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39 pages, 8550 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancement of Magnetic Shielding Based on Low-Noise Materials, Magnetization Control, and Active Compensation: A Review

by Yijin Liu, Jianzhi Yang, Fuzhi Cao, Xu Zhang and Shiqiang Zheng

Materials 2024, 17(22), 5469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225469 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Magnetic-shielding technologies play a crucial role in the field of ultra-sensitive physical measurement, medical imaging, quantum sensing, etc. With the increasing demand for the accuracy of magnetic measurement, the performance requirements of magnetic-shielding devices are also higher, such as the extremely weak magnetic [...] Read more.

Magnetic-shielding technologies play a crucial role in the field of ultra-sensitive physical measurement, medical imaging, quantum sensing, etc. With the increasing demand for the accuracy of magnetic measurement, the performance requirements of magnetic-shielding devices are also higher, such as the extremely weak magnetic field, gradient, and low-frequency noise. However, the conventional method to improve the shielding performance by adding layers of materials is restricted by complex construction and inherent materials noise. This paper provides a comprehensive review about the enhancement of magnetic shielding in three aspects, including low-noise materials, magnetization control, and active compensation. The generation theorem and theoretical calculation of materials magnetic noise is summarized first, focusing on the development of spinel ferrites, amorphous, and nanocrystalline. Next, the principles and applications of two magnetization control methods, degaussing and magnetic shaking, are introduced. In the review of the active magnetic compensation system, the forward and inverse design methods of coil and the calculation method of the coupling effect under the ferromagnetic boundary of magnetic shield are explained in detail, and their applications, especially in magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG), are also mainly described. In conclusion, the unresolved challenges of different enhancement methods in materials preparation, optimization of practical implementation, and future applications are proposed, which provide comprehensive and instructive references for corresponding research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Electromagnetic Absorption and Shielding Properties of Electromagnetic Functional Materials)

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23 pages, 8680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Searching for New Antibacterial Compounds Against Staphylococcus aureus: A Computational Study on the Binding Between FtsZ and FtsA

by Alba V. Demesa-Castañeda, David J. Pérez, César Millán-Pacheco, Armando Hernández-Mendoza and Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández

Drugs Drug Candidates 2024, 3(4), 751-773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc3040043 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that has become resistant to different antibiotics, which makes it a threat to human health. Although the first penicillin-resistant strain appeared in 1945, nowadays, there are just a few alternatives to fight it. To circumvent this [...] Read more.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that has become resistant to different antibiotics, which makes it a threat to human health. Although the first penicillin-resistant strain appeared in 1945, nowadays, there are just a few alternatives to fight it. To circumvent this issue, novel approaches to develop drugs to target proteins of the bacteria cytoskeleton, essential for bacteria’s binary fission, are being developed. FtsZ and FtsA are two proteins that are key for the initial stages of binary fission. On one side, FtsZ forms a polymeric circular structure called the Z ring; meanwhile, FtsA binds to the cell membrane and then anchors to the Z ring. According to the literature, this interaction occurs within the C-terminus domain of FtsZ, which is mainly disordered. Objective: In this work, we studied the binding of FtsZ to FtsA using computational chemistry tools to identify the interactions between the two proteins to further use this information for the search of potential protein-protein binding inhibitors (PPBIs). Methods: We made a bioinformatic analysis to obtain a representative sequence of FtsZ and FtsA of Staphylococcus aureus. With this information, we built homology models of the FtsZ to carry out the molecular docking with the FtsA. Furthermore, alanine scanning was conducted to identify the key residues forming the FtsZ–FtsA complex. Finally, we used this information to generate a pharmacophore model to carry out a virtual screening approach. Results: We identified the key residues forming the FtsZ-FtsA complex as well as five molecules with high potential as PPBIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section In Silico Approaches in Drug Discovery)

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12 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fully Validated LC-MS Quantitation Method for Psychoactive Compounds Found in Native South American Plant Species

by Jonathan Tran, Aaron C. Elkins, Simone Vassiliadis, Noel O. I. Cogan and Simone J. Rochfort

Psychoactives 2024, 3(4), 513-524; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3040032 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Psychoactive drugs are compounds that alter the function of the central nervous system, resulting in changes in perception, mood, cognition, and behavior. A subclass of psychoactive drugs, psychedelics, are hallucinogenic drugs that can trigger psychedelic experiences and possible changes in mental perception. The [...] Read more.

Psychoactive drugs are compounds that alter the function of the central nervous system, resulting in changes in perception, mood, cognition, and behavior. A subclass of psychoactive drugs, psychedelics, are hallucinogenic drugs that can trigger psychedelic experiences and possible changes in mental perception. The potential use of psychedelics as a therapeutic has led to an increase in clinical research focusing on the treatment of mental disorders including anxiety and depression. There are numerous species belonging to Psychotria and Banisteriopsis which have been reported to contain psychedelic and psychoactive compounds; however, there is a lack of validated analytical methods for raw plant material, which is crucial if these plants are to be commercially cultivated for medicines. This study provides a fully validated method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the following six compounds: tryptamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), tetrahydroharmine (THH), harmaline, and harmine. The validated method was used to determine the psychoactive concentrations in Psychotria viridis, Psychotria carthagenensis, Banisteriopsis caapi, and Alicia anisopetala. Validation parameters were established; linearity (R² = 0.988–0.999), limit of detection (LOD) (0.06–0.11 ng/mL), limit of quantitation (LOQ) (0.18–0.34 ng/mL), accuracy, precision, extraction efficiency (>98%), recovery (74.1–111.6%), and matrix effect (70.6–109%) were all evaluated. All six compounds eluted within nine minutes, with a total analysis time of 20 min including column equilibration. This method establishes a high-throughput method for the robust analysis of psychedelics which may see future use in agricultural research and industry. Full article

14 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

miR-29a Downregulates PIK3CA Expression and Inhibits Cervical Cancer Cell Dynamics: A Comparative Clinical Analysis

by Hyorim Jeong, Kangchan Choi, Dasom Hwang, Sunyoung Park, Yong Serk Park and Hyeyoung Lee

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12704-12717; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110754 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

HPV/pap tests are widely used for cervical cancer screening, playing a crucial role in early diagnosis and guiding future treatment options. However, approximately 50% of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which is associated with higher recurrence rates and poorer [...] Read more.

HPV/pap tests are widely used for cervical cancer screening, playing a crucial role in early diagnosis and guiding future treatment options. However, approximately 50% of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which is associated with higher recurrence rates and poorer survival outcomes than early-stage diagnoses. This underscores the need for effective treatments for advanced-stage cervical cancer. Among the various oncogenes implicated in cancer, PIK3CA expression is known to cause cervical cancer, suggesting that inhibiting PIK3CA may impede cervical cancer progression. In this study, we transfected PIK3CA-overexpressing tumor cells (SiHa, C33A, and HeLa) with miR-29a, a microRNA extensively studied as a therapeutic candidate for oncogene suppression in various tumor types. We conducted RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses to assess changes in PIK3CA expression at the RNA and protein levels. Wound healing and cell migration assays were used to evaluate the effects of miR-29a on cell division and migration in HeLa cells. We confirmed a reduction in PIK3CA expression at both RNA and protein levels following miR-29a transfection. After transfecting miR-29a into HeLa cells, we observed a reduction in cell division and migration, as demonstrated by wound healing and cell migration assays. Additionally, we found that miR-29a binds to the 3′-UTR region of PIK3CA, leading to a reduction in its gene expression. Furthermore, we correlated the concentration of miR-29a in clinical histologic biopsy samples from cervical cancer patients with disease progression. These findings indicate that miR-29a can slow the progression of cervical cancer by targeting PIK3CA and potentially aid in its treatment. miR-29a shows promise as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting oncogene expression and controlling cervical cancer progression, especially in advanced-stage cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy of Gynaecological Cancers)

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10 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Eight (8) Polymorphisms and Their Genotypes with the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in a Black Elderly Population

by Joseph Musonda Chalwe, Christa Johanna Grobler and Wilna Hendrika Oldewage-Theron

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12694-12703; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110753 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study correlated eight SNPs with the risk factors of CVD in a black elderly population. Genotyping was used to detect eight polymorphisms; rs675 (ApoA-IV), rs699 (Angiotensinogen (AGT)), rs247616 [...] Read more.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study correlated eight SNPs with the risk factors of CVD in a black elderly population. Genotyping was used to detect eight polymorphisms; rs675 (ApoA-IV), rs699 (Angiotensinogen (AGT)), rs247616 and rs1968905 (Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)), rs1801278 (Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)), rs1805087 (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)) and rs28362286 and rs67608943 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)), as well as their genotypes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from peripheral blood. The cardiovascular risk (CVR) measurements were conducted on a Konelab 20i Thermo Scientific autoanalyzer and an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) assay. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)^® Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ^® (SPSS) version 28 was used for statistical analysis. The heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of the eight polymorphisms were detected with the corresponding CVD risk factors. Subgroup analysis indicated that certain genotype carriers exhibited variations in their concentrations of CVR factors compared to others; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. For example, carriers of the G genotype of the rs699 polymorphism showed marginally different blood pressure readings compared to the AG genotype carriers. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the only significant association was between PCSK9 and the rs28362286 (p = 0.029) polymorphism. The findings of our study show that single nucleotide polymorphisms are disseminated across the human genome. The heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of the SNPs require further investigation as they may have independent and possible collective roles in increasing the risk of CVDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Focus on the Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Diseases)

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22 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intraosseous Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Bone and Hematological Diseases

by Mikhail Yu. Artamonov and Evgeniy L. Sokov

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12672-12693; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110752 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells are used most in regenerative medicine due to their capacities in differentiation and immune modulation. The intraosseous injection of MSC into the bone has been recommended because of expected outcomes for retention, bioavailability, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, particularly in conditions [...] Read more.

Mesenchymal stem cells are used most in regenerative medicine due to their capacities in differentiation and immune modulation. The intraosseous injection of MSC into the bone has been recommended because of expected outcomes for retention, bioavailability, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, particularly in conditions involving the bone, such as osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. A review of the intraosseous delivery of mesenchymal stem cells in comparison with intravenous and intra-arterial delivery methods will be subjected to critical examination. This delivery mode fares better regarding paracrine signaling and immunomodulation attributes, which are the cornerstone of tissue regeneration and inflammation reduction. The local complications and technical challenges still apply with this method. This study was more focused on further research soon to be conducted to further elucidate long-term safety and efficacy of intraosseous mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Though much has been achieved with very impressive progress in this field, it is worth noting that more studies need to be put into place so that this technique can be established as a routine approach, especially with further research in biomaterials, gene therapy, and personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Based Therapeutic Strategies via Extracellular Vesicles)

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14 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genetics and Molecular Pathogenesis of the Chondrosarcoma: A Review of the Literature

by Georgian-Longin Iacobescu, Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu, Bogdan Serban, Razvan Spiridonica, Horia Petre Costin and Catalin Cirstoiu

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12658-12671; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110751 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The chondrosarcoma, a cartilage-forming bone tumor, presents significant clinical challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment, but high-grade chondrosarcomas are prone to recurrence and metastasis, necessitating the identification of reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. [...] Read more.

The chondrosarcoma, a cartilage-forming bone tumor, presents significant clinical challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment, but high-grade chondrosarcomas are prone to recurrence and metastasis, necessitating the identification of reliable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review explores the genetic alterations and molecular pathways involved in chondrosarcoma pathogenesis. These markers show promise in distinguishing between benign enchondromas and malignant chondrosarcomas, assessing tumor aggressiveness, and guiding treatment. While these advancements offer hope for more personalized and targeted therapeutic strategies, further clinical validation of these biomarkers is essential to improve prognostic accuracy and patient outcomes in chondrosarcoma management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Pathogenesis Regulation in Cancer 2024)

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18 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges and Opportunities in Establishing a COVID-19 Patient Registry in a Regional Setting in the Philippines

by Gerard G. Dumancas, Oliver B. Generalao, Hans Carlo E. Rivera, Pia Regina Fatima Zamora-Rico, Jonathan Adam A. Rico, Fresthel Monica M. Climacosa, Salvador Eugenio C. Caoili and Romulo de Castro

COVID 2024, 4(11), 1776-1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4110124 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to evaluate various challenges and opportunities as well as propose solutions for the development and implementation of a prospective COVID-19 patient registry within a regional context in the Philippines. To comprehensively study the course of COVID-19 in [...] Read more.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate various challenges and opportunities as well as propose solutions for the development and implementation of a prospective COVID-19 patient registry within a regional context in the Philippines. To comprehensively study the course of COVID-19 in the Philippine population, it is essential to develop a comprehensive dataset that includes relevant treatment and diagnostic information. While individual patient reports related to the disease are available at various institutions in the Philippines, there is a need for a more extensive and representative database to facilitate robust analysis. The primary clinical objective of establishing a COVID-19 patient registry was to enhance the accuracy of disease diagnosis. In this review, we present a comprehensive explanation of the systematic rationale, design, and execution of a COVID-19 patient registry in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. Based on this review, several factors exist that hinder the implementation of a COVID-19 patient registry in this regional setting in the Philippines, including lack of funding, facilities, infrastructure, manpower, and expertise, and unwillingness of some hospitals to pursue research. We also discussed herewith the proposed program implementation for the establishment of such a registry in a regional setting in the Philippines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multifaceted Efforts from Basic Research to Clinical Practice in Controlling COVID-19 Disease)

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21 pages, 7343 KiB

Open AccessReview

Update on Practical Management of Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Report from the Ontario Forum

by Parneet K. Cheema, Paul F. Wheatley-Price, Matthew J. Cecchini, Peter M. Ellis, Alexander V. Louie, Sara Moore, Brandon S. Sheffield, Jonathan D. Spicer, Patrick James Villeneuve and Natasha B. Leighl

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(11), 6979-6999; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31110514 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Therapeutic strategies for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are advancing, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapies making their way into neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. With recent advances, there was a need for multidisciplinary lung cancer healthcare providers from across Ontario [...] Read more.

Therapeutic strategies for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are advancing, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapies making their way into neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. With recent advances, there was a need for multidisciplinary lung cancer healthcare providers from across Ontario to convene and review recent data from practical and implementation standpoints. The focus was on the following questions: (1) To what extent do patient (e.g., history of smoking) and disease (e.g., histology, tumor burden, nodal involvement) characteristics influence treatment approaches? (2) What are the surgical considerations in early-stage NSCLC? (3) What is the role of radiation therapy in the context of recent evidence? (4) What is the impact of biomarker testing on treatment planning? Ongoing challenges, treatment gaps, outstanding questions, and controversies with the data were assessed through a pre-meeting survey, interactive cases, and polling questions. By reviewing practice patterns across Ontario cancer centers in the context of evolving clinical data, Health Canada indications, and provincial (Cancer Care Ontario [CCO]) funding approvals, physicians treating lung cancer voiced their opinions on how new approaches should be integrated into provincial treatment algorithms. This report summarizes the forum outcomes, including pre-meeting survey and polling question results, as well as agreements on treatment approaches based on specific patient scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 30th Anniversary of Current Oncology: Perspectives in Clinical Oncology Practice)

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9 pages, 5853 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Hemifacial Microsomia: Several Clinical Cases

by Mónica Cano-Rosás, Juan Benito-Cano, Javier Benito-Cano, José María Diosdado-Cano, Pablo Benito-Duque and Adrián Curto

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(6), 2410-2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14060188 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Hemifacial microsomia is the second most common congenital anomaly of the craniofacial region. Hemifacial microsomia is characterised by unilateral hypoplasia of the ear. Treatment of this condition depends on the severity of the lesion. The treatment of hemifacial microsomia must be carried out [...] Read more.

Hemifacial microsomia is the second most common congenital anomaly of the craniofacial region. Hemifacial microsomia is characterised by unilateral hypoplasia of the ear. Treatment of this condition depends on the severity of the lesion. The treatment of hemifacial microsomia must be carried out by a multidisciplinary group of professionals familiar with this pathology, including plastic surgeons, parapsychologists, orthodontists, and paediatricians. In hemifacial microsomia, microtia is usually accompanied by alterations of the middle ear. Since the ear develops embryonically from the first and second branchial arches, the facial areas that also develop from these embryonic origins are usually affected to a greater or lesser degree, including through hypoplasia of the jaw, maxilla, zygomatic bones, and temporal bone, among others. Although jaw hypoplasia is the most evident deformity in craniofacial microsomia, microtia is the alteration that often has the greatest aesthetic impact on patients. Alterations in dentition are also common, typically presenting as a cephalad inclination of the anterior occlusal plane of the maxilla and mandible on the affected side. This study aims to review the surgical approach and evaluate the results of a paediatric case of hemifacial microsomia. Hemifacial microsomia is present at birth, and successful reconstruction is essential for the correct integration of such infantile patients into society. Multiple facial asymmetries as well as neonatal onset are a challenge for reconstructive surgery, and the importance of multidisciplinary treatment in these patients must be emphasised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Outcome Research in the Head and Neck)

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19 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessReview

Salmonella: Role in Internal and External Environments and Potential as a Therapeutic Tool

by Patrick J. Naughton, Violetta R. Naughton and James S. G. Dooley

Appl. Microbiol. 2024, 4(4), 1515-1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol4040104 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Salmonella has had a long and intimate relationship with humans and continues to raise concerns for human health, but this close bond also provides opportunities for new therapeutics and treatments. Although Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the principal organism that comes to mind [...] Read more.

Salmonella has had a long and intimate relationship with humans and continues to raise concerns for human health, but this close bond also provides opportunities for new therapeutics and treatments. Although Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the principal organism that comes to mind in terms of death and morbidity, it is the non-typhoidal Salmonellae that have the most health and economic implications. The developed world has had a challenging relationship with Salmonella, particularly in the UK and the EC/EU, experiencing significant Salmonella outbreaks in the 1980s and 1990s. As a consequence, the research focus was on understanding the nature of infection in food animals and on developing ways and means of controlling zoonotic infections. This led to the development of numerous model systems for the study of Salmonella both in vitro and in vivo. The introduction of vaccination has all but eliminated Salmonella in eggs and reduced perceived risk held by the general public. At the same time as Salmonella in eggs was being brought under control in the UK and EU, the danger posed by antibiotic resistance was beginning to emerge. In the past, with the efficacy of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria being unchallenged, there was limited focus on the threat posed by antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella. However, the identification of Salmonella as the first ‘multidrug-resistant’ organism, the presence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in North Africa and the emergence of monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium across Europe, Asia and the Americas have prompted renewed interest in Salmonella research, particularly in the context of non-infectious disease, biofilm studies and antibiotic resistance. At the same time, research has continued to develop ways of taking advantage of what Salmonella offers in the way of pathogenic factors and the therapeutic and treatment applications in areas such as vaccine development, cancer therapeutics and drug delivery and the role of Salmonella in non-infectious diseases supported by developments in molecular and genomic methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members and Invited Scholars in Applied Microbiology (2023, 2024))

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8 pages, 1429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air–Bone Gap in Meniere’s Disease: A Case Series and Literature Review

by Arun Pajaniappane, Nilesh Parekh and Anita Wong

Audiol. Res. 2024, 14(6), 983-990; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14060081 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: An air–bone gap (ABG) on audiometry is usually secondary to a conductive hearing loss. However, persistent and repeatable ABGs on audiometry in the absence of external or middle ear pathology is thought to arise from inner ear disorders including Meniere’s Disease (MD). [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: An air–bone gap (ABG) on audiometry is usually secondary to a conductive hearing loss. However, persistent and repeatable ABGs on audiometry in the absence of external or middle ear pathology is thought to arise from inner ear disorders including Meniere’s Disease (MD). In this paper, we aim to showcase this interesting finding occurring in MD with an associated literature review. Methods: Using retrospective review and analysis of case notes, we describe eight cases of persistent ABG on audiometry in MD. All other causes for the ABG were explored and excluded with the aid of objective audiological testing. Results: ABG can occur in a small sub-set of the MD population. In our case series, the ABG was typically found to affect the low frequencies. Higher frequencies appear to be spared. However, a detailed history, examination and battery of objective tests are required to ensure that all other causes of the ABG are reliably considered and excluded prior to attributing it to the inner ear. The finding of an ABG in MD may be dependent on the stage of the disease. Further research is required to determine the underlying cause of the ABG and its potential applications to help guide treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inner Ear Conductive Hearing Loss: Current Studies and Controversies)

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16 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manipulation of Phototactic Responses by Two-Spotted Spider Mites to Improve Performance of Miticides

by Christian Nansen, Patrice Jacob Savi, Tora Ward, Haleh Khodaverdi, Johann Heinrich Lieth and Anil V. Mantri

Crops 2024, 4(4), 568-583; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4040040 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Insight into phototactic responses by herbivorous crop pests may be used to manipulate their vertical distribution in crop canopies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the deployment of specific light sources elicits positive or negative phototactic responses and can be used to enhance [...] Read more.

Insight into phototactic responses by herbivorous crop pests may be used to manipulate their vertical distribution in crop canopies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the deployment of specific light sources elicits positive or negative phototactic responses and can be used to enhance performance of miticide applications. We characterized movement responses by two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) (spider mites) to seven light sources [ambient (control), UV-C, UV-B, blue, red, white, and near-infrared (NIR)] under experimental conditions. Separate experiments were conducted with/without the presence of a shelter. An analytical approach based on linear regression coefficients (intercept and slope) from observations in ascending order was used. Linear regression coefficients from UV-B indicated significantly negative phototactic bio-response. We examined settlement of spider mites when exposed to 11 light source configurations and with adaxial leaf sides facing either upwards or downwards. This experiment revealed strong positive and negative phototactic bio-responses to blue light and UV-B light, respectively. As a validation experiment, soybean plants were experimentally infested with spider mites and subjected to one of the following three treatments: (1) no treatment (control), (2) miticide [pyrethrins and Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard Maxx)] only, and (3) a combination of blue and UV-B for 10 min immediately prior to miticide application. Integration of miticide application with prior deployment of blue and UV-B lights significantly increased the performance of miticide application. Results from this study supported the hypothesis. As a pest management approach, the integration of blue light (to elicit positive phototactic response) and UV-B (to elicit negative phototactic response) is believed to be of particular relevance to organic crop producers and/or to producers of crops for which limited numbers of miticides are registered. Full article

10 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Care and Quality of Life of Ostomy Patients: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

by Ilaria Marcomini, Paolo Iovino, Laura Rasero, Duilio Fiorenzo Manara, Ercole Vellone and Giulia Villa

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(4), 3417-3426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14040247 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background. Previous research has shown that patients with ostomy frequently exhibit a low health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Self-care is a key element that influences their HRQoL. However, the evidence regarding the relationship between these two constructs in patients with ostomy is still [...] Read more.

Background. Previous research has shown that patients with ostomy frequently exhibit a low health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Self-care is a key element that influences their HRQoL. However, the evidence regarding the relationship between these two constructs in patients with ostomy is still not clear. Materials and Methods. This was a secondary analysis of an Italian multicenter, observational, longitudinal study. Participants were recruited from seven outpatient ostomy care clinics in central and northern Italy. The Stoma-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (Stoma QoL) and the Ostomy Self-Care Index (OSCI) were administered to the participants. The relationship between self-care and HRQoL was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results. A total of 521 patients were enrolled. Our results emphasized that self-care is a predictor of HRQoL among people with ostomy. Self-care maintenance and self-care monitoring had a positive effect on HRQoL (self-care maintenance: β = 0.506, p < 0.001; self-care monitoring: β = 0.303, p < 0.001). The model exhibited acceptable fit indices: χ² (151, n= 521) = 516.447, p ≤ 0.001, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.97, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.068 (90% CI, 0.062–0.075), p < 0.001, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.038. Conclusions. The structural equation model tested the causal relationship between self-care and HRQoL in people with a stoma, demonstrating for the first time that inadequate self-care in patients with ostomy may lead to lower HRQoL. Thus, to enhance HRQoL, interventions should be designed to improve self-care behaviors. Future research should investigate potential mediating variables in the relationship between self-care and HRQoL. Full article

32 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Living Labs in the Context of Sustainable Development with a Focus on Bioeconomy

by Elena Simina Lakatos, Roxana Lavinia Pacurariu, Andreea Loredana Bîrgovan, Lucian Ionel Cioca, Andrea Szilagy, Alina Moldovan and Elena Cristina Rada

Earth 2024, 5(4), 812-843; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth5040042 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The living lab (LL) concept has a significant potential to drive sustainable development, particularly in the bioeconomy sector, by assisting communities in improving their quality of life whilst also considering the environmental impact. In this context, the main research question was the following: [...] Read more.

The living lab (LL) concept has a significant potential to drive sustainable development, particularly in the bioeconomy sector, by assisting communities in improving their quality of life whilst also considering the environmental impact. In this context, the main research question was the following: is there any specific mechanism through which living labs operate under the sustainable development concept? We reviewed 120 papers addressing this topic and performed a bibliometric analysis on the linkage between sustainability and living labs by applying the methodology of a systematic review. We concluded that living labs can drive innovation and experimentation in sustainability, which can be transposed into tangible solutions to economic, environmental, and social problems. The role of living labs in the transition to a bioeconomy is discussed and further research directions are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative and Critical Issues in Natural Resource Management and Exploitation)

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19 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SGLT1 Synthetic Ligand in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Lung Diseases

by Cristiano Rumio, Giuseppina Dusio, Diego Cardani, Barbara La Ferla and Giuseppe D’Orazio

Immuno 2024, 4(4), 502-520; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno4040031 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background. Several research findings suggest that sodium–glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is implicated in the progression and control of infections and inflammation processes at the pulmonary level. Moreover, our previous works indicate an engagement of SGLT1 in inhibiting the inflammatory response induced in intestinal [...] Read more.

Background. Several research findings suggest that sodium–glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is implicated in the progression and control of infections and inflammation processes at the pulmonary level. Moreover, our previous works indicate an engagement of SGLT1 in inhibiting the inflammatory response induced in intestinal epithelial cells by TLR agonists. In this study, we report the anti-inflammatory effects observed in the lung upon engagement of the transporter, and upon the use of glucose and BLF501, a synthetic SGLT1 ligand, for the treatment of animal models of lung inflammation, including a model of allergic asthma. Methods. In vitro experiments were carried out on human pneumocytes stimulated with LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and co-treated with glucose or BLF501, and the production of IL-8 was determined. The anti-inflammatory effect associated with SGLT1 engagement was then assessed in in vivo models of LPS-induced lung injury, as well as in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma, treating mice with aerosolized LPS and the synthetic ligand. After the treatments, lung samples were collected and analyzed for morphological alterations by histological examination and immunohistochemical analysis; serum and BALF samples were collected for the determination of several pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Results. In vitro experiments on human pneumocytes treated with LPS showed significant inhibition of IL-8 production. The results of two in vivo experimental models, mice exposed to aerosolized LPS and OVA-induced asthma, revealed that the engagement of glucose transport protein 1 (SGLT1) induced a significant anti-inflammatory effect in the lungs. In the first model, the acute respiratory distress induced in mice was abrogated by co-treatment with the ligand, with almost complete recovery of the lung morphology and physiology. Similar results were observed in the OVA-induced model of allergic asthma, both with aerosolized and oral BLF501, suggesting an engagement of SGLT1 expressed both in intestinal and alveolar cells. Conclusions. Our results confirmed the engagement of SGLT1 in lung inflammation processes and suggested that BLF501, a non-metabolizable synthetic ligand of the co-transporter, might represent a drug candidate for therapeutic intervention against lung inflammation states. Full article

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18 pages, 2020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Gender Issues in Computational Thinking Approach in Science and Mathematics Learning in Higher Education

by Alejandro De la Hoz Serrano, Lina Viviana Melo Niño, Andrés Álvarez Murillo, Miguel Ángel Martín Tardío, Florentina Cañada Cañada and Javier Cubero Juánez

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14(11), 2865-2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14110188 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the contemporary era, Computational Thinking has emerged as a crucial skill for individuals to possess in order to thrive in the 21st century. In this context, there is a need to develop a methodology for cultivating these skills within a science and [...] Read more.

In the contemporary era, Computational Thinking has emerged as a crucial skill for individuals to possess in order to thrive in the 21st century. In this context, there is a need to develop a methodology for cultivating these skills within a science and mathematics content education framework, particularly among pre-service teachers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Educational Robotics on the development of Computational Thinking skills, with a particular focus on the role of gender, through a scientific and mathematical content teaching approach. A pre-experimental design with a quantitative approach was employed, and it was implemented with a total of 116 pre-service teachers, 38 males and 78 females. The results demonstrated a notable enhancement between the pre-test (8.11) and post-test (9.63) scores, emphasising specific concepts such as simple functions, while, and compound conditional. With respect to gender, statistically significant differences were identified prior to the intervention, but not following its implementation. The high level of Computational Thinking exhibited by both genders was comparable (53.85% in females and 55.26% in males) following the intervention. This indicates that the intervention is a promising approach for enhancing Computational Thinking proficiency, independent of gender and initial proficiency levels. The implementation of Educational Robotics in the teaching of science and mathematics enables the enhancement of Computational Thinking abilities among pre-service teachers, while reducing the observed gender disparity in this area of skill development. Full article

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23 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessReview

Crosstalk Between the Spleen and Other Organs/Systems: Downstream Signaling Events

by Giovanni Tarantino and Vincenzo Citro

Immuno 2024, 4(4), 479-501; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno4040030 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological structure, even though splenomegaly [...] Read more.

The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological structure, even though splenomegaly is an objective finding of many illnesses. Indeed, the previous opinion has been completely changed. In fact, the spleen is not a passive participant in or a simple bystander to a relationship that exists between the immune system and other organs. Recently, it has been evidenced in many preclinical and clinical studies that there are close associations between the spleen and other parts of the body, leading to various spleen–organ axes. Among them, the gut–spleen axis, the liver–spleen axis, the gut–spleen–skin axis, the brain–spleen axis, and the cardio-splenic axis are the most explored and present in the medical literature. Such recent sources of evidence have led to revolutionary new ideas being developed about the spleen. What is more, these observations may enable the identification of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at various current diseases. The time has come to make clear that the spleen is not a superfluous body part, while health system operators and physicians should pay more attention to this organ. Indeed, much work remains to be performed to assess further roles that this biological structure could play. Full article

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17 pages, 3095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Establishment of American Mink (Neogale vison) Escapees from the Fur Industry in Bulgaria

by Polina K. Nikova, Maria Kachamakova and Yordan Koshev

Ecologies 2024, 5(4), 610-626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5040036 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Mink farming has seen a resurgence in Bulgaria since 2013, and this has led to a high risk of American mink escaping and establishing feral populations. The largest active commercial farm in the country has a capacity of nearly 130,000 animals. The aims [...] Read more.

Mink farming has seen a resurgence in Bulgaria since 2013, and this has led to a high risk of American mink escaping and establishing feral populations. The largest active commercial farm in the country has a capacity of nearly 130,000 animals. The aims of this study were to gather first-hand evidence of the presence of mink in the wild around the farm, assess their level of establishment, and document the native species and local communities for future impact assessment. Surveys were conducted using camera traps within a 3.7 km radius around the farm in the period 2020–2021 at ten stations with 1943 realised trap-nights. Some early signs of the establishment of the American mink in Bulgaria were documented. A large number of registrations was made, as frequently as the Eurasian otter and golden jackal and more frequently than other mustelids in the study area. Mink were observed throughout the two-year study, and escaped mink have been registered in the region as early as 2017. These factors are interpreted as signs of the early stages of establishment. When considering environmental, economic, public health, and social factors, we recommend that mink farming should be banned in Bulgaria and further monitoring and management actions must be undertaken for the individuals in the wild. Full article

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25 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radian Scaling and Its Application to Enhance Electricity Load Forecasting in Smart Cities Against Concept Drift

by Mohd Hafizuddin Bin Kamilin, Shingo Yamaguchi and Mohd Anuaruddin Bin Ahmadon

Smart Cities 2024, 7(6), 3412-3436; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7060133 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

In a real-world implementation, machine learning models frequently experience concept drift when forecasting the electricity load. This is due to seasonal changes influencing the scale, mean, and median values found in the input data, changing their distribution. Several methods have been proposed to [...] Read more.

In a real-world implementation, machine learning models frequently experience concept drift when forecasting the electricity load. This is due to seasonal changes influencing the scale, mean, and median values found in the input data, changing their distribution. Several methods have been proposed to solve this, such as implementing automated model retraining, feature engineering, and ensemble learning. The biggest drawback, however, is that they are too complex for simple implementation in existing projects. Since the drifted data follow the same pattern as the training dataset in terms of having different scale, mean, and median values, radian scaling was proposed as a new way to scale without relying on these values. It works by converting the difference between the two sequential values into a radian for the model to compute, removing the bounding, and allowing the model to forecast beyond the training dataset scale. In the experiment, not only does the constrained gated recurrent unit model with radian scaling have shorter average training epochs, but it also lowers the average root mean square error from 158.63 to 43.375, outperforming the best existing normalization method by 72.657%. Full article

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13 pages, 3627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Way to Identify Mastitis in Cows Using Artificial Intelligence

by Rodes Angelo Batista da Silva, Héliton Pandorfi, Filipe Rolim Cordeiro, Rodrigo Gabriel Ferreira Soares, Victor Wanderley Costa de Medeiros, Gledson Luiz Pontes de Almeida, José Antonio Delfino Barbosa Filho, Gabriel Thales Barboza Marinho and Marcos Vinícius da Silva

AgriEngineering 2024, 6(4), 4220-4232; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6040237 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Mastitis is a disease that is considered an obstacle in dairy farming. Some methods of diagnosing mastitis have been used effectively over the years, but with an associated relative cost that reduces the producer’s profit. In this context, this sector needs tools that [...] Read more.

Mastitis is a disease that is considered an obstacle in dairy farming. Some methods of diagnosing mastitis have been used effectively over the years, but with an associated relative cost that reduces the producer’s profit. In this context, this sector needs tools that offer an early, safe, and non-invasive diagnosis and that direct the producer to apply resources to confirm the clinical picture, minimizing the cost of monitoring the herd. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive methodology based on sequential knowledge transfer for the automatic detection of bovine subclinical mastitis using computer vision. The image bank used in this research consisted of 165 images, each with a resolution of 360 × 360 pixels, sourced from a database of 55 animals diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, all of which were not exhibiting clinical symptoms at the time of imaging. The images utilized in the sequential learning transfer were those of MammoTherm, which is used for the detection of breast cancer in women. The optimized model demonstrated the most optimal network performance, achieving 92.1% accuracy, in comparison to the model with manual search (86.1%). The proposed predictive methodologies, based on knowledge transfer, were effective in accurately classifying the images. This significantly enhanced the automatic detection of both healthy animals and those diagnosed with subclinical mastitis using thermal images of the udders of dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Livestock Farming Technology)

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28 pages, 6814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Assisted Restoration of Yangshao Painted Pottery Using LoRA and Stable Diffusion

by Xinyi Zhang

Heritage 2024, 7(11), 6282-6309; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7110295 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study is concerned with the restoration of painted pottery images from the Yangshao period. The objective is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the restoration process for complex pottery patterns. Conventional restoration techniques encounter difficulties in accurately and efficiently reconstructing intricate [...] Read more.

This study is concerned with the restoration of painted pottery images from the Yangshao period. The objective is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the restoration process for complex pottery patterns. Conventional restoration techniques encounter difficulties in accurately and efficiently reconstructing intricate designs. To address this issue, the study proposes an AI-assisted restoration workflow that combines Stable Diffusion models (SD) with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) technology. By training a LoRA model on a dataset of typical Yangshao painted pottery patterns and integrating image inpainting techniques, the accuracy and efficiency of the restoration process are enhanced. The results demonstrate that this method provides an effective restoration tool while maintaining consistency with the original artistic style, supporting the digital preservation of cultural heritage. This approach also offers archaeologists flexible restoration options, promoting the broader application and preservation of cultural heritage. Full article

26 pages, 5262 KiB

Open AccessReview

Improving the Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Films by Incorporation of Polyphenols Through Free Radical Grafting: A Review

by Karla Hazel Ozuna-Valencia, Francisco Rodríguez-Félix, Enrique Márquez-Ríos, María Jesús Moreno-Vásquez, Abril Zoraida Graciano-Verdugo, Miguel Ángel Robles-García, Santiago Pedro Aubourg-Martínez, Idania Emedith Quintero-Reyes, Betzabe Ebenhezer López-Corona and José Agustín Tapia-Hernández

Polysaccharides 2024, 5(4), 672-697; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides5040043 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable materials has propelled research into polysaccharide modifications for various applications, particularly in active packaging. This review aims to explore the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols into polysaccharides, focusing on chemical modification through free radical grafting techniques. [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable materials has propelled research into polysaccharide modifications for various applications, particularly in active packaging. This review aims to explore the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols into polysaccharides, focusing on chemical modification through free radical grafting techniques. The methods examined include enzymatic, physical, and chemical grafting techniques, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing the properties of polysaccharide-based films. Recent studies have demonstrated that free radical grafting can significantly improve the mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of these films, extending their applicability in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, challenges such as the stability of polyphenols and the understanding of grafting mechanisms remain critical areas for further investigation. This review discusses these advancements and outlines future research directions, emphasizing the potential of polysaccharide modifications to create innovative materials that meet the evolving needs of consumers and industries alike. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Polysaccharides)

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14 pages, 974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Policy for Autonomous Vehicles on Highways Using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) Method

by Ali Rizehvandi, Shahram Azadi and Arno Eichberger

Automation 2024, 5(4), 564-577; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation5040032 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Automated driving (AD) is a new technology that aims to mitigate traffic accidents and enhance driving efficiency. This study presents a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method for autonomous vehicles that can safely and efficiently handle highway overtaking scenarios. The first step is to [...] Read more.

Automated driving (AD) is a new technology that aims to mitigate traffic accidents and enhance driving efficiency. This study presents a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method for autonomous vehicles that can safely and efficiently handle highway overtaking scenarios. The first step is to create a highway traffic environment where the agent can be guided safely through surrounding vehicles. A hierarchical control framework is then provided to manage high-level driving decisions and low-level control commands, such as speed and acceleration. Next, a special DRL-based method called deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is used to derive decision strategies for use on the highway. The performance of the DDPG algorithm is compared with that of the DQN and PPO algorithms, and the results are evaluated. The simulation results show that the DDPG algorithm can effectively and safely handle highway traffic tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Robotics for Automation)

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