophy, a key feature and predisposing factor of heart failure, is mainly controlled by complex signaling cascades. Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) plays critical roles in cell growth and cardiovascular homeostasis; however, its role and underlying mechanisms in cardiac hypertrophy remain unclear. Methods: Mice were intravenously injected with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to overexpress and knock down GDF6 in murine hearts and then exposed to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery to generate pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiographic, histological, and molecular analyses were performed to decipher the alterations to cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were isolated and stimulated with phenylephrine (PE) to further validate its involvement in hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. Results: GDF6 expression was elevated in murine hearts and NRVMs by ROS production under hypertrophic stimuli. GDF6 knockdown aggravated, while GDF6 overexpression attenuated, pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and dysfunction in vivo. Meanwhile, we found that GDF6 also prevented PE-induced hypertrophic growth of NRVMs in vitro. Mechanistically, GDF6 activated AMPKα to exert cardioprotective effects, and AMPKα inhibition significantly blocked the anti-hypertrophic effects of GDF6. Further studies showed that GDF6 activated AMPKα through the cAMP/Epac1 pathway, and that Epac1 knockdown abolished the protective effects of GDF6 against TAC- or PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: In general, our findings, for the first time, define GDF6 as a negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and show that supplementation of GDF6 may be of great therapeutic interest for heart failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)

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24 pages, 1520 KB

Open AccessReview

Polyester Sheet Plastination: Technical Foundations, Methodological Advances, Anatomical Applications, and AQUA-Based Quality Analysis

by Nicolás E. Ottone, Carlos Torres-Villar, Ricardo Gómez-Barril, Josefa Baeza-Fernández, Víctor Hugo Rodríguez-Torrez and Carlos Veuthey

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233177 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Plastination with polyester resin is a consolidated technique for anatomical preservation, particularly valuable in neuroanatomy education and radiological correlation. This review synthesizes the principles, technical evolution, methodological variations, applications, and limitations of polyester-based sheet plastination methods (P35, P40, P45). Methods: Key documents [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Plastination with polyester resin is a consolidated technique for anatomical preservation, particularly valuable in neuroanatomy education and radiological correlation. This review synthesizes the principles, technical evolution, methodological variations, applications, and limitations of polyester-based sheet plastination methods (P35, P40, P45). Methods: Key documents were analyzed to trace the transition from P35, recognized for excellent gray-white matter contrast but technical complexity, to P40, offering greater transparency, lower viscosity, improved strength, and simplified UV-curing. P45 was also reviewed, especially for large body sections using water-bath curing. Innovations included vertical curing chambers, active-passive vacuum cycles, resin reformulations, and strategies to reduce tissue shrinkage. Methodological quality was assessed with the AQUA tool, which evaluates five domains: Objectives, Study Design, Methodology, Descriptive Anatomy, and Results Reporting. Results: Plastination proved applicable in medical and veterinary education, as well as morphometric and imaging-based research, improving anatomical understanding and CT/MRI correlation. AQUA analysis revealed low risk of bias in Objectives and Descriptive Anatomy, but frequent unclear or high-risk assessments in Study Design, Methodology, and Results Reporting, mainly due to limited details on sample selection, resin handling, curing, and reproducibility. Publications after 2010 showed improved methodological rigor, reflecting growing standardization and better reporting. Conclusions: Polyester sheet plastination remains a versatile, high-impact tool, though it requires specialized infrastructure, trained personnel, and strict environmental control. Future development should focus on protocol standardization, international dissemination, integration with digital technologies (3D models, virtual reality), and sustainable alternatives. Progress depends on inter-institutional collaboration, technical training, and open access to updated resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

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14 pages, 4029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antibody-Mediated In Vitro Activation and Expansion of Blood Donor-Derived Natural Killer Cells with Transient Anti-Tumor Efficacy

by Shengxue Luo, Feifeng Zeng, Qitao Deng, Yalin Luo, Dawei Chen, Hui Ren, Wenjie Xia, Xin Ye, Shuxin Huang, Tingting Li, Yongshui Fu, Xia Rong and Huaqin Liang

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122934 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors of innate immunity with broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity. However, peripheral blood-derived NK (PBNK) cells are typically quiescent, which limits their therapeutic utility. This study aimed to develop an efficient strategy for the in vitro activation and [...] Read more.

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors of innate immunity with broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity. However, peripheral blood-derived NK (PBNK) cells are typically quiescent, which limits their therapeutic utility. This study aimed to develop an efficient strategy for the in vitro activation and expansion of PBNK cells and then evaluate their potential anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and vivo. Methods: NK cells were isolated from healthy blood donors’ peripheral blood and stimulated with anti-CD16 and anti-CD137 antibodies in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-15 (IL-15) under serum-free conditions, generating super NK (SNK) cells. The expression levels of activating and inhibitory receptors on the expanded SNK cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity against tumor cells was assessed at various effector-to-target (E:T) ratios in vitro. In vivo, anti-tumor efficacy was evaluated in K562-engrafted NSG mice. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SNK and PBNK cells. Results: Stimulation with anti-CD16 and anti-CD137 antibodies resulted in significant expansion of donor-derived NK cells, with over 861.9 ± 48.84-fold expansion (n = 5) within 15 days of culture. SNK cells exhibited significantly elevated expression of activating receptors, including NKG2D. Functionally, SNK cells demonstrated superior cytotoxicity compared with PBNK cells across all tested E:T ratios in vitro and higher expressions of the effector molecules interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and granzyme B (Gzm B). In vivo, adoptive SNK cell transfer resulted in significant tumor suppression and prolonged survival in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs associated with cytokine and chemokine signaling, immune activation, and cytotoxic effector function compared with the PBNK cells. Conclusions: Anti-CD16/CD137 antibody stimulation, in combination with IL-2 and IL-15, facilitates robust activation and rapid expansion of functionally enhanced NK cells from peripheral blood. The resulting SNK cells demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo and may be used as allogeneic NK cell-based immunotherapy in future cancer treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gene and Cell Therapy)

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