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19 pages, 7965 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Open-Path Eddy-Covariance Laser Spectrometer for Simultaneous Monitoring of CO₂, CH₄, and H₂O

by Viacheslav Meshcherinov, Iskander Gazizov, Bogdan Pravuk, Viktor Kazakov, Sergei Zenevich, Maxim Spiridonov, Shamil Gazizov, Gennady Suvorov, Olga Kuricheva, Yuri Lebedev, Imant Vinogradov and Alexander Rodin

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020462 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

We present E-CAHORS—a compact mid-infrared open-path diode-laser spectrometer designed for the simultaneous measurement of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor concentrations in the near-surface atmospheric layer. These measurements, combined with simultaneous data from a three-dimensional anemometer, can be used to determine fluxes using [...] Read more.

We present E-CAHORS—a compact mid-infrared open-path diode-laser spectrometer designed for the simultaneous measurement of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor concentrations in the near-surface atmospheric layer. These measurements, combined with simultaneous data from a three-dimensional anemometer, can be used to determine fluxes using the eddy-covariance method. The instrument utilizes two interband cascade lasers operating at 2.78 µm and 3.24 µm within a novel four-pass M-shaped optical cell, which provides high signal power and long-term field operation without requiring active air sampling. Two detection techniques—tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and a simplified wavelength modulation spectroscopy (sWMS)—were implemented and evaluated. Laboratory calibration demonstrated linear responses for all gases (R² ≈ 0.999) and detection precisions at 10 Hz of 311 ppb for CO₂, 8.87 ppb for CH₄, and 788 ppb for H₂O. Field tests conducted at a grassland site near Moscow showed strong correlations (R = 0.91 for CO₂ and H₂O, R = 0.74 for CH₄) with commercial LI-COR LI-7200 and LI-7700 analyzers. The TDLAS mode demonstrated lower noise and greater stability under outdoor conditions, while sWMS provided baseline-free spectra but was more sensitive to power fluctuations. E-CAHORS combines high precision, multi-species sensing capability with low power consumption (10 W) and a compact design (4.2 kg). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

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29 pages, 4853 KB

Open AccessArticle

ROS 2-Based Architecture for Autonomous Driving Systems: Design and Implementation

by Andrea Bonci, Federico Brunella, Matteo Colletta, Alessandro Di Biase, Aldo Franco Dragoni and Angjelo Libofsha

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020463 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Interest in the adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs) continues to grow. It is essential to design new software architectures that meet stringent real-time, safety, and scalability requirements while integrating heterogeneous hardware and software solutions from different vendors and developers. This paper presents a [...] Read more.

Interest in the adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs) continues to grow. It is essential to design new software architectures that meet stringent real-time, safety, and scalability requirements while integrating heterogeneous hardware and software solutions from different vendors and developers. This paper presents a lightweight, modular, and scalable architecture grounded in Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and implemented in ROS 2 (Robot Operating System 2). The proposed design leverages ROS 2’s Data Distribution System-based Quality-of-Service model to provide reliable communication, structured lifecycle management, and fault containment across distributed compute nodes. The architecture is organized into Perception, Planning, and Control layers with decoupled sensor access paths to satisfy heterogeneous frequency and hardware constraints. The decision-making core follows an event-driven policy that prioritizes fresh updates without enforcing global synchronization, applying zero-order hold where inputs are not refreshed. The architecture was validated on a 1:10-scale autonomous vehicle operating on a city-like track. The test environment covered canonical urban scenarios (lane-keeping, obstacle avoidance, traffic-sign recognition, intersections, overtaking, parking, and pedestrian interaction), with absolute positioning provided by an indoor GPS (Global Positioning System) localization setup. This work shows that the end-to-end Perception–Planning pipeline consistently met worst-case deadlines, yielding deterministic behaviour even under stress. The proposed architecture can be deemed compliant with real-time application standards for our use case on the 1:10 test vehicle, providing a robust foundation for deployment and further refinement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Sensor Fusion for Decision Making for Autonomous Driving)

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14 pages, 1098 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ni Doping on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Spinel-Type LiMn₂O₄: A Theoretical Study

by Xiaoran Li, Lu Ren, Changxin Li, Lili Zhang, Jincheng Ji, Mao Peng and Pengyu Xu

Ceramics 2026, 9(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9010005 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

The development of lithium-ion batteries necessitates cathode materials that possess excellent mechanical and thermal properties in addition to electrochemical performance. As a prominent functional ceramic, the properties of spinel LiMn₂O₄ are governed by its atomic-level structure. This study systematically investigates [...] Read more.

The development of lithium-ion batteries necessitates cathode materials that possess excellent mechanical and thermal properties in addition to electrochemical performance. As a prominent functional ceramic, the properties of spinel LiMn₂O₄ are governed by its atomic-level structure. This study systematically investigates the impact of Ni doping concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of spinel LiNi_xMn_2−xO₄ via first-principles calculations combined with the bond valence model. The results suggest that when x = 0.25, the LiNi_xMn_2−xO₄ shows excellent mechanical properties, including a high bulk modulus and hardness, due to the favorable ratio of bond valence to bonds length in octahedra. Furthermore, this optimized composition shows a lower thermal expansion coefficient. Additionally, Ni doping concentration has a very minimal influence on the maximum tolerable temperature of the cathode material during rapid heating. Therefore, from the perspective of mechanical and thermal properties, this composition could be beneficial for improving the cycling life of the battery, since comparatively inferior mechanical properties and a higher thermal expansion coefficient make it prone to microcrack formation during charge–discharge cycles. Full article

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16 pages, 3364 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Avian-RUM Block: A Locoregional Technique for Distal Wing Procedures in Birds—An Anatomical Cadaveric Feasibility Study with a Clinical Illustration

by Matteo Serpieri, Giuseppe Bonaffini, Elena Passarino, Margherita de Silva, Giuseppe Quaranta and Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld

Animals 2026, 16(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020211 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Anaesthesia in avian species presents significant challenges due to high peri-anaesthetic mortality rates and marked anatomical variability. Multimodal anaesthetic protocols incorporating locoregional techniques are advocated to improve analgesia and minimise systemic drug requirements. While brachial plexus blocks are described for avian wing surgery, [...] Read more.

Anaesthesia in avian species presents significant challenges due to high peri-anaesthetic mortality rates and marked anatomical variability. Multimodal anaesthetic protocols incorporating locoregional techniques are advocated to improve analgesia and minimise systemic drug requirements. While brachial plexus blocks are described for avian wing surgery, the proximity to major vessels and air sacs increases the risk of complications. This study introduces the “Avian-RUM block,” a novel locoregional technique for the distal wing, adapted from the mammalian RUMM block but modified to reflect avian neuroanatomy, which lacks a distinct musculocutaneous nerve. Twelve rock doves (Columba livia) and twelve hooded crows (Corvus cornix) received transcutaneous injections of a dye solution targeting the radial and median-ulnar nerves at two volumes (0.15 and 0.3 mL/kg). Both species demonstrated high rates of nerve staining and procedural feasibility, with no significant difference in staining length between volumes. An illustrative clinical application of the Avian-RUM block in a domestic goose is also reported to contextualise the cadaveric findings within a multimodal perioperative setting. The results confirm the feasibility of the Avian-RUM block and its potential as a simple, equipment-free technique for regional anaesthesia of the avian wing. These findings provide a foundation for future clinical validation across bird species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Companion and Exotic Animals)

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14 pages, 4194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of the Super-Enhancer Component Bromodomain Protein 4 in the Radiation Response of Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

by Nanami Munakata, Hironori Yoshino, Masaharu Hazawa and Eichi Tsuruga

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48010071 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for cancer; however, radioresistant cancer cells result in recurrence. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of radioresistance is urgently needed. Super-enhancers (SEs) are clusters of enhancers occupied by a high density of master transcription factors, mediators, and bromodomain protein BRD4. [...] Read more.

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for cancer; however, radioresistant cancer cells result in recurrence. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of radioresistance is urgently needed. Super-enhancers (SEs) are clusters of enhancers occupied by a high density of master transcription factors, mediators, and bromodomain protein BRD4. Recently, we reported that ΔNp63, an oncogenic transcription factor, promotes radioresistance in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. As ΔNp63 establishes SEs in HNSCC cells, SEs may be involved in radioresistance. Here, we investigated the role of the SE component BRD4 in the radiation responses of HNSCC cells using a BRD4 degrader ARV-771 or BRD4 knockdown. First, Western blotting confirmed that ARV-771 decreased BRD4 protein expression. ARV-771 treatment resulted in reduced cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in irradiated HNSCC cells. Moreover, colony formation assays revealed that both ARV-771 and BRD4 knockdown enhanced the radiosensitivity of HNSCC cells, suggesting BRD4 contributes to the radioresistance of HNSCC cells. Furthermore, fluorescence immunostaining revealed distinct localization patterns of γH2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, compared with BRD4 and ΔNp63 in irradiated cells. Notably, ARV-771 and BRD4 knockdown decreased ΔNp63 and BRD4 protein expression, whereas ΔNp63 knockdown had minimal impact on BRD4 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that BRD4-dependent maintenance of ΔNp63 expression may contribute, at least in part, to the regulation of radioresistance in HNSCC cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Radiation Oncology)

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26 pages, 27909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vine Tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) Extract Mitigates High-Salt-Diet-Induced Hypertension by Remodeling the Gut Microbiota–Metabolite Axis in Mice

by Yuxuan Gu, Qiling Li, Lu Cao and Huabing Yang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020709 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hypertension is a major global health challenge, with excessive dietary salt intake recognized as a key environmental factor contributing to its pathogenesis. However, safe and effective dietary interventions for salt-sensitive hypertension remain limited. Vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata), a traditional herbal tea [...] Read more.

Hypertension is a major global health challenge, with excessive dietary salt intake recognized as a key environmental factor contributing to its pathogenesis. However, safe and effective dietary interventions for salt-sensitive hypertension remain limited. Vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata), a traditional herbal tea widely consumed for centuries in southern China, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities, yet its antihypertensive efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the chemical profile of vine tea aqueous extract (VTE) was characterized by UPLC–Q–TOF–MS, identifying dihydromyricetin, isoquercitrin, and myricetin as the predominant flavonoids. The protective effects of VTE were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice with high-salt-diet (HSD)-induced hypertension. VTE treatment significantly lowered systolic blood pressure and ameliorated cardiac and renal injury, accompanied by reduced inflammation, fibrosis, and cardiac stress-related gene expression. Gut microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that VTE restored microbial richness and diversity, enriching short-chain fatty acid-producing taxa while suppressing pathogenic Desulfovibrio and Ruminococcus torques. Untargeted plasma metabolomic profiling based on UPLC–Q–TOF–MS further showed that VTE normalized tryptophan, bile acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, decreasing the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate while increasing tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Notably, these protective effects were abolished under antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion, confirming that VTE acts through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. Collectively, VTE mitigates salt-induced hypertension and cardiorenal injury by remodeling the gut microbiota–metabolite axis, supporting its potential as a natural dietary intervention for managing hypertension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)

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17 pages, 313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Empathy in Public Safety: Selection Standards, Gender Differences, and Relations with Existing Selection Predictors

by Miloš M. Milošević, Nenad Koropanovski, Marko Vuković, Miloš R. Mudrić, Filip Kukić, Irena Ristić, Andreas Stamatis and Milivoj Dopsaj

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2026, 11(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11010032 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigates empathy levels among the public safety personnel and their relationship with current selection indicators (morphological, neuromuscular, and psychological characteristics), highlighting the importance of the topic and its potential for further research. Methods: The research was conducted on [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigates empathy levels among the public safety personnel and their relationship with current selection indicators (morphological, neuromuscular, and psychological characteristics), highlighting the importance of the topic and its potential for further research. Methods: The research was conducted on a sample of 136 police and national security students. The cross-sectional design was applied. Empathy was assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Basic morphological characteristics were measured with a portable stadiometer and the InBody 720 device. Neuromuscular characteristics were measured using a handgrip strength test with a sliding device that measures isometric finger flexor force. Psychological characteristics were assessed using the Big Five Plus Two, the Mental Toughness Index, and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen questionnaires. Results: Numerous significant differences between female and male participants, as well as gender-specific correlation patterns, were revealed. Female participants expressed more fantasy (3.23 ± 1.05), empathic concern (3.71 ± 0.75), and personal distress (1.76 ± 0.67) than males (2.84 ± 0.84; 3.37 ± 0.71; 1.5 ± 0.53). Among them, negative correlations of psychological distress with conscientiousness (ρ = −0.66) and mental toughness (ρ = −0.59) stand out. Conclusions: This study indicates the possible existence of correlations between empathy, neuromuscular, morphological, and psychological characteristics in public safety personnel of both genders, with gender-specific patterns. Results indicate opportunities for further research aimed at improving the efficiency of the existing selection system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tactical Athlete Health and Performance)

14 pages, 2304 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High-PSRR LDO with Low Noise and Ultra-Low Power Consumption

by Nanxiang Guo, Jiagen Cheng, Chenxi Yue, Changtao Chen, Chaoran Liu and Linxi Dong

Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010091 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

High-performance low dropout regulator (LDO) chips are core components that provide clean power for high-precision sensors, radio frequency (RF) circuits, low noise amplifiers and other noise-sensitive circuits. In the reported literature, the designed LDO chip has advantages in certain parameters, but it cannot [...] Read more.

High-performance low dropout regulator (LDO) chips are core components that provide clean power for high-precision sensors, radio frequency (RF) circuits, low noise amplifiers and other noise-sensitive circuits. In the reported literature, the designed LDO chip has advantages in certain parameters, but it cannot meet all the requirements of a high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), low output noise and low standby current at the same time, which makes the high-end applications of LDOs greatly limited. In this paper, an LDO chip with high PSRR, low output noise and low standby current has been designed and fabricated. By increasing the loop gain, introducing an improved feedforward path, and adopting isolated power supply, the PSRR of the LDO at different frequency bands is greatly improved. By optimizing the design of the error amplifier (EA) and adding a low-pass filter to filter out the reference noise, the output voltage noise of the LDO is reduced. Within the depletion process and an optimized reference structure, the standby power consumption of the LDO is reduced without damaging the output voltage accuracy. The chip is taped out with SMIC’s 0.18 μm/5 V/BCD process. The measured PSRR of the chip is as high as 95dB at a frequency of 1 kHz, and the high-frequency (1 MHz) PSRR is above 45 dB. The amplitude of integrated output noise is below 5.4 μVrms within the frequency range of 10 Hz to 100 KHz. When the load current is zero, the measured standby current is less than 400 nA. The test results indicate that the chip has excellent performance in terms of PSRR, output noise and standby power consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power Electronics Converters, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Yak Mozzarella Cheese Produced by Culture Acidification and Direct Acidification

by Puwei Yan, Lan Mi, Li Song, Yingrui Lu, Qi Liang, Liya Zhang, Yan Zhang and Yinhua Zhu

Foods 2026, 15(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020252 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rate of acidification (pH = 6.1) at an appropriate degree is responsible for supplying suitable aroma components and functional properties to cheese. This study aimed to evaluate variations in physicochemical, functional properties, and consumer acceptance in yak mozzarella cheese produced using different [...] Read more.

The rate of acidification (pH = 6.1) at an appropriate degree is responsible for supplying suitable aroma components and functional properties to cheese. This study aimed to evaluate variations in physicochemical, functional properties, and consumer acceptance in yak mozzarella cheese produced using different starter cultures or lactic acid during ripening. The results showed that consumers preferred ripened yak M cheese, made with mesophilic multi-strain starter, which received the highest scores for aroma (6.8) and flavor (5.9). The average levels of most major volatile organic compounds were relatively higher in ripened M cheese. Furthermore, the degree of proteolysis increased continuously during the 42 d ripening period. The contents of pH 4.6-soluble nitrogen and 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen in cheeses produced with starter cultures reached 11% and 8%, significantly higher than those of directly acidified L cheese. Specifically, greater protein degradation corresponded to lower hardness and stretchability, hardness of T and M cheeses decreased from 226.67 ± 2.23 g and 232.87 ± 3.66 g to 202.36 ± 2.63 g and 197.09 ± 2.33 g, respectively, while their stretchability declined from 52.1 ± 1.6 cm and 49.3 ± 1.7 cm to 34.5 ± 1.2 cm and 37.6 ± 2.4 cm. However, yield and moisture content of T and M cheeses were significantly lower than those of L cheese. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for optimizing the production and quality of yak mozzarella cheese. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dairy)

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17 pages, 37724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Condition Cultivation Reveals the Host Plant-Dependent Gut Bacteria Diversity in Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta) Larvae

by Xiaoyu Fang, Ruoyi Wen, Liyan Yang, Jianyang Guo, Wenjun Shen, Nianwan Yang, Fanghao Wan, Zhichuang Lü and Wanxue Liu

Insects 2026, 17(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17010081 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) significantly affects tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) crops worldwide, with its feeding patterns being closely associated with its gut microbiota. We aimed to compare the cultivable gut bacteria of T. absoluta [...] Read more.

Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) significantly affects tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) crops worldwide, with its feeding patterns being closely associated with its gut microbiota. We aimed to compare the cultivable gut bacteria of T. absoluta larvae fed on tomato and eggplant to investigate their role in host adaptation. Gut bacteria were cultivated on Luria–Bertani broth, nutrient agar, and Brain Heart Infusion media under different temperature conditions, followed by morphology- and 16S rRNA-based identification. Notably, both feeding groups revealed distinct gut bacterial community structures. Tomato-fed larvae harbored bacteria spanning eight species, five genera, four families, and two phyla. In contrast, eggplant-fed larvae exhibited greater microbial diversity, encompassing 15 species, 10 genera, 9 families, and 3 phyla, including unique genera such as Pseudomonas and Pectobacterium, which was attributed to the host plant contribution. Enterococcus mundtii was the most dominant bacterium, and species such as Bacillus wiedmannii and Micrococcus luteus were most thermotolerant. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of multi-condition culture approaches for thoroughly characterizing insect gut microbiota and underscore the role of host plants in pest adaptability by modulating gut microbial communities, providing new insights for developing sustainable control strategies utilizing “plant–insect–microorganism” interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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13 pages, 216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Embodiment, Divinity, and New Theological Directions in William James and Ralph Barton Perry

by Walter Scott Stepanenko

Religions 2026, 17(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17010079 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

In his innovative and creative attempt to reconcile empiricism and religion, William James made the case for finite theism and a pluralistic conception of the cosmos involving overlapping minds of several scales. In doing so, James also cautioned against abandoning functional psychology in [...] Read more.

In his innovative and creative attempt to reconcile empiricism and religion, William James made the case for finite theism and a pluralistic conception of the cosmos involving overlapping minds of several scales. In doing so, James also cautioned against abandoning functional psychology in favor of what he called entitative points of view. In his work, Ralph Barton Perry critiqued James for understating the role of embodiment in cognition. In Perry’s view, the central role the body plays in cognition suggests that so-called social or composite minds lack integration and are thus cognitively inferior to embodied minds. However, Perry also believed that the emergent character of embodied cognition provides grounds for an alternative, humanistic spirituality. In this article, I compare James and Perry on theology, and I argue that Perry’s concerns about the importance of embodiment in cognitive integration helps illuminate a tripartite distinction between what I call impersonal, subpersonal, and personal theologies that scholars looking for more embodied approaches to theology would do well to consider. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radical Embodiment and Religious Practice and Thought: Rethinking the Body in Religious Studies and Theology)

12 pages, 2346 KB

Open AccessArticle

DFT Insights into Ru₃ Clusters on Pristine and Defective Anatase TiO₂ (101) Covering Structural Stability Electronic Modifications and Photocatalytic Implications

by Moteb Alotaibi and Talal F. Qahtan

Catalysts 2026, 16(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16010081 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the interaction of Ru₃ clusters with pristine and defective anatase (101) TiO₂ surfaces using density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate their structural stability, electronic modifications, and photocatalytic potential. The results show that Ru₃ clusters strongly bind to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the interaction of Ru₃ clusters with pristine and defective anatase (101) TiO₂ surfaces using density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate their structural stability, electronic modifications, and photocatalytic potential. The results show that Ru₃ clusters strongly bind to both pristine and defective surfaces, with oxygen vacancies acting as anchoring sites that further stabilize the clusters. Electronic structure analysis reveals the formation of mid-gap states due to hybridization between Ru and Ti orbitals, extending visible light absorption. On defective surfaces, synergistic effects between Ru₃ clusters and vacancy-induced states further enhance charge separation and reduce recombination. Band structure and wavefunction analyses confirm these findings, highlighting Ru₃-decorated anatase TiO₂ as a promising system for hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction. The outcomes of this computational investigation provide valuable insights into the rational design of advanced photocatalysts for sustainable energy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Catalysis)

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30 pages, 2181 KB

Open AccessReview

Ready-to-Eat Sandwich Microbiota: Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Strategies to Enhance Food Safety

by Ismail M. Al-Bulushi, Zahra S. Al-Kharousi, Mohammed K. Al-Khusaibi, Kamla N. Al-Sarmi and Mohamedsaid Albloushi

Foods 2026, 15(2), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020251 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ready-to-eat (RTE) sandwiches are consumed globally due to their convenience, availability, and affordability. Sandwich processing practices and their ingredients expose the sandwiches to various sources of contamination, which can enhance their microbial diversity and introduce certain pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, thereby affecting their [...] Read more.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) sandwiches are consumed globally due to their convenience, availability, and affordability. Sandwich processing practices and their ingredients expose the sandwiches to various sources of contamination, which can enhance their microbial diversity and introduce certain pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, thereby affecting their safety and quality. Sandwiches may not receive safe cooking temperatures sufficient to destroy food poisoning bacteria, as they are often cooked and served quickly to meet high consumer demand. Improper storage temperatures can enhance microbial growth, and frequent improper handling makes this food a good vehicle for various pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and norovirus. Many pathogenic sandwich-associated bacteria, such as L. monocytogenes, showed resistance to clinically important antibiotics. Sandwich microbiota have been investigated; however, their diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and importance to sandwich safety and quality have been rarely reviewed. Therefore, this review elucidates the diversity of sandwich microbiota as an impact of ingredients, handling practices, and storage, with emphasis on the importance of this diversity on sandwich safety and quality. It also discusses strategies, control measures, and recommendations to reduce the risk of contamination of sandwiches with pathogenic bacteria or their antibiotic resistance genes, thereby safeguarding public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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26 pages, 780 KB

Open AccessReview

Next-Generation Biomaterials: Advanced Coatings and Smart Interfaces for Implant Technology: A Narrative Review

by Arun K. Movva, Michael O. Sohn, Connor P. McCloskey, Joshua M. Tennyson, Kishen Mitra, Samuel B. Adams and Albert T. Anastasio

Coatings 2026, 16(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010087 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Contemporary advances in bioengineering and materials science have substantially improved the viability of medical implants. The demand for optimized implant technologies has led to the development of advanced coatings that enhance biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and durability. Implant manufacturers and surgeons must anticipate both [...] Read more.

Contemporary advances in bioengineering and materials science have substantially improved the viability of medical implants. The demand for optimized implant technologies has led to the development of advanced coatings that enhance biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and durability. Implant manufacturers and surgeons must anticipate both biological and mechanical challenges when implementing devices for patient use. Key areas of concern include infection, corrosion, wear, immune response, and implant rejection; regulatory and economic considerations must also be addressed. Materials science developments are optimizing the integration of established materials such as biometrics, composites, and nanomaterials, while also advancing fabrication-based innovations including plasma functionalization, anodization, and self-assembled monolayers. Emerging smart and stimuli-responsive surface technologies enable controlled drug delivery and real-time implant status communication. These innovations enhance osseointegration, antimicrobial performance, and overall device functionality across orthopedic, dental, and cardiovascular applications. As implant design continues to shift toward personalized, responsive systems, advanced coating technologies are poised to deliver significantly improved long-term clinical outcomes for patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coatings and Materials for Biomedical Applications)

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23 pages, 2788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Insights into the Synergistic Anticancer and Oxidative Stress–Modulating Activity of Quercetin and Gemcitabine

by Yasemin Afşin, Senem Alkan Akalın, İlhan Özdemir, Mehmet Cudi Tuncer and Şamil Öztürk

Antioxidants 2026, 15(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15010091 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Quercetin (Q), a bioactive flavonoid, exerts potent antioxidant and redox-modulating effects by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response Element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway and upregulating endogenous antioxidant defenses, including enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as [...] Read more.

Quercetin (Q), a bioactive flavonoid, exerts potent antioxidant and redox-modulating effects by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response Element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway and upregulating endogenous antioxidant defenses, including enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as non-enzymatic glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Gemcitabine (Gem), a widely used antimetabolite chemotherapeutic, often shows limited efficacy under hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions driven by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis. This study investigated the redox-mediated synergistic effects of Q and Gem in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Combination treatment significantly reduced cell viability beyond the expected Bliss value, indicating a synergistic interaction and enhanced apoptosis compared with single-agent treatments. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was accompanied by depletion of GSH and accumulation of MDA, establishing a pro-apoptotic oxidative stress environment. Q alone enhanced SOD and CAT activities, whereas the combination induced exhaustion of antioxidant defenses under oxidative load, reflecting a redox-adaptive response. Molecular analyses revealed downregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF, alongside upregulation of Bax and Caspase-3, confirming suppression of hypoxia-driven survival and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Transcriptomic and enrichment analyses further identified modulation of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related pathways, including phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt), HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. Collectively, these results indicate that Q potentiates Gem cytotoxicity via redox modulation, promoting controlled ROS elevation and apoptosis while suppressing hypoxia-induced survival mechanisms, highlighting the therapeutic potential of redox-based combination strategies against chemoresistant breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Biomarkers in Cancer)

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13 pages, 647 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Thermography and Infrared Spectroscopy in the Detection of Periodontal Inflammation In Vivo: A Systematic Review

by Heythem Nassim Guetatlia, Mickael Gette, Laurent Estrade, Victor Rimbaud, Frédéric Denis, Gaël Y. Rochefort and Matthieu Renaud

Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020222 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Periodontal inflammation is a key feature of periodontal diseases, but traditional diagnostic methods are limited by invasiveness and radiation exposure. This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of thermography and infrared spectroscopy for the in vivo detection of periodontal inflammation and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Periodontal inflammation is a key feature of periodontal diseases, but traditional diagnostic methods are limited by invasiveness and radiation exposure. This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of thermography and infrared spectroscopy for the in vivo detection of periodontal inflammation and to assess their reliability for clinical use. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, an electronic search of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and October 2025 that investigated these imaging modalities in periodontal inflammation diagnosis. Results: The search identified 310 records; after exclusions, 13 studies were included, comprising 7 thermography studies and 6 infrared spectroscopy studies, for a total of 712 patients. The included studies demonstrated the feasibility of thermography and infrared spectroscopy for detecting inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues in vivo. These non-invasive imaging techniques may help overcome the limitations of conventional clinical and radiographic diagnostic methods, particularly invasiveness and exposure to ionizing radiation. Conclusions: This field remains underexplored, and further studies are required to validate diagnostic performance, standardize methodologies, and determine their clinical applicability in routine periodontal practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Approach and Innovations in the Different Dentistry Fields, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5985 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Habitat Micromodification Influences Gut Microbiota and Diet Composition of Reintroduced Species: Evidence from Endangered Père David’s Deer

by Menglin Sun, Hongyu Yao, Ran Wang, Zeming Zhang, Hong Wu and Dapeng Zhao

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010155 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Habitat micromodification poses significant challenges to wildlife, necessitating adaptive responses. This study aimed to investigate how such habitat alterations affect the dietary intake and gut microbiota of Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus). A total of 25 fresh fecal samples were collected [...] Read more.

Habitat micromodification poses significant challenges to wildlife, necessitating adaptive responses. This study aimed to investigate how such habitat alterations affect the dietary intake and gut microbiota of Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus). A total of 25 fresh fecal samples were collected from Père David’s deer through non-invasive sampling in Tianjin Qilihai Wetland across three distinct phases of habitat micromodification: pre-change (N = 10), under-change (N = 8), and post-change (N = 7). Dietary composition was analyzed via microscopic identification of plant residues, and gut microbiota structure was characterized using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the diet shifted significantly across phases, with 33 plant species from 20 families identified. Meanwhile, the core gut microbiota remained structurally stable. The phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidota consistently dominated, despite fluctuations in some specific bacterial genera. Functional prediction indicated minimal change in core microbial metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis suggested that key dietary plants were linked to the abundance of specific, functionally relevant microbial taxa. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the gut microbiota of Père David’s deer exhibits marked resilience to dietary shifts induced by habitat micromodification. This stability is underpinned by functional redundancy within the microbial community and the consistent intake of fibrous plants, representing a key adaptive mechanism. Our findings highlight that integrating non-invasive monitoring of diet and microbiota can effectively assess the adaptive capacity of endangered ungulates to managed habitat change, thereby informing more resilient conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gut Microbiota)

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18 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Ammonia Mitigation Efficiency in Sodium Bisulfate-Treated Broiler Litter Using Artificial Neural Networks

by Busra Yayli and Ilker Kilic

Animals 2026, 16(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020210 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for poultry meat, driven by its favorable nutritional profile, including low cholesterol and high protein content, has resulted in intensified production volumes and, consequently, elevated ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Artificial intelligence-based predictive approaches offer an effective alternative to conventional [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for poultry meat, driven by its favorable nutritional profile, including low cholesterol and high protein content, has resulted in intensified production volumes and, consequently, elevated ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Artificial intelligence-based predictive approaches offer an effective alternative to conventional treatment-oriented methods by enabling faster and more accurate estimation of NH₃ removal performance. This study aimed to predict the ammonia removal efficiency of broiler litter generated during a production cycle under controlled laboratory-scale conditions using artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with different learning algorithms. Four ANN models were developed based on the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Fletcher–Reeves (FR), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG), and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithms. The results showed that the LM-based model with 12 hidden neurons achieved the highest predictive performance (R² = 0.9777; MSE = 0.0033; RMSE = 0.0574; MAPE = 0.0833), while the BR-based model with 10 neurons showed comparable accuracy. In comparison with the FR and SCG models, the LM algorithm demonstrated superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Overall, the findings suggest that ANN-based modeling is a reliable, data-informed approach for estimating NH₃ removal efficiency, providing a potential decision-support framework for ammonia mitigation strategies in poultry production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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15 pages, 1720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Oxidative Stress Profiles in Circulating and Peritumoral Adipose Tissue Across Stages of Colorectal Cancer

by Somchai Ruangwannasak, Sittichai Khamsai, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Putcharawipa Maneesai, Parichat Prachaney, Wilaiwan Mothong and Chalerm Eurboonyanun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020707 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study intends to assess oxidative stress markers and endogenous enzymes in plasma and peritumoral adipose tissues (PATs) obtained from normal subjects and patients with stages I-IV colorectal cancer (CRC). 63 participants were recruited, including 23 patients with colorectal cancer and 40 healthy [...] Read more.

This study intends to assess oxidative stress markers and endogenous enzymes in plasma and peritumoral adipose tissues (PATs) obtained from normal subjects and patients with stages I-IV colorectal cancer (CRC). 63 participants were recruited, including 23 patients with colorectal cancer and 40 healthy subjects. CRC patients had increased circulating malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl concentrations, as well as reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, compared to normal volunteers. (p < 0.05). The findings aligned with the oxidative parameters assessed in peritumoral adipose tissue. Superoxide production in PAT was dramatically higher in the CRC group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, oxidative stress markers were progressively altered in relation to CRC stages. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression was reduced in PAT isolated from CRC compared to normal subjects and associated with CRC stages. CRC patients showed a systemic and peritumoral oxidative imbalance, along with elevated superoxide production in the PAT. The oxidative modifications worsened with the progression of CRC stage and were associated with the downregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant cascade in peritumoral adipose tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)

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9 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Combination of Postbiotics and Essential Oil Compounds Supports a Consistent Improvement in Broiler Performance

by Vivek A. Kuttappan, Gregory S. Archer, Yann Fournis and Marc Decoux

Animals 2026, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020209 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent innovations in poultry feed technology have emphasized the role of postbiotics and phytogenics as promising strategies to strengthen gut health and improve overall performance in broilers. Within this context, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of Biostrong™ Dual (Cargill Inc., Cedar Rapids, [...] Read more.

Recent innovations in poultry feed technology have emphasized the role of postbiotics and phytogenics as promising strategies to strengthen gut health and improve overall performance in broilers. Within this context, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of Biostrong™ Dual (Cargill Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA, USA), a novel product that integrates Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-derived postbiotic products (SCFPs) with a proprietary blend of essential oil compounds (EOCs). The objective was to determine whether this dual formulation could consistently enhance growth, feed efficiency, and carcass quality across multiple production phases. To test this, three independent trials were conducted using commercial broiler strains. Birds were allocated to either a control group (CON) receiving a basal diet or a treatment group (DUAL) receiving the same diet supplemented with 0.4 kg/MT of Biostrong™ Dual. Each trial employed a randomized block design with 24 replicates per treatment and 16–25 birds per replicate. Results consistently demonstrated that DUAL improved (p < 0.05) body weight and the cumulative feed conversion ratio (cFCR) at 42 days. Pooled analysis revealed body weight gains of 5.5%, a cFCR improvement of 5 points, increased feed intake, and a 0.86% rise in breast meat yield. Additionally, one trial showed reduced footpad lesion scores. Collectively, these findings highlight Biostrong™ Dual as a valuable nutritional intervention to optimize productivity and carcass quality in poultry production and further research is needed to understand the mode of action of the product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Feed Additives in Livestock and Poultry Nutrition)

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17 pages, 8166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dominant Role of Aquaculture Patterns over Seasonal Variations in Controlling Potentially Toxic Elements’ Occurrence and Ecological Risks in Sediments

by Luna Zhang, Yuyi Yang, Huabao Zheng, Zhi Wang and Weihong Zhang

Toxics 2026, 14(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010065 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Aquaculture faces environmental challenges from sediment contamination by potentially toxic elements. This study investigated how aquaculture patterns and seasons jointly affect the distribution and ecological risks of these potentially toxic elements in sediments. By analyzing and comparing sediment samples from different aquaculture systems [...] Read more.

Aquaculture faces environmental challenges from sediment contamination by potentially toxic elements. This study investigated how aquaculture patterns and seasons jointly affect the distribution and ecological risks of these potentially toxic elements in sediments. By analyzing and comparing sediment samples from different aquaculture systems across seasons, we found that Mn (mean = 435.42 mg/kg) was the most abundant, followed by Zn (mean = 172.69 mg/kg), Cr (mean = 106.79 mg/kg), and Cu (mean = 63.44 mg/kg). Aquaculture patterns were the primary factor determining the composition of potentially toxic elements, followed by season. Fish farming tended to promote their accumulation in sediments, whereas the rice–crayfish co-culture model effectively reduced the enrichment of potentially toxic elements and their associated ecological risks. Therefore, optimizing aquaculture practices proves more effective in controlling these risks than managing seasonal variations. Moreover, total phosphorus was identified as a key driver of potentially toxic element accumulation in sediments. The results from the rice–crayfish co-culture system indicate that enhanced phosphorus management is crucial for mitigating such risks. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop systematic monitoring and integrated remediation strategies focused on priority metals and their main drivers. Full article

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21 pages, 5307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Observer-Based Adaptive Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Control for Bidirectional Consensus of MASs with Sensor Faults

by Shizhong Yang, Hongchao Wei and Shicheng Liu

Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020265 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

The adaptive event-triggered fault-tolerant control problem for bidirectional consensus of multi-agent systems (MASs) subject to sensor faults and external disturbances is investigated. A hierarchical algorithm is first introduced to eliminate the dependence on Laplacian matrix information, thereby reducing computational complexity. Subsequently, a disturbance [...] Read more.

The adaptive event-triggered fault-tolerant control problem for bidirectional consensus of multi-agent systems (MASs) subject to sensor faults and external disturbances is investigated. A hierarchical algorithm is first introduced to eliminate the dependence on Laplacian matrix information, thereby reducing computational complexity. Subsequently, a disturbance observer (DO) and a compensation signal were constructed to accommodate external disturbances, filtering errors, and approximation errors introduced by the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Compared with the absence of a disturbance observer, the tracking performance was improved by

15.2 %

. In addition, a switching event-triggered mechanism is considered, in which the advantages of fixed-time triggering and relative triggering are integrated to balance communication frequency and tracking performance. Finally, the boundedness of all signals under the proposed fault-tolerant control (FTC) scheme is established. It has been clearly demonstrated by the simulation results that the proposed mechanism achieves a

39.8 %

reduction in triggering frequency relative to the FT scheme, while simultaneously yielding a

5.0 %

enhancement in tracking performance compared with the RT scheme, thereby highlighting its superior efficiency and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Adaptive Control Theory and Applications for Nonlinear Systems)

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14 pages, 5510 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Agronomic Trait Loci in Quinoa

by Zhike Xu, Fucai Ma, Jiedong Li, Jiansheng Yu, Chengkai Liu, Yun Li, Baolong Liu, Xu Su, Dong Cao and Yunlong Liang

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020175 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Understanding the genetic basis of agronomic traits in quinoa adapted to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is essential for developing high-yield cultivars, as conventional breeding is constrained by limited molecular tools. In this study, 300 cultivated accessions were evaluated for five quantitative traits, and whole-genome [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic basis of agronomic traits in quinoa adapted to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is essential for developing high-yield cultivars, as conventional breeding is constrained by limited molecular tools. In this study, 300 cultivated accessions were evaluated for five quantitative traits, and whole-genome resequencing generated 3.69 million high-quality SNPs. Population structure analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS) were conducted, with integration of seed developmental transcriptomes to refine trait-associated loci. A highly admixed genetic background (K = 7) was revealed, and 11 significant QTLs across seven chromosomes were identified, involving genes related to metabolism, transport, and cell-wall formation. Among these, CesA4 (CQ042210) showed a strong association with thousand grain weight (TGW) and a distinct expression maximum at the early seed-filling stage. These results provide a genomic framework for understanding trait variation in plateau-adapted quinoa and highlight promising targets for marker-assisted breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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18 pages, 2832 KB

Open AccessReview

Graduation Towers and Pan Salt Production in Various Aspects—Case Study

by Sylwia Chudy, Ryszard Kowalski and Agnieszka Makowska

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020710 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sodium chloride is a chemical compound that humans use in large quantities, both for consumption and for applications in many areas. This article aims to present various aspects of salt: production, health, tourism, cultural, environmental, and finally, historical. It mainly discusses the operation [...] Read more.

Sodium chloride is a chemical compound that humans use in large quantities, both for consumption and for applications in many areas. This article aims to present various aspects of salt: production, health, tourism, cultural, environmental, and finally, historical. It mainly discusses the operation of the brine graduation towers—the last ones preserved in the technological line at the salt production plant. The authors aimed to illustrate the advantages and challenges associated with salt and to present solutions to the existing problems. Full article

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18 pages, 6191 KB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Analysis of Strong Breeze and Large Wave Events in the North Indian Ocean

by Zhiwei You, Ning Wang, Yongchui Zhang, Yuli Liu, Chaochao He, Lei Han, Haoyue Jiang and Changming Dong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020149 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ocean winds and waves play a vital role in maritime navigation safety, offshore operations, and coastal zone dynamics. Although both factors have been widely studied individually, the joint characterization of wind and wave events remains limited in the North Indian Ocean. This study, [...] Read more.

Ocean winds and waves play a vital role in maritime navigation safety, offshore operations, and coastal zone dynamics. Although both factors have been widely studied individually, the joint characterization of wind and wave events remains limited in the North Indian Ocean. This study, utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2022, statistically analyzed the distribution and variation patterns of both wind speed and significant wave height, investigating the occurrence, affected area proportion, frequency, and intensity of SBLWEs. To understand the cause of Strong Breeze and Large Wave Events (SBLWEs), their connections with other phenomena, such as tropical cyclones, were also explored. The results show that regions with strong breezes and large waves are mainly concentrated in the central and western Arabian Sea near Africa and the central and western Bay of Bengal. Monthly averages indicate that wind and wave intensity are much higher during the summer monsoon than in other seasons, with high intensity, probability, and extensive affected areas of SBLWEs. The occurrence probability of SBLWEs is highest in the central and western Arabian Sea (up to ~40%), and the highest probability in the Bay of Bengal is about 20% near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. The peak period of SBLWEs occurs from June to August, with the largest affected area in July, reaching almost 25%. Over the past 40 years, the number of SBLWEs has shown an increasing trend, with an average of 0.7 events annually. The intensity distribution of SBLWEs resembles that of wind speed and wave height, with the highest intensity areas concentrated in the Bay of Bengal, affected by tropical cyclones. This study can serve as a scientific reference for maritime route planning and offshore operations, helping to reduce the negative impacts of large wind and wave events and enhance navigation safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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26 pages, 32788 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Supported Detection of Vegetation Degradation and Urban Expansion Using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data: Case Study

by Mihai Valentin Herbei, Ana Cornelia Badea, Sorin Mihai Radu, Csaba Lorinț, Roxana Claudia Herbei, Radu Bertici, Lucian Octavian Dragomir, George Popescu, Adrian Smuleac and Florin Sala

Land 2026, 15(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15010140 (registering DOI) - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Peri-urban areas in Eastern Europe are undergoing rapid land transformation driven by suburban housing expansion and infrastructure development, yet the processes through which vegetation is progressively degraded and built-up areas intensify remain insufficiently documented. This study analyses vegetation loss and urban expansion in [...] Read more.

Peri-urban areas in Eastern Europe are undergoing rapid land transformation driven by suburban housing expansion and infrastructure development, yet the processes through which vegetation is progressively degraded and built-up areas intensify remain insufficiently documented. This study analyses vegetation loss and urban expansion in the peri-urban belt of Timișoara, Western Romania, between 2020 and 2025 using Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, two key spectral indices (NDVI and NDBI), and a Random Forest (RF) classifier. The results reveal a gradual, multi-stage transformation trajectory, where dense vegetation transitions first into sparse vegetation and bare soil before consolidating into built-up surfaces, rather than being replaced abruptly. Substantial vegetation decline is accompanied by notable increases in built-up land, with strong spatial differences between communes depending on development pressure. The integration of RF classification with spectral index analysis allows these transitions to be validated and interpreted more reliably, helping distinguish structural suburbanisation from short-term spectral variability. Overall, the study demonstrates the value of combining NDVI, NDBI and AI-supported land-cover classification to capture nuanced peri-urban transformation dynamics and provides actionable insights for spatial planning and sustainable land management in rapidly growing metropolitan regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI’s Role in Land Use Management)

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