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26 pages, 3015 KB

Open AccessArticle

MILP-Based Pareto Optimization of Electric Bus Scheduling and Charging Management

by Zvonimir Dabčević, Branimir Škugor and Joško Deur

Energies 2026, 19(3), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030867 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Effective scheduling and charging management of electric buses is essential for minimizing investment and operational costs while improving transit efficiency. The paper presents an optimization framework which provides a 3D Pareto frontier of fleet size, deadhead distance, and charging cost, while accounting for [...] Read more.

Effective scheduling and charging management of electric buses is essential for minimizing investment and operational costs while improving transit efficiency. The paper presents an optimization framework which provides a 3D Pareto frontier of fleet size, deadhead distance, and charging cost, while accounting for heterogeneous battery energy, charger power, charging spot capacities, integrated daily and night charging, and a charge sustaining condition. Two optimization approaches are developed: Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), which finds globally optimal solutions, and an Insertion Heuristic (IH), which generates feasible schedules in a computationally efficient way. The framework operates iteratively, starting with MILP to determine the minimum number of buses for feasible operation. Then, additional buses are incrementally incorporated, and for each fixed fleet size, a multi-objective optimization of scheduling and charging management is applied to minimize deadhead distance and charging costs using both approaches. A case study on a synthetic transport network demonstrates that the proposed IH algorithm achieves nearly optimal performance at a fraction of the computational time and memory requirements of the MILP approach. A Pareto analysis shows that increasing fleet size reduces deadhead distance and charging costs up to a saturation point, beyond which further additions yield minimal benefits. Full article

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34 pages, 5032 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Prediction of Concavely Curved Soffit RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP

by Khattab Al-Ghrery, Robin Kalfat, Riadh Al-Mahaidi and Nazar Oukaili

Buildings 2026, 16(3), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030684 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

The utilisation of carbon fibre–reinforced polymers (CFRPs) has emerged as a promising method for enhancing the flexural performance of reinforced-concrete (RC) bridges. While extensive research has been conducted on CFRP systems implemented on flat soffit RC beams, further work is required to assess [...] Read more.

The utilisation of carbon fibre–reinforced polymers (CFRPs) has emerged as a promising method for enhancing the flexural performance of reinforced-concrete (RC) bridges. While extensive research has been conducted on CFRP systems implemented on flat soffit RC beams, further work is required to assess their effectiveness when applied to concavely curved soffit RC members. This paper uses finite element simulations to extend an experimental database on RC beams with curved soffits ranging from 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm/m strengthened using externally bonded FRP. Parametric studies into four different concrete strengths ranging from 25, 35, 48, 57 MPa and additional degrees of soffit curvature up to 50 mm/m were used to generate a total of 88 data points. Further, gene expression programming (GEP) was used to develop an empirical model correlating a capacity reduction factor applied to the maximum FRP strain required to produce intermediate-span crack-induced (IC) debonding for concavely curved soffit RC beams externally strengthened with CFRP. The results of the GEP model demonstrated that the model can be employed as an efficient tool for the prediction of the reduction in the flexural capacity of concavely curved soffit RC beams strengthened externally with NSM CFRP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 5853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Three-Channel Common-Aperture Optical System Based on Modular Layout

by Lingling Wu, Yichun Wang, Fang Wang, Jinsong Lv, Qian Wang, Baoyi Yue and Xiaoxia Ruan

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020161 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Multi-channel common-aperture optical systems, which excel at simultaneous multi-spectral information acquisition, are widely used for image fusion. However, complex systems for long-distance multi-band detection suffer from difficulties in assembly and adjustment and light vignetting. To resolve this, the paper proposes a modular design [...] Read more.

Multi-channel common-aperture optical systems, which excel at simultaneous multi-spectral information acquisition, are widely used for image fusion. However, complex systems for long-distance multi-band detection suffer from difficulties in assembly and adjustment and light vignetting. To resolve this, the paper proposes a modular design method that splits the optical path into independent modules: the common-aperture optical path adopts an off-axis reflective beam-shrinking structure to extend the focal length and ensure 100% light input, compared with coaxial multi-channel common-aperture systems. The relay optical path of each spectral channel uses a continuous zoom design for smooth detection–recognition switching. Based on the method, a three-channel common-aperture system is developed integrating visible light (VIS), short-wave infrared (SWIR), and mid-wave infrared (MWIR). The modulation transfer function (MTF) and wavefront distribution of the common-aperture optical path approach the diffraction limit. After integration with the relay optical paths, the system, without global optimization, can achieve the following performance: the root mean square (RMS) across the full field of view (FOV) at different focal lengths for each channel is smaller than the detector pixel size (3.45 μm for VIS, 15 μm for SWIR/MWIR); the MTF exceeds 0.2 at the cutoff frequency. Subsequently, the results of the tolerance analysis verify the feasibility of the design for each module and the advantage of the modular layout in the assembly and adjustment of the system. Finally, the paper discusses the influence of parallel plates on the wavefront distortion of the system and proposes optimization thinking using freeform surfaces. The design results of the study validate the feasibility of the modular layout in simplifying the design and assembly of multi-channel common-aperture optical systems. Full article

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29 pages, 1097 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Improving Breast Cancer Outcomes Through Quality Care: Call to Action for the Implementation of the Breast Cancer Care Quality Index (BCCQI)

by Maira Caleffi, Mary Ajango, Aydah M. Al-Awadhi, Ricki Fairley, Andrea B. Feigl, Ana Rita González, Victoria Harmer, Naveena Nekkalapudi, Toyin Saraki, Victoria Wolodzko Smart, Araceli Fernandez-Cerdeño, João Victor Rocha, Ilaria Lucibello and Namita Srivastava

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020207 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of mortality. Stark differences in outcomes across income levels, regions, population groups, and healthcare systems reflect deep inequities in access to early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Due to remarkable [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of mortality. Stark differences in outcomes across income levels, regions, population groups, and healthcare systems reflect deep inequities in access to early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Due to remarkable scientific advances and many global initiatives, breast cancer is often perceived as a “finished agenda”. This Call to Action, led and endorsed by a multidisciplinary panel of international experts in breast cancer care, policy, and healthcare systems, provides a structured approach to guide countries in improving breast cancer care through the Breast Cancer Care Quality Index (BCCQI), a unified, expert-endorsed tool that translates broad guidance into practical metrics. The Call to Action outlines a framework for country profiling across the BCCQI dimensions: early detection, timely diagnosis, comprehensive management, and strong and resilient healthcare systems. Applying a structured self-assessment matrix linked to tiered recommendations, the Call to Action supports country performance assessment and the development of context-sensitive roadmaps for concrete interventions. By linking assessment to actionable guidance, the Call to Action underscores the urgency of coordinated national efforts and international support to close existing gaps and accelerate progress toward high-quality breast cancer care for all patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breast Health and Cancer Awareness: Addressing Breast Cancer Disparities from Etiology to Survivorship)

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30 pages, 728 KB

Open AccessArticle

ESG Score and Firm Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and European Companies

by Payam Rostamicheri, Virgil Popescu, Ramona Birau and Iuliana Carmen Bărbăcioru

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031707 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study investigates how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance influences firm-level financial outcomes using a panel of approximately 24,500 firm-year observations from 2015 to 2024, based on Refinitiv ESG scores across 12 industries and multiple European countries. To capture institutional heterogeneity, the [...] Read more.

This study investigates how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance influences firm-level financial outcomes using a panel of approximately 24,500 firm-year observations from 2015 to 2024, based on Refinitiv ESG scores across 12 industries and multiple European countries. To capture institutional heterogeneity, the analysis separates Nordic and non-Nordic firms and applies fixed-effects models for the latter and random-effects models for the former, as supported by Hausman diagnostics. The results reveal that ESG performance is positively associated with firm value, while its effects on short-run accounting returns differ across regions. Specifically, ESG scores are associated with a negative and statistically significant impact on ROA and ROE in the non-Nordic subsample, suggesting transitional adjustment costs and delayed financial realization. For financing outcomes, the study shows that ESG engagement reduces the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) in both samples, though mechanisms differ. In Nordic markets, a 10-point increase in ESG score corresponds to an estimated 4.2-basis-point reduction in WACC, reflecting the benefits of mature disclosure systems. In contrast, governance emerges as the only ESG pillar capable of reducing financing costs in non-Nordic countries. These region-specific patterns confirm that institutional maturity and investor orientation shape the financial materiality of ESG practices. The novelty of this study lies in jointly modeling (i) positive valuation effects, (ii) negative short-run profitability adjustments, and (iii) financing-cost reductions within a unified ESG framework while explicitly distinguishing governance regimes across Europe. The findings offer new evidence on how disclosure quality and governance structures moderate ESG’s economic impact and suggest that strengthening governance transparency can help firms in less mature ESG environments realize capital-cost advantages. Full article

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24 pages, 938 KB

Open AccessReview

Transplacental Antibody Transfer: Mechanisms, Pregnancy-Related Disruptions, and Emerging Experimental Models

by Qiqi Li, Zhengyuan Huang, Zainab Saeed, Orene Greer, James A. Harker and Nishel M. Shah

Antibodies 2026, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib15010014 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

The transplacental transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G from the mother to the foetus is central for providing immunity in early life, resulting in full-term newborns having IgG repertoires and levels similar to those of their mothers. The neonatal Fc receptor is recognised as [...] Read more.

The transplacental transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G from the mother to the foetus is central for providing immunity in early life, resulting in full-term newborns having IgG repertoires and levels similar to those of their mothers. The neonatal Fc receptor is recognised as the primary transporter of IgGs across the placental epithelium. Understanding the mechanisms of transplacental antibody transfer and factors that affect them is essential in optimising maternal vaccination strategies, ultimately protecting infants from various environmental pathogens. This review first outlines the biological mechanisms governing transplacental IgG transfer, followed by a discussion of how this process may be disrupted by physiological and pathological conditions during pregnancy, including preterm birth, hypergammaglobulinemia, maternal pathogenic IgG, maternal infections, hyperglycaemia, and exposure to biological therapies. We also summarise currently available models used to study transplacental IgG transfer, highlighting existing knowledge gaps and future directions for research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Humoral Immunity)

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33 pages, 2715 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Response Characteristics of a Novel Pontoon-Type Array Offshore Floating Photovoltaic Structure

by Guanhao Zhang, Jijian Lian, Jinliang Zhang, Xiaofeng Dong, Wenhe Lu, Peiyao Li, Nan Shao, Zhichuan Wu and Xinyi Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14030322 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study presents a series of hydrodynamic experiments on a novel pontoon-type offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) structure, designed to improve wave attenuation performance and platform stability in marine environments. Using a 1:14 Froude-scaled physical model capable of representing different connector stiffness levels, nine [...] Read more.

This study presents a series of hydrodynamic experiments on a novel pontoon-type offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) structure, designed to improve wave attenuation performance and platform stability in marine environments. Using a 1:14 Froude-scaled physical model capable of representing different connector stiffness levels, nine structural configurations were tested, covering four array scales, three stiffness levels, and two floater sizes. Experiments were conducted under regular wave conditions, with structural responses measured at three representative positions: wave-facing front (T1), mid-array (T2), and leeward side (T3). Recorded parameters included surge acceleration, heave acceleration, pitch angle, and heave displacement. Results show that increasing array scale consistently reduced motion amplitudes at all positions, with heave acceleration at T3 substantially decreased compared with the smallest array. Enhancing connector stiffness significantly suppressed dynamic motions, particularly downstream, while larger floaters notably reduced heave responses under short-period waves. Despite variations in magnitude, response trends with respect to wave period remained broadly consistent across configurations. These findings provide quantitative evidence and engineering guidance for optimizing array configuration, connector stiffness, and floater dimensions to enhance the hydrodynamic performance and operational reliability of large-scale offshore FPV platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

36 pages, 1610 KB

Open AccessArticle

Securing Generative AI Systems: Threat-Centric Architectures and the Impact of Divergent EU–US Governance Regimes

by Vijay Kanabar and Kalinka Kaloyanova

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2026, 6(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010027 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Generative AI (GenAI) systems are increasingly deployed across high-impact sectors, introducing security risks that fundamentally differ from those of traditional software. Their probabilistic behavior, emergent failure modes, and expanded attack surface, particularly through retrieval and tool integration, complicate threat modeling and control assurance. [...] Read more.

Generative AI (GenAI) systems are increasingly deployed across high-impact sectors, introducing security risks that fundamentally differ from those of traditional software. Their probabilistic behavior, emergent failure modes, and expanded attack surface, particularly through retrieval and tool integration, complicate threat modeling and control assurance. This paper presents a threat-centric analysis that maps adversarial techniques to the core architectural layers of generative AI systems, including training pipelines, model behavior, retrieval mechanisms, orchestration, and runtime interaction. Using established taxonomies such as the OWASP LLM Top 10 and MITRE ATLAS alongside empirical research, we show that many GenAI security risks are structural rather than configurable, limiting the effectiveness of perimeter-based and policy-only controls. We additionally analyze the impact of regulatory divergence on GenAI security architecture and find that EU frameworks serve in practice as the highest common technical baseline for transatlantic deployments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Security Engineering & Applications)

16 pages, 2876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ergonomic Benefits of Prismatic Deflection Loupes in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Biomechanical and Psychometric Evaluation

by Jenny N. Wang, Brian Ngo, Michael Madsen, Josephine Lu, Christine E. King, Benjamin K. Young, Kourosh Shahraki and Donny W. Suh

Safety 2026, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010024 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a [...] Read more.

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a post-task 10-point Likert survey assessed comfort and related perceptions. Side-profile photos provided craniovertebral angles, which fed a trigometric model to estimate cervical spine loading (lbf) per condition. Relative to TTL, PDLs reduced upper trapezius activation by 17.2% (p = 0.009); relative to no loupe, PDL reductions were significant (p = 0.004). The TTL and no-loupe conditions did not differ significantly (p = 0.42). Comfort was highest for PDLs (7.8/10 on average); perceived strain was lowest with PDLs. CV angle and estimated cervical load were strongly inversely correlated (R² = 0.94, p < 0.001). PDLs appear to reduce neck/shoulder muscle activity and cervical loading while enhancing comfort, supporting ergonomic value in ophthalmic surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

11 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Impact of Serum Albumin Levels at Diagnosis in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

by Selin Küçükyurt Kaya, Hacer Berna Afacan Öztürk, Oguzhan Koca, Lale Aydın Kaynar, Ufuk Gördük, Asena Dikyar, Haktan Bağış Erdem, Kadir Acar, Murat Albayrak and Ahmet Kürşad Güneş

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031315 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) displays substantial clinical heterogeneity, yet access to genomic prognostic testing remains limited in many real-world and resource-constrained settings. Readily available biomarkers that reflect disease biology are therefore clinically valuable. Serum albumin, an inexpensive marker associated with systemic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) displays substantial clinical heterogeneity, yet access to genomic prognostic testing remains limited in many real-world and resource-constrained settings. Readily available biomarkers that reflect disease biology are therefore clinically valuable. Serum albumin, an inexpensive marker associated with systemic inflammation and tumor burden, has shown emerging prognostic potential. This study evaluated the impact of baseline albumin on time to first treatment (TTFT) and overall survival (OS) in CLL. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed adult patients with confirmed CLL treated at a single tertiary center. Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory features were recorded, and serum albumin was dichotomized at 4 g/dL. TTFT and OS were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier methodology. Variables with p < 0.1 in univariate analyses were included in multivariate Cox regression models. Results: A total of 230 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 62.5 years; 52.2% were male, and 14.8% had serum albumin <4 g/dL. Low albumin was associated with older age, advanced Rai/Binet stage, anemia, higher lymphocyte counts, and greater treatment requirement (all p < 0.05). Median follow-up was 20 months (range, 1–288). Patients with albumin <4 g/dL had inferior 5-year OS (78.4% vs. 98.7%). Although serum albumin correlated with both TTFT and OS in univariate analyses, it did not remain independently significant in multivariate models. Conclusions: While not independently prognostic, baseline serum albumin is strongly linked to adverse clinical features and poorer unadjusted survival. As a readily available, low-cost parameter, albumin may offer practical value for early risk stratification—particularly in regions where routine molecular testing is constrained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hematology)

17 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Site-Specific Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Consortium Developed Using Functional and Genomic Analyses

by Davide Lelli, Cristina Russo, Dario Liberati, Paolo De Angelis, Maurizio Petruccioli and Silvia Crognale

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031671 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Bioaugmentation, defined as the strategic incorporation of specifically selected microbial biomass into contaminated environments, can significantly enhance the biodegradation of pollutants and is extensively employed in soil bioremediation efforts. A multistep screening process was applied to develop an autochthonous microbial consortium, including (i) [...] Read more.

Bioaugmentation, defined as the strategic incorporation of specifically selected microbial biomass into contaminated environments, can significantly enhance the biodegradation of pollutants and is extensively employed in soil bioremediation efforts. A multistep screening process was applied to develop an autochthonous microbial consortium, including (i) hydrocarbonoclastic strain isolation from soil chronically contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, (ii) bacterial selection according to genomic and functional traits, and (iii) consortium validation in the native contaminated soil through microcosm experiments. The selection of strains with the ability to degrade alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons on synthetic media was further supported by genomic analysis, delivering a consortium with complementary degradative properties. The outcomes of the microcosm experiments corroborated the efficacy of the selected indigenous consortium, demonstrating that the combination of Acinetobacter guillouiae, A. radioresistens, and Pseudomonas zarinae as an inoculum in the bioaugmentation strategy was successful in achieving the removal of up to 26% and 76% of linear and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively, thereby effectively addressing areas where natural attenuation was insufficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Impacts on Environmental Microbial Communities)

13 pages, 901 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Psychological Flexibility Mediates the Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Mental Health: A Study of Diagnosed Cancer Patients

by Canahmet Boz and Feyza Topçu

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010005 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

A cancer diagnosis has long-term physical and psychological consequences, and patients vary considerably in their mental health outcomes during the disease process. Psychological resilience has been identified as a protective factor, yet the mechanisms through which it influences mental health remain unclear. This [...] Read more.

A cancer diagnosis has long-term physical and psychological consequences, and patients vary considerably in their mental health outcomes during the disease process. Psychological resilience has been identified as a protective factor, yet the mechanisms through which it influences mental health remain unclear. This study aims to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health among individuals diagnosed with cancer. A total of 234 cancer patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale–Short Form, and the Psychological Flexibility Scale. Path analysis was conducted to test the proposed mediation model. The results indicated that psychological resilience was positively associated with psychological flexibility, and psychological flexibility was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychological flexibility fully mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health. These findings suggest that psychological flexibility plays a key role in explaining how psychological resilience contributes to better mental health outcomes in cancer patients. Interventions aiming to enhance psychological flexibility may therefore be beneficial in psychosocial support programs for individuals coping with cancer. Full article

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34 pages, 983 KB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review on Augmented Reality in Education

by Federica Pallavicini and Patrizia Anesa

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16020261 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Augmented Reality (AR) is transforming education by integrating digital and real-world elements to create immersive and practical learning experiences. AR offers unique benefits in education, such as enhancing student engagement, facilitating understanding of complex concepts through visualizations, and promoting collaborative learning. However, it [...] Read more.

Augmented Reality (AR) is transforming education by integrating digital and real-world elements to create immersive and practical learning experiences. AR offers unique benefits in education, such as enhancing student engagement, facilitating understanding of complex concepts through visualizations, and promoting collaborative learning. However, it also faces significant barriers, including high costs, technological limitations, and a lack of standardized evaluation frameworks. Drawing on examples across STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), humanities, and arts education, this article highlights how AR can effectively enhance learning outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes recent research on AR in education, drawing on empirical and conceptual studies across different educational levels and domains. Additionally, this paper examines the relationship between AR and major learning theories, presenting relevant case studies and the application of AR across various educational domains and target audiences. The review offers practical recommendations for educators, instructional designers, and researchers aiming to integrate AR into formal and informal learning environments, and introduces the ARCADE framework (Align–Rationale–Configure–Activate–Document–Evolve) as an actionable cycle to guide the design, implementation, and reporting of AR-based educational interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redefining Education with Immersive Technologies: Transforming Education with AR and VR)

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21 pages, 2195 KB

Open AccessArticle

GWAS-Identified SNPs and Candidate Genes Influencing Sex in Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

by Junxiao Su, Han Zheng, Yumei Xiang, Yu Zeng, Can Chen, Xiaoyun Zhou and Kaijian Wei

Animals 2026, 16(3), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030524 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is a small benthic fish favored by consumers in East Asia. Female loaches exhibit greater production value due to their larger size and higher meat yield. Therefore, controlling the sex of loach should be studied to implement an [...] Read more.

Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is a small benthic fish favored by consumers in East Asia. Female loaches exhibit greater production value due to their larger size and higher meat yield. Therefore, controlling the sex of loach should be studied to implement an all-female breeding strategy. This study identified sex-related SNP markers and candidate genes in loach through GWAS. Genotyping male and female populations with WGRS revealed 84 SNPs labeled as associated with sex. Distinct SNP peaks appeared on Chr6 and Chr3, with over half of the sex-associated SNPs located on Chr6. Within these sex-associated regions, 15 key candidate genes related to sex and reproduction were identified, including hemgn and foxl2a. Among these genes, pik3cb on Chr3 and hhip, cntln, and pard3ba on Chr6 have multiple sex-associated haplotypes that can be utilized for subsequent monosex breeding. Notably, a highly male-linked SNP marker was identified on pard3ba, whose genotype is consistent with the male heterogamete (XX/XY). Through gene enrichment analysis and expression validation, signaling pathways such as TGF-β, FoxO, and mTOR were identified as being involved in sex regulation. This study provides molecular markers for sex-controlled breeding in loach, facilitating in-depth research into the mechanisms of sex regulation in loach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

19 pages, 1201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alcohol Consumption and Depressive Symptoms in Romanian University Students: Post-Pandemic Insights from a Non-Clinical Cohort

by Daniela Gabriela Glavan, Madalina Aldea, Iulia Băluțoiu, Ramona-Constantina Vasile, Alexandra Daniela Rotaru-Zavaleanu, Sofia-Danai Dampa, Mihai Andrei Ruscu, Andrei Greșiță, Citto Iulian Taisescu, Eleftheria Dampa and Venera Cristina Dinescu

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031314 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: University students are increasingly vulnerable to both depressive symptoms and hazardous alcohol use, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, hormonal dysregulation, and changing social dynamics may heighten susceptibility to maladaptive coping behaviors such as alcohol consumption. [...] Read more.

Background: University students are increasingly vulnerable to both depressive symptoms and hazardous alcohol use, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, hormonal dysregulation, and changing social dynamics may heighten susceptibility to maladaptive coping behaviors such as alcohol consumption. While this relationship has been widely studied in Western populations, limited data exist for Eastern European contexts. This study investigated the association between alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms among Romanian university students and explored potential gender differences in this post-pandemic cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 Romanian university students at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania. Participants anonymously completed a combined survey integrating the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation, linear regression, and subgroup comparisons to evaluate associations between alcohol use and depression severity. Results: The mean AUDIT score was 5.4 ± 5.8, while the mean DASS-21 Depression score was 13.8 ± 9.5. A strong positive correlation was observed between AUDIT and depression scores (r = 0.72, 95% CI [0.62, 0.80], p < 1 × 10⁻¹⁷). Linear regression revealed that AUDIT scores significantly predicted depression severity (R² = 0.496, p < 0.001), with each one-point increase in AUDIT score associated with a 1.31-point rise in depression score. Male students reported significantly higher alcohol use than females (p = 0.005), while depression scores did not differ significantly by gender (p = 0.110). The alcohol–depression association was similarly strong across genders. Conclusions: Hazardous alcohol use was highly prevalent and strongly associated with increased depressive symptoms among university students. These findings highlight the need for integrated mental health and substance use screening programs in university settings to support early identification and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

24 pages, 281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immersing in Lesson Study in Japan: International Educators Learning Through Cross-Cultural Observation

by Naoko Matsuda and Tad Watanabe

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16020260 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study examines how international educators come to understand Lesson Study as a form of professional learning through participation in the Lesson Study Immersion Program in Japan (LSIP-JR). While prior research has documented the impact of Lesson Study on individual teachers’ knowledge and [...] Read more.

This study examines how international educators come to understand Lesson Study as a form of professional learning through participation in the Lesson Study Immersion Program in Japan (LSIP-JR). While prior research has documented the impact of Lesson Study on individual teachers’ knowledge and instructional practices, less attention has been paid to how teachers recognize the norms of learning communities and how they conceptualize curriculum and instructional tasks as objects of collective inquiry. Drawing on reflective journals produced by program participants, this study analyzes how these often-implicit dimensions of Lesson Study were interpreted through engagement with Japanese classroom practices and professional learning discourse. The findings suggest that participants did not view research lessons as polished demonstrations but rather as provisional inquiries shaped by uncertainty, shared responsibility, and openness to critique. Such interpretations brought into focus norms that are deeply embedded—and often taken for granted—within the Japanese educational context. In addition, participants came to recognize curriculum materials and instructional tasks not simply as tools for implementation but as shared research objects through which hypotheses about student learning are generated and examined, within both normative and institutional conditions. Rather than presenting Japanese Lesson Study as a model to be replicated, this study clarifies the conditions under which Lesson Study functions as collective inquiry. By making these typically unarticulated elements visible, the study offers a conceptual foundation for teachers and professional development leaders seeking to design and sustain meaningful Lesson Study across diverse educational contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supporting Teaching Staff Development for Professional Education)

18 pages, 2752 KB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Amorphous Soft Magnetic Materials for Electric Vehicle Motors: Performance, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Davod Habibinia, Baris Kuseyri, Mohamed Ibrahim, Stephan Schlimpert and Peter Sergeant

Machines 2026, 14(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14020188 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Amorphous soft magnetic materials (AMMs) have demonstrated significant advantages in electric machines due to their low core losses, high permeability, high tensile strength, and superior energy efficiency at high operating frequencies. Despite these benefits, their adoption in electric vehicle (EV) motors remains limited. [...] Read more.

Amorphous soft magnetic materials (AMMs) have demonstrated significant advantages in electric machines due to their low core losses, high permeability, high tensile strength, and superior energy efficiency at high operating frequencies. Despite these benefits, their adoption in electric vehicle (EV) motors remains limited. This review explores the key technological, economic, and industrial barriers preventing the widespread use of AMMs in EV applications. An overview of the AMM fundamentals, including the material composition, manufacturing processes, and recent advancements, is first presented. To quantitatively assess their potential in traction applications, a numerical study is conducted on two 5.5 kW synchronous reluctance machines with identical geometries, employing AMM and conventional silicon steel stators, respectively. The machines are compared in terms of electromagnetic torque and efficiency, highlighting the impact of AMM properties on machine performance. These results are discussed alongside the findings from the existing literature to evaluate the core loss reduction, electromagnetic behavior, mechanical robustness, and thermal considerations. Special attention is given to the emerging commercial applications of AMMs in EV motors, which have only recently begun to materialize. Finally, the study highlights the gap between academic research and industrial implementation and identifies critical research areas needed to accelerate AMM adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Design and Maintenance of Electrical Machines)

20 pages, 1886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contact Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Air Drying of Sichuan Pepper: Drying Characteristics, Microstructure, and Physicochemical Quality Attributes

by Xu Liu, Kaikai Zhang, Bowen Wu, Zepeng Zang, Fangxin Wan, Xiaopeng Huang and Wenli Ma

Agriculture 2026, 16(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030391 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Sichuan Pepper is a high-value spice, but traditional drying often degrades its unique flavor and quality. This study investigates the applicability of contact ultrasound-assisted hot air drying (US-HAD) to address these issues. The effects of drying temperature (45, 50, 55 °C), ultrasonic power [...] Read more.

Sichuan Pepper is a high-value spice, but traditional drying often degrades its unique flavor and quality. This study investigates the applicability of contact ultrasound-assisted hot air drying (US-HAD) to address these issues. The effects of drying temperature (45, 50, 55 °C), ultrasonic power (48, 60, 72 W), and frequency (25, 28, 40 kHz) on drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity (D_eff), and physicochemical quality were systematically evaluated. Results showed that US-HAD significantly reduced drying time by 20.00–33.33% compared to hot air drying (HAD). The Page model (R² > 0.99) best described the drying kinetics. Ultrasound enhancement increased D_eff (6.55 × 10⁻⁶ to 9.63 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s) by inducing micro-channel formation and stomatal opening, as evidenced by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Critically, US-HAD at 50 °C, 60 W, and 28 kHz minimized color degradation ( = 18.73), maximized the retention of total phenols and flavonoids, and increased antioxidant activity by 18.62%. GC-MS analysis confirmed better retention of volatile flavor compounds. However, the slight decrease in D_eff at higher temperatures (55 °C) suggests potential surface hardening risks. This study confirms US-HAD as a promising technology for high-quality spice processing, though further research is still needed on the cost-effectiveness of industrial-scale expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

30 pages, 19932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Cross-Tissue Neuroimmune–Vascular Genetic Architecture of Migraine Using Integrated Multi-Omics, Single-Cell, and Spatial Transcriptomics: Prioritizing T-Cell Regulatory Networks and Peripheral Targets

by Chung-Chih Liao, Ke-Ru Liao and Jung-Miao Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031615 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder in which immune signaling intersects with vascular and neural circuits, yet the tissue and cell-type context of common genetic risk remains incompletely defined. We integrated large-scale migraine genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics with Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) [...] Read more.

Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder in which immune signaling intersects with vascular and neural circuits, yet the tissue and cell-type context of common genetic risk remains incompletely defined. We integrated large-scale migraine genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics with Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) v8 expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs and sQTLs), Bayesian co-localization, single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from migraine cases and controls, a healthy single-cell multi-omics atlas (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) plus RNA), high-dimensional weighted gene co-expression network analysis (hdWGCNA), and embryo-level spatial transcriptomics. Genetic signals were enriched in peripheral arteries, heart, and blood, and gene-level enrichment highlighted mucosal–smooth muscle organs including the bladder and the cervix endocervix. Cell-type prioritization consistently implicated endothelial and vascular smooth muscle lineages, with additional support for inhibitory interneurons and bladder epithelium. In PBMC T cells, co-expression modules capturing cytotoxic/activation and T-cell receptor signaling programs contained migraine-prioritized genes, including PTK2B, nominating immune activation circuitry as a component of genetic susceptibility. Spatial projection further localized risk concordance to craniofacial/meningeal interfaces and visceral smooth muscle–mucosal structures. Together, these analyses delineate a systemic neuroimmune–vascular architecture for migraine and provide genetically anchored candidate pathways and targets for mechanistic and therapeutic follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Migraine)

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26 pages, 8882 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wildfires in the Southern Amazon: Insights into Pyro-Convective Cloud Development from Two Case Studies in August 2021

by Katyelle Ferreira da Silva Bezerra, Flavio Tiago Couto, Helber Barros Gomes, Janaína Nascimento, Paulo Vítor de Albuquerque Mendes, Dirceu Luís Herdies, Hakki Baltaci, Maria Cristina Lemos da Silva, Mayara Christine Correia Lins, Caroline Bresciani, Rafaela Lisboa Costa, Madson Tavares Silva, Heliofábio Barros Gomes, Daniel Milano Costa de Lima, José de Brito Silva, Fabrício Lopes de Araújo Paz and Fabrício Daniel dos Santos Silva

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020173 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study examines two wildfire events in the southern Amazon in August 2021, addressing the challenges in investigating the development of pyro-convective clouds in tropical regions. The analysis combines the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Fire Radiative Power derived from the Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 [...] Read more.

This study examines two wildfire events in the southern Amazon in August 2021, addressing the challenges in investigating the development of pyro-convective clouds in tropical regions. The analysis combines the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Fire Radiative Power derived from the Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 satellites, and meteorological conditions from thermodynamic profiles and atmospheric modeling. The Meso-NH model was applied exploratorily with two simulations that allow convection, at a 2.5 km resolution. In the first case, a pyro-convective cloud (PyroCu) formed directly from active fires. In the second, a deep convective cloud developed over dispersed fire hotspots, exhibiting characteristics compatible with pyro-convective activity, although uncertainties remain regarding its classification as a true PyroCb. The results indicate that background thermodynamic instability primarily controls vertical plume development, modulating the influence of fire intensity. Incorporating high-resolution thermodynamic profiles into coupled atmospheric and chemical dispersion models can improve estimates of smoke injection height, complementing information on fire power. The results provide a basis for future developments related to understanding tropical pyro-convective clouds, showing how smoke dispersion may occur in the tropical region depending on the vertical structure of the atmosphere and fire intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dispersion and Chemistry Models: Advances and Applications (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 5075 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Trichoderma hamatum Biostimulant Modulates Physiology and Gene Expression to Enhance Lettuce Salt Tolerance

by Xinxin Zhan, Cuihong Hao, Jing Liu, Qingbin Wang, Mingjing Yang, Ruxin Li, Lihong Chen and Dayong Cui

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48020188 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Soil salinity is a major constraint on global agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the efficacy of a cell-free extract from Trichoderma hamatum (designated BEYF) in enhancing salt stress tolerance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Lettuce plants under normal and salt-stressed conditions exposed [...] Read more.

Soil salinity is a major constraint on global agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the efficacy of a cell-free extract from Trichoderma hamatum (designated BEYF) in enhancing salt stress tolerance in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Lettuce plants under normal and salt-stressed conditions exposed to 200 mM NaCl were treated with either water or YF (the working solution of BEYF) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 mg/L. Compared to the control, YF application significantly improved plant growth under salt stress, as indicated by increased plant height, biomass, leaf area, and other agronomic traits. Physiologically, YF mitigated oxidative membrane damage, as indicated by reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while promoting the accumulation of the osmoprotectant proline. Histochemical staining further confirmed that YF effectively suppressed hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation and preserved cell viability under salt stress. At the molecular level, YF significantly up-regulated the expression of key stress-responsive genes, including those involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis (NCED1, NCED2), signaling (WRKY58), and proline synthesis (P5CSs). Collectively, our findings demonstrate that BEYF enhances lettuce salt tolerance through integrated physiological, cellular, and transcriptional adaptations, supporting its potential as a sustainable biostimulant for improving crop cultivation in saline soils. Full article

28 pages, 642 KB

Open AccessReview

Redefining Cyber Threat Intelligence with Artificial Intelligence: From Data Processing to Predictive Insights and Human–AI Collaboration

by Mateo Barrios-González, Javier Manuel Aguiar-Pérez, María Ángeles Pérez-Juárez and Enrique Castañeda-de-Benito

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031668 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

The increasing complexity and scale of cyber threats have pushed Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) beyond the capabilities of traditional rule-based systems. This article explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and graph-based analytics, is [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity and scale of cyber threats have pushed Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) beyond the capabilities of traditional rule-based systems. This article explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and graph-based analytics, is reshaping the CTI landscape. By automating threat data processing, enhancing attribution, and enabling predictive capabilities, AI is transforming CTI into a proactive and scalable discipline. By analysing CTI architectures, real-world use cases, platform comparisons, and current limitations, this study highlights the emerging opportunities and challenges at the intersection of cybersecurity and AI. This analysis concludes that the future of CTI lies in hybrid systems that seamlessly combine human expertise with intelligent automation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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35 pages, 6221 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid CNN–PINN–NSGA-II Framework for Physics-Consistent Surrogate Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beams Incorporating Waste Fired Clay

by Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç, Memduh Karalar, Muhannad Riyadh Alasiri, Özer Zeybek and Sadik Alper Yildizel

Buildings 2026, 16(3), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030682 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a physics-consistent hybrid surrogate framework for simulating the mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete beams that utilize waste fired clay (WFC) as a partial substitute for cement. The main contribution is the integration of empirically observed deformation behavior with physics-informed learning [...] Read more.

This paper presents a physics-consistent hybrid surrogate framework for simulating the mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete beams that utilize waste fired clay (WFC) as a partial substitute for cement. The main contribution is the integration of empirically observed deformation behavior with physics-informed learning to produce an interpretable, mechanically valid surrogate model. Full-field surface deformation fields were measured using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) under monotonic loading and processed through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract deformation- and crack-sensitive features. These features were integrated with experimentally measured stress–strain data within a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) in which equilibrium and conditional constitutive monotonicity constraints were enforced through the loss function. A Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was utilized as a downstream parametric exploration tool to examine trade-offs among maximum load capacity, material cost, and embodied CO₂ inside a constrained mixture-design space. Model interpretability was assessed by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), indicating that deformation-driven kinematic factors predominantly influence stress prediction, whereas WFC content and reinforcement parameters have a secondary, mixture-level impact. The resulting framework achieves enhanced predictive accuracy (R² = 0.969) relative to its individual components and operates as an offline, physics-calibrated surrogate rather than a real-time digital twin, providing a reliable and interpretable basis for structural assessment and sustainability-oriented design evaluation of WFC-modified reinforced concrete beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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13 pages, 1335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Charge-Asymmetric Dissociation of Iodine Bromide in an Intense Femtosecond Laser Field

by Botong Liu and Zhipeng Li

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020160 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

The mechanism of charge partitioning during Coulomb explosion, especially via charge-asymmetric dissociation (CAD) pathways, remains a key question in strong-field molecular dynamics. We present an experimental and theoretical study of CAD in the heteronuclear diatomic molecule iodine bromide (IBr) driven by 800 nm [...] Read more.

The mechanism of charge partitioning during Coulomb explosion, especially via charge-asymmetric dissociation (CAD) pathways, remains a key question in strong-field molecular dynamics. We present an experimental and theoretical study of CAD in the heteronuclear diatomic molecule iodine bromide (IBr) driven by 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses. Using dc-sliced ion velocity map imaging, we measured the kinetic energy releases of fragment ions I^p+ (p = 1–4) and Br^q+ (q = 1–3), observing both charge-symmetric (CSD) and charge-asymmetric (CAD) dissociation channels. A unified model combining charge-resonance-enhanced ionization (CREI) with a classical over-the-barrier (COB) picture is introduced, which accounts quantitatively for the observed channels. The findings reveal the correlated electron–nuclear dynamics in IBr during Coulomb explosion, advance the understanding of strong-field dissociation in heteronuclear systems, and contribute to the analysis of ultrafast charge transfer in molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Femtosecond Lasers: Principles, Techniques and Applications)

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23 pages, 6794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Fracture Mechanisms in Granite with a Grain Size Gradient Using the GBM–DEM

by Zhijie Zheng and Dan Huang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031669 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

To examine how grain-size distribution affects the mechanical response and fracture behavior of Lac du Bonnet (LdB) granite under uniaxial compression, numerical simulations were conducted using the particle flow code (PFC) with a grain-based model. By displacing grain centroids in different directions along [...] Read more.

To examine how grain-size distribution affects the mechanical response and fracture behavior of Lac du Bonnet (LdB) granite under uniaxial compression, numerical simulations were conducted using the particle flow code (PFC) with a grain-based model. By displacing grain centroids in different directions along the y-axis, four LdB granite models with distinct grain sizes were generated, with grains delineated by Voronoi tessellation. The main findings are as follows: (1) The flat-jointed constitutive model reproduces the experimental response well, and introducing unbonded contacts (micrometer-scale gaps) improves the simulation of crack-closure behavior during loading. (2) Secondary cracks initiate predominantly at grain boundaries, and the yield stress is strongly associated with the evolution of intragranular tensile cracks. (3) Grain size governs the sequence of crack accumulation (tensile vs. shear), the growth rate and spatial correlation of damage, and the distribution and intensity of local failures; smaller grains hinder macroscopic damage, whereas larger grains are more readily penetrated and filled by microcracks. (4) Mechanical cutting tests show that grain-size combinations produce several dominant secondary-failure modes; the failure thickness is controlled by the penetration depth of the subsequent cutting head, and the stress concentration near the cutting head is sensitive to grain size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering)

11 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Diseases in Korea

by Jongyoun Yi, Ahreum Kim, Maeng Seok Noh, Changhoon Kim, Hyun Jin Son, Mee Kyung Ko and Kye-Hyung Kim

Viruses 2026, 18(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18020217 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne disease with a high mortality rate. While research has focused on high-risk rural populations and healthy individuals in endemic regions, such as Jeju Island, data on patients with underlying chronic diseases remain limited. This [...] Read more.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne disease with a high mortality rate. While research has focused on high-risk rural populations and healthy individuals in endemic regions, such as Jeju Island, data on patients with underlying chronic diseases remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of SFTS virus (SFTSV) in patients with various chronic diseases across the Republic of Korea. Serum samples (N = 2948) collected from 10 regional biobanks between 2009 and 2019 were analyzed using a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall seroprevalence was 1.22% (36/2948). Seropositivity was significantly higher in males (1.73%) than in females (0.73%, p = 0.013) and increased with age (p = 0.001), peaking at 2.73% in individuals aged 70–79. Geographically, the highest rates were in Gyeongbuk (3.03%), Jeonnam (2.40%), and Gangwon (1.83%). Multivariable logistic regression showed older age (adjusted odds ratio 1.47 per 10-year increase, 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.97) as the strongest independent predictor of seropositivity. Patients with hepatobiliary/pancreatic cancer (3.16%) and prostate cancer (2.50%) exhibited higher seroprevalence than those in other disease groups. SFTSV exposure is non-negligible among those with chronic diseases, particularly older males in rural provinces. Public health strategies should specifically address these vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 2026)

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