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22 pages, 2305 KB  
Article
Improving Graduate Job Matching Through Higher Education–Industry Alignment for SDG-Consistent Development in China
by Qing Yang and Muhd Khaizer Omar
Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020868 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Grounded in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4), specifically addressing the urgent need to increase relevant skills for decent work (Target 4.4) while ensuring inclusive access and quality (Targets 4.3, 4.5, 4.c), this study develops a province-level indicator system for the [...] Read more.
Grounded in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4), specifically addressing the urgent need to increase relevant skills for decent work (Target 4.4) while ensuring inclusive access and quality (Targets 4.3, 4.5, 4.c), this study develops a province-level indicator system for the “talent chain” and “industry chain” and integrates entropy-weighted composite evaluation, a coupling coordination model, correlation tests, and mismatch typology classification to systematically assess the alignment between higher education talent formation and industrial demand across 31 Chinese provinces during 2000–2022. The analysis aims to characterize China’s phase-specific progress in SDG4-consistent development at the education–industry interface and to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for improving graduate job matching. The results show that (1) overall talent–industry matching improved steadily from 2000 to 2022, yet pronounced regional disparities persist, with eastern provinces generally outperforming central and western regions; (2) educational quality and structural inputs—such as faculty capacity, per-student expenditure, and the composition of human capital—are the primary drivers of talent-chain performance, whereas expansion-oriented indicators exhibit limited marginal contributions, implying that sustainable graduate job matching hinges more on quality upgrading and supply-structure optimization than on quantitative expansion alone; (3) industry-chain advancement is jointly driven by industrial scale, structural upgrading, and employment absorptive capacity, with the tertiary sector playing a particularly prominent role in shaping demand for higher-skilled labor; and (4) a divergence in driving mechanisms—quality- and structure-oriented on the education side versus scale- and structure-oriented on the industry side—combined with regional heterogeneity produces stage-specific mismatch typologies, suggesting remaining scope for structural alignment between higher education systems and industrial upgrading. Overall, strengthening regional coordination, integration, quality, and upgrading drives synergistic development, advancing SDG 4 targets by validating that quality-driven education reform is the key lever for sustainable employment in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)
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23 pages, 6694 KB  
Article
TLR9 Inhibition Shortly After Mating Increases Fetal Resorption and Alters B- and T-Cell Costimulatory Phenotypes in an Abortion-Prone Mouse Model
by Daria Lorek, Anna Ewa Kedzierska, Anna Slawek, Paulina Kubik and Anna Chelmonska-Soyta
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020848 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Maternal immune tolerance and controlled inflammatory responses are essential for fetal development and successful pregnancy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells with regulatory properties (Bregs) maintain this balance by limiting excessive immune activation through the secretion of anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, such [...] Read more.
Maternal immune tolerance and controlled inflammatory responses are essential for fetal development and successful pregnancy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells with regulatory properties (Bregs) maintain this balance by limiting excessive immune activation through the secretion of anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35. Moreover, alterations in the costimulatory potential of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B cells, modulate the activation and differentiation of T cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR9, influence B-cell antigen presentation and cytokine production, thereby affecting the balance between pro-inflammatory and tolerogenic responses at the maternal–fetal interface. TLR9 overexpression has been observed in several pregnancy-related disorders in both humans and murine models. In this study, we examine whether blocking TLR9 shortly after mating could improve pregnancy outcomes and modulate the regulatory and antigen-presenting functions of B cells, as well as their interactions with T cells. Using an abortion-prone murine model (CBA/J × DBA/2J), we show that intraperitoneal administration of a TLR9 antagonist (ODN 2088) shortly after mating increases embryo resorption in CBA/J females compared to controls without affecting implantation. Flow cytometry analysis further reveals that mice receiving the TLR9 antagonist are characterized by downregulation of CD80 and upregulation of CD86 on B cells, accompanied by reduced expression of CD40L and CD28 on T cells, as well as a lower percentage of Tregs and activated T cells. In conclusion, blocking TLR9 signaling shortly after mating does not improve pregnancy outcomes; conversely, it exacerbates pregnancy loss in the CBA/J × DBA/2J abortion-prone model, while altering the costimulatory phenotype of B and T cells and impairing Treg development during pregnancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Regulation During Pregnancy)
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13 pages, 1252 KB  
Article
Pathological and Diagnostic Assessment of Duodenal Wound Healing: A Comparative Experimental Study of Jejunal Serosal vs. ePTFE Patch Repair
by Ilija Golubovic, Milan Radojkovic, Ivan Ilic, Vladimir Petrovic, Marko Stojanovic, Jelena Zivadinovic, Aleksandar Vukadinovic and Nebojsa Ignjatovic
Medicina 2026, 62(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010171 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The treatment of duodenal injuries remains one of the most challenging issues in clinical surgery due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathology and other diagnostic outcomes of wound [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The treatment of duodenal injuries remains one of the most challenging issues in clinical surgery due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathology and other diagnostic outcomes of wound repair following surgical reconstruction of large experimental duodenal defects using synthetic (ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) or organic (JSP, jejunal serosal patch) materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 European rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 10 each). A grade III defect covering over 50% of the duodenum’s circumference was created in the second part of the duodenum of the rabbits. The anesthesia, duodenal injury, postoperative care, and animal sacrifice protocols were identical for all experimental rabbits. The effectiveness of JSP and ePTFE patch repair techniques was investigated based on clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic assessments at two and four weeks postoperatively. Results: Survival rates were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). Remarkable mucosal regeneration was evident in all experimental animals by two weeks, showing complete coverage of the jejunal serosal and ePTFE patches by re-epithelialized mucosa with functional villus formation. While partial development of the underlying muscular and serosal layers was observed in both groups at four weeks, the JSP group achieved a significantly higher median histological score (19 vs. 14; p = 0.003). Conversely, the ePTFE group exhibited a major safety concern: a highly significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) in Grade 4 dense, inseparable adhesions throughout the abdominal cavity, which were entirely absent in the JSP group. Conclusions: Both JSP and ePTFE are viable for duodenal reconstruction, but the autologous JSP is superior in tissue healing and safety. Severe adhesions associated with ePTFE constitute a significant clinical concern, limiting its use to a second-line alternative. Consequently, JSP is the preferred option, while ePTFE requires further long-term safety validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)
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22 pages, 2060 KB  
Article
A One Health Perspective: Occurrence Study of Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria and Other Emerging Pathogens from Recycled Wastewater Used in Agriculture
by Maria Martínez-Ruiz, Miriam Hernández-Porto, Cintia Hernández-Sánchez, Ángeles Arias, José Carlos de Gracia, Adolfo Perdomo-González, Raquel Pérez-Reverón and Francisco Javier Díaz Peña
Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010020 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Recycled wastewater is vital for the circular economy, especially on water-scarce islands. This study explored the presence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales and other emerging pathogens in irrigation water on four Canarian Islands, applying a One Health perspective. Using membrane filtration and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, [...] Read more.
Recycled wastewater is vital for the circular economy, especially on water-scarce islands. This study explored the presence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales and other emerging pathogens in irrigation water on four Canarian Islands, applying a One Health perspective. Using membrane filtration and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 69 bacterial isolates were identified. The findings revealed that 78% were Gram-negative bacilli like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacteriaceae, etc., while 22% were Gram-positive bacteria, including Enterococcus spp. The main mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were oxacillinases, followed by metallo-β-lactamases (MBL). In Enterobacteriaceae, characterization of carbapenemase types was less frequent, with oxacillinase 48 (OXA-48) being the most prevalent. The detection of multidrug-resistant organisms in recycled wastewater highlights an urgent need for routine microbiological monitoring in water management to protect both public health and agricultural sustainability. Full article
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23 pages, 3888 KB  
Article
From MAX to MXene: Unveiling Robust Magnetism and Half-Metallicity in Cr2ZnC and Its Half-Metallic 2D Cr2C Through Ab-Initio Investigation
by Ahmed Lokbaichi, Ahmed Gueddouh, Djelloul Gueribiz, Mourad Rougab, Brahim Lagoun, Fatima Elhamra, Ahmed Mahammedi and Brahim Marfoua
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020110 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
A first-principles investigation was conducted to characterize the novel Cr2ZnC MAX phase and its exfoliated MXene nanosheet, Cr2C. The study critically examines the effect of electron correlations on the bulk phase, revealing that the PBE+U framework, unlike standard PBE, [...] Read more.
A first-principles investigation was conducted to characterize the novel Cr2ZnC MAX phase and its exfoliated MXene nanosheet, Cr2C. The study critically examines the effect of electron correlations on the bulk phase, revealing that the PBE+U framework, unlike standard PBE, yields a dramatically enhanced magnetic moment of 12.80 μB (vs. 1.88 μB), confirming the necessity of this approach for Cr-based carbides. The phase stability is confirmed through rigorous analysis of its thermodynamic, dynamic, and mechanical properties. For the derived 2D Cr2C, results confirm a robust half-metallic state with a total magnetic moment of 8.00 μB, characterized by a metallic spin-majority channel and a semiconducting spin-minority channel with a 2.41 eV direct gap, leading to near-ideal spin polarization. These combined features establish Cr2C as a highly promising candidate for next-generation spintronic applications and 2D magnetic devices requiring room-temperature stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoscale Spintronics)
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13 pages, 821 KB  
Article
Triple-Olfactory Mechanism Synergy: Development of a Long-Lasting DEET–Botanical Composite Repellent Against Aedes albopictus
by Chen-Xu Lin, Xin-Yi Huang, Yi-Hai Sun, Bi-Hang Lan, An-Qi Deng, Le-Yan Chen, Qiu-Yun Lin, Xi-Tong Huang, Jun-Long Li, Cheng Wu and Li-Hua Xie
Insects 2026, 17(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010098 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika, continue to pose a substantial global public health challenge. This is largely attributable to the absence of effective vaccines and the expanding distribution of vectors such as Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). Repellents, therefore, [...] Read more.
Mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika, continue to pose a substantial global public health challenge. This is largely attributable to the absence of effective vaccines and the expanding distribution of vectors such as Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). Repellents, therefore, remain a critical component of prevention strategies for disease prevention. However, existing formulations have notable limitations. Synthetic repellents such as DEET provide broad-spectrum efficacy but may raise safety concerns, especially at high concentrations. In contrast, botanical repellents, such as citronella and camphor oils, offer more favorable safety profiles but are restricted by short protection durations due to their high volatility. To overcome these drawbacks, this research developed a composite mosquito repellent through the strategic combination of DEET (5–15%), citronella oil (10–20%), and camphor oil (5–15%). This formulation leverages interactions across multiple olfactory pathways to simultaneously enhance efficacy and reduce the DEET concentration. Orthogonal experimental optimization identified an optimized formulation, Mix-3 (consisting of 15% DEET, 15% citronella oil, and 10% camphor oil in 75% ethanol), which achieved a mean complete protection time of 9.45 h. Mix-3 provided longer protection than 7% DEET (mean difference = 5.50 h, p < 0.001), 4.5% IR3535 (2.83 h, p < 0.001), 10% citronella oil (3.58 h, p < 0.001), and 15% DEET (6.50 h, p < 0.001). Catnip oil did not contribute significantly to repellency (p = 0.895). This study demonstrates that the rational combination of synthetic and botanical repellents effectively overcomes the limitations of single-agent formulations, providing a long-lasting and scalable approach for vector control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Surveillance of Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Disease)
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18 pages, 818 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Chromatographic Separation, with a Focus on LC-MS/MS, for the Determination of Stereoisomeric Cypermethrin and Other Synthetic Pyrethroids in Apples
by Iwona Wenio, Damian Kwiatkowski, Dorota Derewiaka and Iwona Bartosiewicz
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020846 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Pyrethroids, synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins, are extensively used in agriculture and household pest control due to their high insecticidal activity and relatively low toxicity to mammals. Due to the presence of multiple chiral centres, many pyrethroids exist as complex mixtures of stereoisomers [...] Read more.
Pyrethroids, synthetic analogues of natural pyrethrins, are extensively used in agriculture and household pest control due to their high insecticidal activity and relatively low toxicity to mammals. Due to the presence of multiple chiral centres, many pyrethroids exist as complex mixtures of stereoisomers with significantly different biological activities, toxicities, and environmental behaviours. Consequently, accurate determination of these stereoisomeric forms, particularly compounds such as cypermethrin, is critical for food safety monitoring. Determining pyrethroid residues in food matrices presents a significant analytical challenge due to the structural diversity and stereochemical complexity of these compounds. This study presents the development of an analytical method for determining the stereoisomeric forms of cypermethrin and other synthetic pyrethroids in food matrices using both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques. The method meets the performance criteria outlined in SANTE/11312/2021 v2, demonstrating satisfactory recovery rates (91.6%), precision (RSDR 1.9%), and low limits of quantification (LOQ 0.010 µg/kg) for the quantification of alpha-cypermethrin. This approach offers a reliable tool for regulatory monitoring and risk assessment of pyrethroid residues, especially those with complex stereochemistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plant-Based Foods)
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25 pages, 8224 KB  
Article
QWR-Dec-Net: A Quaternion-Wavelet Retinex Framework for Low-Light Image Enhancement with Applications to Remote Sensing
by Vladimir Frants, Sos Agaian, Karen Panetta and Artyom Grigoryan
Information 2026, 17(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17010089 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Computer vision and deep learning are essential in diverse fields such as autonomous driving, medical imaging, face recognition, and object detection. However, enhancing low-light remote sensing images remains challenging for both research and real-world applications. Low illumination degrades image quality due to sensor [...] Read more.
Computer vision and deep learning are essential in diverse fields such as autonomous driving, medical imaging, face recognition, and object detection. However, enhancing low-light remote sensing images remains challenging for both research and real-world applications. Low illumination degrades image quality due to sensor limitations and environmental factors, weakening visual fidelity and reducing performance in vision tasks. Common issues such as insufficient lighting, backlighting, and limited exposure create low contrast, heavy shadows, and poor visibility, particularly at night. We propose QWR-Dec-Net, a quaternion-based Retinex decomposition network tailored for low-light image enhancement. QWR-Dec-Net consists of two key modules: a decomposition module that separates illumination and reflectance, and a denoising module that fuses a quaternion holistic color representation with wavelet multi-frequency information. This structure jointly improves color constancy and noise suppression. Experiments on low-light remote sensing datasets (LSCIDMR and UCMerced) show that QWR-Dec-Net outperforms current methods in PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS, and classification accuracy. The model’s accurate illumination estimation and stable reflectance make it well-suited for remote sensing tasks such as object detection, video surveillance, precision agriculture, and autonomous navigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)
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29 pages, 1088 KB  
Article
Formal Equivalence Between Maxwell Equations and the de Broglie–Bohm Theory for Two-Dimensional Optical Microcavities
by Aurélien Drezet and Bernard Michael Nabet
Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010157 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
We analyze the formal equivalence between the electromagnetic energy conservation law derived from Maxwell’s equations in an optical microcavity and the conservation of a probability fluid associated with the de Broglie–Bohm theory for an effective massive particle describing a photon in this cavity. [...] Read more.
We analyze the formal equivalence between the electromagnetic energy conservation law derived from Maxwell’s equations in an optical microcavity and the conservation of a probability fluid associated with the de Broglie–Bohm theory for an effective massive particle describing a photon in this cavity. This work is part of a critical analysis of recent experiments by Sharoglazova et al. carried out with a view to refuting the de Broglie–Bohm theory. Furthermore, the consequences of our analysis for microphotonics go far beyond these experiments. In particular, extensions that take into account photon spin and stochastic aspects associated with radiative or absorption losses are considered. From the point of view of symmetries and probability current, here the effective photon behaves like a spin-1/2 particle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Physics' Section 2025)
14 pages, 1546 KB  
Article
Investigation on N-Aryl-2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide as Human Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors
by Morteza Abdoli, Andrea Angeli, Alessandro Bonardi, Paola Gratteri, Ludmila Jackevica, Antons Sizovs, Claudiu T. Supuran and Raivis Žalubovskis
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010151 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Among the 15 human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, hCA IX and XII are particularly important due to their roles in tumor cell growth and survival, identifying them as promising targets for anticancer therapy. As a result, considerable effort [...] Read more.
Background: Among the 15 human (h) carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, hCA IX and XII are particularly important due to their roles in tumor cell growth and survival, identifying them as promising targets for anticancer therapy. As a result, considerable effort has been directed toward the development of novel inhibitors that are highly selective for these isoforms. Methods: A library of twelve novel N-aryl-2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamides 3 along with two new N-aryl-2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazine-1-carboxamide derivatives 5 were synthesized and their inhibition abilities were tested against four human carbonic anhydrase isozymes (hCA I, II, IX and XII) related to some global diseases including glaucoma, cancer and osteoporosis. Results: All compounds exhibited potent inhibition of the tested isoforms in the nanomolar range. Compound 3i showed the highest inhibition of hCA I activity but demonstrated poor selectivity toward the other isoforms. Compound 3h displayed superior selectivity for hCA II over hCA I (hCA I/II = 37) and exhibited 2.5-fold higher inhibitory activity compared to acetazolamide (AAZ). Among the tested compounds, 3l (Ki = 32.1 nM) demonstrated markedly improved selectivity for hCA IX over hCA I, II, and XII relative to the standard drug. Notably, compound 3a showed the most potent inhibition against hCA XII (Ki = 6.8 nM), comparable to AAZ, while exhibiting significantly greater selectivity over off-target isoforms and the other tumor-associated isozyme (hCA IX/XII = 20 versus hCA IX/XII = 4.5 for AAZ). Conclusions: The present study suggests potent lead compounds as selective hCA IX and XII inhibitors with anticancer activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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37 pages, 9854 KB  
Article
Direct and Semi-Direct Composite Techniques in Posterior Teeth: A Two-Year Follow-Up Comparative Study
by Adriana Saceleanu, Anca Maria Fratila, Vasile Calin Arcas, Cristina Ana-Maria Arcas, Dragos Anton Dadarlat and Laura Stef
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020687 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Composite restorations are the standard of care for posterior teeth due to their aesthetic properties and conservative nature. However, the choice between direct and semi-direct techniques can influence clinical longevity and performance. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the clinical performance of [...] Read more.
Background: Composite restorations are the standard of care for posterior teeth due to their aesthetic properties and conservative nature. However, the choice between direct and semi-direct techniques can influence clinical longevity and performance. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the clinical performance of two restorative approaches: a direct technique and the semi-direct onlay technique in terms of aesthetic quality, surface finish, wear resistance, marginal integrity, and overall clinical efficiency over a two-year period. Methods: A total of 348 composite restorations were placed in 192 patients. Each restoration was evaluated at four timepoints: baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), 1 year (T2), and 2 years (T3). Clinical performance was assessed using standardised 5-point rating scales across the five dimensions. Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed changes over time, while Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for intra- and inter-group comparisons. Results: Significant time effects were observed across all clinical parameters (p < 0.0001). The direct technique exhibited superior initial results in aesthetics and surface finish at T0 and T1 (p < 0.001), but differences diminished by T3. In contrast, the semi-direct technique demonstrated improved performance in wear resistance and marginal integrity at T2 and T3. Both techniques showed progressive deterioration, particularly in marginal adaptation. Conclusions: The direct technique offers enhanced short-term aesthetics and procedural efficiency, while the semi-direct approach provides superior long-term durability and marginal adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on the Clinical Applications of Dental Restorative Materials)
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27 pages, 1942 KB  
Article
Environmental Impact Assessment of New Cement Production Blending Calcareous Green Algae and Fly Ash
by Hafiz M. Irfan, Chi-Yun Wu, Muhammad Saddam Hussain and Wei Wu
Processes 2026, 14(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020299 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
To improve traditional cement manufacturing, which generates a large amount of greenhouse gases, blending calcareous green algae and fly ash as cement replacement materials is expected to achieve nearly zero carbon emissions. As a calcareous green alga, Halimeda macroloba is a significant producer [...] Read more.
To improve traditional cement manufacturing, which generates a large amount of greenhouse gases, blending calcareous green algae and fly ash as cement replacement materials is expected to achieve nearly zero carbon emissions. As a calcareous green alga, Halimeda macroloba is a significant producer of biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sequestering approximately 440 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) per 1000 kg of CaCO3, with CaCO3 production reported in relation to algal biomass. To assess the new low-carbon/low-waste cement production process, the proposed scenarios (2 and 3) are validated via Python-based modeling (Python 3.12) and Aspen Plus® simulation (Aspen V14). The core technology is the pre-calcination of algae-derived CaCO3 and fly ash from coal combustion, which are added to a rotary kiln to enhance the proportions of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) for forming the desired silicate phases in clinker. Through the lifecycle assessment (LCA) of all scenarios using SimaPro® (SimaPro 10.2.0.3), the proposed Scenario 2 achieves the GWP at approximately 0.906 kg CO2-eq/kg clinker, lower than the conventional cement production process (Scenario 1) by 47%. If coal combustion is replaced by natural gas combustion, the fly ash additive is reduced by 74.5% in the cement replacement materials, but the proposed Scenario 3 achieves the GWP at approximately 0.753 kg CO2-eq/kg clinker, lower than Scenario 2 by 16.9%. Moreover, the LCA indicators show that Scenario 3 has lower environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem, and resources than Scenario 1 by 24.5%, 60.0% and 68.6%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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16 pages, 928 KB  
Article
Legume Consumption Improves Cellular Health and Autonomic Function in Competitive Swimmers
by Elisabetta Camajani, Valerio Caporali, Stefania Gorini, Alessandra Feraco, Chiara Quattrini, Luigi Procaccio, Andrea Armani, Elvira Padua, Massimiliano Caprio and Mauro Lombardo
Nutrients 2026, 18(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020274 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated whether higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), specifically through increased legume consumption, is associated with improved functional, autonomic, and performance parameters in adolescents and young adult competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty-nine swimmers (mean age 19.7  ±  2.3 years; [...] Read more.
Objective: This study evaluated whether higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), specifically through increased legume consumption, is associated with improved functional, autonomic, and performance parameters in adolescents and young adult competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty-nine swimmers (mean age 19.7  ±  2.3 years; 22 men, 17 women) monitored over a five-month period under standardized training conditions. Based on baseline dietary assessment, participants were allocated into three groups according to habitual legume intake: Control group (<1 serving/week, no dietary modification), 3Legumes group (~2 servings/week, increased to 3/week), and 6Legumes group (~3–4 servings/week, increased to 6/week). Functional evaluation encompassed bioelectrical impedance parameters (phase angle, extracellular and intracellular water, ECW/ICW ratio), heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac coherence, and critical swimming speed test (CSS) results. Results: After 5 months, the 6Legumes group showed an increase in phase angle (Δ  =  +0.34  ±  0.35°, p  =  0.004), a reduction in extracellular water (Δ  =  −1.77  ±  0.93%, p  <  0.001), and an increase in intracellular water (Δ  =  +1.77  ±  0.93%, p  <  0.001), resulting in a lower ECW/ICW ratio (Δ  =  −0.051  ±  0.028, p  <  0.001). HRV (Δ  =  +6.92  ±  5.02, p  =  0.0003) and cardiac coherence (Δ  =  +0.40  ±  0.35, p  =  0.0015) also demonstrated statistically significant improvements, whereas CSS exhibited a positive trend (Δ  =  +0.011  ±  0.019 m/s, p  =  0.067) without reaching statistical significance. Between-group comparisons confirmed significant differences in phase angle and water-distribution parameters (all p  <  0.01). Conclusions: In this cohort of adolescents and young adult competitive swimmers, increased legume consumption within a Mediterranean dietary framework was associated with beneficial adaptations in cellular hydration status, autonomic regulation, and functional performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
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43 pages, 43583 KB  
Article
Research on the Formation Mechanism of Spontaneous Living Spaces and Their Impact on Community Vitality
by Xiyue Guan, Wei Shang, Fukang Chen and Wei Liu
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020352 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Spontaneous living spaces are public activity venues within cities that emerge through residents’ autonomous creation and informal planning. Although these spaces may appear disorganized, they serve vital functions: fostering social interaction, enhancing community vitality, improving spatial adaptability, and increasing life satisfaction. However, research [...] Read more.
Spontaneous living spaces are public activity venues within cities that emerge through residents’ autonomous creation and informal planning. Although these spaces may appear disorganized, they serve vital functions: fostering social interaction, enhancing community vitality, improving spatial adaptability, and increasing life satisfaction. However, research on the formation mechanisms, structural logic, resident satisfaction, and the impact of spontaneous living spaces on community vitality is limited, and there is a lack of robust research methodologies. This study aims to explore the formation mechanisms of spontaneous living spaces within historic cultural districts and their influence on community vitality. Using Wuhan’s Tanhualin National Historic and Cultural District as a case study, this research innovatively combines the Mask R-CNN deep learning model with a Random Forest regression model. The Mask R-CNN model was employed to accurately identify and perform pixel-level segmentation of 1249 spontaneous living spaces. Combined with questionnaire surveys and the Random Forest model, this study reveals non-linear relationships between key factors such as community vitality, resident satisfaction with various types of spontaneous living spaces, and crowd density. The findings show that spontaneous living spaces effectively address residents’ unmet needs for emotional connection and dynamic lifestyles—needs often overlooked by official residential planning. This research provides a reliable technical framework and quantitative decision support for regulating the formation of spontaneous living spaces, thereby enhancing residents’ quality of life and urban vitality while preserving historical character. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Urban Analytics and Sensing for Sustainable Cities)
33 pages, 2757 KB  
Review
The Seven Methods for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status—ABCDEFG: Narrative Review
by Raynier Zambrano-Villacres, Cecilia Arteaga-Pazmiño, Washington David Guevara Castillo, Maria Elisa Herrera-Fontana, Lorena Daniela Domínguez Brito, Luis Miguel Becerra Granados, Paulo E. Recoba-Obregón, Dolores Rodríguez-Veintimilla, Viviana Bressi, Derly Andrade-Molina, Evelyn Frias-Toral and Samuel Duran-Aguero
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020845 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Nutritional status assessment is the cornerstone of the Nutrition Care Process, guiding diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring. The classical ABCD model (Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary) has been widely applied; however, it presents limitations in addressing current nutritional and epidemiological challenges. Objective: This narrative [...] Read more.
Background: Nutritional status assessment is the cornerstone of the Nutrition Care Process, guiding diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring. The classical ABCD model (Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary) has been widely applied; however, it presents limitations in addressing current nutritional and epidemiological challenges. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize and update the scientific evidence on the expanded nutritional assessment model, known as ABCDEFG, which incorporates the Ecological–microbiota (E), Functional (F), and Genomic–nutrigenomic (G) approaches. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering publications from 2013 to 2025. Articles were selected based on relevance to at least one of the seven assessment domains. Findings were synthesized descriptively and critically, highlighting applications, strengths, and limitations. Results: The ABCDEFG framework offers a multidimensional perspective of nutritional assessment. While anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods remain essential, the inclusion of ecological dimensions (gut microbiota, environmental influences), functional measures (e.g., muscle strength, physical performance), and genomics enables a more sensitive and personalized evaluation. This integrative approach supports better clinical decision-making and research innovation in nutrition and health sciences. Conclusions: The seven-method model broadens the scope of nutritional assessment, bridging traditional and emerging tools. Its application enhances the capacity to identify nutritional risks, design targeted interventions, and advance precision nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Food Nutrition and Bioactive Compounds)
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24 pages, 2156 KB  
Article
Analysis of Wear Behavior Between Tire Rubber and Silicone Rubber
by Juana Abenojar, Miguel Angel Martínez and Daniel García-Pozuelo
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020878 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Vulcanized NR-SBR is widely used in vehicle components; however, its irreversible crosslinking limits recyclability and contributes to the large number of tires discarded annually worldwide, and in this context, this work presents an experimental comparative assessment of the tribological behavior of conventional tire [...] Read more.
Vulcanized NR-SBR is widely used in vehicle components; however, its irreversible crosslinking limits recyclability and contributes to the large number of tires discarded annually worldwide, and in this context, this work presents an experimental comparative assessment of the tribological behavior of conventional tire rubber and silicone VMQ, motivated by a wheel concept based on a detachable tread aimed at improving durability and sustainability rather than proposing an immediate material substitution. Wear and friction behavior were investigated under abrasive and self-friction conditions using pin-on-disk testing with an abrasive counterpart representative of asphalt, supported by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that NR-SBR undergoes severe abrasive and erosive wear, characterized by deep and irregular wear tracks, pronounced fluctuations in the dynamic friction coefficient, and strong sensitivity to load and sliding speed, particularly during the initial stages of track formation. In contrast, VMQ exhibits mild abrasive wear dominated by viscoelastic deformation, leading to shallow and stable wear tracks, lower friction coefficients, and significantly reduced material loss once the contact track is fully developed. These differences are attributed to the distinct mechanical responses of the elastomers, as the higher hardness and limited strain capacity of rubber promote micro-tearing and unstable material removal, while the high elasticity of silicone enables stress redistribution and stable contact conditions under abrasive loading. UV aging increases stiffness of rubber, resulting in reduced wear and friction, while silicone remains largely unaffected after 750 h due to the stability of its Si–O–Si backbone. Self-friction tests further indicate that smooth silicone sliding against rubber yields the lowest friction values, highlighting a favorable material pairing for detachable tread concepts. Factorial design analysis confirms material type as the dominant factor influencing both wear and friction. Overall, for the specific materials and operating conditions investigated, VMQ demonstrates higher durability, greater tribological stability, and improved aging resistance compared to NR-SBR, providing experimental evidence that supports its potential for long-life, more sustainable detachable tread applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science and Engineering)
16 pages, 2263 KB  
Article
Optimization of Conditions for Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Mono-, Di-, Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids from Soapstock Using Response Surface Methodology
by Svetlana Zhizhkun, Lauma Laipniece and Igors Astrausks
ChemEngineering 2026, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering10010016 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Soapstock (SS), a by-product of vegetable oil refining, is a promising source of a mixture of mono-, di-, triglycerides, and free fatty acids (MDTG-FFA), a valuable feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the selective extraction of MDTG-FFA from SS using green solvents [...] Read more.
Soapstock (SS), a by-product of vegetable oil refining, is a promising source of a mixture of mono-, di-, triglycerides, and free fatty acids (MDTG-FFA), a valuable feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the selective extraction of MDTG-FFA from SS using green solvents (ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and isobutanol) was investigated. Ethyl acetate showed the highest efficiency, allowing the elimination of the phosphatide (PL) precipitation step with acetone. The process optimization was carried out by response surface methodology with central composite design. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of the obtained models: F-values were 4.55 (p = 0.013) for MDTG-FFA and 9.62 (p = 0.00074) for PL. Regression analysis revealed a good fit of the experimental data with quadratic models for MDTG-FFA and PL, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.804 and 0.897, respectively. The optimum extraction parameters were a solvent-to-dry-matter-of-SS ratio 5:1, time 10.2 min, and initial extraction temperature 21.7 °C. Under these conditions, maximum MDTG-FFA yields of 12.6% and 13.4% were achieved for the two batches of SS, respectively, with minimum PL yields of 0.02% and 0.1%. The obtained MDTG-FFA extracts rich in free fatty acids represent a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. The proposed method provides a rational, resource-efficient, and environmentally preferable extraction of valuable components from SS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Green and Sustainable Chemical Processes)
22 pages, 2171 KB  
Article
The Influence of Acute Cold Stress on Intestinal Health of the Juvenile Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)
by Xiaona Ma, Qing Shi, Zhen Dong, Chen Chen, Junxian Zhu, Xiaoli Liu, Xiaoyou Hong, Chengqing Wei, Xinping Zhu, Weijia Song, Wei Li and Liqin Ji
Animals 2026, 16(2), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020256 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Sharp declines in temperature pose a significant risk for mass mortality events in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). To assess the effects of acute cold stress on intestinal health, turtles were exposed to temperatures of 28 °C (control), 14 °C, [...] Read more.
Sharp declines in temperature pose a significant risk for mass mortality events in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). To assess the effects of acute cold stress on intestinal health, turtles were exposed to temperatures of 28 °C (control), 14 °C, and 7 °C for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days. The results showed that acute cold stress at 14 °C and 7 °C induced time-dependent alterations in intestinal morphology and histopathology. The damage was more severe at 7 °C, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, lymphoid hyperplasia, and extensive detachment and necrosis across the villi, muscle layer, and submucosa. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed significant shifts in intestinal microbiota composition in the 7 °C group, dominated by Helicobacter and Citrobacter. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that respond to acute cold stress and are involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr7, and Tlr8), the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (Traf6, Traf2, Casr, Rnasel, Pstpip1, Plcb2, Atg5, and Mfn2), apoptosis (Tuba1c, Ctsz, Ctsb, Kras, Hras, Pik3ca, Bcl2l11, Gadd45a, Pmaip1, Ddit3, and Fos), and the p53 signaling pathway (Serpine1, Sesn2, Ccng2, Igf1, Mdm2, Gadd45a, Pmaip1, and Cdkn1a). Metabolomic profiling highlighted differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) that cope with acute cold stress, such as organic acids (oxoglutaric acid, L-aspartic acid, fumaric acid, DL-malic acid, and citric acid) and amino acids (including L-lysine, L-homoserine, and allysine). The integrated analysis of DEGs and DEMs underscored three key pathways modulated by acute cold stress: linoleic acid metabolism, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, and the FoxO signaling pathway. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of intestinal health in Chinese soft-shelled turtles under acute cold stress and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Physiology and Health in Animals: Mechanisms, Adaptations and Welfare)
24 pages, 1244 KB  
Article
Joint Ordering Optimization for a Two-Echelon Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Considering Shelf Life and a Transshipment Mechanism
by Shiju Li, Ruizhi Ouyang, Li Guo, Hongjie Lan, Tingting Wang and Kaiye Gao
Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020302 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Pharmaceutical supply chains face high inventory and stockout risks because of short product shelf lives and volatile demand. To enhance coordination efficiency and reduce drug waste, this study examines a two-echelon supply chain comprising a manufacturer and multiple medical institutions. We built a [...] Read more.
Pharmaceutical supply chains face high inventory and stockout risks because of short product shelf lives and volatile demand. To enhance coordination efficiency and reduce drug waste, this study examines a two-echelon supply chain comprising a manufacturer and multiple medical institutions. We built a joint ordering and transshipment optimization model that simultaneously incorporates shelf-life constraints, the first-in–first-out (FIFO) policy, inventory capacity limits, and peer-level transshipment. Under deterministic and stochastic demand, we solved the model using Bayesian optimization and Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that moderate inventory transshipment effectively mitigates risk from demand uncertainty and increases total supply-chain profit; under stochastic demand, the optimal strategy relies more heavily on coordinated transshipment to reduce excess inventory and near-expiry waste. Full article
24 pages, 39247 KB  
Article
Forest Surveying with Robotics and AI: SLAM-Based Mapping, Terrain-Aware Navigation, and Tree Parameter Estimation
by Lorenzo Scalera, Eleonora Maset, Diego Tiozzo Fasiolo, Khalid Bourr, Simone Cottiga, Andrea De Lorenzo, Giovanni Carabin, Giorgio Alberti, Alessandro Gasparetto, Fabrizio Mazzetto and Stefano Seriani
Machines 2026, 14(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14010099 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Forest surveying and inspection face significant challenges due to unstructured environments, variable terrain conditions, and the high costs of manual data collection. Although mobile robotics and artificial intelligence offer promising solutions, reliable autonomous navigation in forest, terrain-aware path planning, and tree parameter estimation [...] Read more.
Forest surveying and inspection face significant challenges due to unstructured environments, variable terrain conditions, and the high costs of manual data collection. Although mobile robotics and artificial intelligence offer promising solutions, reliable autonomous navigation in forest, terrain-aware path planning, and tree parameter estimation remain open challenges. In this paper, we present the results of the AI4FOREST project, which addresses these issues through three main contributions. First, we develop an autonomous mobile robot, integrating SLAM-based navigation, 3D point cloud reconstruction, and a vision-based deep learning architecture to enable tree detection and diameter estimation. This system demonstrates the feasibility of generating a digital twin of forest while operating autonomously. Second, to overcome the limitations of classical navigation approaches in heterogeneous natural terrains, we introduce a machine learning-based surrogate model of wheel–soil interaction, trained on a large synthetic dataset derived from classical terramechanics. Compared to purely geometric planners, the proposed model enables realistic dynamics simulation and improves navigation robustness by accounting for terrain–vehicle interactions. Finally, we investigate the impact of point cloud density on the accuracy of forest parameter estimation, identifying the minimum sampling requirements needed to extract tree diameters and heights. This analysis provides support to balance sensor performance, robot speed, and operational costs. Overall, the AI4FOREST project advances the state of the art in autonomous forest monitoring by jointly addressing SLAM-based mapping, terrain-aware navigation, and tree parameter estimation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from MES-2025: Advances in Mechanical Engineering Solutions)
20 pages, 586 KB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Current Evidence, Limitations, and Future Directions
by Athanasios Zikopoulos, Efthalia Moustakli, Anastasios Potiris, Konstantinos Louis, Ioannis Arkoulis, Aikaterini Lydia Vogiatzoglou, Maria Tzeli, Nikolaos Kathopoulis, Panagiotis Christopoulos, Nikolaos Thomakos, Ekaterini Domali and Sofoklis Stavros
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020686 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Despite significant advances in genetics, immunology, and endometrial research, the underlying cause of nearly half of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) cases remains unknown. This highlights the limitations of conventional diagnostic approaches and underscores the need for methods that can detect complex, subtle [...] Read more.
Background: Despite significant advances in genetics, immunology, and endometrial research, the underlying cause of nearly half of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) cases remains unknown. This highlights the limitations of conventional diagnostic approaches and underscores the need for methods that can detect complex, subtle biological patterns. Objectives: To summarize and critically assess how artificial intelligence (AI) is changing our knowledge of, ability to predict, and future therapeutic management of RPL, with a focus on machine learning (ML) approaches that identify latent biological pathways and multifactorial contributors to pregnancy loss. Methods: This narrative review summarizes contemporary research on AI applications in reproductive medicine. Research using imaging, proteomic, genomic, clinical, and multi-omics information to create predictive or mechanistic models associated with RPL provided evidence. Results: AI-based approaches are increasingly demonstrating the ability to detect complex interactions among environmental, immunological, biochemical, and genetic factors associated with RPL. ML and deep learning (DL) models enhance prognostic accuracy, identify novel candidate biomarkers, and provide insights into the systemic and molecular mechanisms underlying pregnancy loss. Integrating heterogeneous data through AI supports the development of personalized reproductive profiles and can improve prediction and counseling. Conclusions: AI has the potential to improve both personalized prediction and mechanistic understanding of RPL. However, clinical translation is currently hampered by a number of important issues, including small and diverse datasets, conflicting diagnostic definitions, limited external validation, and a lack of prospective clinical trials. To responsibly integrate AI tools into reproductive care, these limitations must be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI in Maternal Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Management)
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27 pages, 4419 KB  
Review
Adhesive Gelatin-Based Eutectogels: A Review of Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
by Raluca Ioana Baron, Andreea Laura Chibac-Scutaru, Gabriela Biliuta and Sergiu Coseri
Polymers 2026, 18(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020222 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
This review presents a focused assessment of the rapidly expanding field of gelatin-based eutectogels and identifies the gaps in current literature that justify this examination. Research on deep eutectic solvents (DESs and NADES) has advanced quickly, yet there is still no integrated view [...] Read more.
This review presents a focused assessment of the rapidly expanding field of gelatin-based eutectogels and identifies the gaps in current literature that justify this examination. Research on deep eutectic solvents (DESs and NADES) has advanced quickly, yet there is still no integrated view of how these solvent systems influence adhesion in gelatin-based gels. Eutectogels are soft materials formed by gelling DESs or NADES with biopolymers. Gelatin is widely used because it is biocompatible, biodegradable, and readily available. We provide a clear overview of the chemistry of DESs and NADES and describe how gelatin forms networks in these media. The review summarizes established knowledge on adhesion, highlighting the contributions of polymer network density, interfacial hydrogen bonding, and solvent mobility. New perspectives are introduced on how these factors interact to control adhesion strength, toughness, and reversibility. A key topic is the role of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and acceptors (HBAs). They define the hydrogen bonding environment of the solvent and represent an underexplored way to tune mechanical and adhesive behavior. Examples such as moisture-resistant adhesion and temperature-responsive bonding show why these systems offer unique and adjustable properties. The review concludes by outlining major challenges, including the lack of standardized adhesion tests and constraints in scalable production, and identifying directions for future work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Biomass Fractionation to Final Biobased Polymer Nanocomposites in European Sustainable Biobased Nanomaterials Community (BIOMAC))
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34 pages, 2251 KB  
Article
Towards Cleaner Diesel Engines: Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Ammonia–Methanol Fuel Blends
by Onur Kocatepe and Güven Gonca
Processes 2026, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020298 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Decarbonization of compression-ignition engines requires evaluation of carbon-free and low-carbon fuel alternatives. Ammonia () offers zero direct carbon emissions but faces combustion challenges including low flame speed (7 ) and high auto-ignition temperature (657 °). Methanol provides improved reactivity and bound oxygen content [...] Read more.
Decarbonization of compression-ignition engines requires evaluation of carbon-free and low-carbon fuel alternatives. Ammonia () offers zero direct carbon emissions but faces combustion challenges including low flame speed (7 ) and high auto-ignition temperature (657 °). Methanol provides improved reactivity and bound oxygen content that can enhance ignition characteristics. This computational study investigates diesel–ammonia–methanol ternary fuel blends using validated three-dimensional CFD simulations (ANSYS Forte 2023 R2; ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) with merged chemical kinetic mechanisms (247 species, 2431 reactions). The model was validated against experimental in-cylinder pressure data with deviations below 5% on a single-cylinder diesel engine (510 cm3, 17.5:1 compression ratio, 1500 rpm). Ammonia energy ratios were systematically varied (10–50%) with methanol substitution levels (0–90%). Fuel preheating at 530 K was employed for high-alcohol compositions exhibiting ignition failure at standard temperature. Results demonstrate that peak cylinder pressures of 130–145 bar are achievable at 10–30% ammonia with M30K–M60K configurations, comparable to baseline diesel (140 bar). Indicated thermal efficiency reaches 38–42% at 30% ammonia-representing 5–8 percentage point improvements over diesel baseline (31%)-but declines to 30–32% at 50% ammonia due to fundamental combustion limitations. reductions scale approximately linearly with ammonia content: 35–55% at 30% ammonia and 75–78% at 50% ammonia. emissions demonstrate 30–60% reductions at efficiency-optimal configurations. Multi-objective optimization analysis identifies the A30M60K configuration (30% ammonia, 60% methanol, 530 K preheating) as optimal, achieving 42% thermal efficiency, 58% reduction, 51% reduction, and 11% power enhancement versus diesel. This configuration occupies the Pareto frontier “knee point” with cross-scenario robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Technologies in Internal Combustion Engines: Combustion Analysis and Emission Control)
25 pages, 1669 KB  
Review
Degradation and Decomposition of Holopelagic Sargassum: A Review on Process Dynamics
by Román Manuel Vásquez-Elizondo, Adrian Fagundo-Mollineda, Shrinivas Nandi and Daniel Robledo
Coasts 2026, 6(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts6010003 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
This review synthesizes the literature on the degradation and decomposition of holopelagic Sargassum, with a focus on process dynamics, including microbial contribution, process descriptions, and ecological impacts. Our objective is to consolidate a robust knowledge framework to inform and optimize management strategies [...] Read more.
This review synthesizes the literature on the degradation and decomposition of holopelagic Sargassum, with a focus on process dynamics, including microbial contribution, process descriptions, and ecological impacts. Our objective is to consolidate a robust knowledge framework to inform and optimize management strategies in affected areas. Overall, we observed that the current literature relies primarily on isolated field ecological descriptions rather than a coherent, unified research line; mechanistic studies, including bacterial pathways and factors controlling degradation, remain scarce. At the fine scale, microbial community shifts during decomposition are strongly linked to the sequential utilization of distinct organic substrates, thereby favoring the proliferation of microorganisms capable of degrading complex organic molecules and of bacterial groups involved in sulfur respiration, methanogenesis, and nutrient recycling. In the case of sulfur respiration, groups such as Desulfobacterales and Desulfovibrionales may be responsible for the reported H2S emissions, which pose significant public health concerns. At a broad scale, degradation occurs both on beaches during emersion and in the water column during immersion, particularly during massive accumulations. The initial stages are characterized by the release of organic exudates and leachates. Experimental and observational studies confirm a strong early-stage release of H2S until the substrate is largely depleted. Depending on environmental conditions, a significant amount of biomass can be lost; however, this loss is highly variable, with notable consequences for contamination studies. Leachates may also contain low but ecologically significant amounts of arsenic, posing a potential contamination risk. Decomposition contributes to water-quality deterioration and oxygen depletion, with impacts at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels, yet many remain imprecisely attributed. Although evidence of nutrient enrichment in the water column is limited, studies indicate biological nutrient uptake. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of degradation and decomposition, including temporal and spatial dynamics, microbiome interactions, by means of directed research, is critical for effective coastal management, improved mitigation strategies, industrial valorization, and accurate modeling of biogeochemical cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Anthropogenic Impacts in Marine Coastal Waters: Assessment, Case Studies and Solutions)
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13 pages, 917 KB  
Article
Presynaptic Terminal Proteins and Nicotinic Receptors Are Depleted from Mouse Parasympathetic Ganglionic Junctions Paralysed with Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
by Ahmed Al-Sabi and Gary W. Lawrence
Toxins 2026, 18(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010043 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Plasticity is fundamental to the development, strengthening, and maintenance of healthy synaptic connections and recovery from injury in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Yet, the processes involved are poorly understood. Herein, using a combination of patch-clamp electrophysiology and immuno-fluorescence confocal microscopy [...] Read more.
Plasticity is fundamental to the development, strengthening, and maintenance of healthy synaptic connections and recovery from injury in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Yet, the processes involved are poorly understood. Herein, using a combination of patch-clamp electrophysiology and immuno-fluorescence confocal microscopy in adult mice, it is shown that blockade of synaptic transmission at submandibular ganglion junctions exposed to botulinum neurotoxin type A was accompanied by a rapid and striking decline in the abundance of synaptic vesicle markers—SV2, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter—plus SNAP-25 (cleaved and intact) and postsynaptic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Such alterations by the neurotoxin of parasympathetic synapses contrast starkly with the stability of postsynaptic proteins at nearby skeletal neuromuscular junctions. Both neurotransmission and the expression of SV2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors remained depressed for 4 weeks, with full recovery of synaptic function delayed for more than 8 weeks. These novel findings may explain the relatively slow recovery of autonomic function after botulism or following therapeutic injections to alleviate hypersecretory disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Diseases in the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions)
22 pages, 1252 KB  
Article
Repairing the Urban Metabolism: A Dynamic Life-Cycle and HJB Optimization Model for Resolving Spatio-Temporal Conflicts in Shared Parking Systems
by Jiangfeng Li, Jianlong Xiang, Fujian Chen, Longxin Zeng, Haiquan Wang, Yujie Li and Zhongyi Zhai
Systems 2026, 14(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010091 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026
Abstract
Urban shared parking systems represent a complex socio-technical challenge. Despite vast potential, utilization remains persistently low (<15%), revealing a critical policy failure. To address this, this study develops a dynamic system framework based on Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) optimization to analyze [...] Read more.
Urban shared parking systems represent a complex socio-technical challenge. Despite vast potential, utilization remains persistently low (<15%), revealing a critical policy failure. To address this, this study develops a dynamic system framework based on Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) optimization to analyze and calibrate the key policy levers influencing owner participation timing (T*). The model, resolved using finite difference methods, captures the system’s non-linear threshold effects by simulating critical system parameters, including system instability (price volatility, ), internal friction (management fee, ), and demand signals (transaction ratio, Q). Simulations reveal extreme non-linear system responses: a 100% increase in system instability () delays participation by 325.5%. More critically, a 100% surge in internal friction (management fees) delays T* by 492% and triggers a 95% revenue collapse—demonstrating the risk of systemic collapse. Conversely, a 20% rise in the demand signal (Q) advances T* by 100% (immediate participation), indicating the system can be rapidly shifted to a new equilibrium by activating positive feedback loops. These findings support a sequenced calibration strategy: regulators must first manage instability via price stabilization, then counteract high friction with subsidies (e.g., 60%), and amplify demand loops. The LCC framework provides a novel dynamic decision support system for calibrating complex urban transportation systems, offering policymakers a tool for scenario testing to accelerate policy adoption and alleviate urban congestion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Complex Systems and Cybernetics)
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