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13 pages, 969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photodynamic Therapy Modulates pri-miRNA Expression in C. albicans-Infected HEK-293 Cells: An In Vitro Study

by Cinzia Casu, Andrea Butera, Alessandra Scano, Andrea Scribante, Valentino Natoli, Mara Pinna, Sara Fais and Germano Orrù

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110949 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Oral infections caused by Candida spp. represent a major health concern due to the increasing resistance of these fungi to conventional antifungal agents. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment based on the use of light at a specific wavelength that activates a photosensitizer [...] Read more.

Oral infections caused by Candida spp. represent a major health concern due to the increasing resistance of these fungi to conventional antifungal agents. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment based on the use of light at a specific wavelength that activates a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of oxygen. The activated PS selectively binds to infected cells and induces apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous biomolecular studies on Candida albicans have demonstrated that its infection triggers characteristic molecular signals, such as miRNA-146a and miRNA-155, which serve as inflammatory markers. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the impact of PDT on the expression of their primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in a cell culture model of C. albicans infection. Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells were infected with a multidrug-resistant strain of C. albicans (CA97) and subsequently exposed to curcumin-based PDT activated by blue light (470 nm). The expression of pri-miRNAs 146a and 155 was assessed before and after PDT treatment for each experimental group. The expression levels of pri-miRNAs increased approximately 2- to 3.5-fold following C. albicans infection but returned to baseline values after PDT treatment. The evaluation of pri-miRNAs 146a/155 may serve as a valuable research tool for monitoring early inflammatory responses induced by Candida infection, as well as a sensitive biomarker for assessing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in an in vitro cell culture model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

19 pages, 4476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Let-7a’s Therapeutic Role in Ewing Sarcoma Through Molecular Docking and Deformation Energy Analysis

by Mubashir Hassan, Amal Malik, Saba Shahzadi and Andrzej Kloczkowski

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(11), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47110948 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric malignant cancer that usually develops in bones and soft tissues. The current study investigates the function of hsa-let-7a as a target molecule in the pathophysiology of Ewing sarcoma using computational approaches. To anticipate complementary sites, miRNA and mRNA [...] Read more.

Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric malignant cancer that usually develops in bones and soft tissues. The current study investigates the function of hsa-let-7a as a target molecule in the pathophysiology of Ewing sarcoma using computational approaches. To anticipate complementary sites, miRNA and mRNA sequences were retrieved from the miRBase and NCBI databases. The three-dimensional structures of both hsa-let-7a and mRNA_EWSR1 were predicted through MC-Fold and RNAComposer, respectively. Furthermore, online HNADOCK and PatchDock docking servers were utilized to check the docking energy values and interactive behavior between miRNA and mRNA. The generated docked results showed good binding score values and interaction profiles between nucleotides of hsa-let-7a and mRNA of EWSR1. Moreover, both docking complexes were also studied using anisotropic network model analysis, which involved plotting correlation, inter-nucleotide distance fluctuations, and deformation energy graphs. The predicted heatmap graph also highlighted the significance of hsa-let-7a in various cellular signaling pathways, which may be interconnected with Ewing sarcoma, making it a potential therapeutic target. Together, this study offers computational insights that highlight hsa-let-7a as a promising therapeutic candidate for Ewing sarcoma, based on miRNA-driven predictive modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioinformatics Approaches to Biomedicine)

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37 pages, 646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Zero Trust in Practice: A Mixed-Methods Study Under the TOE Framework

by Angélica Pigola and Fernando de Souza Meirelles

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2025, 5(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp5040099 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study examines the adoption and implementation of the Zero Trust (ZT) cybersecurity paradigm using the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. While ZT is gaining traction as a security model, many organizations struggle to align strategic intent with effective implementation. We adopted a sequential mixed-methods [...] Read more.

This study examines the adoption and implementation of the Zero Trust (ZT) cybersecurity paradigm using the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. While ZT is gaining traction as a security model, many organizations struggle to align strategic intent with effective implementation. We adopted a sequential mixed-methods design combining 27 semi-structured interviews with cybersecurity professionals and a survey of 267 experts across industries. The qualitative phase used an inductive approach to identify organizational challenges, whereas the quantitative phase employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships. Results show that information security culture and investment significantly influence both strategic alignment and the technical implementation of ZT. Implementation acted as an intermediary mechanism through which these organizational factors affected governance and compliance outcomes. Strategic commitment alone was insufficient to drive effective implementation without strong cultural support. Qualitative insights underscored the importance of leadership engagement, cross-functional collaboration, and legacy infrastructure readiness in shaping outcomes. The findings emphasize the need for cultural alignment, targeted investments, and process maturity to ensure successful ZT adoption. Organizations can leverage these insights to prioritize resources, strengthen governance, and reduce implementation friction. This research is among the first to empirically investigate ZT implementation through the TOE lens. It contributes to cybersecurity management literature by integrating strategic, cultural, and operational dimensions of ZT adoption and offers practical guidance for decision-makers seeking to institutionalize Zero Trust principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Security, Privacy, and Trust)

16 pages, 1711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beta-Blockers as Potential Adjuvants in Melanoma Treatment

by Laura Rama, Mónica Almeida, Jiya Jose, Maria de Lourdes Pereira and Miguel Oliveira

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110981 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Melanoma, in advanced stages, is the most invasive type of skin cancer, with currently available treatments showing limited efficiency. The number of melanoma cancer cases is expected to increase in the coming years, emphasizing the need for more efficient therapeutic strategies. The present [...] Read more.

Melanoma, in advanced stages, is the most invasive type of skin cancer, with currently available treatments showing limited efficiency. The number of melanoma cancer cases is expected to increase in the coming years, emphasizing the need for more efficient therapeutic strategies. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of β-blockers, commonly used to treat cardiac conditions, to be repurposed for the treatment of melanoma. The effects of non-selective β-blockers (carvedilol and propranolol), β1 selective blockers (atenolol and metoprolol) and antineoplastics drugs (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) on the A375 melanoma cell line were studied, individually and in combined exposures, by assessing cell viability over a 72 h period. The 72 h half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀s) determined for A375 cells allow the ranking of toxicity as: cisplatin (2.46 (1.87–3.38) µM) > 5-fluorouracil (4.77 (4.48–5.07) µM) > carvedilol (16.91 (15.47–18.99) µM) > propranolol (58.03 (57.08–59.11) µM) > atenolol and metoprolol (β1 selective blockers that exhibited no significant effect on the cell’s viability). The effects of combined exposures were also studied. Metoprolol and carvedilol exhibited synergistic interactions with cisplatin at specific concentrations. Overall, the data highlight the concentration-dependent nature of mixture effects and support the potential application of β-blockers melanoma treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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16 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aquatic Toxicity of Antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and Sulfamethoxazole: Significant Impact on Early Life Stages of Crustaceans, a Marine Diatom, and a Freshwater Plant

by Edoardo Pietropoli, Rebecca Zgheib, Marco Selmo, Giacomo Melotto, Rosa Maria Lopparelli, Lorena Lucatello, Marianna Pauletto and Marco De Liguoro

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110979 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The occurrence of antibiotic residues in the environment is of concern not only because of their contribution to the spread of bacterial resistance, but also due to their possible toxicity to non-target organisms. In this study, the aquatic environmental toxicity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) [...] Read more.

The occurrence of antibiotic residues in the environment is of concern not only because of their contribution to the spread of bacterial resistance, but also due to their possible toxicity to non-target organisms. In this study, the aquatic environmental toxicity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was assessed in the following model organisms: Daphnia magna and Artemia salina (embryonic and immobilisation test with a 10-d follow-up), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (algal growth inhibition test), and Spirodela polyrhiza (duckweed growth inhibition test). Results showed that among the two saltwater organisms, A. salina was insensitive to both antibiotics, whilst P. tricornutum responded only to SMX with an EC₅₀ of 2.7 mg L⁻¹. In freshwater species, D. magna embryos were more sensitive than juveniles to SMX (EC₅₀ 53.8 and 439.2 mg L⁻¹, respectively), whereas the opposite trend was observed for CIP (EC₅₀ 95.9 and 15 mg L⁻¹, respectively). S. polyrhiza confirmed the remarkable sensitivity of aquatic plants to fluoroquinolones, with EC₅₀ values between 0.28 and 0.34 mg L⁻¹ depending on the endpoint considered. Notably, this species was also more sensitive to SMX than expected, with EC₅₀ values between 1.5 and 2.5 mg L⁻¹, which are an order of magnitude lower than those typically obtained with Lemna spp. exposed to sulphonamides. Considering the high environmental input of these antibiotics from both human and veterinary treatments, adverse effects on aquatic plants cannot be excluded, potentially leading to ecosystem-level consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Environmental Fate, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Solutions)

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21 pages, 1208 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hetero-Aggregation of Nanoplastics with Freshwater Algae and the Toxicological Consequences: The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances

by Jiannan Ding, Jiaxin Yang, Xiaojun Song, Shuo Liu, Zhenguo Wang and Hua Zou

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110980 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater environments has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the hetero-aggregation behaviors of NPs with the co-existing algae and the influence on NP toxicity, especially the potential role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during the entire [...] Read more.

The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater environments has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the hetero-aggregation behaviors of NPs with the co-existing algae and the influence on NP toxicity, especially the potential role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during the entire process, are poorly understood. In this study, the hetero-aggregations of polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs with Chlorella vulgaris, along with their toxicological consequences, were investigated in EPS-containing and EPS-free conditions. The results in the 12 h settling experiments showed that the ΔOD_reduced values ranged from 0.33 to 0.74, and the PS NPs exhibited higher aggregation efficiency with algae than the PLA NPs, which was inconsistent with previous microplastic studies and the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek calculations. This can be attributed to the unique properties of NPs and the mediating effects of tightly bound and loosely bound EPS during the formation of stable heteropolymers. In the 96 h toxicological experiments, various endpoints for algal growth inhibition, pigment synthesis disturbance, cell membrane damage, and oxidative stress were measured. Both the ΔOD_reduced values and integrated biomarker responses were positively associated with membrane damage and superoxide dismutase activity, demonstrating a view that the hetero-aggregation behavior could affect the membrane integrity and oxidative stress of algal cells, and exacerbate the toxicity of NPs on algae. The present study underscores the material-specific uniqueness of NPs in interactions with freshwater algae. Further studies are needed to broaden our knowledge of the hetero-aggregation behaviors and toxicological effects of NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Monitoring, Transformation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic Environments)

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27 pages, 9778 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gut–Liver Axis Mediates the Combined Hepatointestinal Toxicity of Triclosan and Polystyrene Microplastics in Mice: Implications for Human Co-Exposure Risks

by Huijuan Liu, Jie Zhou, Zhifei Cheng, Wenhao Liu and Jiao Xie

Toxics 2025, 13(11), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13110977 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

As two representative environmental contaminants, the individual toxic effects of microplastics and triclosan have been extensively studied; however, systematic evidence regarding their combined toxicity in mammals and the underlying mechanisms remains lacking. In this study, mice were orally exposed to triclosan (TCS) or/and [...] Read more.

As two representative environmental contaminants, the individual toxic effects of microplastics and triclosan have been extensively studied; however, systematic evidence regarding their combined toxicity in mammals and the underlying mechanisms remains lacking. In this study, mice were orally exposed to triclosan (TCS) or/and polystyrene microplastics (PS), and their toxicity to intestine and liver was evaluated through histopathological examination, biochemical assays, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Results demonstrated that co-exposure to TCS and PS elicited markedly aggravated toxicological effects compared to individual exposures. Histopathological evaluation revealed exacerbated tissue damage, with histological scores substantially higher in co-exposed mice (colon: 7.27; liver: 5.0) than in PS-alone (colon: 6.07; liver: 3.0) or TCS-alone (colon: 3.0; liver: 0.7) groups. Quantitative Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) analysis confirmed this potential additive or synergistic interaction: co-exposure not only dramatically elevated colonic oxidative stress (R_IB = 12.30 vs. 5.88 in PS and 0.23 in TCS groups) but also exacerbated inflammatory responses (R_IB = 11.69 vs. 3.52 in PS and 0 in TCS). Hepatic assessment demonstrated the most severe compromise in liver function and oxidative homeostasis following co-exposure (R_IB = 16.48), markedly exceeding the effects of individual PS (4.75) or TCS (0.43) exposure. In-depth exploration found that co-exposure to TCS and PS significantly disrupted gut microbiota homeostasis, characterized by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria; these alterations were not only correlated with intestinal barrier impairment but also exacerbated gut–liver axis dysregulation. Together, the findings not only highlight the synergistic toxicity of triclosan and polystyrene microplastics in mice but also identify the gut–liver axis as a mediator of this effect, thereby providing novel evidence for health risk assessment and underscoring a potential concern for human health under co-exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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26 pages, 1107 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Capability-Based Framework for Knowledge-Driven AI Innovation and Sustainability

by Márcia R. C. Santos, Luísa Cagica Carvalho and Edgar Francisco

Information 2025, 16(11), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110987 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies increasingly shape sustainability agendas, organizations face the strategic challenge of aligning AI-driven innovation with long-term environmental and social goals. While academic interest in this intersection is growing, research remains fragmented and often lacks actionable insights into the organizational [...] Read more.

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies increasingly shape sustainability agendas, organizations face the strategic challenge of aligning AI-driven innovation with long-term environmental and social goals. While academic interest in this intersection is growing, research remains fragmented and often lacks actionable insights into the organizational capabilities needed to operationalize sustainable AI innovation. This study addresses this gap by exploring how knowledge-based organizational capabilities—such as absorptive capacity, knowledge integration, organizational learning, and strategic leadership—support the alignment of AI initiatives with sustainability strategies. Grounded in the knowledge-based view of the firm, we conduct a bibliometric and thematic analysis of 216 peer-reviewed articles to identify emerging conceptual domains at the nexus of AI, innovation, and sustainability. The analysis reveals five dominant capability clusters: (1) data governance and decision intelligence; (2) policy-driven innovation and green transitions; (3) digital transformation through education and innovation; (4) collaborative adoption for sustainable outcomes; and (5) AI for smart cities and climate action. These clusters illuminate the multi-dimensional roles that knowledge management and organizational capabilities play in enabling responsible, impactful, and context-sensitive AI adoption. In addition to mapping the intellectual structure of the field, the study proposes a set of strategic and policy-oriented recommendations for applying these capabilities in practice. The findings offer both theoretical contributions and practical guidance for firms, policymakers, and educators seeking to embed sustainability into AI-driven transformation. This work advances the discourse on innovation and knowledge management by providing a structured, capability-based perspective for designing and implementing sustainable AI strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research in Knowledge Management and Innovation)

15 pages, 2132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Graph Anomaly Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-View Heterogeneity Resistant Network

by Yangrui Fan, Caixia Cui, Zhiqiang Wang, Hui Qi and Zhen Tian

Information 2025, 16(11), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110985 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Graph anomaly detection (GAD) aims to identify nodes or edges that deviate from normal patterns. However, the presence of heterophilic edges in graphs leads to feature over-smoothing issues. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the multi-view heterogeneity resistant network (MV-GHRN) model, which [...] Read more.

Graph anomaly detection (GAD) aims to identify nodes or edges that deviate from normal patterns. However, the presence of heterophilic edges in graphs leads to feature over-smoothing issues. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the multi-view heterogeneity resistant network (MV-GHRN) model, which progressively purifies heterophilic edges through multi-view collaboration. First, to address the noise sensitivity of single predictions, the method computes post-aggregation (PA) scores for both the original graph and its perturbed versions and performs weighted fusion, leveraging the consistency of multiple prediction perspectives to enhance the reliability of heterophilic edge identification. Second, a cosine similarity view is introduced as a complementary structural perspective, with both views independently completing heterophilic edge pruning to clean the graph structure from both topological and feature dimensions. Finally, a cross-view self-distillation mechanism is designed, using the fused predictions from the two purified views as teacher signals to guide the optimization of each view in reverse, correcting feature biases caused by heterophilic edges. Experiments on benchmark datasets such as YelpChi and Amazon demonstrate that the framework significantly outperforms existing methods. For instance, on the YelpChi dataset, MV-GHRN surpasses the best baseline by 16.8% and 5.2% in F1-Macro and AUC, respectively, validating the effectiveness of the progressive multi-view purification mechanism. Full article

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21 pages, 341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthetic Data Generation for Binary and Multi-Class Classification in the Health Domain

by Camila Guerreiro, Fátima Leal and Micaela Pinho

Information 2025, 16(11), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110986 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for data-driven solutions in healthcare is often hindered by limited access to high-quality datasets due to privacy concerns, data imbalance, and regulatory constraints. Synthetic data generation has emerged as a promising strategy to address these challenges by creating artificial yet [...] Read more.

The growing demand for data-driven solutions in healthcare is often hindered by limited access to high-quality datasets due to privacy concerns, data imbalance, and regulatory constraints. Synthetic data generation has emerged as a promising strategy to address these challenges by creating artificial yet statistically valid datasets that preserve the underlying patterns of real data without compromising patient confidentiality. This study explores methodologies for generating synthetic data tailored to binary and multi-class classification problems within the health domain. We employ advanced techniques such as probabilistic modelling, generative adversarial networks, and data augmentation strategies to replicate realistic feature distributions and class relationships. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using benchmark healthcare datasets, measuring fidelity, diversity, and utility of the synthetic data in downstream predictive modelling tasks. The original dataset consisted of 2125 imbalanced cases, both in the binary and multi-class classification scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that models trained on synthetic datasets achieve performance levels comparable to those trained on real data, particularly in scenarios with severe class imbalance. The findings underscore the potential of synthetic data as a privacy-preserving enabler for robust machine learning applications in healthcare, facilitating innovation while adhering to strict data protection regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Applications of Machine Learning in Healthcare, Industry, and Beyond)

15 pages, 3345 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Microstructure Evolution and Influencing Factors of Pure Copper Wire After Directional Heat Treatment

by Hao Xu, Xin Dong, Feixiang Chen, Yang Chen and Guang Chen

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110984 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Ohon Continuous Casting is the main method for preparing single crystal copper wire, and it is also the research hotspot at present, but it is difficult to directly cast ultrafine single crystal copper wire (diameter < 0.05 mm). The copper wire obtained [...] Read more.

The Ohon Continuous Casting is the main method for preparing single crystal copper wire, and it is also the research hotspot at present, but it is difficult to directly cast ultrafine single crystal copper wire (diameter < 0.05 mm). The copper wire obtained by continuous casting must be drawn and deformed before it can be used in practice, but this will bring a series of problems such as single crystal structure destruction and conductivity deterioration. Directional heat treatment technology can control the direction of heat flow at a low temperature, realize the directional migration of grain boundaries in the recrystallization process, and form columnar crystals or single crystals, which is of great significance for improving electrical conductivity. In this paper, the directional heat treatment method was used to investigate the microstructure evolution and influencing factors of pure copper wire, the process parameters were optimized, and the conductivity of pure copper wire was measured. It was found that the conductivity of pure copper wire increased by 5% when the heating temperature was 750 °C and the withdrawing velocity was 15 μm/s, which laid a foundation for the improvement of conductivity of pure copper wire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

17 pages, 11796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mineralogical, Gemological Characteristics and Petrogenesis of High-Quality Maw-Sit-Sit Jade from the Myanmar Jade Belt

by Yu Zhang, Guanghai Shi and Jiabao Wen

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110983 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Maw-sit-sit jade resembles kosmochlor-jadeitite in appearance and is spatially associated with it in the Myanmar Jade Belt. However, the mineral composition, microstructure, and petrogenesis of this type of jade remain unclear. To address this gap, this study investigated high-quality Maw-sit-sit jade using a [...] Read more.

Maw-sit-sit jade resembles kosmochlor-jadeitite in appearance and is spatially associated with it in the Myanmar Jade Belt. However, the mineral composition, microstructure, and petrogenesis of this type of jade remain unclear. To address this gap, this study investigated high-quality Maw-sit-sit jade using a range of analytical techniques, including conventional gemological tests, infrared spectroscopy, petrographic observations, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging. Results show that Maw-sit-sit jade primarily consists of albite and chromium-omphacite, with minor amphibole (eckermannite and richterite). Jadeite and relict chromite are absent in the studied samples. Its high albite content gives it lower refractive index (RI: 1.55–1.56) and specific gravity (SG: 2.69–2.73) compared to kosmochlor-jadeitite and jadeite jade. Additionally, Maw-sit-sit jade exhibits punctate or banded fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light, distinguishing it from kosmochlor-jadeitite and jadeite jade (both inert). Petrographically, euhedral albite fills interstices between early-formed Cr-omphacite and eckermannite, which is textural evidence of its late-stage origin. Eckermannite and Cr-omphacite occur as enclosed grains with embayed boundaries and dissolution pores, indicating they experienced mechanical disruption and chemical dissolution during subsequent geological processes. Petrogenetically, Maw-sit-sit jade (defined as “Cr-omphacite-albitite”) forms via a two-stage process: (1) Under high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) conditions in the subduction zone, Na-Al-Si-rich fluids metasomatize chromite-bearing serpentinite protoliths, generating an early assemblage of jadeite, Cr-omphacite and amphiboles; (2) During subsequent plate exhumation and decompression, jadeite underwent retrograde metamorphism under low-pressure/low-temperature (LP/LT) conditions involving residual Na-Al-Si fluids, resulting in the formation of albite. This process led to the replacement of early-formed minerals by euhedral albite, ultimately generating the Ab+Cr-Omp+Eck symplectic texture. This study elucidates the mineralogical, gemological identity and petrogenesis of high-quality Maw-sit-sit jade, advancing our understanding of fluid evolution within a subduction zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineralogical Crystallography and Biomineralization)

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17 pages, 3178 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laser-Synthesized Plasmono-Fluorescent Si-Au and SiC-Au Nanocomposites for Colorimetric Sensing

by Yury V. Ryabchikov

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110982 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sensing represents one of the most rapidly developing areas of modern life sciences, spreading from the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in living systems, food, and beverages to hazardous substances in liquid and gaseous environments. However, the development of efficient and low-cost multimodal sensors [...] Read more.

Sensing represents one of the most rapidly developing areas of modern life sciences, spreading from the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in living systems, food, and beverages to hazardous substances in liquid and gaseous environments. However, the development of efficient and low-cost multimodal sensors with easy-to-read functionality is still very challenging. In this paper, stable aqueous colloidal suspensions (ζ-potential was between −30 and −40 mV) of ultrasmall (~7 nm) plasmonic Si-Au and SiC-Au nanocomposites were formed. Two variants of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL)—direct ablation and laser co-fragmentation—were used for this purpose. The co-fragmentation approach led to a considerable decrease in hydrodynamic diameter (~78 nm) and bandgap widening to approximately 1.6 eV. All plasmonic nanocomposites exhibited efficient multi-band blue emission peaking at ~430 nm upon Xe lamp excitation. Co-fragmentation route considerably (~1 order of magnitude) increased the PL efficiency of the nanocomposites in comparison with the laser-ablated ones, accompanied by a negligible amount of dangling bonds. These silicon-based nanostructures significantly affected the optical response of rhodamine 6G, depending on the synthesis route. In particular, directly ablated nanoparticles revealed a stronger influence on the optical response of dye molecules. The observed findings suggest using such types of semiconductor-plasmonic nanocomposites for multimodal plasmonic and colorimetric sensing integrated with luminescent detection capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Multi-Component Hybrid and Composite Nanostructures)

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13 pages, 3064 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Solidification Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-5Si-Cu-Mg Alloy Through the Addition of Scandium and Zirconium

by Tian Li, Ling Shan, Chunwei Wang, JinHua Wu, Jianming Zheng and Kai Wang

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110981 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Although low-silicon Al-Si alloys have been extensively studied, further improvement in their mechanical performance remains a critical challenge. This study examines the synergistic effects of scandium (Sc) and zirconium (Zr) additions on the solidification behavior, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of Al-5Si-Cu-Mg alloys. [...] Read more.

Although low-silicon Al-Si alloys have been extensively studied, further improvement in their mechanical performance remains a critical challenge. This study examines the synergistic effects of scandium (Sc) and zirconium (Zr) additions on the solidification behavior, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of Al-5Si-Cu-Mg alloys. The Sc/Zr additions refine the α-Al grains and modify the eutectic Si morphology, with the most uniform microstructure obtained at 0.5 wt.% due to the formation of coherent Al₃(Sc,Zr) dispersoids. These additions also suppress the formation of needle-like β-Al₅FeSi phases and promote the transformation to compact α-Al₁₅(Fe,Mn)₃(Si,Zr,Sc)₂ intermetallics, optimizing the solidification process. The yield strength increases with Sc/Zr content owing to grain-boundary and precipitation strengthening. However, the alloy without Sc/Zr exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength and elongation, likely due to its finer secondary dendrite arm spacing and the absence of casting-induced cracks in this investigation. Although Sc/Zr additions of 0.25–0.5 wt.% contribute to microstructural refinement, the concurrent formation of porosity and coarse intermetallic compounds leads to a deterioration in ductility. Excessive Sc/Zr additions further coarsen grains and degrade the overall mechanical integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Properties and Characterization of Aluminum Alloys)

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18 pages, 11078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Hydrothermal Zeolite Crystallization from Kaolin in Concentrated NaOH Solutions (1–5 M): Formation of NaP1, NaP2, Analcime, Sodalite and Cancrinite

by Paola Mameli, Ambra M. Fiore, Saverio Fiore and F. Javier Huertas

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110980 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Kaolin from the Donigazza deposit (NW Sardinia, Italy) was used to investigate the mechanisms of zeolite crystallization under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. The starting material, composed mainly of kaolinite and opal-CT with minor quartz and low iron content, was reacted with NaOH solutions (1–5 [...] Read more.

Kaolin from the Donigazza deposit (NW Sardinia, Italy) was used to investigate the mechanisms of zeolite crystallization under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. The starting material, composed mainly of kaolinite and opal-CT with minor quartz and low iron content, was reacted with NaOH solutions (1–5 mol L⁻¹) at 100 °C for 12–168 h. XRD analyses revealed the formation of zeolitic and related phases, including NaP1, NaP2, analcime, sodalite, and cancrinite, with zeolite contents reaching up to 100%. The extent of kaolinite dissolution varied with both NaOH concentration and reaction time, with complete transformation occurring at ≥3 mol L⁻¹ and ≥48 h. SEM imaging showed idiomorphic crystals (100 nm–10 μm) and globular nanoparticles (<50 nm), likely Na-Al-Si gels. Phase distribution reflected evolving solution chemistry, particularly changes in the Si/Al ratio due to differential dissolution of opal-CT and kaolinite. Crystallization proceeded via both classical (monomer addition) and non-classical (particle attachment) pathways, influenced by supersaturation, gel composition, and reaction kinetics. The transition from NaP1 to NaP2, and the development of metastable phases, indicate kinetic control consistent with Ostwald’s step rule. These results provide insights into the complex dynamics of zeolite formation from natural aluminosilicate precursors in alkaline environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Structure and Characterization of Minerals and Related Nanomaterials)

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19 pages, 4749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Fatigue Crack Growth Under Compressive Loads: The Role of Non-Monotonic Stress and Crack Closure

by Yahya Ali Fageehi and Abdulnaser M. Alshoaibi

Crystals 2025, 15(11), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15110979 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

A comprehensive numerical investigation of Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) under negative stress ratios (R < 0) was conducted using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the ANSYS Benchmark 19.2 SMART crack growth module on modified Compact Tension (CT) specimens. This study addresses [...] Read more.

A comprehensive numerical investigation of Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) under negative stress ratios (R < 0) was conducted using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the ANSYS Benchmark 19.2 SMART crack growth module on modified Compact Tension (CT) specimens. This study addresses the critical challenge posed by the compressive portion of cyclic loading, which traditional Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) models often fail to capture accurately due to the complex interaction of crack closure and reversed plastic zones. The analysis focused on the evolution of the von Mises stress and maximum principal stress distributions at the crack tip across a range of stress ratios, including R = 0.1, −0.1, −0.2, −0.3, −0.4, −0.5, and −1.0. The results demonstrate a significant inverse correlation between fatigue life cycles and the magnitude of the negative stress ratio, consistent with the detrimental effect of increasing tensile stress. Crucially, the numerical simulation successfully captured the non-monotonic behavior of the crack tip stress field, revealing that the compressive load phase substantially alters the effective stress intensity factor range and the crack growth path, which was governed by the Maximum Tangential Stress (MTS) criterion. This research provides a validated computational methodology for accurately predicting FCG life in engineering components subjected to demanding, fully reversed, or compressive–dominant cyclic loading environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture of Crystalline Metal Structures)

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8 pages, 1182 KB

Open AccessShort Note

Trichloro[2,5-bis[N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-P,P-diisopropylphosphorimidoyl-κN]pyrrole-κN]zirconium(IV)·Benzene

by Thamara V. Salazar-Barrientos, Christopher P. Forfar and Paul G. Hayes

Molbank 2025, 2025(4), M2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/M2090 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

A new zirconium trichloride complex, supported by a monoanionic, pyrrole-based bisphosphinimine NNN-pincer ligand, [LZrCl₃] (L = 2,5-[ⁱPr₂P=N(4-ⁱPrC₆H₄)]₂NH(C₆H₂) (1), is reported. Comparison with [...] Read more.

A new zirconium trichloride complex, supported by a monoanionic, pyrrole-based bisphosphinimine NNN-pincer ligand, [LZrCl₃] (L = 2,5-[ⁱPr₂P=N(4-ⁱPrC₆H₄)]₂NH(C₆H₂) (1), is reported. Comparison with a related iminopincer complex reveals significant differences in bond lengths and angles between the atoms around the metal centre, largely due to the more electron donating phosphinimine (R₃P=NR (R = alkyl, aryl)) functionality. The P=N bonds in complex (1•benzene) are longer than in the proteo ligand HL (L = 2,5-[Ph₂P=N(4-ⁱPrC₆H₄)]₂NH(C₆H₂)), which is consistent with phosphinimine coordination to a metal. This is the only reported zirconium complex with this specific ligand scaffold; no analogous complexes have been reported for other group 4 metals. This structure expands the library of Zr pincer complexes that bear tridentate ligand frameworks and sets the stage for the preparation of related complexes. Full article

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22 pages, 2718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cost-Effective Perspective of Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Under Different Curing Regimes

by Sarah Al-Qutaifi, Rusul M. Rashid and Atared Salah Kawoosh

Constr. Mater. 2025, 5(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5040081 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Composite geopolymer concrete (CGPC), is receiving growing attention in the construction sector for its sustainable nature, environmental benefits, and its valuable role in promoting efficient waste utilization. The strategic incorporation of reinforcing fibers into geopolymer concrete (GPC) matrices is critical for enhancing mechanical [...] Read more.

Composite geopolymer concrete (CGPC), is receiving growing attention in the construction sector for its sustainable nature, environmental benefits, and its valuable role in promoting efficient waste utilization. The strategic incorporation of reinforcing fibers into geopolymer concrete (GPC) matrices is critical for enhancing mechanical performance and meeting the durability requirements of high-performance construction applications. Although substantial research has focused on strength enhancement of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete (FGPC) individually, it has neglected practical considerations such as energy use for curing and life-cycle assessments. Thus, this study investigates the cost-effective aspects of FGPC cured under different regimes. Different cementitious binders were incorporated, i.e., fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), in addition to alkaline activators (a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate), hooked-end steel fibers (HESFs), basalt fibers (BFs), and polypropylene fibers (PPFs), as well as aggregates (gravel and sand). The effect of different geopolymer-based materials, reinforcing fibers, and different curing regimes on the mechanical, durability, and economic performance were analyzed. Results showed that the applied thermal curing regimes (oven curing or steam curing) had a considerable impact on durability performance, compressive strength, and flexural strength development, especially for GPC mixes involving high FA content. Cost analysis outcomes suggested that the most affordable option is GPCM1 (100% FA without fibers), but it demonstrates low strength under ambient curing conditions; RGCM4 (100% GGBS and 0.75% HESF) provided the best strength and durability option but at higher material cost; RGCM7 (50% FA, 50% GGBS, and 0.75% HSF) exhibited a balanced choice since it offer satisfied strength and durability performance with moderate cost compared to other options. Full article

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9 pages, 672 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Concurrent Analysis of Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activities in Compounds from Plant Cell Cultures

by Marcela Blažková, Ľubica Uváčková, Mária Maliarová, Jozef Sokol, Jana Viskupičová and Tibor Maliar

BioTech 2025, 14(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040091 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants arising from physiological or environmental factors. Here, we applied our previously developed in situ microplate method for the simultaneous determination of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities to compounds produced by plant cell cultures in vitro. [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants arising from physiological or environmental factors. Here, we applied our previously developed in situ microplate method for the simultaneous determination of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities to compounds produced by plant cell cultures in vitro. The primary aim was to evaluate the added value of these compounds, which are widely used as additives in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. The secondary aim was to assess whether a predominance of pro-oxidant activity could limit their biotechnological production. Thirty-three compounds known to be produced by in vitro cultures (polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, alkaloids, etc.) were tested, and the pro-oxidant–antioxidant balance index (PABI) was calculated. Sixteen compounds showed measurable activities with DPPH₅₀/FRAP₅₀ values below 2 mM. Within this set, rosmarinic acid exhibited pronounced pro-oxidant behavior, whereas gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and the anthocyanin cyanidin showed higher antioxidant potency and favorable PABI values. Such compounds may deliver added benefits when incorporated into food or cosmetic products and are unlikely to limit production in cell culture. Full article

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13 pages, 433 KB

Open AccessReview

Ozone Pollution and Urban Greening

by Elena Paoletti, Pierre Sicard, Alessandra De Marco, Barbara Baesso Moura and Jacopo Manzini

Stresses 2025, 5(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses5040065 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) pollution is a major concern in urban environments because of its toxicity for both people and vegetation. This paper review provides an overview of atmospheric mechanisms, as well as the potential and best management practices of urban greening [...] Read more.

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) pollution is a major concern in urban environments because of its toxicity for both people and vegetation. This paper review provides an overview of atmospheric mechanisms, as well as the potential and best management practices of urban greening for reducing O₃ pollution in cities. Urban greening has often been proposed as a cost-effective solution to reduce O₃ pollution, but its effectiveness depends on careful species selection and integration with broader air quality management strategies. Ozone is a secondary pollutant and the volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation (BVOCs) can play a prominent role in O₃ formation. A list of recommended and to-avoid species is given here to drive future planting at city scale. Planting low BVOC-emitting species and combining greening with reductions in anthropogenic emissions are key to maximizing benefits and minimizing unintended increases in O₃. Public and non-public institutions should carefully select plant species in consultation with expert scientists from the early stages, e.g., by considering local conditions and pollutant dynamics to design effective greening interventions. Collaborative planning among urban ecologists, atmospheric scientists, and municipalities is thus crucial to ensure that greening interventions contribute to overall air quality improvements rather than inadvertently enhancing O₃ formation. Such improvements will also translate into plant protection from O₃ stress. Therefore, future directions of research and policy integration to achieve healthier, O₃-resilient urban ecosystems are also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystems Under Stress: The Environmental Impact on Vegetation and Wildlife)

22 pages, 1915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recursive Structural Equation Modeling of Determinants of Motorist Parking Challenges in Ghana: A Greater Kumasi Perspective

by A. R. Abdul-Aziz, Prince Owusu-Ansah, Abena Agyeiwaa Obiri-Yeboah, Saviour Kwame Woangbah, Ebenezer Adusei, Alex Justice Frimpong, Adwoa Sarpong Amoah and Isaac Kofi Yaabo

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040174 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Globally, the rise in car ownership and usage has intensified parking challenges, particularly within central business districts (CBDs) of many developed cities. Scarce parking infrastructure and escalating land values have further exacerbated these issues, leading to heightened competition among business owners, residents, shoppers, [...] Read more.

Globally, the rise in car ownership and usage has intensified parking challenges, particularly within central business districts (CBDs) of many developed cities. Scarce parking infrastructure and escalating land values have further exacerbated these issues, leading to heightened competition among business owners, residents, shoppers, and clients for the limited available paid and free on-street parking spaces. Against this backdrop, the present study sought to model the determinants of motorists’ parking challenges using a recursive structural equation model (RSEM), drawing on empirical evidence from Greater Kumasi, Ghana. Primary data were collected through a structured survey involving 1000 drivers within the designated catchment area, employing cluster and systematic sampling techniques to ensure representativeness. The findings reveal that four out of five structural paths of the constructs exerted significant influences on the structural model components. Both time-related indices and parking costs demonstrated direct and indirect effects on parking challenges, with vehicle type serving as a mediating variable. Furthermore, most of the measurement models significantly impacted the latent factors, either positively or negatively, highlighting the complex interrelationships between parking behavior and underlying determinants. Overall, this study makes several contributions: it provides localized empirical evidence from a developing-country context, offers theoretical refinements to existing models, demonstrates methodological rigor through the application of RSEM, and proposes practical policy insights to address urban parking challenges in rapidly growing African cities such as Kumasi. Full article

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20 pages, 1265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Biopreservative Effect of Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria Using Soluble Fiber During Cheese Ripening

by Rakesh Kaushik and Sanjeev Anand

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5040132 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cheddar cheese ripening creates favorable conditions for desired microbial changes but also allows survival and outgrowth of spores like Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Bacillus licheniformis, leading to late-blowing defects. In the first phase of the study, NSLAB dynamics were evaluated in the presence [...] Read more.

Cheddar cheese ripening creates favorable conditions for desired microbial changes but also allows survival and outgrowth of spores like Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Bacillus licheniformis, leading to late-blowing defects. In the first phase of the study, NSLAB dynamics were evaluated in the presence of spores, where pilot-scale cheeses (110 L) were produced in four treatments: control, T1 (BL), T2 (CT), and T3 (BL+CT), each inoculated at 2.0 Log₁₀ CFU/mL with spores. Results showed that SLAB declined from 8.0 to 0.2 Log₁₀ CFU/g, while NSLAB increased from 2.0 to 8.5 Log₁₀ CFU/g by the third month and remained stable thereafter. Spore counts reached 2.94 ± 0.02 (T2) and 2.48 ± 0.03 (T3) Log₁₀ CFU/g, with visible spoilage signs appearing after five months, indicating that native NSLAB populations were inadequate to control late-blowing defects. In this study, the effect of soluble fiber (inulin) in stimulating NSLAB was evaluated by incorporating 1% inulin into Cheddar cheese across four treatments: T1 (C SF), T2 (BL SF), T3 (CT SF), and T4 (BL+CT SF). Inulin addition resulted in significantly higher NSLAB counts (>10.5 Log₁₀ CFU/g) and suppressed spore levels (<0.91 ± 0.03 Log₁₀ CFU/g), with no spoilage observed. Inulin addition selectively enhanced beneficial NSLAB, suppressing spore-forming bacteria and preventing late-blowing defects without affecting cheese quality. This provides a natural, sustainable strategy to enhance microbial safety during Cheddar cheese ripening. Full article

21 pages, 698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of D-β-Hydroxybutyric Acid on Body Fat in Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Shohei Katsuya, Yoshikazu Kawata, Jun Kawamura, Tsuyoshi Goto, Tsuyoshi Takara and Jun Tsubota

Obesities 2025, 5(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5040082 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ketone metabolism is currently being spotlighted for its health benefits. Strict dietary carbohydrate restriction is required to increase plasma ketone levels, which can be achieved with D-β-hydroxybutyric acid (D-BHB) supplementation as well. Although 2.9 g/day of D-BHB may reduce body fat without dieting [...] Read more.

Ketone metabolism is currently being spotlighted for its health benefits. Strict dietary carbohydrate restriction is required to increase plasma ketone levels, which can be achieved with D-β-hydroxybutyric acid (D-BHB) supplementation as well. Although 2.9 g/day of D-BHB may reduce body fat without dieting or exercise interventions, the lower effective intake limit of exogenous D-BHB remains unknown. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (UMIN000054231), we aimed to assess the safety and fat-reduction effects of a 12-week intake of D-BHB in healthy Japanese adults (low-dose [1.5 g/day, n = 33], normal-dose [2.9 g/day, n = 33], and placebo [n = 34] groups). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention. Participants’ blood chemistry, anthropometric, and body composition parameters were investigated. The low-dose group had a lower visceral fat area and body mass index (BMI) and higher plasma ketone levels than the placebo group. The normal-dose group had a significantly lower visceral fat area than the placebo group. Significant between-group (normal-dose vs. placebo) differences were observed in body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, and plasma ketone levels. Participants reported no D-BHB-related adverse effects or discomfort. In conclusion, 1.5 or 2.9 g/day of D-BHB may reduce body fat without dieting or exercise interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Food Compounds on Obesity Mechanisms)

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25 pages, 2357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Combined Resonance of Thermo-Magneto-Electro-Elastic Cylindrical Shells

by Gui-Lin She and Lei-Lei Gan

Dynamics 2025, 5(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics5040048 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the combined resonance phenomenon in magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cylindrical shells under longitudinal and lateral excitations with thermal factors, addressing the complex interaction between mechanical, electrical, and magnetic fields in smart structures. The research aims to establish a theoretical framework for predicting [...] Read more.

This study investigates the combined resonance phenomenon in magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cylindrical shells under longitudinal and lateral excitations with thermal factors, addressing the complex interaction between mechanical, electrical, and magnetic fields in smart structures. The research aims to establish a theoretical framework for predicting resonance behaviors in energy harvesting and sensing applications. Using Maxwell’s equations and Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations for combined resonance are derived. The method of varying amplitude (MVA) is employed to acquire the combined resonance response across varying parameters. Furthermore, the Runge–Kutta method is applied to investigate the bifurcation and chaotic motion characteristics under different longitudinal and lateral excitation conditions. Key findings reveal the coupling effects of multi-physical fields on resonance frequencies, demonstrating quantitative agreement with prior studies. The results provide fundamental insights into the dynamic characteristics of MEE materials, offering theoretical support for optimizing their performance in adaptive engineering systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dynamic Phenomena—3rd Edition)

15 pages, 1984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Adiponectin as a Metabolic Risk Indicator in the Panamanian Population

by Orlando Serrano Garrido, Xenia Hernandez Adames, Ivonne Torres-Atencio, Ana Espinosa De Ycaza, Maria Fabiana Piran Arce, Ana Tejada Espinosa and Griselda Arteaga

Obesities 2025, 5(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5040081 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, circulates in several isoforms, of which total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin are the most physiologically relevant. While adiponectin has been inversely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), evidence from Latin American [...] Read more.

Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, circulates in several isoforms, of which total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin are the most physiologically relevant. While adiponectin has been inversely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), evidence from Latin American populations remains scarce. To explore its role in this context, we conducted a case–control study in 310 Panamanian adults, including 77 individuals with MetS and 233 controls, diagnosed according to the Latin American Diabetes Association (ALAD) criteria. Serum adiponectin, lipid profile, glucose, HbA1c, and body composition were evaluated, with adiponectin quantified by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Correlations with metabolic parameters were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10.5. Participants with MetS exhibited significantly lower adiponectin concentrations compared with controls (7.75 ± 2.58 µg/mL vs. 9.53 ± 3.31 µg/mL, p = 0.0030). Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in males than in females (p = 0.0083) and showed inverse correlations with visceral fat (r = −0.26, p < 0.001), triglycerides (r = −0.25, p = 0.0062), insulin (r = −0.31, p < 0.0001), and HbA1c (r = −0.11, p = 0.046). Conversely, a positive association was observed with HDL cholesterol (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001). Individuals with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or insulin ≥ 15 µU/mL exhibited markedly reduced adiponectin concentrations (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.69, indicating a moderate discriminatory ability of adiponectin for identifying MetS in this population. These findings confirm that adiponectin is inversely associated with several metabolic risk factors, supporting its potential utility as a biomarker for early detection and risk stratification of metabolic syndrome in the Panamanian population. Full article

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25 pages, 596 KB

Open AccessReview

Duropathies: A Narrative Overview of a Neglected Concept—Part One: Anatomical, Embryological, and Pathophysiological Elements

by Marialuisa Zedde and Rosario Pascarella

NeuroSci 2025, 6(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6040115 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Duropathies encompass a spectrum of disorders linked to spinal dural tears and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, resulting in significant neurological manifestations. This review synthesizes the current literature on duropathies, focusing on their anatomical and pathophysiological aspects, including conditions such as superficial siderosis, spontaneous [...] Read more.

Duropathies encompass a spectrum of disorders linked to spinal dural tears and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, resulting in significant neurological manifestations. This review synthesizes the current literature on duropathies, focusing on their anatomical and pathophysiological aspects, including conditions such as superficial siderosis, spontaneous intracranial hypotension, and spinal cord herniation. The methodologies employed include comprehensive evaluations through neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and CT myelography, alongside clinical assessments of symptoms like ataxia, hearing loss, and cognitive impairment. Key findings highlight the prevalence of dural defects in patients with superficial siderosis and the association of persistent CSF leaks with various neurological impairments. The review emphasizes the need for a standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approach to enhance patient management and improve outcomes. By addressing the interrelated nature of these conditions, the study underscores the importance of early intervention to mitigate long-term neurological consequences. Overall, the findings advocate for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying duropathies and the development of effective treatment strategies, ultimately aiming to improve the quality of life for affected individuals. Full article

43 pages, 507 KB

Open AccessArticle

A General Formalism for Electromagnetic Response Based on Quasi-Energy Derivatives Within a Single-Determinant Framework

by Xinxin Liu, Daoling Peng and Feng Long Gu

Chemistry 2025, 7(6), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7060181 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

A unified electromagnetic response theory has been formulated in terms of quasi-energy derivatives within the nonrelativistic single-determinant framework. The formalism is applicable to any type of optical response, without restriction to monochromatic fields. Electromagnetic properties are expressed through quasi-energy derivatives, providing a consistent [...] Read more.

A unified electromagnetic response theory has been formulated in terms of quasi-energy derivatives within the nonrelativistic single-determinant framework. The formalism is applicable to any type of optical response, without restriction to monochromatic fields. Electromagnetic properties are expressed through quasi-energy derivatives, providing a consistent and general description under arbitrary static or dynamic perturbations. Magnetic properties obtained from this framework are inherently gauge-invariant, since a gauge transformation of the electromagnetic potentials corresponds to a unitary phase transformation acting on both the Hamiltonian and molecular orbitals. The present theory thus offers a comprehensive foundation for evaluating (hyper)polarizabilities, (hyper)magnetizabilities, and other related response properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theoretical and Computational Chemistry)

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