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23 pages, 1061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Element Evaluation and Selection for Multi-Column Redundant Long-Linear-Array Detectors Using a Modified Z-Score

by Xiaowei Jia, Xiuju Li and Changpei Han

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020224 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

New-generation geostationary meteorological satellite radiometric imagers widely employ multi-column redundant long-linear-array detectors, for which the Best Detector Selection (BDS) strategy is crucial for enhancing the quality of remote sensing data. Addressing the limitation of current BDS methods that often rely on a single [...] Read more.

New-generation geostationary meteorological satellite radiometric imagers widely employ multi-column redundant long-linear-array detectors, for which the Best Detector Selection (BDS) strategy is crucial for enhancing the quality of remote sensing data. Addressing the limitation of current BDS methods that often rely on a single metric and thus fail to fully exploit the detector’s comprehensive performance, this paper proposes a detector evaluation method based on a modified Z-score. This method systematically categorizes detector metrics into three types: positive, negative, and uniformity. It introduces, for the first time, spectral response deviation (SRD) as an effective quantitative measure for the Spectral Response Function (SRF) and employs a robust normalization strategy using the Interquartile Range (IQR) instead of standard deviation, enabling multi-dimensional detector evaluation and selection. Validation using laboratory data from the FY-4C/AGRI long-wave infrared band demonstrates that, compared to traditional single-metric optimization strategies, the best detectors selected by our method show significant improvement across multiple performance indicators, markedly enhancing both data quality and overall system performance. The proposed method features low computational complexity and strong adaptability, supporting on-orbit real-time detector optimization and dynamic updates, thereby providing reliable technical support for high-quality processing of remote sensing data from geostationary meteorological satellites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Data Preprocessing and Calibration)

34 pages, 595 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scaffolding Probabilistic Reasoning in Civil Engineering Education: Integrating AI Tutoring with Simulation-Based Learning

by Jize Zhang

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010103 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Undergraduate civil engineering students frequently struggle to transition from deterministic to probabilistic reasoning, a conceptual shift essential for modern structural design practice governed by reliability-based codes. This paper presents a design-based research (DBR) contribution and a theoretically grounded pedagogical framework that integrates AI-powered [...] Read more.

Undergraduate civil engineering students frequently struggle to transition from deterministic to probabilistic reasoning, a conceptual shift essential for modern structural design practice governed by reliability-based codes. This paper presents a design-based research (DBR) contribution and a theoretically grounded pedagogical framework that integrates AI-powered conversational tutoring with interactive simulations to scaffold this transition. The framework synthesizes cognitive load theory, scaffolding principles, self-regulated learning research, and threshold concepts theory. The design incorporates three novel elements: (1) a structured misconception inventory specific to structural reliability, derived from literature and expert elicitation, with each misconception linked to targeted intervention strategies; (2) an integration architecture connecting large language model tutoring with domain-specific simulations, where simulation states inform tutoring and misconception detection triggers targeted activities; and (3) a scaffolded module sequence building systematically from deterministic foundations through probability concepts to reliability analysis methods. Sequential modules progress from uncertainty recognition through Monte Carlo simulation and design applications. We provide technical specifications for the implementation of AI tutoring, including prompt engineering strategies, accuracy safeguards that address known limitations of large language models (LLMs), and protocols for escalation to human instructors. An assessment framework specifies concept inventory items, process measures, and practical competence tasks. Ultimately, this paper provides testable conjectures and identifies conditions under which the framework might fail, structuring subsequent empirical validation with student participants following institutional ethics approval. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Technology Enhanced Education)

14 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

All-Pay Auctions with Different Forfeits

by Benjamin Kang and James Unwin

Games 2026, 17(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/g17010002 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

In an auction, each party bids a certain amount, and the one who bids the highest is the winner. Interestingly, auctions can also be used as models for other real-world systems. In an all-pay auction all parties must pay a forfeit for bidding. [...] Read more.

In an auction, each party bids a certain amount, and the one who bids the highest is the winner. Interestingly, auctions can also be used as models for other real-world systems. In an all-pay auction all parties must pay a forfeit for bidding. In the most commonly studied all-pay auction, parties forfeit their entire bid, and this has been considered as a model for expenditure on political campaigns. Here, we consider a number of alternative forfeits that might be used as models for different real-world competitions, such as preparing bids for defense or infrastructure contracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Game-Theoretical Analysis of the Division of Labor and Trade Conflict)

16 pages, 4747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Genome Analysis of a Historical Strain of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri Reveals Structural Variations

by Wenting Li, Li He, Bin Guan, Xiaoxue Zeng, Zheng Zheng and Jian He

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020702 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Plant disease specimens are invaluable resources for investigating the origin and spread mechanisms of plant pathogenic microorganisms. Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in citrus production. Here, we report the [...] Read more.

Plant disease specimens are invaluable resources for investigating the origin and spread mechanisms of plant pathogenic microorganisms. Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in citrus production. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Xcc strain GD82, isolated from Guangdong Province during the early outbreak stage in the 1980s. Comparative analysis with modern genomes revealed key differences in structural variations, functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and phage-related fragments, suggesting potential associations between insertions/deletions (InDels) and pathogenicity or environmental adaptation. This study provides critical insights into the evolutionary trajectory of Xcc and the epidemiological dynamics of citrus canker in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

30 pages, 934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tau-Theory-Based Guidance Methodology for Helicopter Obstacle Field Navigation

by Ceren C. Esmek and Jonnalagadda V. R. Prasad

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020260 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents a Tau-theory-based guidance methodology for obstacle avoidance in low-altitude, high-speed rotorcraft operations, especially within obstacle-dense and degraded visual environments (DVEs). A geometric approach is employed to develop the obstacle avoidance algorithms. The methodology considers both inner-loop and outer-loop guidance with [...] Read more.

This study presents a Tau-theory-based guidance methodology for obstacle avoidance in low-altitude, high-speed rotorcraft operations, especially within obstacle-dense and degraded visual environments (DVEs). A geometric approach is employed to develop the obstacle avoidance algorithms. The methodology considers both inner-loop and outer-loop guidance with a decision logic that determines the appropriate maneuver (turn, climb, or deceleration) based on real-time analysis of the environment and the helicopter’s operational limits. Extensive desktop simulations conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, using FLIGHTLAB^® high-fidelity nonlinear models and different pilot models, demonstrate the method’s ability to guide pilots with safe and efficient trajectories for obstacle field navigation. These findings lay the groundwork for potential real-world implementations in both manned and autonomous rotorcraft missions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Theory and Applications, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 9522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Precise Mapping of Linear Shelterbelt Forests in Agricultural Landscapes: A Deep Learning Benchmarking Study

by Wenjie Zhou, Lizhi Liu, Ruiqi Liu, Fei Chen, Liyu Yang, Linfeng Qin and Ruiheng Lyu

Forests 2026, 17(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010091 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Farmland shelterbelts are crucial elements in safeguarding agricultural ecological security and sustainable development, with their precise extraction being vital for regional ecological monitoring and precision agriculture management. However, constrained by their narrow linear distribution, complex farmland backgrounds, and spectral confusion issues, traditional remote [...] Read more.

Farmland shelterbelts are crucial elements in safeguarding agricultural ecological security and sustainable development, with their precise extraction being vital for regional ecological monitoring and precision agriculture management. However, constrained by their narrow linear distribution, complex farmland backgrounds, and spectral confusion issues, traditional remote sensing methods encounter significant challenges in terms of accuracy and generalization capability. In this study, six representative deep learning semantic segmentation models—U-Net, Attention U-Net (AttU_Net), ResU-Net, U²-Net, SwinUNet, and TransUNet—were systematically evaluated for farmland shelterbelt extraction using high-resolution Gaofen-6 imagery. Model performance was assessed through four-fold cross-validation and independent test set validation. The results indicate that convolutional neural network (CNN)-based models show overall better performance than Transformer-based architectures; on the independent test set, the best-performing CNN model (U-Net) achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 91.45%, while the lowest DSC (88.86%) was obtained by the Transformer-based TransUNet model. Among the evaluated models, U-Net demonstrated a favorable balance between accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency. The trained U-Net was applied to large-scale farmland shelterbelt mapping in the study area (Alar City, Xinjiang), achieving a belt-level visual accuracy of 95.58% based on 385 manually interpreted samples. Qualitative demonstrations in Aksu City and Shaya County illustrated model transferability. This study provides empirical guidance for model selection in high-resolution agricultural remote sensing and offers a feasible technical solution for large-scale and precise farmland shelterbelt extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Disturbance Monitoring by Remote Sensing: Advancements and Applications)

28 pages, 1070 KB

Open AccessArticle

Weather Routing Optimisation for Ships with Wind-Assisted Propulsion

by Ageliki Kytariolou and Nikos Themelis

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020148 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) has gained considerable interest as a means of reducing fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, with further benefits when combined with weather-optimized routing. This study employs and extends a National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) weather-routing optimization tool [...] Read more.

Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) has gained considerable interest as a means of reducing fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, with further benefits when combined with weather-optimized routing. This study employs and extends a National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) weather-routing optimization tool to more realistically assess WASP performance through integrated modeling. The original tool minimized fuel consumption using forecasted weather data and a physics-based performance model. A previous extension to account for the WASP effect introduced a 1-Degree Of Freedom (DOF) model that accounted only for longitudinal hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces, estimating the reduced main-engine power required to maintain speed in given conditions. The current study incorporates a 3-DOF model that includes side forces and yaw moments, capturing resulting drift and rudder deflection effects. A Kamsarmax bulk carrier equipped with suction sails served as the case study. Initial simulations across various operating and weather conditions compared the two models. The 1-DOF model predicted fuel-saving potential up to 26% for the tested apparent wind speed and the range of possible headings, whereas the 3-DOF model indicated that transverse effects reduce WASP benefits by 2–7%. Differences in Main Engine (ME) power estimates between the two models reached up to 7% Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) depending on the speed of wind. The study then applied both models within a weather-routing optimization framework to assess whether the optimal routes produced by each model differ and to quantify performance losses. It was found that the revised optimal route derived from the 3-DOF model improved total Fuel Oil Consumption (FOC) savings by 1.25% compared with the route optimized using the 1-DOF model when both were evaluated with the 3-DOF model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency Optimization Technologies for Shipping Decarbonization)

17 pages, 1758 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population-Level Effects Shape Nutritional Modulation of Bt Susceptibility in a Caterpillar Pest

by Carrie A. Deans, Gregory A. Sword, Spencer T. Behmer, Eric C. Burkness, Marianne Pusztai-Carey and William D. Hutchison

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020174 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Plant nutrient content is spatially and temporally dynamic, exposing insect herbivores to substantial nutritional variability. Such variability can constrain insects to feeding on sub-optimal diets, but it can also allow them to regulate their intake towards an optimal nutrient balance. Nutrient regulation is [...] Read more.

Plant nutrient content is spatially and temporally dynamic, exposing insect herbivores to substantial nutritional variability. Such variability can constrain insects to feeding on sub-optimal diets, but it can also allow them to regulate their intake towards an optimal nutrient balance. Nutrient regulation is important in pest management, as the nutritional state of insects may alter their susceptibility to insecticides. Diet macronutrient balance has been shown to significantly affect the susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea larvae to endotoxins produced by transgenic crops containing Bacillus thurigiensis (Bt) genes. However, this was demonstrated using a highly inbred laboratory strain, limiting extrapolation to field populations. Here, we test the impact of field-relevant macronutrient variability on the efficacy of two Bt toxins across three field populations to increase the relevance to resistance monitoring and management. While differences in susceptibility were limited across populations, dietary effects were highly population specific. The Bt toxin that was most affected by diet and the diet that supported optimal survival and performance varied across populations. These findings indicate that nutrition can strongly influence Bt susceptibility, but these effects are influenced by population-level differences. To accurately assess Bt susceptibility in the field, bioassay diets should be tailored to the nutritional ecology of local populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and Pests Management)

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22 pages, 1190 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Agonists Exert Antitumor Effect in a Mouse Melanoma Model

by Gheorghita Isvoranu, Mihaela Surcel, Ana-Maria Enciu, Adriana Narcisa Munteanu, Monica Neagu, Andrei Marian Niculae, Gabriela Chiritoiu, Cristian V.A. Munteanu and Marioara Chiritoiu-Butnaru

Medicina 2026, 62(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010141 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors with an essential role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune response. Given their pleiotropic effects in mounting an immune response, previous studies have proposed targeting these TLRs might render alternative [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors with an essential role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune response. Given their pleiotropic effects in mounting an immune response, previous studies have proposed targeting these TLRs might render alternative strategies for cancer therapy. Synthetic immune response modifiers, such as imidazoquinolines, stimulate the immune cells by activating Toll-like receptors, particularly TLR7/8 receptors, consequently mounting an immune response. Agonists of this class activate, via TLR-mediated signaling, dendritic and B cells, as well as myeloid cells and T cells, thus exhibiting good prospects for cancer immunotherapy. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the effect of imiquimod and gardiquimod, two TLR 7 and 7/8 agonists, respectively, on tumor growth and phenotype of NK cells associated with melanoma. Materials and Methods: We generated a syngeneic model of melanoma in C57BL/6J mice by subcutaneously injecting murine melanoma cells and monitoring tumor growth. Starting on day 8 or 14, we applied TLR agonists either intratumorally or topically and followed the tumor dynamics and NK cell-associated pattern. Results: Our results suggest that both TLR agonists displayed an antitumor effect along with a phenotypically activated profile of NK cells. Both imiquimod and gardiquimod treatment inhibited tumor growth, with gardiquimod showing an increased potency compared to imiquimod. Conclusions: This implies that TLR agonists like imiquimod and gardiquimod could serve as neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or complementary immunotherapeutic agents in melanoma therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

28 pages, 5849 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New Modified CDP Constitutive Model for Jute Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Its Sustainable Application in Precast Cable Trench Joints

by Luying Ju, Jianfeng Zhu, Weijun Zhong, Mingfang Ba, Kai Shu, Xinying Fang, Jiayu Jin and Yucheng Zou

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020707 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the dual challenges of improving precast cable trench joint performance and promoting solid waste recycling for carbon neutrality, this study developed a jute fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (JFRAC) and established a complete technical chain via experiments and numerical simulations. Compressive strength [...] Read more.

To address the dual challenges of improving precast cable trench joint performance and promoting solid waste recycling for carbon neutrality, this study developed a jute fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (JFRAC) and established a complete technical chain via experiments and numerical simulations. Compressive strength tests were conducted on JFRAC with varying jute fiber volume content and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement ratio to obtain their influence on the stress–strain relationship. A modified Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model was proposed by introducing correction coefficients for compressive strength and elastic modulus, achieving over 95% agreement with experimental data. Finite element simulations of cable trench joints showed that JFRAC outperforms C30 concrete, with the same compressive strength, in ultimate bearing capacity (↑4.17%), peak displacement (↑18.78%), and ductility (↑14.66%). JFRAC provides substantial environmental and economic advantages by reducing carbon emissions by 2.29% and saving costs of CNY 62.43 per meter of precast cable trench. Parametric studies indicated bolt grade and number are the primary performance influencers. Bolt grade’s impact diminishes as it increases from 8.8 to 10.9, while bolt number linearly enhances load-bearing capacity. This study provides a feasible path for JFRAC to replace conventional concrete in cable trenches, realizing both economic and environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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17 pages, 698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biofortification of Baby Leaf Lettuce with Iron and Zinc: Agronomic and Nutritional Impacts

by Gildeon Santos Brito, Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho, Fernanda Abduche Galvão Pimentel, Gean Rodrigues Rossi, Francisco Laurimar do Nascimento Andrade, Daniel Pietragala Alves and Alexandre Rinaldi Humel Junior

Agriculture 2026, 16(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020175 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Inadequate intake of Fe and Zn is prevalent in a large part of the world’s population, and agronomic biofortification has been a strategy to improve the nutritional quality of food and, consequently, the nutrient intake by people. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.

Inadequate intake of Fe and Zn is prevalent in a large part of the world’s population, and agronomic biofortification has been a strategy to improve the nutritional quality of food and, consequently, the nutrient intake by people. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Fe and Zn concentrations in the nutrient solution on the morphophysiological traits, nutritional quality, and biofortification of two cultivars of baby leaf lettuce in a deep water technique hydroponic system. Two experiments were conducted, one with ‘Vanda’ lettuce (green) and the other with ‘Luminosa’ lettuce (reddish). Six treatments were evaluated, in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to the concentrations of Fe (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L⁻¹) and Zn (0.06 and 0.24 mg L⁻¹), with four replicates. ‘Vanda’ proved to be more productive, while ‘Luminosa’ has a higher nutraceutical value. The growth traits, yield, and leaf contents of carotenoids and anthocyanins of both cultivars were not influenced by the increase in Fe and Zn concentrations in the nutrient solution. There was a 25% and a 33% increase in the content of phenolic compounds in ‘Vanda’ and ‘Luminosa’, respectively, when the Fe concentration increased from 2 to 8 mg L⁻¹. The Fe content in ‘Vanda’ was influenced only by the Fe concentration in the nutrient solution and increased by 13% between 2 and 8 mg L⁻¹ of Fe. For ‘Luminosa’, there was an interaction, but the highest Fe contents in the shoot were observed with 8 mg L⁻¹ of Fe, which were 24 and 38% higher than those obtained with 2 mg L⁻¹ of Fe at Zn concentrations of 0.06 and 0.24 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The study showed the importance of evaluating the biofortification for cultivars. While ‘Vanda’ baby leaf was biofortified only with Fe, ‘Luminosa’ was biofortified with both micronutrients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greens—Biofortification for Improved Nutritional Quality)

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32 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Green Finance on Urban Ecological and Environmental Resilience: Evidence from China

by Siyuan Wang and Bingnan Guo

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020706 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

China’s Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zones (GFRIPZ) policy has emerged as a central instrument for promoting sustainable urban development and strengthening Urban Ecological and Environmental Resilience (UEER). However, systematic evidence on its actual effectiveness remains scarce. This study applies a difference-in-differences [...] Read more.

China’s Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zones (GFRIPZ) policy has emerged as a central instrument for promoting sustainable urban development and strengthening Urban Ecological and Environmental Resilience (UEER). However, systematic evidence on its actual effectiveness remains scarce. This study applies a difference-in-differences (DID) model to panel data for 279 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2022 to identify the causal impact of the GFRIPZ policy on UEER and to examine its transmission mechanisms and heterogeneity. Specifically, we incorporate green innovation efficiency and environmental regulation intensity to test the technological and regulatory channels through which green finance operates. The empirical results show that: (1) the GFRIPZ policy significantly improves UEER, and this finding is robust across a range of alternative specifications and robustness checks. (2) Green innovation efficiency and environmental regulation intensity serve as key mechanisms through which the policy enhances UEER. (3) The policy effect is stronger in eastern cities, megacities, small cities, and non-resource-based cities, while it is relatively weaker in central and western cities, medium-sized cities, and resource-based cities. These findings provide additional empirical evidence to inform the refinement and further advancement of the GFRIPZ policy and offer evidence-based implications for urban green development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

19 pages, 3378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parallel Optimization for Coupled Lattice Boltzmann-Finite Volume Method on Heterogeneous Many-Core Supercomputer

by Xiaojing Lv, Chengsheng Wu, Zhao Liu, Yujing Fan, Jianchun Wang, Yaying Zhang, Yixing Jin and Xuesen Chu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020721 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Nowadays various coupling strategies have been developed to combine the strengths of different numerical methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), among which the coupled algorithm of the lattice Boltzmann-finite volume method (LBM-FVM) has gained widespread attention. However, research on parallel optimization of LBM-FVM [...] Read more.

Nowadays various coupling strategies have been developed to combine the strengths of different numerical methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), among which the coupled algorithm of the lattice Boltzmann-finite volume method (LBM-FVM) has gained widespread attention. However, research on parallel optimization of LBM-FVM coupled solvers remains limited, mostly focused on independent solvers. In this work, we proposed a flexible framework and optimization schemes to explore the coordinated balance of accuracy-efficiency-hardware adaptability. First, we designed a processor layout strategy to address load imbalance and communication redundancy in the coupled solver. We then developed several parallelization techniques, including LBM restructuring, data reuse, and SIMD optimization for targeted kernels on the most advanced architecture of the Sunway series in China, namely SW26010P heterogeneous many-core processors, which provide hardware architectural advantages well suited for large-scale parallel computational fluid dynamics. Finally, the accuracy of the LBM-FVM coupling simulations was validated through benchmark simulations of 2D/3D lid-driven cavity flow. The results show that our LBM-FVM coupling solver can accurately capture flow characteristics, with vortex structures consistent with experimental data. Additionally, we achieved a 152× speedup for the LBM solver and a 126× speedup for the coupled simulation compared to the standalone FVM simulation on the New Sunway supercomputer system. Our approach marks a milestone in the field of LBM implementations and provides a promising future for coupled algorithms in CFD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics: 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 9649 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Nanoparticle Stability and Microstructural Evolution of 9Cr-ODS Steel Under Fe Ion Irradiation at Elevated Temperatures

by Yaxia Wei, Wei Qian, Pengfei Zheng, Min Xu, Yifan Zhang, Jing Wang, Jiale Huang, Jintao Zhang and Bingsheng Li

Materials 2026, 19(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020287 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

The stability of nanoparticles (NPs) in ODS steel is an important factor affecting their long-term service behavior. In the current work, the 9Cr-ODS steel samples were irradiated using 3.5 MeV Fe¹³⁺ ion irradiation up to 20 dpa at 350–650 °C, and the [...] Read more.

The stability of nanoparticles (NPs) in ODS steel is an important factor affecting their long-term service behavior. In the current work, the 9Cr-ODS steel samples were irradiated using 3.5 MeV Fe¹³⁺ ion irradiation up to 20 dpa at 350–650 °C, and the microstructure stability was studied using the transmission electron microscope. The correlation between the particle coarsening rate and the irradiation depth has been investigated. The results show that fine Y-Ti-O NPs undergo coarsening under irradiation at 350 and 500 °C, and the coarsening rate shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in depth. NP coarsening reached its peak at a certain depth, and the peak depth increased with the increase in irradiation temperature. While the coarsening was inhibited at 650 °C, almost no changes in particle size were observed, only slightly coarsening at the end of the irradiation layer. In addition, b = 1/2<111> type dislocation loops were dominant at 350 °C, and the formation of b = <100> type dislocation loops was confirmed at 500 °C. Dislocation lines were formed at 650 °C. Additionally, the segregation of Cr, O, C, Y, and Ti toward the surface in the irradiated layer was observed due to the surface effect. The stability of NPs with irradiation temperature is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Damage and Radiation Defects of Materials)

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26 pages, 36633 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Thick-Skulled Troodontid Theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Mexico

by Hector E. Rivera-Sylva, Martha C. Aguillón-Martinez, Jose Flores-Ventura, Ivan E. Sánchez-Uribe, Jose Ruben Guzman-Gutierrez and Nicholas R. Longrich

Diversity 2026, 18(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010038 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dinosaurs repeatedly evolved adaptations for sexual selection over their 150-million year history, including adaptations for display and intraspecific combat. Adaptations for intraspecific combat have not previously been described in non-avian maniraptorans. We report a troodontid from the Campanian Cerro del Pueblo Formation of [...] Read more.

Dinosaurs repeatedly evolved adaptations for sexual selection over their 150-million year history, including adaptations for display and intraspecific combat. Adaptations for intraspecific combat have not previously been described in non-avian maniraptorans. We report a troodontid from the Campanian Cerro del Pueblo Formation of Coahuila, Mexico, showing a thickened and domed skull roof. The cranium is domed and bones are extremely thick, a morphology convergent on that of Pachycephalosauridae. Referred specimens show less thickening or doming, suggesting ontogenetic changes or perhaps sexual dimorphism. The holotype shows fusion of the frontal midline suture and tightly interdigitating sutures between skull bones, and a rugose skull roof. The specializations seen here suggest adaptation for intraspecific combat, specifically head-butting as hypothesized for pachycephalosaurids and pachyrhinosaurin ceratopsids. Repeated evolution of elaborate weapons and display features in the Cretaceous suggests that sexual selection became increasingly important in dinosaur evolution during the Cretaceous. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

17 pages, 1552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Suitability of Single-Branched Thoracic Endografts for the Treatment of Acute Type B Aortic Dissection—An Anatomical Feasibility and Comparative Study

by Julius Lang, Lorenz Meuli, Philip Dueppers, Alexander Zimmerman and Benedikt Reutersberg

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020558 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluated the anatomical suitability of two single-branched thoracic stent grafts—the Castor (Endovastec, China) and the Thoracic Branch Endoprosthesis (TBE, Gore, USA)—for proximal landing in aortic arch zone 2, including the left subclavian artery (LSA), in patients with acute type [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study evaluated the anatomical suitability of two single-branched thoracic stent grafts—the Castor (Endovastec, China) and the Thoracic Branch Endoprosthesis (TBE, Gore, USA)—for proximal landing in aortic arch zone 2, including the left subclavian artery (LSA), in patients with acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD). While the TBE is currently available as an off-the-shelf device (26 main bodies, 8 branch configurations), the study also aimed to define the minimal number of configurations needed to treat most patients. The same approach was applied to the Castor stent graft, currently only available as a custom-made device (CMD), to assess its potential for off-the-shelf adaptation. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on computed tomographic angiographies of TBAD patients treated between 2004 and 2023. Exclusion criteria included type A or non-A-non-B dissections, isolated abdominal dissections, intramural hematomas, and lack of consent. Morphometric measurements were conducted using centerline analysis software. Suitability was defined per manufacturers’ criteria and reported with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Among 100 TBAD cases, 82% (95% CI: 73.3–88.3%) were suitable for the Castor CMD with 74 configurations. Main causes of exclusion were short landing zones and atypical arch anatomies. With adjunctive procedures, 13 Castor configurations covered all morphologies; 34% could be treated off-the-shelf, and 48% required additional interventions. For the TBE, off-the-shelf suitability was 22%, increasing to 78% with adjunctive procedures (six main bodies, five branches). Conclusions: Both stent grafts are promising for proximal extension in TBAD. Reduced configuration availability necessitates more adjunctive procedures, impacting efficiency and cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Treatment and Prognosis for Acute Type A and Type B Aortic Dissections)

24 pages, 5639 KB

Open AccessArticle

TransUV: A TransNeXt-Based Model with Multi-Scale and Attention Fusion for Fine-Grained Urban Village Extraction

by Xiaobao Lin, Yu Wang, Yaming Zhou, Guangjun Wang and Sai Chen

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020223 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Urban villages (UVs) are widespread in rapidly urbanizing regions, but their fine-grained delineation from high-resolution remote sensing imagery remains a challenge due to complex spatial textures and ambiguous boundaries. To address this issue, this paper proposes TransUV, a TransNeXt-based encoder–decoder segmentation framework tailored [...] Read more.

Urban villages (UVs) are widespread in rapidly urbanizing regions, but their fine-grained delineation from high-resolution remote sensing imagery remains a challenge due to complex spatial textures and ambiguous boundaries. To address this issue, this paper proposes TransUV, a TransNeXt-based encoder–decoder segmentation framework tailored to UV extraction. At the encoder front end, a Multi-level Feature Enhancement Module (MFEM) injects boundary- and texture-aware inductive bias by combining Laplacian-of-Gaussian (LoG) filtering with Gaussian smoothing, which strengthens edge responses while suppressing noise. At the decoder stage, we design a lightweight SegUV decoder equipped with an Advanced Attention Fusion Module (AAFM) that adaptively fuses multi-scale features using complementary channel, spatial, and directional attention. Experiments on 0.5 m imagery from two Chinese cities demonstrate that TransUV achieves an mIoU of 86.67% and an overall accuracy of 92.98%, significantly outperforming other mainstream models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section AI Remote Sensing)

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27 pages, 2319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Buckthorn, Aronia, and Black Currant Pruning Waste Biomass as a Source of Multifunctional Skin-Protecting Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Cream Ingredients

by Anna Andersone, Anna Ramata-Stunda, Natalija Zaharova, Liga Petersone, Gints Rieksts, Uldis Spulle, Galina Telysheva and Sarmite Janceva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020701 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Fruit shrubs’ lignocellulosic biomass remaining as waste after harvesting and/or after pruning is an underutilized, little-explored bioresource. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) berries are rich in biologically active compounds, so these [...] Read more.

Fruit shrubs’ lignocellulosic biomass remaining as waste after harvesting and/or after pruning is an underutilized, little-explored bioresource. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) berries are rich in biologically active compounds, so these shrubs’ woody biomass derivatives are prospective investigation objects. The influence of pre-treated biomass, extracts, and purified proanthocyanidins on the oxidative stability of lipid-based systems was studied by accelerated oxidation method. Emulsion stability, antimicrobial activity against bacteria that causes acne—Cutibacterium acnes; contaminating wounds; skin care products—Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus; cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of extracts and proanthocyanidins on HaCaT human keratinocytes were tested. The study established that biomass, lipophilic extracts obtained using liquefied hydrofluorocarbon, and hydrophilic extracts obtained by aqueous ethanol increased oxidative stability of lipid-based formulations. Compounds with skin-protecting properties were detected. Sea buckthorn and aronia hydrophilic extracts and proanthocyanidins had the highest antimicrobial activity. Low phototoxicity was revealed, emphasizing safety and applicability in topical formulations; human HaCaT keratinocyte viability was the best with aronia extracts, but none of the other samples decreased cell viability by more than 50%. It was proven that agro-waste biomass is a prospective source of multifunctional ingredients for cosmetic and pharmaceutical topical formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IJMS 25th Anniversary: Updates and Progress on Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)

16 pages, 260 KB

Open AccessCommentary

COMPASS Guidelines for Conducting Welfare-Focused Research into Behaviour Modification of Animals

by Paul D. McGreevy, David J. Mellor, Rafael Freire, Kate Fenner, Katrina Merkies, Amanda Warren-Smith, Mette Uldahl, Melissa Starling, Amy Lykins, Andrew McLean, Orla Doherty, Ella Bradshaw-Wiley, Rimini Quinn, Cristina L. Wilkins, Janne Winther Christensen, Bidda Jones, Lisa Ashton, Barbara Padalino, Claire O’ Brien, Caleigh Copelin, Colleen Brady and Cathrynne Henshall Show full author list Hide full author list

Animals 2026, 16(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020206 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Researchers are increasingly engaged in studies to determine and correct negative welfare consequences of animal husbandry and behaviour modification procedures, not least in response to industries’ growing need to maintain their social licence through demonstrable welfare standards that address public expectations. To ensure [...] Read more.

Researchers are increasingly engaged in studies to determine and correct negative welfare consequences of animal husbandry and behaviour modification procedures, not least in response to industries’ growing need to maintain their social licence through demonstrable welfare standards that address public expectations. To ensure that welfare recommendations are scientifically credible, the studies must be rigorously designed and conducted, and the data produced must be interpreted with full regard to conceptual, methodological, and experimental design limitations. This commentary provides guidance on these matters. In addition to, and complementary with, the ARRIVE guidelines that deal with animal studies in general, there is a need for additional specific advice on the design of studies directed at procedures that alter behaviour, whether through training, handling, or restraint. The COMPASS Guidelines offer clear direction for conducting welfare-focused behaviour modification research. They stand for the following: Controls and Calibration, emphasising rigorous design, baseline measures, equipment calibration, and replicability; Objectivity and Open data, ensuring transparency, validated tools, and data accessibility; Motivation and Methods, with a focus on learning theory, behavioural science, and evidence-based application of positive reinforcers and aversive stimuli; Precautions and Protocols, embedding the precautionary principle, minimising welfare harms, listing stop criteria, and using real-time monitoring; Animal-centred Assessment, with multimodal welfare evaluation, using physiological, behavioural, functional, and objective indicators; Study ethics and Standards, noting the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement), welfare endpoints, long-term effects, industry independence, and risk–benefit analysis; and Species-relevance and Scientific rigour, facilitating cross-species applicability with real-world relevance and robust methodology. To describe these guidelines, the current article is organised into seven major sections that outline detailed, point-by-point considerations for ethical and scientifically rigorous design. It concludes with a call for continuous improvement and collaboration. A major purpose is to assist animal ethics committees when considering the design of experiments. It is also anticipated that these Guidelines will assist reviewers and editorial teams in triaging manuscripts that report studies in this context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

22 pages, 946 KB

Open AccessReview

Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis/Encephalopathy: An Update

by Jintian Wei, Haoying Huang, Xiaohuan Wu, Yi Xu and Xiaohui Wang

Viruses 2026, 18(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010095 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (IAE) is a severe neurological complication characterized by central nervous system dysfunction and structural damage following influenza virus infection. Predominantly affecting infants and young children, IAE exhibits its highest incidence in those under five years of age. Key clinical manifestations of [...] Read more.

Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (IAE) is a severe neurological complication characterized by central nervous system dysfunction and structural damage following influenza virus infection. Predominantly affecting infants and young children, IAE exhibits its highest incidence in those under five years of age. Key clinical manifestations of IAE include acute seizures, sudden high fever, and impaired consciousness, frequently progressing to coma. Neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often reveals multifocal brain lesions involving multiple brain regions, including the cerebellum, brainstem, and corpus callosum. The prognosis of IAE is poor, with a mortality rate reaching 30%. Current diagnosis relies heavily on clinical presentation and characteristic neuroimaging findings, as the precise pathogenesis of IAE remains elusive. While various research models, including cell lines, brain organoids, and animal models, have been developed to recapitulate IAE features, significant limitations persist in modeling the core clinical pathophysiology observed in pediatric patients, necessitating further model refinement. This review synthesizes the clinical spectrum of IAE, summarizes progress in understanding its pathogenesis, and critically evaluates existing research models. We aim to provide a foundation for utilizing experimental approaches to elucidate IAE mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Viruses in Children)

20 pages, 5799 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Multi-Source Geospatial Data and Machine Learning Models for Hourly Near-Surface Air Temperature Mapping

by Zexiang Yan, Yixu Chen, Ruoxue Li and Meiling Gao

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010071 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurate estimation of hourly near-surface air temperature (NSAT) is critical for climate analysis, environmental monitoring, and urban thermal studies. However, existing temperature datasets remain constrained by coarse spatial resolution and limited hourly accuracy. This study systematically evaluates four widely used land surface temperature [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of hourly near-surface air temperature (NSAT) is critical for climate analysis, environmental monitoring, and urban thermal studies. However, existing temperature datasets remain constrained by coarse spatial resolution and limited hourly accuracy. This study systematically evaluates four widely used land surface temperature (LST) datasets—MODIS, ERA5-Land, FY-2F, and CGLS—and five machine learning models (RF, MDN, DNN, XGBoost, and GTNNWR) for NSAT estimation across two contrasting regions in Shaanxi, China: a complex-terrain region in southwestern Shaanxi and the urban area of Xi’an. Results demonstrate that single-source LST inputs outperform multi-source LST stacking, largely due to compounded systematic biases across heterogeneous datasets. MODIS provides the best performance in the mountainous region, while CGLS excels in the urban environment. Among all models, GTNNWR—which explicitly captures spatiotemporal non-stationarity—consistently achieves the highest accuracy, reducing RMSE by 44.8% and 44.2% relative to the second-best model in the two study areas, respectively, whereas the remaining four models exhibit broadly comparable performance. This work identifies effective data–model configurations for generating high-resolution hourly NSAT products and provides methodological insights for climate and environmental applications in regions with complex terrain or strong urban heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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17 pages, 10748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Synergy and Dual-Dimensional Correlation of Xinjiang’s Tourism Industry Clusters

by Jiao Jin, Jiannan Hou, Sitong Chen and Bin Chu

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020705 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

As a core sector of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and dual-circulation pattern, Xinjiang’s cultural tourism industry—its ninth-largest industrial cluster—plays a key role in enhancing industrial competitiveness and regional coordinated development. To fill the research gap of insufficient analysis on China’s western [...] Read more.

As a core sector of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and dual-circulation pattern, Xinjiang’s cultural tourism industry—its ninth-largest industrial cluster—plays a key role in enhancing industrial competitiveness and regional coordinated development. To fill the research gap of insufficient analysis on China’s western frontier regions in existing tourism cluster studies, this research focuses on 14 prefecture-level cities in Xinjiang (2009–2023) and innovatively adopts a spatiotemporal synergy and dual-dimensional correlation framework, addressing the limitations of previous single-dimensional research. Tourism Location Quotient (TLQ) quantified specialized agglomeration, Local Moran’s I identified spatial correlation patterns, gravity models analyzed horizontal inter-cluster interactions, and Gray Relational Model (GRM) measured vertical driving relationships between cluster development and related dimensions. This approach facilitates an in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution trajectory of Xinjiang’s tourism clusters and their horizontal-vertical linkage mechanisms. Findings show: (1) Xinjiang’s tourism clusters present a spatial pattern of “Northern Xinjiang as the core, Eastern Xinjiang with differentiated development, and Southern Xinjiang as lagging.” With narrowing regional gaps, their evolution transitions from a “fixed gradient” to “co-evolution.” (2) Agglomeration effects are significant: Urumqi propels Northern Xinjiang to form a “high-high agglomeration zone,” while Southern Xinjiang remains a “low-low agglomeration zone” led by Kashgar. (3) Horizontal linkages evolve from a Urumqi-centered single-core structure to a multi-axis cluster network, and vertical linkages are mainly driven by destination attractiveness and economic support capacity. This study clarifies the spatiotemporal evolution logic and associated driving mechanisms of tourism clusters in arid, multi-ethnic frontier regions, providing a scientific basis for optimizing regional tourism layouts and promoting high-quality development. Full article

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13 pages, 649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Utility of Serum Activating Transcription Factor 4 and Toll-like Receptor 4 as Early Biomarkers of Inflammation in Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

by Isa Yalcinkaya, Iskender Ekinci, Seyma Dumur, Eda Nur Duran, Hafize Uzun, Melda Yalcinkaya, Elif Kadioglu Yeniyurt, Omer Vehbi Alpaydin, Gulden Anataca and Omur Tabak

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020559 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the serum activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels in patients with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and to explain the mechanism in the inflammatory and fibrogenic signaling pathways that are thought [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the serum activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels in patients with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and to explain the mechanism in the inflammatory and fibrogenic signaling pathways that are thought to play a role in the development of MASLD through these parameters. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with MASLD and 88 age-sex matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum ATF4 and TLR4 concentrations were measured using an ELISA method. Results: Both TLR4 (p = 0.010) and ATF4 (p < 0.001) levels were higher in the MASLD group. In this group, TLR4 showed a negative correlation with age. ROC analysis indicated that an ATF4 value of 1.305 or above identified MASLD with 93.2% sensitivity and 85.2% specificity (AUC = 0.968, p < 0.001). For TLR4, a cut-off of 343.5 yielded a sensitivity of 54.5% and a specificity of 70.5% (AUC = 0.613, p = 0.01), indicating limited discriminative ability. Conclusions: Patients with MASLD had higher serum TLR4 and ATF4 levels, consistent with their involvement in inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. ATF4 showed strong diagnostic performance and may serve as a useful non-invasive marker for early MASLD. When evaluated together with TLR4, it may provide complementary information regarding inflammatory pathway activation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)

21 pages, 4018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum Melanin-Stabilized Selenium Nanoparticles

by Ruru Liu, Qunluo Cao, Heng Miao, Yuting Pei, Guoqing Wei, Yanfen Cheng, Xueran Geng, Junlong Meng, Mingchang Chang and Lijing Xu

Foods 2026, 15(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020250 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), a highly promising candidate as a nutrient fortificant and food additive, face challenges in stability and biosafety. These limitations hinder their application in the food industry. In this study, Ganoderma lucidum melanin (GLM) was utilized as a natural stabilizer. Three [...] Read more.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), a highly promising candidate as a nutrient fortificant and food additive, face challenges in stability and biosafety. These limitations hinder their application in the food industry. In this study, Ganoderma lucidum melanin (GLM) was utilized as a natural stabilizer. Three distinct types of GLM-stabilized SeNPs, termed GLM-SeNPs (S-GLM, D-GLM, and A-GLM), were subsequently synthesized via an ascorbic acid reduction method. The results showed that the prepared nanoparticles exhibited uniform particle size (55–75 nm) and good dispersibility. Among them, S-GLM possessed the highest selenium content (2598.90 mg/kg) and demonstrated the best stability. GLM-SeNPs significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) the mRNA expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and upregulated (p < 0.05) the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. A potential mechanism underlying this effect may be the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, GLM-SeNPs exhibited potent inhibitory effects against common foodborne pathogens. This study explores a potential novel strategy for the high-value utilization of natural functional components in food systems. These preliminary findings suggest GLM-SeNPs may have application potential in areas like functional beverages and food preservation. Further research is warranted to validate their feasibility in real food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)

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13 pages, 1950 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Selected Cathinones on Natural Cell Membranes: Microelectrophoretic Methods

by Anna Trynda, Katarzyna Karwowska, Weronika Karpowicz, Katarzyna Kazimierska-Drobny and Aneta D. Petelska

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020234 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Synthetic cathinones are cathinone analogues that humans have artificially created. The first compounds appeared on the European market in 2005. They belong to a class of drugs called stimulants, classified as new psychoactive substances. Synthetic cathinones are very popular; people use these drugs [...] Read more.

Synthetic cathinones are cathinone analogues that humans have artificially created. The first compounds appeared on the European market in 2005. They belong to a class of drugs called stimulants, classified as new psychoactive substances. Synthetic cathinones are very popular; people use these drugs because they are cheaper “substitutes” for other stimulants. They produce psychostimulant and hallucinogenic effects similar to cocaine, amphetamine, and MDMA, among others. Despite their presence on the market for several years, the precise toxicological impacts of these compounds on the human body remain unknown. Studies were conducted on the effects of selected cathinones (mephedrone, clephedrone) on blood cells: erythrocytes and platelets. The effect of cathinones was determined by measuring the surface density of biological membranes using microelectrophoresis. The continued popularity of these compounds, coupled with limited knowledge of their precise effects on the human body, makes the problem significant and requires ongoing research. Based on the results obtained for mephedrone and clephedrone, it can be concluded that at the tested concentrations (170 ng/mL and 2700 ng/mL), they alter the surface charge density of the biological membranes of red blood cells and platelets. Full article

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33 pages, 6524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Human Serum Albumin-Based Hydrogels for Potential Use as Wound Dressings

by Inna Zharkova, Irina Bauer, Oksana Gulyaeva, Evgenia Kozyreva, Zhanna Nazarkina and Elena Dmitrienko

Gels 2026, 12(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010064 (registering DOI) - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Protein-based materials such as human serum albumin (HSA) have demonstrated significant potential for the development of novel wound management materials. For the first time, the formation of HSA-based hydrogels was proposed using a combination of thermal- and ethanol-induced approaches. The combination of phosphate-buffered [...] Read more.

Protein-based materials such as human serum albumin (HSA) have demonstrated significant potential for the development of novel wound management materials. For the first time, the formation of HSA-based hydrogels was proposed using a combination of thermal- and ethanol-induced approaches. The combination of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and limited (up to 20% v/v) ethanol content offers a promising strategy for fabricating human serum albumin-based hydrogels with tunable properties. The hydrogel formation was studied using in situ dynamic light scattering (DLS) for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the patterns of protein hydrogel formation through thermally induced gelation. The rheological properties of human serum albumin-based hydrogels were investigated. Hydrogels synthesized via thermally induced gelation using a denaturing agent exhibit a dynamic viscosity ranging from 100 to 10,000 mPa·s. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural stability of human serum albumin-based hydrogels were comprehensively evaluated in physiologically relevant media. These human serum albumin-based hydrogels represent a promising platform for developing topical therapeutic agents for wound management and tissue engineering applications. This study investigated the kinetics of tetracycline release from human serum albumin-based hydrogels in PBS and fetal bovine serum (FBS). All tested formulations of HSA-based hydrogels loaded with tetracycline (1 mg/mL) demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Corynebacterium striatum strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gel Chemistry and Physics)

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