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15 pages, 2211 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Gutta-Percha Removal Methods on Fiber-Post Bond Strength

by Abdul Rahman Hamwieh, Haitham Elbishari, May Aljanahi, Fatemeh Amir-Rad, Amre R. Atmeh, Moosa Abuzayeda, Amar H. Khamis and Rashid El Abed

Dent. J. 2026, 14(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14010038 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of three root canal filling material (RCFM) removal techniques—mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and chemico-mechanical—on the micro push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin in endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Forty-five single-rooted human premolars were endodontically treated [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of three root canal filling material (RCFM) removal techniques—mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and chemico-mechanical—on the micro push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin in endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Forty-five single-rooted human premolars were endodontically treated and randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15) according to the RCFM removal technique used during post-space preparation: mechanical, thermo-mechanical, or chemico-mechanical. Fiber posts were luted using a dual-cure resin cement. Roots were embedded in resin and sectioned into coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Micro push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope and validated using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis used two-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests (α = 0.05). Results: Both the thermo-mechanical and mechanical groups showed significantly higher bond strength values than the chemico-mechanical group (p < 0.001). Across all groups, the coronal third recorded the highest bond strength, while the apical third presented the lowest values (p < 0.001). Adhesive failure at the dentin–cement interface was the most frequent failure mode. Conclusions: The gutta-percha removal technique and the root canal region significantly influence fiber-post bond strength. Solvent-based chemico-mechanical methods may adversely affect adhesion quality. Clinical Relevance: Thermo-mechanical and mechanical removal techniques may provide more reliable post retention during retreatment procedures, improving adhesion and reducing the risk of post debonding in daily practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Restorative Dentistry and Traumatology)

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23 pages, 1916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heterologous Fibrin Biopolymer as a Key Scaffold for Bone Regeneration: Synergistic Effects with Photobiomodulation and Membrane Therapy

by Matheus Bento Medeiros Moscatel, Bruna Trazzi Pagani, Beatriz Flávia de Moraes Trazzi, Tawana Pascon, Benedito Barraviera, Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior, Daniela Vieira Buchaim, Rachel Gomes Eleutério and Rogerio Leone Buchaim

Gels 2026, 12(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010056 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Bone regeneration remains a clinical challenge, particularly in critical-size defects, motivating the investigation of biomaterials and adjuvant therapies that may support tissue repair. This experimental study evaluated bone healing in critical-size calvarial defects created in rats, using different combinations of regenerative strategies, including [...] Read more.

Bone regeneration remains a clinical challenge, particularly in critical-size defects, motivating the investigation of biomaterials and adjuvant therapies that may support tissue repair. This experimental study evaluated bone healing in critical-size calvarial defects created in rats, using different combinations of regenerative strategies, including heterologous fibrin biopolymer gel, bovine cortical bone biological membrane, and photobiomodulation. Standardized 5.0 mm calvarial defects were surgically created in sixty Wistar rats, which were randomly allocated into six experimental groups according to the filling material and the application or absence of photobiomodulation. The treatments included clot alone, fibrin biopolymer gel, biological membrane, photobiomodulation, or their respective combinations. Animals were euthanized at 14 or 42 days, and bone repair was evaluated by histomorphometric analysis. At 14 days, differences in the extent of newly formed bone were observed among the experimental groups, with higher bone formation values detected in groups receiving combined treatments and lower values in groups treated with fewer regenerative components. At 42 days, all groups showed progression of bone repair, with greater bone formation observed in groups in which a biological membrane was used, regardless of photobiomodulation. Overall, the findings indicate that the association of different regenerative approaches was related to variations in bone repair patterns over time, suggesting that photobiomodulation, when applied in combination with biomaterials, may be associated with differences in early bone healing, without implying a direct causal effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer-Based Gels for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 1739 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Permeate Fluxes in Double-Flow Direct-Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) Modules with Internal Recycle

by Chii-Dong Ho, Ching-Yu Li, Thiam Leng Chew and Yi-Ting Lin

Membranes 2026, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16010037 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

A new DCMD module design that introduces an insulation barrier of negligible thickness to divide the open duct of the hot-saline feed into two subchannels for dual-flow operation was investigated. This configuration enables one subchannel to operate in a cocurrent-flow mode and the [...] Read more.

A new DCMD module design that introduces an insulation barrier of negligible thickness to divide the open duct of the hot-saline feed into two subchannels for dual-flow operation was investigated. This configuration enables one subchannel to operate in a cocurrent-flow mode and the other in a countercurrent-flow recycling mode, thereby significantly enhancing the permeate flux. Theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted to develop modeling equations capable of predicting the permeate flux in DCMD modules. These studies demonstrated the technical feasibility of minimizing temperature polarization effects while improving flow characteristics to boost permeate flux. Results indicated that increasing both convective heat-transfer coefficients and residence time generally improved device performance. The dual-flow operation increased fluid velocity and extended residence time, leading to reduced heat-transfer resistance and enhanced heat-transfer efficiency. Theoretical predictions and experimental results consistently showed that the absorption flux improved by up to 40.77% under the double-flow operation with internal recycling configuration compared to a single-pass device of identical dimensions. The effects of inserting the insulation barrier on permeate flux enhancement, power consumption, and overall economic feasibility were also discussed. Full article

25 pages, 964 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Study on Pipeline Settlement Induced by Excavation of Ultra-Shallow Buried Pilot Tunnels Based on Stochastic Media and Elastic Foundation Beams

by Caijun Liu, Yang Yang, Pu Jiang, Xing Gao, Yupeng Shen and Peng Jing

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020590 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Excavation of ultra-shallow pilot tunnels triggers surface settlement and endangers surrounding pipelines. The discontinuous settlement curve from traditional stochastic medium theory cannot be directly integrated into the foundation beam model, limiting pipeline deformation prediction accuracy. The key novelty of this study lies in [...] Read more.

Excavation of ultra-shallow pilot tunnels triggers surface settlement and endangers surrounding pipelines. The discontinuous settlement curve from traditional stochastic medium theory cannot be directly integrated into the foundation beam model, limiting pipeline deformation prediction accuracy. The key novelty of this study lies in proposing an improved coupled method tailored to ultra-shallow burial conditions: converting the discontinuous settlement solution into a continuous analytical one via polynomial fitting, embedding it into the Winkler elastic foundation beam model, and realizing pipeline settlement prediction by solving the deflection curve differential equation with the initial parameter method and boundary conditions. Four core factors affecting pipeline deformation are identified, with pilot tunnel size as the key. Shallower depth (especially 5.5 m) intensifies stratum disturbance; pipeline parameters (diameter, wall thickness, elastic modulus) significantly impact bending moment, while stratum elastic modulus has little effect on settlement. Verified by the Xueyuannanlu Station project of Beijing Rail Transit Line 13, theoretical and measured settlement trends are highly consistent, with core indicators meeting safety requirements (max theoretical/measured settlement: −10.9 mm/−8.6 mm < 30 mm; max rotation angle: −0.066° < 0.340°). Errors (max 5.1 mm) concentrate at the pipeline edge, and conservative theoretical values satisfy engineering safety evaluation demands. Full article

10 pages, 675 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

OrgTRx: A Platform Developed in Queensland for the Extraction and Visualisation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data for the Surveillance of Resistance in Microorganisms

by Sonali Coulter, Holly Hamilton, Philadelphia Holmes, Louise Davis, Claire Heney and David Siebert

Antibiotics 2026, 15(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15010063 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

The OrgTRx platform is a system designed in Queensland, Australia, for the capture of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) surveillance data. The data is captured directly from Microbiology Laboratory Information Systems. The most common use of this data is to create facility-specific antibiograms for hospitals [...] Read more.

The OrgTRx platform is a system designed in Queensland, Australia, for the capture of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) surveillance data. The data is captured directly from Microbiology Laboratory Information Systems. The most common use of this data is to create facility-specific antibiograms for hospitals and other healthcare facilities. We report on the methods adopted to extract susceptibility results from participating pathology services for AMR surveillance across Australia. OrgTRx receives standardised extracts of antimicrobial susceptibility data from laboratory information systems. This data is validated, verified and incorporated into a database each month. For visualisation by clinical users, the data is displayed in a data cube. The data that is received in this standardised format can be used to review trends in resistance by organism and geographical location of patients presenting with a wide range of infections across Australia. This information can be used to identify areas that require additional resources to combat AMR. The OrgTRx data cube provides clinicians with the tools to create facility-specific antibiograms as well as monitor trends in resistance in pathogens of interest. Increased laboratory capacity and capability, along with adequate funding of surveillance systems, will provide high-quality information to inform the implementation of strategies to prevent the spread of AMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Strategies for Antimicrobial Surveillance: Country, Regional and Global Perspectives)

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25 pages, 2251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transhumance as Biocultural Heritage in Island Territories: Conservation Challenges and Tourism Opportunities in Gran Canaria (Spain)

by Claudio Moreno-Medina, Juan Manuel Parreño-Castellano, Ilaria Gesualdi and Javier Gil-León

Heritage 2026, 9(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010015 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article analyses contemporary transhumance in Gran Canaria as a singular case of insular pastoralism and biocultural heritage within the Mediterranean and Atlantic contexts. While transhumance has been widely recognised for its ecological, cultural and socio-economic relevance, in Gran Canaria it persists in [...] Read more.

This article analyses contemporary transhumance in Gran Canaria as a singular case of insular pastoralism and biocultural heritage within the Mediterranean and Atlantic contexts. While transhumance has been widely recognised for its ecological, cultural and socio-economic relevance, in Gran Canaria it persists in an especially fragile form, maintained by a small, ageing group of herders. Drawing on an interdisciplinary methodology that combines 36 semi-structured interviews, ethnographic fieldwork and GIS-based spatial analysis of routes and grazing areas, the study characterises the socio-ecological functioning of the system, its environmental and cultural contributions, and the threats it faces. The results highlight the role of transhumance in sustaining agrobiodiversity, fire prevention, ecological connectivity and traditional ecological knowledge, as well as in shaping a distinctive pastoral soundscape, toponymy and material culture. At the same time, the system is undermined by demographic ageing, land fragmentation, urban and tourism pressure, bureaucratic burdens and climate uncertainty. The article examines emerging initiatives in cultural and experiential tourism linked to cheese production, wool and participatory transhumant journeys, arguing that tourism can support, but not substitute, the protection of pastoral livelihoods. It concludes by outlining policy implications for island territories, emphasising the need for integrated governance that recognizes transhumance as living heritage and a strategic tool for cultural landscape management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revitalizing Heritage Places and Memories for Sustainable Tourism)

29 pages, 6081 KB

Open AccessReview

Preparation and Solar-Energy Applications of PbS Quantum Dots via In Situ Methods

by Binh Duc Nguyen, Hyun Kuk Lee and Jae-Yup Kim

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020589 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

In situ preparation routes have become central to advancing lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) for solar-energy conversion, owing to their ability to create strongly coupled QD/oxide interfaces that are difficult to achieve with ex situ colloidal methods, along with their simplicity and [...] Read more.

In situ preparation routes have become central to advancing lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) for solar-energy conversion, owing to their ability to create strongly coupled QD/oxide interfaces that are difficult to achieve with ex situ colloidal methods, along with their simplicity and potential for low-cost, scalable processing. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms, processing levers, and device implications of the dominant in situ approaches successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR), voltage-assisted SILAR (V-SILAR), and chemical bath deposition (CBD). These methods enable conformal QD nucleation within mesoporous scaffolds, improved electronic coupling, and scalable low-temperature fabrication, forming the materials foundation for high-performance PbS-based architectures. We further discuss how these in situ strategies translate into enhanced solar-energy applications, including quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production, highlighting recent advances in interfacial passivation, scaffold optimization, and bias-assisted growth that collectively suppress recombination and boost photocurrent utilization. Representative device metrics reported in recent studies indicate that in-situ-grown PbS quantum dots can deliver photocurrent densities on the order of ~5 mA cm⁻² at applied potentials around 1.23 V versus RHE in photoelectrochemical systems, while PbS-based quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells typically achieve power conversion efficiencies in the range of ~4–10%, depending on interface engineering and device architecture. These performances are commonly associated with conformal PbS loading within mesoporous scaffolds and quantum-dot sizes in the few-nanometer regime, underscoring the critical role of morphology and interfacial control in charge transport and recombination. Recent studies indicate that performance improvements in PbS-based solar-energy devices are primarily governed by interfacial charge-transfer kinetics and recombination suppression rather than QD loading alone, with hybrid heterostructures and inorganic passivation layers playing a key role in modifying band offsets and surface trap densities at the PbS/oxide interface. Remaining challenges are associated with defect-mediated recombination, transport limitations in densely loaded porous scaffolds, and long-term chemical stability, which must be addressed to enable scalable and durable PbS-based photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)

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22 pages, 16810 KB

Open AccessArticle

Betulinic Acid and Betulin Suppress Melanoma Growth by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Pathways

by Yingying Zhang, Meng Yuan, Quan Xu, Jun Lin and Pei Lin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020576 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly invasive and metastatic form of skin cancer. Betulinic acid (BA) and betulin (BE) possess pharmacological activities such as heat-clearing, detoxification, and anti-tumor effects, with BA showing potent selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. However, their underlying mechanisms in [...] Read more.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly invasive and metastatic form of skin cancer. Betulinic acid (BA) and betulin (BE) possess pharmacological activities such as heat-clearing, detoxification, and anti-tumor effects, with BA showing potent selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. However, their underlying mechanisms in MM treatment remain unclear. Herein, this study systematically evaluated the anti-melanoma effects of BA and BE via integrated network pharmacology, in vitro and in vivo assays. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that BA and BE exerted anti-MM effects mainly by regulating apoptosis, angiogenesis and autophagy through the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. In vitro, both BA and BE inhibited colony formation and migration of B16-F10 cells, induced apoptosis by enhancing DNA damage and upregulating apoptotic protein expression, increased autophagic activity, and reduced ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These effects were closely associated with the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Notably, BA showed stronger inhibitory effects than BE on the migration, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs. In vivo assays further confirmed that BA significantly suppressed melanoma growth in C57BL/6J mice by blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Collectively, BA and BE inhibit B16-F10 cell proliferation through the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, with BA showing particularly promising potential as a candidate agent for MM therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)

24 pages, 2620 KB

Open AccessArticle

Markov Chain Wave Generative Adversarial Network for Bee Bioacoustic Signal Synthesis

by Kumudu Samarappuli, Iman Ardekani, Mahsa Mohaghegh and Abdolhossein Sarrafzadeh

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020371 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a framework for synthesizing bee bioacoustic signals associated with hive events. While existing approaches like WaveGAN have shown promise in audio generation, they often fail to preserve the subtle temporal and spectral features of bioacoustic signals critical for event-specific classification. [...] Read more.

This paper presents a framework for synthesizing bee bioacoustic signals associated with hive events. While existing approaches like WaveGAN have shown promise in audio generation, they often fail to preserve the subtle temporal and spectral features of bioacoustic signals critical for event-specific classification. The proposed method, MCWaveGAN, extends WaveGAN with a Markov Chain refinement stage, producing synthetic signals that more closely match the distribution of real bioacoustic data. Experimental results show that this method captures signal characteristics more effectively than WaveGAN alone. Furthermore, when integrated into a classifier, synthesized signals improved hive status prediction accuracy. These results highlight the potential of the proposed method to alleviate data scarcity in bioacoustics and support intelligent monitoring in smart beekeeping, with broader applicability to other ecological and agricultural domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI, Sensors and Algorithms for Bioacoustic Applications)

24 pages, 14544 KB

Open AccessArticle

TransferLearning-Driven Large-Scale CNN Benchmarking with Explainable AI for Image-Based Dust Detection on Solar Panels

by Hafeez Anwar

Information 2026, 17(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010052 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Solar panel power plants are typically established in regions with maximum solar irradiation, yet these conditions result in heavy dust accumulation on the panels causing significant performance degradation and reduced power output. The paper addresses this issue via an image-based dust detection solution [...] Read more.

Solar panel power plants are typically established in regions with maximum solar irradiation, yet these conditions result in heavy dust accumulation on the panels causing significant performance degradation and reduced power output. The paper addresses this issue via an image-based dust detection solution powered by deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Most of such solutions use state-of-the-art CNNs either as backbones/features extractors, or propose custom models built upon them. Given such a reliance, future research requires a comprehensive benchmarking of CNN models to identify the ones that achieve superior performance on classifying clean vs. dusty solar panels both with respect to accuracy and efficiency. To this end, we evaluate 100 CNN models that belong to 16 families for image-based dust detection on solar panels, where the pre-trained models of these CNN architectures are used to encode solar panel images. Upon these image encodings, we then train and test a linear support vector machine (SVM) to determine the best-performing models in terms of classification accuracy and training time. The use of such a simple classifier ensures a fair comparison where the encodings do not benefit from the classifier itself and their performance reflects each CNN’s ability to capture the underlying image features. Experiments were conducted on a publicly available dust detection dataset, using stratified shuffle-split with 70–30, 80–20, and 90–10 splits, repeated 10 times. convnext_xxlarge and resnetv2_152 achieved the best classification rates of above 90%, with resnetv2_152 offering superior efficiency that is also supported by features analysis such as tSNE and UMAP, and explainableAI (XAI) such as LIME visualization. To prove their generalization capability, we tested the image encodings of resnetv2_152 on an unseen real-world image dataset captured via a drone camera, which achieved a remarkable accuracy of 96%. Consequently, our findings guide the selection of optimal CNN backbones for future image-based dust detection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Real-World Challenges in Recognition and Classification with Cutting-Edge AI Models and Methods)

24 pages, 1440 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extended Parametric Family of Two-Step Methods with Applications for Solving Nonlinear Equations or Systems

by Ioannis K. Argyros, Stepan Shakhno and Mykhailo Shakhov

Axioms 2026, 15(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010041 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

The parametric family of two-step methods, with its special cases, has been introduced in various papers. However, in most cases, the local convergence analysis relies on the existence of derivatives of orders that the method does not require. Moreover, the more challenging semi-local [...] Read more.

The parametric family of two-step methods, with its special cases, has been introduced in various papers. However, in most cases, the local convergence analysis relies on the existence of derivatives of orders that the method does not require. Moreover, the more challenging semi-local convergence analysis was not introduced for this class of methods. These drawbacks are considered in this paper. We determine the radius of convergence and the uniqueness of the solution based on generalized continuity conditions. We also present the semi-local convergence analysis for this family of methods, which has not been studied before, using majorizing sequences. Numerical experiments and basins of attraction are included to validate the theoretical conditions and demonstrate the stability of the methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Theory and Applications of Nonlinear Analysis, Fractional Calculus and Optimization, 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 753 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Cognitive–Motor Dual-Task Exercise and Exergaming on Balance and Functional Mobility in Children with Down Syndrome: A Comparative Randomized Trial

by Safia Darweesh Halwsh, Maha F. Algabbani, Samiah Alqabbani, Tahani AbdulAziz Alahmad, Muneera M. Almurdi, Reema A. Alshubaily, Mai Aldera, Hawra’a Abdullah Al-Dubisi, Ruaa Mohammed Almedlej and Afaf A. M. Shaheen

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16010079 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) exhibit difficulties in maintaining balance and coordination in addition to limitations in functional mobility. The Cognitive–Motor Dual-Task Exercise Program (CMDT) has shown the ability to improve balance and functional mobility. This study aimed to compare the effect [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) exhibit difficulties in maintaining balance and coordination in addition to limitations in functional mobility. The Cognitive–Motor Dual-Task Exercise Program (CMDT) has shown the ability to improve balance and functional mobility. This study aimed to compare the effect of CMDT versus exergaming on the balance and functional mobility of children with Down Syndrome aged 8–14 years. Methods: A randomized comparative trial was conducted, dividing participants’ children with DS into two intervention groups: CMDT group and exergaming group. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling methods from the Voice of Down Syndrome Association and the Down Syndrome Charitable Association in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Both interventions were implemented over a period of six weeks. Outcome measures included the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Four Square Step Test (FSST), and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Results: A total of 23 children with DS participated in the study. A mixed repeated measures ANCOVA shows a significant effect of time across the two groups (p < 0.001) for TUG, FSST, and PBS, indicating improvements in balance and functional mobility. There were no significant differences between the two group interventions. Conclusions: CMDT and exergaming were equally effective in improving balance and functional mobility in children with DS. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov with ID NCT06146907. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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16 pages, 2393 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comparative Wear of Opposing Natural Enamel by Different Ceramic Materials in Fixed Dental Protheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Cleber Davi Del Rei Daltro Rosa, Victor Augusto Alves Bento, Nathália Dantas Duarte, Jéssica Marcela de Luna Gomes, Roberta Okamoto, Rogerio Leone Buchaim, Daniela Vieira Buchaim, João Paulo Mardegan Issa and Eduardo Piza Pellizzer

Dent. J. 2026, 14(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14010037 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to quantify the extent of wear of opposing posterior natural enamel in patients with single-unit ceramic crowns. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest through September 2025. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to quantify the extent of wear of opposing posterior natural enamel in patients with single-unit ceramic crowns. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest through September 2025. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method. Results: Nine clinical studies (5 randomized controlled trials and 4 prospective studies) involving 203 patients (2015–2025) were included. All studies evaluated monolithic zirconia; two also assessed monolithic lithium disilicate, and three included metal-ceramic restorations with feldspathic veneering. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months. Meta-analysis revealed significant enamel wear from zirconia (p < 0.05; MD: −1.32; 95% CI: −2.06 to −0.57; I² = 94%) and lithium disilicate (p < 0.05; MD: −0.45; 95% CI: −0.71 to −0.19; I² = 2%). Feldspathic ceramics did not show significant enamel wear (p = 0.06; MD: −2.77; 95% CI: −5.66 to 0.13; I² = 96%). Conclusions: Ceramic materials generally cause greater wear on opposing posterior natural enamel than enamel-to-enamel contact. Monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns produced higher antagonist wear, whereas metal-ceramic restorations with feldspathic veneering appeared more conservative for preserving posterior enamel. Full article

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13 pages, 6480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Palatal Vault Depth Affects the Accuracy of the Intaglio Surface of Complete Maxillary Denture Bases Manufactured Through Additive Manufacturing

by Ben J. Smith, Louis George, Duman Davari, Jeremy Collins, Jordan Orth, Mahmoud M. Bakr, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla and Andrew B. Cameron

Oral 2026, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral6010007 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect varying palatal vault depths have on the accuracy of complete maxillary denture bases fabricated using additive manufacturing technology. Methods: One hundred complete maxillary denture bases were manufactured on two different [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect varying palatal vault depths have on the accuracy of complete maxillary denture bases fabricated using additive manufacturing technology. Methods: One hundred complete maxillary denture bases were manufactured on two different digital light processing (DLP) dental 3D printers at five different palatal depths. After manufacturing, the denture bases were post-cured, scanned, and then analyzed in metrology software. Statistically significant differences were determined using two-way ANOVA tests for normally distributed data and the Kruskal–Wallis test for non-normally distributed data. Color deviation maps were used to give clinical relevance to the results. Results: Significant differences were found for both printers among some groups for the different palatal depths. In relation to the negative mean deviation, the data revealed that the NextDent printers were the least accurate (0.047 ± 0.004) in the group with the deepest palate. The positive mean deviation revealed the most deviation (0.077 ± 0.009) in the group with the deepest palate, which was also mirrored in the Asiga printer (0.050 ± 0.002). The color deviation maps revealed areas of positive and negative average deviation in all groups. The effect of the printer model (p = 0.007) and palatal depth (p = 0.04) on negative average deviation was significant. The effect of the interaction of printer and palatal depth was also significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Deeper palatal vaults are associated with higher deviation in DLP 3D-printed complete maxillary denture bases manufactured through additive manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Digital Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Perspectives)

42 pages, 3784 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rational Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Chalcones as Dual-Acting Compounds—Histamine H₃ Receptor Ligands and MAO-B Inhibitors

by Dorota Łażewska, Agata Doroz-Płonka, Kamil Kuder, Agata Siwek, Waldemar Wagner, Joanna Karnafał-Ziembla, Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej, Małgorzata Wolak, Monika Głuch-Lutwin, Barbara Mordyl, Oktawia Osiecka, Michał Juszczak, Katarzyna Woźniak, Małgorzata Więcek, Gniewomir Latacz and Anna Stasiak

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020581 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chalcone-based derivatives were designed as dual-acting ligands targeting the histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), based on the lead compound DL76. Three series of compounds (1–18) were synthesised and characterised, including simple [...] Read more.

Chalcone-based derivatives were designed as dual-acting ligands targeting the histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), based on the lead compound DL76. Three series of compounds (1–18) were synthesised and characterised, including simple chalcones (1–9) and piperidinyl chalcones (10–18). All piperidinyl derivatives exhibited nanomolar affinity for human H₃R (hH₃R), with compounds 10–12 achieving Kᵢ values ≤ 30 nM. Simple chalcones showed potent human MAO-B (hMAO-B) inhibition (IC₅₀: 0.85–337 nM), especially 3,4-dichloro derivatives. Compound 15 was the most active hybrid, with a Kᵢ of 46.8 nM for hH₃R and an IC₅₀ of 212.5 nM for hMAO-B. Molecular docking and 250 ns simulations revealed stabilising interactions at both binding sites and clarified structural features behind dual activity. Preliminary ADMET profiling showed low Caco-2 permeability and rapid microsomal metabolism, mainly via hydroxylation. Compound 15 exhibited micromolar cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and HepG2 cells, induced G2/M arrest, disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis, and was genotoxic in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Additionally, for H₃R ligands (15, DL76, pitolisant), the study reports the first use of Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM) to assess their interactions with this receptor. Therefore, piperidinyl chalcones show promise as ligands with dual action on H₃R and MAO-B, useful in the treatment of neurodegeneration and/or CNS cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dopamine, Histamine, Serotonin—Receptors, Ligands and Their Biological Role in Central Nervous System Diseases)

23 pages, 1947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Turning Waste into Solutions: Activated Carbons from Shrimp Shell for Nicotine Adsorption in Aqueous Phase

by Miguel Garcia-Rollan, Miguel Miranda, Silvia Ponce, Carolina Belver and Jorge Bedia

C 2026, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/c12010004 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this study, removal of nicotine, highly toxic and persistent environmental contaminant, was successfully conducted using activated carbons prepared via chemical activation with KOH from shrimp shell, a byproduct of the food industry. The activation process yielded activated carbons with an exceptionally developed [...] Read more.

In this study, removal of nicotine, highly toxic and persistent environmental contaminant, was successfully conducted using activated carbons prepared via chemical activation with KOH from shrimp shell, a byproduct of the food industry. The activation process yielded activated carbons with an exceptionally developed porous texture, exhibiting, in the best case, a surface area of nearly 2000 m²/g and a surface enriched with diverse oxygenated functional groups, as confirmed by XPS and FTIR analyses. Nicotine adsorption studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was more favorable at near-neutral pH values (pH = 8) and higher temperatures. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, combined with material characterization, revealed that the adsorption process is governed by both physical and chemical interactions between the adsorbate and the adsorbent, being overall spontaneous and endothermic. The Sips isotherm model closely fits the adsorption data, highlighting the heterogeneity of the activated carbon surface. Under these conditions, adsorption was studied at three different temperatures, with the highest temperature (45 °C) exhibiting the most significant adsorption capacity, slightly below 500 mg/g. In addition, column adsorption tests demonstrated the high efficiency of activated carbons in nicotine removal, making shrimp head shells a promising carbon precursor for use as a raw material in preparing activated carbons for use as nicotine adsorbents for industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Pollutant Management and Control)

11 pages, 451 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gene and Protein Profiles of CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Maria Kazakova, Valentina Mihaylova, Zguro Batalov, Rositsa Karalilova, Anastas Batalov and Victoria Sarafian

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010101 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that induces joint deformity and disability. There are great expectations for biomarkers that would predict the response to treatment. CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 are chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) which lack enzymatic activity. CHI3L1 is expressed by a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that induces joint deformity and disability. There are great expectations for biomarkers that would predict the response to treatment. CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 are chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) which lack enzymatic activity. CHI3L1 is expressed by a variety of cells, while reports on CHI3L2 are limited. The aim of the current study is to evaluate gene and protein CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 expressions before and after treatment of patients with RA and to search for correlations with ultrasonography and conventional laboratory parameters. Methods: Twenty-four newly diagnosed RA patients (19 females and five males) were enrolled in the study. Fourteen patients were treated with tofacitinib (TOFA) and 10 patients with methotrexate (MTX) for twenty-four weeks. Conventional biochemical and immunological markers were examined at the start of the treatment and after the follow-up period. The activity of RA was assessed via the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). Gene expression and protein analysis were performed. Results: Ultrasonographic and clinical laboratory parameters showed improvement after therapy in both groups. A decrease in plasma levels of CHI3L1 (p = 0.04 *) and CHI3L2 (p = 0.03 *) were found after treatment with TOFA. No changes in either protein level were detected after MTX therapy, nor were any differences discovered in the gene expression of CLPs after treatment with both therapeutics. Strong correlations between CRP, GUS7 and CLPs were also established. Conclusions: The similar dynamics of CLPs expression in naïve RA patients and their distinct interplay with disease-related parameters after therapy suggest that both proteins may display different functions in RA pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Approaches for Cartilage Regeneration)

31 pages, 827 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation-Based Evaluation of Savings Potential for Hybrid Trolleybus Fleets

by Hermann von Kleist and Thomas Lehmann

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17010027 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hybrid trolleybuses (HTBs) with in-motion charging (IMC) can extend zero-emission service using existing catenary, but high on-wire charging powers may concentrate loads and accelerate battery aging. We present a data-driven simulation that replays recorded high-resolution Controller Area Network (CAN) logs through a per-vehicle [...] Read more.

Hybrid trolleybuses (HTBs) with in-motion charging (IMC) can extend zero-emission service using existing catenary, but high on-wire charging powers may concentrate loads and accelerate battery aging. We present a data-driven simulation that replays recorded high-resolution Controller Area Network (CAN) logs through a per-vehicle electrical model with (Constant-Current/Constant-Voltage) (CC/CV) charging and a stress-map aging estimator, a configurable partial catenary overlay, and fleet aggregation by simple summation and an iterative node-voltage analysis of a resistor-network catenary model. A parameter sweep across battery sizes, upper state of charge (SoC) bounds, and charging power caps compares a minimal “charge-whenever-possible” policy with a per-vehicle lookahead (“oracle”) policy that spreads charging over available catenary time. Results show that lowering maximum charging power and/or the upper SoC bound reduces capacity fade, while energy-demand differences are small. Fleet load profiles are dominated by timetable-driven concurrency using 40 recorded days overlaid into one synthetic day: varying per-vehicle power or target SoC has little effect on peak demand; per-vehicle lookahead does not flatten the peak. The node-voltage analysis indicates catenary efficiency around 97% and fewer undervoltage events at lower charging powers. We conclude that per-vehicle policies can reduce battery stress, whereas peak shaving requires cooperative, fleet-level scheduling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zero Emission Buses for Public Transport)

21 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Radiomics for Predicting the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Radiomics Quality Score Assessment

by Ruixin Zhang, Chengjie Zhang, Yi Liu, Zhiguo Gui and Anhong Zhang

Cancers 2026, 18(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020186 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy provides limited clinical benefits, partly due to the lack of reliable efficacy biomarkers. Radiomics, which non-invasively analyzes tumor heterogeneity, shows promising potential for predicting treatment outcomes. Methods: The present study systematically evaluated the predictive performance and methodological quality [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy provides limited clinical benefits, partly due to the lack of reliable efficacy biomarkers. Radiomics, which non-invasively analyzes tumor heterogeneity, shows promising potential for predicting treatment outcomes. Methods: The present study systematically evaluated the predictive performance and methodological quality of radiomics models for assessing immunotherapy efficacy in patients with HCC. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published up to 21 June 2025, which developed CT- or MRI-based radiomics models to predict immunotherapy efficacy in HCC. Study quality was assessed using the radiomics quality score (RQS) and the METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS). Results: A total of 11 studies were included and categorized by immunotherapy regimen: ICIs alone (1/11), ICIs combined with targeted therapy (6/11), and ICIs combined with targeted therapy plus locoregional therapy (4/11). The models primarily predicted treatment response (7/11), overall survival (OS) (4/11), or progression-free survival (PFS) (4/11). In the ICI monotherapy cohort, AUC values for predicting treatment response ranged from 0.705 to 0.772. In the ICI plus targeted therapy cohorts, AUC or concordance index (C-index) values for predicting the above efficacy endpoints were 0.792–0.956, 0.63–0.77, and 0.54–0.837, respectively. In the combination therapy cohorts incorporating locoregional treatment, predictive models showed AUC or C-index values of 0.721–0.92, 0.817–0.838, and 0.59. Quality assessment revealed a median RQS of 15 (range: 11–19) and a median METRICS of 72.5% (range: 56.0–79.5%) across all studies. Conclusions: CT/MRI-based radiomics uses routine imaging to non-invasively quantify whole-tumor phenotype and heterogeneity, enabling repeatable, longitudinal assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence suggests that it can help to identify patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy before treatment. However, clinical implementation requires standardized imaging and analysis protocols, external validation, and transparent reporting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis in Cancer Research)

27 pages, 3829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought and Soil Moisture Dynamics for Sustainable Water and Agricultural Management in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) Region, Türkiye

by Zeyneb Kiliç

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020579 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

In semi-arid areas like Southeastern Anatolia, where agricultural productivity and water supply are extremely climate-sensitive, drought is a significant environmental and socioeconomic problem. Comprehensive assessment of drought and soil moisture dynamics is fundamental to sustainable agriculture and water security in semi-arid regions. This [...] Read more.

In semi-arid areas like Southeastern Anatolia, where agricultural productivity and water supply are extremely climate-sensitive, drought is a significant environmental and socioeconomic problem. Comprehensive assessment of drought and soil moisture dynamics is fundamental to sustainable agriculture and water security in semi-arid regions. This study analyzes drought patterns across seven provinces in the Southeastern Anatolia (GAP) region of Türkiye (Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Siirt, and Şanlıurfa) from 1963 to 2022, employing four drought indices (SPI, SPEI, CZI, and RDI) at multiple timescales (1-, 3-, and 12-month) to support evidence-based strategies for sustainable water and agricultural resource management. A more thorough evaluation is made possible by this multi-index and multi-scale method, which is rarely used concurrently at the provincial level. Additionally, the drought characterization was validated and enhanced through the analysis of ERA5-Land soil moisture data (1950–2022). According to the findings, the provinces with the lowest median index values and the highest frequency of extreme drought episodes are Diyarbakır and Şanlıurfa. The SPEI-12 (THW) median values showed a neutral long-term drought–wetness balance with seasonal changes, ranging from −0.0714 (Adıyaman) to 0.188 (Şanlıurfa). Particularly after 2009, soil moisture levels decreased to as low as 2–3 mm during the summer, indicating heightened evapotranspiration stress. RDI-12’s reliability in long-term drought evaluation was confirmed by its strongest correlation with other indices (r = 0.87–0.97). According to spatial research, the frequency of moderate droughts in the southwest was as high as 39%, whilst the eastern provinces experienced severe and intense droughts as high as 8%. However, with frequency above 53%, wet occurrences were more common in the east, particularly in Siirt. By clarifying long-term drought and soil moisture patterns, this study provides essential insights for sustainable irrigation planning and agricultural water allocation in the GAP region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall Patterns and Flood and Drought Risk: Assessing Vulnerabilities, Building Resilience and Enhancing Sustainability)

26 pages, 7978 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Virtual Immersive Gaming to Optimize Recovery (VIGOR) in Low Back Pain: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial

by Susanne M. van der Veen, Alexander Stamenkovic, Christopher R. France, Amanda Robinson, Roy Sabo, Forough Abtahi and James S. Thomas

Healthcare 2026, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14020142 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) with kinesiophobia is difficult to treat, and traditional graded activity approaches often show limited adherence and short-term effects. Virtual reality (VR) may enhance treatment engagement by providing immersive game-based environments that encourage therapeutic movement. This randomized controlled [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) with kinesiophobia is difficult to treat, and traditional graded activity approaches often show limited adherence and short-term effects. Virtual reality (VR) may enhance treatment engagement by providing immersive game-based environments that encourage therapeutic movement. This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of VR interventions designed to promote lumbar spine flexion in individuals with cLBP and elevated movement-related fear. Methods: Participants were randomized to one of two nine-week VR game conditions that differed only in the amount of lumbar flexion required. Primary outcomes were changes in pain intensity and disability from baseline to one-week post-treatment. Secondary analyses examined lumbar flexion and expectations of pain/harm as potential mediators. Follow-up assessments were conducted at multiple time points through 48 weeks to assess maintenance of treatment gains. Results: Both VR groups showed significant and clinically meaningful reductions in pain and disability at post-treatment. Improvements were maintained throughout the 48-week follow-up period. Depression symptoms continued to improve during follow-up. Expectations of pain and harm decreased significantly during treatment and remained reduced, whereas objective lumbar flexion did not change appreciably over time. Mediator analyses indicated that improved expectations of pain/harm, rather than increased lumbar flexion, were more closely associated with treatment response. Conclusions: Immersive VR gaming produced sustained reductions in pain, disability, and movement-related fear in individuals with cLBP and kinesiophobia. Findings suggest that VR may enhance rehabilitation outcomes by modifying maladaptive expectations rather than altering lumbar motion. VR-based interventions represent a promising and engaging approach for long-term cLBP management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pain Management in Healthcare Practice)

24 pages, 4587 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Physicochemical Analysis Focusing on the Characterization and Stability of Valsartan Silver Nano-Conjugates

by Abdul Qadir, Khwaja Suleman Hasan, Khair Bux, Khwaja Ali Hasan, Aamir Jalil, Asad Khan Tanoli, Khwaja Akbar Hasan, Shahida Naz, Muhammad Kashif, Nuzhat Fatima Zaidi, Ayesha Khan, Zeeshan Vohra, Herwig Ralf and Shama Qaiser

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020582 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Valsartan (Val)—a lipophilic non-peptide angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist—is highly effective against hypertension and displaying limited solubility in water (3.08 μg/mL), thereby resulting in low oral bioavailability (23%). The limited water solubility of antihypertensive drugs can pose a challenge, particularly for rapid [...] Read more.

Valsartan (Val)—a lipophilic non-peptide angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist—is highly effective against hypertension and displaying limited solubility in water (3.08 μg/mL), thereby resulting in low oral bioavailability (23%). The limited water solubility of antihypertensive drugs can pose a challenge, particularly for rapid and precise administration. Herein, we synthesize and characterize valsartan-containing silver nanoparticles (Val-AgNPs) using Mangifera indica leaf extracts. The physicochemical, structural, thermal, and pharmacological properties of these nano-conjugates were established through various analytical and structural tools. The spectral shifts in both UV-visible and FTIR analyses indicate a successful interaction between the valsartan molecule and the silver nanoparticles. The resulting nano-conjugates are spherical and within the size range of 30–60 nm as revealed in scanning electron-EDS and atomic force micrographs. The log-normal distribution of valsartan-loaded nanoparticles, with a size range of 30 to 60 nm and a mode of 54 nm, indicates a narrow, monodisperse, and highly uniform particle size distribution. This is a favorable characteristic for drug delivery systems, as it leads to enhanced bioavailability and a consistent performance. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis of the Val-AgNPs indicates a polydisperse sample with a tendency toward aggregation, resulting in larger effective sizes in the suspension compared to individual nanoparticles. The accompanying decrease in zeta potential (to −19.5 mV) and conductivity further supports the idea that the surface chemistry and stability of the nanoparticles changed after conjugation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated the melting onset of the valsartan component at 113.99 °C. The size-dependent densification of the silver nanoparticles at 286.24 °C correspond to a size range of 40–60 nm, showing a significant melting point depression compared to bulk silver due to nanoscale effects. The shift in Rf for pure valsartan to Val-AgNPs suggests that the interaction with the AgNPs alters the compound’s overall polarity and/or its interaction with the stationary phase, complimented in HPTLC and HPLC analysis. The stability and offloading behavior of Val-AgNPs was observed at pH 6–10 and in 40% and 80% MeOH. In addition, Val-AgNPs did not reveal hemolysis or significant alterations in blood cell indices, confirming the safety of the nano-conjugates for biological application. In conclusion, these findings provide a comprehensive characterization of Val-AgNPs, highlighting their potential for improved drug delivery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 25th Anniversary of IJMS: Updates and Advances in Molecular Nanoscience)

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25 pages, 905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Estimation of Common Percentile in Birnbaum–Saunders Distributions: Insights from PM_2.5 Data in Thailand

by Warisa Thangjai, Sa-Aat Niwitpong, Suparat Niwitpong and Rattana Prommai

Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010100 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study develops approaches for estimating the common percentile of Birnbaum–Saunders (BS) distributions and applies them to daily PM

_{2.5}

concentration data from six monitoring stations in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Percentiles provide a robust representation of typical pollutant exposure, being [...] Read more.

This study develops approaches for estimating the common percentile of Birnbaum–Saunders (BS) distributions and applies them to daily PM

_{2.5}

concentration data from six monitoring stations in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Percentiles provide a robust representation of typical pollutant exposure, being less sensitive to outliers and suitable for skewed environmental data. Estimating the same percentile across multiple monitoring sites offers a standardized metric for regional air quality assessment, enabling meaningful comparisons and informing evidence-based environmental policy. Four statistical approaches—Generalized Confidence Interval (GCI), bootstrap, Bayesian, and Highest Posterior Density (HPD)—were employed to construct confidence intervals (CIs) for the common percentile. Simulation studies evaluated the methods in terms of average length (AL) and coverage probability (CP), showing that the GCI approach offers the best balance between precision and reliability. Application to real PM

_{2.5}

data confirmed that the BS distribution appropriately models pollutant concentrations and that the common percentile provides a meaningful measure for environmental assessment. These findings highlight the GCI method as a robust tool for constructing CIs in environmental data analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skewed (Asymmetrical) Probability Distributions and Applications Across Disciplines, Fourth Edition)

15 pages, 18759 KB

Open AccessArticle

GAOC: A Gaussian Adaptive Ochiai Loss for Bounding Box Regression

by Binbin Han, Qiang Tang, Jiuxu Song, Zheng Wang and Yi Yang

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020368 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Bounding box regression (BBR) loss plays a critical role in object detection within computer vision. Existing BBR loss functions are typically based on the Intersection over Union (IoU) between predicted and ground truth boxes. However, these methods neither account for the effect of [...] Read more.

Bounding box regression (BBR) loss plays a critical role in object detection within computer vision. Existing BBR loss functions are typically based on the Intersection over Union (IoU) between predicted and ground truth boxes. However, these methods neither account for the effect of predicted box scale on regression nor effectively address the drift problem inherent in BBR. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a novel BBR loss function, termed Gaussian Adaptive Ochiai BBR loss (GAOC), which combines the Ochiai Coefficient (OC) with a Gaussian Adaptive (GA) distribution. The OC component normalizes by the square root of the product of bounding box dimensions, ensuring scale invariance. Meanwhile, the GA distribution models the distance between the top-left and bottom-right corners (TL/BR) coordinates of predicted and ground truth boxes, enabling a similarity measure that reduces sensitivity to positional deviations. This design enhances detection robustness and accuracy. GAOC was integrated into YOLOv5 and RT-DETR and evaluated on the PASCAL VOC and MS COCO 2017 benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that GAOC consistently outperforms existing BBR loss functions, offering a more effective solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Deep Learning Techniques for Intelligent Sensor Systems)

28 pages, 27326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Vernacular Heritage: Challenges and Strategies for Residential Conservation in Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historical Block

by Weixuan Chao, Hirotsugu Kanno, Iain McTaggart and Takayo Negishi

Heritage 2026, 9(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010016 (registering DOI) - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Despite its status as a heritage model, Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historic Block suffers from a significant “conservation deficit”. The current study quantifies this decay and identifies its socio-economic drivers through a field survey of 517 traditional residences and a multivariate analysis of 188 resident [...] Read more.

Despite its status as a heritage model, Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historic Block suffers from a significant “conservation deficit”. The current study quantifies this decay and identifies its socio-economic drivers through a field survey of 517 traditional residences and a multivariate analysis of 188 resident households. The results reveal widespread degradation, including 32% roof damage and 55% unauthorized window replacements. Binary logistic regression identifies institutional status (hukou) as the decisive predictor of housing integrity (β = −0.544). Non-local migrants, trapped by tenure insecurity, exhibit significantly higher damage rates (53.5%). In contrast, local residents, driven by an “Aging Trap” and thermal comfort needs, are the primary drivers of adaptive window replacements (OR = 2.71). These findings indicate that current static policies are failing to address structural misalignments between preservation mandates and resident reality. The study advocates for a shift towards “Adaptive Integrity”, proposing tenure integration for migrants and technical retrofitting support for the aging local population to reconcile heritage protection with contemporary living needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

14 pages, 775 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tear Protein Alteration in Dogs with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

by Takuya Yogo, Kunihiko Terakado and Kinya Katayama

Animals 2026, 16(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020160 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by aqueous tear deficiency, ocular surface inflammation, and risk of vision loss. Although tear quantity is routinely evaluated using the Schirmer tear test (STT), the accompanying qualitative alterations in tear protein composition remain [...] Read more.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by aqueous tear deficiency, ocular surface inflammation, and risk of vision loss. Although tear quantity is routinely evaluated using the Schirmer tear test (STT), the accompanying qualitative alterations in tear protein composition remain poorly understood. In this exploratory study, we identified and characterized qualitatively differentially expressed tear proteins in samples collected from seven Beagle dogs with KCS and five healthy Beagles. Samples were collected using filter paper, extracted in phosphate-buffered saline, concentrated by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, and then separated via two-dimensional electrophoresis. Differential protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS-based peptide mass fingerprinting. Total protein concentrations were determined by measuring UV absorbance at 280 nm and were found to be significantly higher in dogs with KCS (30.7 ± 13.5 mg/mL) than in healthy dogs (11.5 ± 1.8 mg/mL, p < 0.05). Five proteins were identified as differentially expressed: serum albumin, lactotransferrin isoform 1, immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain C, major allergen Can f 1, and lysozyme C. High-molecular-weight proteins were upregulated in KCS, whereas low-molecular-weight proteins (<10 kDa, proline-rich protein-like components) were markedly reduced or absent. These compositional shifts suggest that KCS alters both the quantity and qualitative integrity of the tear proteosome, reflecting impaired tear film homeostasis and diminished ocular surface defense. The results support the potential utility of the tear proteome as a source of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in canine KCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomarker Research in Animal Pathological States: Second Edition)

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