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16 pages, 3813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of the StCPAI Gene Family in Potato

by Zhiqi Wang, Wenbo Wu, Tao Liu, Wenting Shi, Kai Ma, Zhouwen He, Lixuan Chen, Chong Du, Chaonan Wang and Zhongmin Yang

Plants 2025, 14(16), 2472; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162472 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Carboxypeptidase A inhibitor (CPAI) is a globular polypeptide that specifically inhibits carboxypeptidase A activity in the insect gut, playing a vital role in plant defense against external stimuli. To date, this gene family has not been systematically characterized in potatoes. In this study, [...] Read more.

Carboxypeptidase A inhibitor (CPAI) is a globular polypeptide that specifically inhibits carboxypeptidase A activity in the insect gut, playing a vital role in plant defense against external stimuli. To date, this gene family has not been systematically characterized in potatoes. In this study, we identified the CPAI gene family using the potato DM v6.1 genome and analyzed genomic and amino acid sequence features. Results demonstrated that eight CPAI members in potatoes share high homology with orthologs in tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Their promoter regions contain predicted cis-acting elements associated with defense and stress responses. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis revealed elevated expression of specific members in tubers and aerial tubers, with concurrent responses to auxin treatment. These findings provide a foundation for elucidating the roles of StCPAI genes in potato development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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21 pages, 9664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Detection Approach for Wheat Spike Recognition and Counting Based on UAV Images and Improved Faster R-CNN

by Donglin Wang, Longfei Shi, Huiqing Yin, Yuhan Cheng, Shaobo Liu, Siyu Wu, Guangguang Yang, Qinge Dong, Jiankun Ge and Yanbin Li

Plants 2025, 14(16), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162475 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents an innovative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based intelligent detection method utilizing an improved Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) architecture to address the inefficiency and inaccuracy inherent in manual wheat spike counting. We systematically collected a high-resolution image dataset (2000 [...] Read more.

This study presents an innovative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based intelligent detection method utilizing an improved Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) architecture to address the inefficiency and inaccuracy inherent in manual wheat spike counting. We systematically collected a high-resolution image dataset (2000 images, 4096 × 3072 pixels) covering key growth stages (heading, grain filling, and maturity) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during 2022–2023 using a DJI M300 RTK equipped with multispectral sensors. The dataset encompasses diverse field scenarios under five fertilization treatments (organic-only, organic–inorganic 7:3 and 3:7 ratios, inorganic-only, and no fertilizer) and two irrigation regimes (full and deficit irrigation), ensuring representativeness and generalizability. For model development, we replaced conventional VGG16 with ResNet-50 as the backbone network, incorporating residual connections and channel attention mechanisms to achieve 92.1% mean average precision (mAP) while reducing parameters from 135 M to 77 M (43% decrease). The GFLOPS of the improved model has been reduced from 1.9 to 1.7, an decrease of 10.53%, and the computational efficiency of the model has been improved. Performance tests demonstrated a 15% reduction in missed detection rate compared to YOLOv8 in dense canopies, with spike count regression analysis yielding R² = 0.88 (p < 0.05) against manual measurements and yield prediction errors below 10% for optimal treatments. To validate robustness, we established a dedicated 500-image test set (25% of total data) spanning density gradients (30–80 spikes/m²) and varying illumination conditions, maintaining >85% accuracy even under cloudy weather. Furthermore, by integrating spike recognition with agronomic parameters (e.g., grain weight), we developed a comprehensive yield estimation model achieving 93.5% accuracy under optimal water–fertilizer management (70% ETc irrigation with 3:7 organic–inorganic ratio). This work systematically addresses key technical challenges in automated spike detection through standardized data acquisition, lightweight model design, and field validation, offering significant practical value for smart agriculture development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Phenotyping and Machine Learning)

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19 pages, 9835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Molecular Evolution, and Abiotic Stress-Responsive Regulation of Cupin Superfamily Genes in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

by Hongwei Chen, Mingze Xiao, Wenqi Shang, Xianju Wang, Hong Gao, Wenjing Zheng and Zuobin Ma

Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081925 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The Cupin superfamily, characterized by a conserved β-barrel structure, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, comprehensive analyses of this gene family in rice remains limited. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification, molecular evolution, and expression analysis of Cupin [...] Read more.

The Cupin superfamily, characterized by a conserved β-barrel structure, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, comprehensive analyses of this gene family in rice remains limited. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification, molecular evolution, and expression analysis of Cupin genes in rice under abiotic stress. Utilizing the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome of rice, 54 Cupin genes (OsCupins) were identified and classified into four subfamilies (GLP, PIRIN, TRR14, and ARD) based on phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis homologs. These genes were unevenly distributed across ten chromosomes, with tandem and segmental duplications driving their expansion. Structural and synteny analyses revealed conserved motifs and orthologous relationships with sorghum and Arabidopsis. The promoter regions of OsCupins were enriched in stress-responsive cis-elements, including ABRE, MYB, and MYC motifs. qRT-PCR data demonstrated the significant upregulation of multiple OsCupins (e.g., OsGLP15, OsGLP38, and OsGLP43) under NaCl and PEG 6000 treatments. Functional validation in yeast showed that the overexpression of OsGLP15, OsGLP38, or OsGLP43 enhanced salt and drought tolerance in yeast, with OsGLP43 exhibiting the strongest stress resilience. Our findings provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics and stress-responsive regulatory mechanisms of the Cupin superfamily in rice, offering potential targets for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in this critical crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

22 pages, 7467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VAWI_log: A Log-Transformed LSWI–EVI Index for Improved Surface Water Mapping in Agricultural Environments

by Alexis Declaro, Zachary Brown and Shinjiro Kanae

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2771; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162771 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Detecting surface water beneath vegetation canopies remains a major challenge for widely used water indices, which often underestimate water obscured by vegetation. This limitation is further compounded by the scarcity of reliable in situ data needed for robust index development and validation. To [...] Read more.

Detecting surface water beneath vegetation canopies remains a major challenge for widely used water indices, which often underestimate water obscured by vegetation. This limitation is further compounded by the scarcity of reliable in situ data needed for robust index development and validation. To address this, we introduce a Vegetation-Adjusted Water Index using a logarithmic transformation of the ratio between the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), referred to as VAWI_log. This transformation compresses high vegetation values while expanding the range typical of water surfaces, enhancing contrast in mixed land cover areas and improving class separability. The index was developed and validated using in situ water level measurements, providing a strong empirical basis for detecting surface water under variable vegetation conditions. VAWI_log consistently outperformed established indices in detecting surface water beneath vegetation, demonstrating superior detection accuracy and overall performance, with a balanced accuracy (BA) of 0.69 and a producer’s accuracy (PA) of 0.80. This reflects an average improvement of 25% over conventional methods. Benchmarking against the Dynamic World V1 dataset further confirmed the improved capability of the proposed index to detect surface water in vegetated areas, which are often missed by the dataset. This enhanced performance can be attributed to the fact that the proposed index was developed using on-the-ground observations, rather than relying solely on expert-labeled imagery as in the case of Dynamic World. Overall, VAWI_log provides a simple yet effective solution for improved surface water mapping in vegetated landscapes. Its compatibility with open-source optical satellite data enables broader applications, including irrigation monitoring and greenhouse gas assessments. Full article

12 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Diagnostic Performance of PET/MR Versus CECT in Determining Resectability in Ovarian Cancer

by Mayur Virarkar, Sanaz Javadi, Aatiqah Aziz, Jia Sun, Revathy Iyer, Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan, Taher Dauod and Priya Bhosale

Cancers 2025, 17(16), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17162612 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body PET/MR imaging and contrast-enhanced CT for detecting metastatic disease in patients undergoing surgical resection, using pathology as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with suspected metastatic involvement (including four who [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body PET/MR imaging and contrast-enhanced CT for detecting metastatic disease in patients undergoing surgical resection, using pathology as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients with suspected metastatic involvement (including four who received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery) underwent both FDG PET/MR and contrast-enhanced CT scans. Imaging was reviewed for metastases at defined sites (e.g., perihepatic region, hepatic parenchyma, mesentery, bowel serosa, colon surface, and nodal basins). Findings on each modality were compared to surgical pathology results per site. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for PET/MR and CT, with pathology as the reference standard. Results: Overall, PET/MR achieved approximately 55.5% sensitivity, 89.5% specificity, 82.5% accuracy, 57.6% positive predictive value (PPV), and 88.6% negative predictive value (NPV). In contrast, CT demonstrated 75.0% sensitivity, 72.3% specificity, 72.9% accuracy, 42% PPV, and 91.5% NPV. No significant correlations were observed between semi-quantitative PET/MR measures, such as SUV or MR ADC values, and patient survival outcomes; therefore, these metrics were excluded from further analysis. Notably, PET/MR imaging findings changed clinical management in 3/6 chemotherapy patients. PET/MR demonstrated greater sensitivity in detecting nodal metastases, 75% compared to CT (25%), and identified small bowel serosal lesions in 1 of 1 case (100% sensitivity) versus none with CT. CT showed slightly higher specificity (81%) for colon serosal involvement than PET/MR (75%). Conclusions: CT demonstrates higher sensitivity, whereas PET/MR offers greater specificity and negative predictive value. When used together, the two modalities may provide a more reliable and comprehensive assessment of metastatic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Causes, Screening and Diagnosis)

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26 pages, 2899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radio Coverage Assessment and Indoor Communication Enhancement in Hospitals: A Case Study at CHUCB

by Óscar Silva, Emanuel Bordalo Teixeira, Ana Corceiro, Antonio D. Reis and Fernando J. Velez

Sensors 2025, 25(16), 4933; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25164933 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The adoption of wireless medical technologies in hospital environments is often limited by cellular coverage issues, especially in indoor areas with complex structures. This study presents a detailed radio spectrum measurement campaign conducted at the Cova da Beira University Hospital Center (CHUCB), using [...] Read more.

The adoption of wireless medical technologies in hospital environments is often limited by cellular coverage issues, especially in indoor areas with complex structures. This study presents a detailed radio spectrum measurement campaign conducted at the Cova da Beira University Hospital Center (CHUCB), using the NARDA SRM-3006 and R&S^®TSME6 equipment. The signal strength and quality of 5G NR, LTE, UMTS, and NB-IoT technologies were evaluated. Critical coverage gaps were identified, particularly at points 17, 19, and 21. Results revealed that operators MEO and NOS dominate coverage, with MEO providing better 5G NR coverage and NOS excelling in LTE signal quality. Based on the results, the localized installation of femtocells is proposed to improve coverage in these areas. The approach was designed to be scalable and replicable, with a planned application at Cumura Hospital (Guinea-Bissau), reinforcing the applicability of the solution in contexts with limited infrastructure. This work provides both technical and clinical contributions to achieving ubiquitous cellular coverage in healthcare settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectures, Protocols and Algorithms of Sensor Networks—Second Edition)

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16 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effectiveness of Reinforcing Bar Insertion Work with a Circular Pipe

by Kakuta Fujiwara and Lichao Wang

Geotechnics 2025, 5(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5030055 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

It is an urgent issue for preventing slope failure caused by increasingly severe earthquakes and heavy rain. As a conventional construction method, reinforcing bar insertion work uses the tensile force of the core bar to integrate multiple core bars and pressure plates. Meanwhile, [...] Read more.

It is an urgent issue for preventing slope failure caused by increasingly severe earthquakes and heavy rain. As a conventional construction method, reinforcing bar insertion work uses the tensile force of the core bar to integrate multiple core bars and pressure plates. Meanwhile, landslide deterrence piles are a construction method in which steel or concrete piles are constructed below the slope, and the rigidity of the piles is used to resist slope failure. In this study, these methods are combined to propose a reinforcing bar insertion work that uses pipes as a construction method. The pipes are not embedded in the immovable layer and are not connected to the reinforcing bar insertion work; therefore, the construction is expected to be simple. Two series of model experiments—a lift-up experiment and a water sprinkling experiment—were performed. Through the lift-up experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed method against static load was confirmed, and the evaluation formula of the load applied to the core bar was proposed. Through the water sprinkling experiment, the effectiveness against rainfall was confirmed, that is, the time until slope failure was extended by the proposed method. Full article

16 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Essential Oil from Cupules of Aiouea montana (Sw.) R. Rohde: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses of an Important Source of (–)-α-Copaene

by Crisol F. Cueva, Yessenia E. Maldonado, Nixon Cumbicus and Gianluca Gilardoni

Plants 2025, 14(16), 2474; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162474 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The present study described, for the first time, the chemical and enantiomeric composition of an essential oil, distilled from the cupules of Aiouea montana (Sw.) R. Rohde. On the one hand, chemical analyses were carried out through GC-MS (qualitative) and GC-FID (quantitative), on [...] Read more.

The present study described, for the first time, the chemical and enantiomeric composition of an essential oil, distilled from the cupules of Aiouea montana (Sw.) R. Rohde. On the one hand, chemical analyses were carried out through GC-MS (qualitative) and GC-FID (quantitative), on two stationary phases of different polarity. Major components (≥3.0%) were S-methyl-O-2-phenylethyl carbonothioate (23.1%), α-copaene (20.3%), α-phellandrene (18.7%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (6.1%), and α-pinene (4.5%). On the other hand, enantioselective analyses were conducted, through GC-MS, on two columns with different chiral selectors, based on derivatised β-cyclodextrins. A total of 12 chiral components were analysed, of which (1S,5S)-(−)-α-pinene and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(−)-α-copaene were found to be enantiomerically pure. All the other chiral components were present as scalemic mixtures. Finally, both chemical and enantiomeric profiles were compared to the ones previously described in the literature for the leaf essential oil of A. montana. In conclusion, cupules of A. montana produced an essential oil with a higher yield in comparison with leaves but with a lower content of S-methyl-O-2-phenylethyl carbonothioate. On the other hand, to some extent, the enantiomeric compositions of these volatile fractions were somewhat different. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the cupule essential oil of A. montana could be the second main natural source of (−)-α-copaene so far described in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Plant Essential Oils)

27 pages, 12639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EGCG and Taurine Synergistically Ameliorate Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Modulating Gut Microbiota and PPARα/FAS Signaling Pathway

by Yang Xiao, Mingyue Yang, Meihong Cai, Haihui Zhang, Kai Hu and Yuqing Duan

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162595 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation in HepG2 cells (46.2%, 75.2%, respectively), but also significantly decreased the total cholesterol (TC) (33.3%, 41.8%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (32.3%, 29.2%) in rats, while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased by 12.7% and 33.5%. In addition, the combination of EGCG and taurine not only inhibited lipogenic enzyme activity, but also enhanced the levels of lipid catabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated hepatic injury. Furthermore, it significantly modulated gut microbiota composition by altering the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, improving intestinal flora balance. Metabolomic profiling showed that reducing N-linoleoyl proline, cortisol, and 3-isocholanolic acid, and increasing phospholipid metabolites are the main ways methods for normalizing lipid metabolism in rats. The combination also elevated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, preserving intestinal barrier integrity; it also promoted lipid catabolism and energy expenditure via activating Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and suppressing hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS)- mediated lipogenesis. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EGCG and taurine can synergistically regulate lipid metabolism abnormalities, which may offer a strategy for regulating lipid metabolism anomalies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Gut Microbiota)

18 pages, 12889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Labile and Stable Carbon Pools in Antarctic Soils of the Arctowski Region, King George Island

by Barbara Kalisz, Andrzej Łachacz, Irena Giełwanowska, Maria Olech, Katarzyna Joanna Chwedorzewska and Wioleta Kellmann-Sopyła

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167221 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the composition and transformation of soil organic matter (SOM) across seven sites in Maritime Antarctica, focusing on the impact of bird activity and vegetation cover on SOM dynamics. There is limited knowledge of the stability of Antarctic SOM and the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the composition and transformation of soil organic matter (SOM) across seven sites in Maritime Antarctica, focusing on the impact of bird activity and vegetation cover on SOM dynamics. There is limited knowledge of the stability of Antarctic SOM and the effects of seabird colonies on it. This study aims to address the knowledge gap regarding drivers of soil organic matter transformations in polar ecosystems. Hot water-extractable carbon (HWC) and carbon extracted with phosphoric acid (PHP-C) were chosen as parameters for the labile carbon pool. A stable carbon pool was here characterized as one with alkali-soluble organic compounds opposing microbial decomposition. This carbon pool has long (decades) turnover rates, and therefore is regarded stable. The mentioned carbon pools were used to calculate humification indices. The HWC in studied soils ranged from 1.5 to 4.3% of total carbon, while the PHP-C varied largely and was not correlated with HWC. Soils influenced by current or historical bird colonies (particularly penguins and skuas) exhibited elevated labile carbon fractions, indicating active microbial processing. In contrast, sites without bird influence showed lower biological activity. The stable carbon peaked at 18.9% of total carbon, indicating distinct soil transformation stages. The humification degree (HD) and labile-to-stable carbon (L/S) ratio were used to assess SOM stability, revealing that former bird rookeries had the most stabilized SOM, while recently deglaciated sites were in early stages of organic matter accumulation. Vegetation cover, though secondary to bird impact, was positively correlated with SOM humification, supporting the role of vascular plant-derived organic input in carbon stabilization. The study showed a clear link between bird activity and SOM dynamics, supporting the concept of biological legacies in soil formation in Antarctica. It highlighted the role of vegetation in SOM stabilization, which is crucial for understanding how terrestrial ecosystems may evolve as ice retreats and plant colonization expands. Full article

18 pages, 6891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Scale–Big Impact: Temporary Small-Scale Architecture as a Catalyst for Community-Driven Development of Green Urban Spaces

by Diana Giurea, Vasile Gherheș and Claudiu Coman

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7220; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167220 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Temporary architecture, as an expression of the concept of impermanence, offers adaptable and time-sensitive spatial interventions that promote community engagement and encourage experimentation within the urban environment. Beyond its physical and functional qualities, this architectural approach acts as a social mediator, fostering dialogue, [...] Read more.

Temporary architecture, as an expression of the concept of impermanence, offers adaptable and time-sensitive spatial interventions that promote community engagement and encourage experimentation within the urban environment. Beyond its physical and functional qualities, this architectural approach acts as a social mediator, fostering dialogue, networking, and the exchange of ideas between local communities and professionals, while contributing to the development of a socio-cultural common ground. This paper explores the Greenfeel Architecture wooden pavilion as a case study of small-scale architecture embedded within a landscape dedicated to urban agriculture and community-driven activities. The design process was guided by the need to balance functional requirements—providing shelter from the sun and rain and facilitating social interactions—with the protection of the existing vegetation and the enhancement of local biodiversity, with particular emphasis on supporting bee populations. In line with sustainable construction principles, the pavilion was built through the reuse of recovered materials, including used bricks for pavement, wooden slabs for the facade and roof, and several structural components sourced from previous building projects. Since its completion, the pavilion has acted as an urban acupuncture point within the surrounding area and has become a host for various outdoor activities and educational workshops aimed at diverse groups, including children, adults, professionals, and laypersons alike. The duality between the scale of the pavilion and the scale of its social, cultural, or ecological influence highlights the potential of temporary architecture to become a tool for both physical and socio-cultural sustainability in an urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Landscape and Ecosystem Services for a Sustainable Urban System)

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13 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Post-Ictal Generalised EEG Suppression with Two-Channel EEG

by Joe Davies, Ali Zarei, Jonas Duun-Henriksen, Pedro Viana, Sándor Beniczky and Mark P. Richardson

Sensors 2025, 25(16), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25164932 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of using a two-channel subcutaneous EEG device (SubQ) to detect and monitor PGES. The SubQ device, developed by UNEEG Medical A/S, offers a minimally invasive alternative to scalp EEG, enabling ultra-long-term monitoring and remote data analysis. We used [...] Read more.

This study investigates the feasibility of using a two-channel subcutaneous EEG device (SubQ) to detect and monitor PGES. The SubQ device, developed by UNEEG Medical A/S, offers a minimally invasive alternative to scalp EEG, enabling ultra-long-term monitoring and remote data analysis. We used annotated scalp EEG data and data from the SubQ device. The pre-processing pipeline included channel reduction, resampling, filtering, and feature extraction. A Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) was employed for anomaly detection, trained to identify PGES instances, and post-processing was applied to predict their duration. The VAE achieved a 100% detection rate for PGES in both scalp and SubQ datasets. However, the predicted durations had an average offset of 35.67 s for scalp EEG and 26.42 s for SubQ data. The model’s false positive rate (FPR) was 59% for scalp EEG and 56% for SubQ data, indicating a need for further refinement to reduce false alarms. This study demonstrates the potential of subcutaneous EEG as a valuable tool in the study of epilepsy and the monitoring of PGES, ultimately contributing to a better understanding and management of SUDEP risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)

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22 pages, 7743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Operation Optimization Model for Multiple Microgrids and Shared Energy Storage Based on Asymmetric Bargaining Negotiations

by Yao Wang, Zhongfu Tan, Xiaotong Zhou, Jia Li, Yingying Hu, Huimin Wu and Liwei Ju

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082514 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The promotion of local renewable energy consumption and stable power gird (the latter is referred to as PG) operation have emerged as the primary objectives of power system reform. The integration of multiple microgrids with distinct characteristics through the utilization of shared energy [...] Read more.

The promotion of local renewable energy consumption and stable power gird (the latter is referred to as PG) operation have emerged as the primary objectives of power system reform. The integration of multiple microgrids with distinct characteristics through the utilization of shared energy storage (the following is referred to as SES) facilitates coordinated operation. This approach enables the balancing of energy across temporal and spatial domains, contributing to the overall reliability and security of the energy network. The proposed model outlines a methodology for the coordinated operation of multiple microgrids and SES, with a focus on asymmetric price negotiation. Initially, cost and revenue models for microgrids and SES power plants are established. Secondly, an asymmetric pricing method based on the magnitude of each entity’s energy contribution is proposed. A profit optimization model is also established. The model can be decomposed into two distinct subproblems: the maximization of overall profit and the negotiation of transaction prices. The model can be solved by employing the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Finally, a series of case studies were conducted for the purpose of validating the operation optimization model that was previously constructed. These studies demonstrate that the model enhances collective operational efficiency by 44.69%, with each entity’s efficiency increasing by at least 12%. At the same time, cooperative benefits are distributed fairly according to each entity’s energy contribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent, Flexible, and Effective Operation of Smart Grids with Novel Energy Technologies and Equipment)

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22 pages, 2954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Coronary Syndrome Management in Older Patients: A Dual-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

by Karlo Gjuras, Ivana Jurin, Hrvoje Jurin, Eduard Margetić, Boško Skorić, Joško Bulum, Irzal Hadžibegović, Ivan Zeljković, Marin Pavlov, Šime Manola and Kristina Marić Bešić

Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081436 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Older patients with ACS are less frequently treated with an invasive strategy, which may negatively impact their survival. This study aimed to investigate treatment approaches in elderly ACS patients and compare outcomes between invasively and conservatively treated groups. Materials [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Older patients with ACS are less frequently treated with an invasive strategy, which may negatively impact their survival. This study aimed to investigate treatment approaches in elderly ACS patients and compare outcomes between invasively and conservatively treated groups. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive patients aged 80 or older who presented with ACS at two tertiary institutions from November 2018 to October 2023. The invasive group consisted of patients who underwent percutaneous or surgical revascularization. The conservative strategy was defined as guideline-directed medical therapy only. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the six-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were recurrent MI and CVI. Results: Among 670 ACS patients with a median age of 83 years (81–86) and 50.6% women, 429 (64%) were treated with an invasive strategy, and 241 (36%) were treated with a conservative strategy. A total of 176 (26%) patients died during the six-month follow-up period, with significantly higher mortality observed in the conservatively treated group compared to the invasively treated group (ACS: 37.8% vs. 19.3%, p < 0.001; STEMI: 49.4% vs. 26.8%, p < 0.001; NSTE-ACS: 32.1% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). Recurrent MI was documented in 2.5% of patients, while CVI occurred in 1.2%, with no difference between the treatment groups. Multivariable regression analysis identified invasive strategy (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.33–0.71; p < 0.001) as a positive predictor of six-month survival in ACS patients. Conclusions: The invasive treatment strategy was associated with lower mortality in older ACS patients, regardless of the type of ACS. The incidence of recurrent MI and CVI did not differ between groups treated with different therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Acute Myocardial Infarction)

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20 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of 5-HT4 Receptors on Neuron–Glial Network Activity In Vitro

by Elena V. Mitroshina, Ekaterina A. Marasanova and Maria V. Vedunova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167718 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

5-HT4 receptors play an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. However, the effect of 5-HT4Rs on neural network activity and intercellular calcium signaling remains enigmatic. Using calcium imaging and original software, we determined the network-level characteristics of calcium dynamics within primary [...] Read more.

5-HT4 receptors play an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. However, the effect of 5-HT4Rs on neural network activity and intercellular calcium signaling remains enigmatic. Using calcium imaging and original software, we determined the network-level characteristics of calcium dynamics within primary hippocampal cultures. We found that the single activation of 5-HT4 receptors by BIMU8 significantly reduced the correlation of activity within neuron–glial networks of primary cultures, without altering the proportion of active cells or the frequency of calcium events. In contrast, chronic stimulation of 5-HT4Rs promoted greater cell involvement in Ca²⁺ signal generation and increased the frequency of calcium events, while maintaining the connectivity level of the neuron–glial network. Moreover, our immunocytochemical labeling results indicated that chronic stimulation of 5-HT4Rs increased the size of both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals. The acute blockade of 5-HT4Rs by RS23597-190 exerted a marked inhibitory effect on calcium activity in primary hippocampal cultures. Network connectivity and correlation of calcium activity were disrupted, and the number of functional connections among cells sharply declined. Our study showed that 5-HT4 receptors exhibit diverse effects based on the type and duration of activation, mediating several key functions in regulating neural network calcium activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromodulatory Effects of Serotonin, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interval Observer for Vehicle Sideslip Angle Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filters

by Fernando Viadero-Monasterio, Miguel Meléndez-Useros, Basilio Lenzo and Beatriz López Boada

Machines 2025, 13(8), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080707 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the vehicle sideslip angle is critical for the effective operation of advanced driver assistance systems and active safety functions such as electronic stability control. However, direct measurement of sideslip angle is impractical in series-production vehicles due to high sensor cost. [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of the vehicle sideslip angle is critical for the effective operation of advanced driver assistance systems and active safety functions such as electronic stability control. However, direct measurement of sideslip angle is impractical in series-production vehicles due to high sensor cost. Furthermore, existing estimation methods often neglect the impact of model uncertainties on estimation error, which can compromise estimation reliability and, consequently, vehicle stability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an interval observer based on a Kalman filter that accounts explicitly for model uncertainties in the sideslip angle estimation process. The proposed method generates both upper and lower bounds of the estimated sideslip angle, providing a quantifiable measure of uncertainty that enhances the robustness of control systems that depend on this measurement. Given the limitations of simplified vehicle models, a combined vehicle roll and lateral dynamics model is utilized to improve estimation accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a series of simulation experiments conducted using CarSim. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Dynamics Estimation and Fault Monitoring)

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39 pages, 12300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Variation Characteristics of Floor Fault Activation Induced by Mining

by Hongyi Yin, Xiaoquan Li, Tianlong Su, Yonghe Xu, Xuzhao Yuan, Junhong Liu and Ningying Wei

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8811; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168811 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Coal seam floor water inrush is one of the most significant hazards affecting the safety of coal mine operations. To prevent water inrush incidents, it is critical to investigate the evolution of fault characteristics during the mining of working faces. This study takes [...] Read more.

Coal seam floor water inrush is one of the most significant hazards affecting the safety of coal mine operations. To prevent water inrush incidents, it is critical to investigate the evolution of fault characteristics during the mining of working faces. This study takes the 4104 working face of the Heshan mine in China as the engineering case, and a fluid–solid–damage coupling numerical model of the mining process is established. COMSOL multiphysics software is employed to analyze the evolution of fault characteristics in the coal seam floor under mining-induced disturbances. The results show that under mining disturbances, the stress on the fault plane decreases initially and then increases, with higher stress at the sides and lower stress in the center. These stress variations induce alternating states of sliding and stability on the fault plane, indicating that fault reactivation manifests as a dynamic, non-equilibrium process. As the rock mass gradually deteriorates, the stress field at the fault zone undergoes redistribution, leading to fault reactivation. This process further exacerbates damage to the rock mass, resulting in a continuous increase in the permeability coefficient within the fault zone, thereby elevating the probability of water inrush hazards. Areas with more severe damage typically exhibit higher permeability, forming high-risk zones for water inrush. This study explores the characteristics of fault reactivation and its relationship with the seepage field, providing a theoretical basis for coal mining enterprises to prevent and control fault-induced water inrush. Full article

28 pages, 2431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Compressor Station Availability on the Techno-Economics of Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation

by Oluwatayo Babatope Ojo, Abdelrahman Hegab and Pericles Pilidis

Energies 2025, 18(16), 4243; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164243 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study aims to examine the impact of compressor station availability on the techno-economic aspects of natural gas pipeline transportation, using the proposed Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP) project as a case study. A scenario-based technical and economic analysis was conducted to highlight the [...] Read more.

This study aims to examine the impact of compressor station availability on the techno-economic aspects of natural gas pipeline transportation, using the proposed Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP) project as a case study. A scenario-based technical and economic analysis was conducted to highlight the economic sensitivities of the systems to availability. The economic assessment of the project was performed using a discounted cash flow method, considering lifecycle costs. The techno-economic model was developed using MATLAB R2020b, accounting for variations in ambient temperatures at the compressor station under different flow conditions. Findings indicate an 8.41% increase in project lifecycle cost in one scenario compared to the baseline, assuming a 15% discount rate. However, the baseline case with a 100% compressor station availability assumption appears unrealistic, as shown by its lifecycle cost and net present value estimates. This is because constant operating conditions throughout the project lifecycle are impossible. Additionally, when station availability increases by 7.87% and the cost of standby units rises by 10.24%, avoided income loss due to station unavailability increases by 14.06%. This reveals a trade-off between the extra capital expenditure on standby units and the savings from avoiding income loss. Furthermore, the impact of 2% and 4% escalation rates of fuel and maintenance costs on lifecycle costs results in a rise of 2.70% and 6.15%, respectively, in one scenario compared to the 0% escalation rate. The results demonstrate the significant influence of compressor station availability analysis on pipeline projects, particularly in reducing engine downtime costs and enhancing project revenue. Therefore, the methods presented here help in understanding the importance of compressor station availability in pipeline techno-economics, leading to more effective resource and financial management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

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17 pages, 10136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superior Obstacle Avoidance Capabilities of Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) Equipped with an Active Inward Tilting Mechanism

by Tetsunori Haraguchi, Tetsuya Kaneko and Ichiro Kageyama

J 2025, 8(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/j8030029 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

In recent years, novel Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with a narrow width and an inward tilting mechanism, similar to motorcycles (MCs), have been proposed to prevent overturning during turns. Due to their compact size, these vehicles have inherent limitations in collision safety, making [...] Read more.

In recent years, novel Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with a narrow width and an inward tilting mechanism, similar to motorcycles (MCs), have been proposed to prevent overturning during turns. Due to their compact size, these vehicles have inherent limitations in collision safety, making their dynamic safety and accident avoidance capabilities particularly crucial. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted using a simulated single lane change course to evaluate obstacle avoidance performance. The results reveal that PMVs equipped with an active inward tilting mechanism exhibit superior obstacle avoidance capabilities. Based on the roll moment equilibrium conditions of these vehicles, an investigation of vehicle states during avoidance maneuvers revealed that both actual and virtual tilt angles coexist in PMVs, and their combined equivalent tilt angle effectively balances the roll moment during turning. This unique mechanism, which integrates the responsiveness of passenger cars with motorcycle-like tire lateral force characteristics, underpins the exceptional obstacle avoidance capabilities of actively inward tilting PMVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)

14 pages, 5372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Imaging of Morphological Changes Associated with Apoptosis and Necrosis Using Single-Cell Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography

by Suyeon Kang, Kyeong Ryeol Kim, Minju Cho, Joonseup Hwang, Joon-Mo Yang, Jun Ki Kim and Woo June Choi

Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080522 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a high-resolution interferometric imaging technique that enables label-free visualization of cellular structural changes. In this study, we employed a custom-built time-domain FF-OCT system to monitor morphological alterations in HeLa cells undergoing doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and ethanol-induced necrosis at [...] Read more.

Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is a high-resolution interferometric imaging technique that enables label-free visualization of cellular structural changes. In this study, we employed a custom-built time-domain FF-OCT system to monitor morphological alterations in HeLa cells undergoing doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and ethanol-induced necrosis at the single-cell level. Apoptotic cells showed characteristic features such as echinoid spine formation, cell contraction, membrane blebbing, and filopodia reorganization. In contrast, necrotic cells exhibited rapid membrane rupture, intracellular content leakage, and abrupt loss of adhesion structure. These dynamic events were visualized using high-resolution tomography and three-dimensional surface topography mapping. Furthermore, FF-OCT-based interference reflection microscopy (IRM)-like imaging effectively highlighted changes in cell–substrate adhesion and cell boundary integrity during the cell death process. Our findings suggest that FF-OCT is a powerful imaging platform for distinguishing cell death pathways and assessing dynamic cellular states, with potential applications in drug toxicity testing, anticancer therapy evaluation, and regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors for Biological Detection)

19 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinematic Monitoring of the Thorax During the Respiratory Cycle Using a Biopolymer-Based Strain Sensor: A Chitosan–Glycerol–Graphite Composite

by María Claudia Rivas Ebner, Emmanuel Ackah, Seong-Wan Kim, Young-Seek Seok and Seung Ho Choi

Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080523 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents the development and the mechanical and clinical characterization of a flexible biodegradable chitosan–glycerol–graphite composite strain sensor for real-time respiratory monitoring, where the main material, chitosan, is derived and extracted from Tenebrio Molitor larvae shells. Chitosan was extracted using a sustainable, [...] Read more.

This study presents the development and the mechanical and clinical characterization of a flexible biodegradable chitosan–glycerol–graphite composite strain sensor for real-time respiratory monitoring, where the main material, chitosan, is derived and extracted from Tenebrio Molitor larvae shells. Chitosan was extracted using a sustainable, low-impact protocol and processed into a stretchable and flexible film through glycerol plasticization and graphite integration, forming a conductive biocomposite. The sensor, fabricated in a straight-line geometry to ensure uniform strain distribution and signal stability, was evaluated for its mechanical and electrical performance under cyclic loading. Results demonstrate linearity, repeatability, and responsiveness to strain variations in the stain sensor during mechanical characterization and performance, ranging from 1 to 15%, with minimal hysteresis and fast recovery times. The device reliably captured respiratory cycles during normal breathing across three different areas of measurement: the sternum, lower ribs, and diaphragm. The strain sensor also identified distinct breathing patterns, including eupnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, apnea, and Kussmaul respiration, showing the capability to sense respiratory cycles during pathological situations. Compared to conventional monitoring systems, the sensor offers superior skin conformity, better adhesion, comfort, and improved signal quality without the need for invasive procedures or complex instrumentation. Its low-cost, biocompatible design holds strong potential for wearable healthcare applications, particularly in continuous respiratory tracking, sleep disorder diagnostics, and home-based patient monitoring. Future work will focus on wireless integration, environmental durability, and clinical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidimensional Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental and Healthcare Monitoring)

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28 pages, 5694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymers in Sustainable Construction Composites: Rheology, Mechanical Performance, and Durability

by Yahya Kaya, Veysel Kobya, Murteda Ünverdi, Naz Mardani and Ali Mardani

Polymers 2025, 17(16), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17162186 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Today, various strategies are being adopted to produce more environmentally friendly cementitious systems. A commonly adopted strategy is the enhancement of energy efficiency in the clinker grinding process through the use of grinding aids (GAs). Another approach is to reduce cement consumption by [...] Read more.

Today, various strategies are being adopted to produce more environmentally friendly cementitious systems. A commonly adopted strategy is the enhancement of energy efficiency in the clinker grinding process through the use of grinding aids (GAs). Another approach is to reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement with mineral additives such as fly ash. The literature has highlighted that the use of GAs during clinker grinding can narrow the particle size distribution, thereby promoting higher rates of mineral additive replacement. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks comprehensive insight into how the combined application of commonly used GAs influences the substitution levels of mineral additives. In this regard, this study thoroughly examined the influence of varying proportions and dosages of Triethanolamine (TEA) and Triisopropanolamine (TIPA)—two commonly employed grinding aids—on the hydration kinetics, compressive strength development, and life cycle performance of fly ash (FA)-blended cementitious systems. The mixtures prepared with the cements produced were analyzed through XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques, and the compressive strength results were evaluated using the Taguchi method. The results demonstrated that, irrespective of the type of additive used, the use of GAs enhanced pozzolanic activity and compressive strength. In particular, the GA combination containing 75% TIPA and 25% TEA proved the most superior results in terms of hydration kinetics, mechanical strength, and environmental performance. It was demonstrated that the combined use of TEA and TIPA in specific proportions creates a synergistic effect, enabling the development of more efficient binder systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymers in Cementitious Materials)

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24 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Phases and Activities of Technology-Integrated Project-Based Learning in K-12: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review

by J. Enrique Hinostroza, Stephanie Armstrong-Gallegos, Paulina Soto-Valenzuela and Mariana Villafaena

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081021 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Despite the growing adoption of technology-integrated project-based learning (PjBL) in K-12 education, little research has systematically examined its implementation. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review, guided by PRISMA standards, of 24 studies describing successful PjBL interventions using digital technologies. [...] Read more.

Despite the growing adoption of technology-integrated project-based learning (PjBL) in K-12 education, little research has systematically examined its implementation. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review, guided by PRISMA standards, of 24 studies describing successful PjBL interventions using digital technologies. Our findings reveal that while most interventions include the initial phases of PjBL, fewer than half incorporate a closing phase, often neglecting revision and reflection. Additionally, the activities within each phase are partial, omitting key elements necessary to fully leverage this methodology, which poses challenges to the comparability and transferability of PjBL. Moreover, the use of digital technologies is often partial and limited. To improve implementation, we analyze the full range of activities and technology use and propose an empirical model for designing future PjBL interventions and enhancing teacher training and professional development. Furthermore, we emphasize the need to formally integrate project management skill development into PjBL practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Technology Enhanced Education)

16 pages, 22555 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

A Hybrid RNN-CNN Approach with TPI for High-Precision DEM Reconstruction

by Ruizhe Cao, Chunjing Yao, Hongchao Ma, Bin Guo, Jie Wang and Junhao Xu

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2770; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162770 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Digital elevation models (DEMs), as the fundamental unit of terrain morphology, are crucial for understanding surface processes and for land use planning. However, automated classification faces challenges due to inefficient terrain feature extraction from raw LiDAR point clouds and the limitations of traditional [...] Read more.

Digital elevation models (DEMs), as the fundamental unit of terrain morphology, are crucial for understanding surface processes and for land use planning. However, automated classification faces challenges due to inefficient terrain feature extraction from raw LiDAR point clouds and the limitations of traditional methods in capturing fine-scale topographic variations. To address this, we propose a novel hybrid RNN-CNN framework that integrates multi-scale Topographic Position Index (TPI) features to enhance DEM generation. Our approach first models voxelated LiDAR point clouds as spatially ordered sequences, using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to encode vertical elevation dependencies and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to extract planar spatial features. By incorporating TPI as a semantic constraint, the model learns to distinguish terrain structures at multiple scales. Residual connections refine feature representations to preserve micro-topographic details during DEM reconstruction. Extensive experiments in the complex terrains of Jiuzhaigou, China, demonstrate that our lightweight hybrid framework not only achieves excellent DEM reconstruction accuracy in complex terrains, but also improves computational efficiency by more than 20% on average compared to traditional interpolation methods, making it highly suitable for resource-constrained applications. Full article

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41 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Contaminants: A Rising Threat to Urban Water and a Barrier to Achieving SDG-Aligned Planetary Protection

by Govindhasamay R. Varatharajan, Jean Claude Ndayishimiye and Pascaline Nyirabuhoro

Water 2025, 17(16), 2367; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162367 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Urban water, defined as water not used for agriculture or to support natural ecosystems, is increasingly impacted by anthropogenic pollution. Among the key concerns are emerging contaminants (ECs), a diverse group of largely unregulated chemical compounds that pose growing threats to both water [...] Read more.

Urban water, defined as water not used for agriculture or to support natural ecosystems, is increasingly impacted by anthropogenic pollution. Among the key concerns are emerging contaminants (ECs), a diverse group of largely unregulated chemical compounds that pose growing threats to both water and the life it supports. This review critically examines the challenges associated with the presence of ECs in urban water through two complementary approaches that together offer both scientific and policy-oriented insights. The first approach focuses on evaluating the difficulties in classifying, characterizing, detecting, monitoring, enforcing policies, and assessing the risks of ECs. The second approach focuses on assessing whether current efforts in research, public awareness, regulation, treatment, recycling, and international collaboration align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). Current efforts to address the challenges posed by ECs and to achieve SDG targets remain insufficient, particularly in the areas of treatment and recycling. Globally, only 56% of household wastewater is treated safely, and industrial wastewater treatment in low-income countries remains severely lacking, with coverage under 30%. Globally, the effective management of ECs is hindered by outdated and inadequate treatment infrastructure, low recycling rates, and the technical complexity of handling multi-contaminant waste streams. In developing regions, these challenges are compounded by weak regulatory enforcement and limited public awareness. To effectively address ECs in urban water and fully meet the SDG targets, more integrated and globally coordinated efforts are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors Directly and Indirectly Influencing Water Resources and Conservation Outcomes)

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15 pages, 4591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Surface Passivation on the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite X₂Cs_(n−1) Pb_nI_(3n+1)

by Min Li, Haoyan Zheng, Xianliang Ke, Dawei Zhang and Jie Huang

Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030044 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite exhibits superior chemical stability but suffers from compromised photoelectric properties due to the van der Waals gap. This study presents a novel investigation of surface passivation effects on quasi-2D perovskite X₂Cs_n−1Pb_nI_3n+1 [...] Read more.

The two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite exhibits superior chemical stability but suffers from compromised photoelectric properties due to the van der Waals gap. This study presents a novel investigation of surface passivation effects on quasi-2D perovskite X₂Cs_n−1Pb_nI_3n+1 (n = 1–6; X = MA, FA, PEA) using DFT methods, revealing three key advances: First, we demonstrate that organic cation passivation (MA⁺, FA⁺, PEA⁺) enables exceptional stability improvements, with FA-passivated structures showing optimal stability—a crucial finding for materials design. Second, we identify a critical thickness effect (n > 3) where bandgaps converge to <1.6 eV (approaching bulk values) while maintaining strong absorption, establishing the minimum layer requirement for optimal performance. Third, we reveal that effective masses balance and absorption strengthens significantly when n > 3. These fundamental insights provide a transformative strategy to simultaneously enhance both stability and optoelectronic properties in quasi-2D perovskites. Full article

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