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Open AccessArticle

Changes in Ground Displacement Anticipated the 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)

by Emanuele Intrieri, Roberto Montalti and Javier Garcia Robles

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030485 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

In the last decades, satellite remote sensing has played a key role in Earth Observation, as an effective monitoring tool applied to geo-hazard identification and mitigation. In particular, the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry technique provides incomparable information on ground movements related to [...] Read more.

In the last decades, satellite remote sensing has played a key role in Earth Observation, as an effective monitoring tool applied to geo-hazard identification and mitigation. In particular, the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry technique provides incomparable information on ground movements related to volcanic unrest, co-eruptive deformation, and volcano flank motion. In this work, ground deformation data derived from Sentinel-1 satellites were analyzed over the Cumbre Vieja volcano, located in the southern part of La Palma Island, Canary archipelago. The volcano started to erupt on 19 September 2021, after a seismic swarm. The eruption buried hundreds of buildings and properties, causing severe economic losses. Analyzing the vertical ground displacement of the volcano in the year preceding the eruption, the results show that ground deformation can be considered a precursor of the eruption, which allows us to identify the phases of the magmatic ascent up to the opening of the eruptive vent. Interestingly, after a subsidence phase lasting 4 months, the ground displacement rate reverted and an uplift was observed, lasting 9 months, marking an uplift on the Cumbre Vieja volcano related to volcanic activity. This can be interpreted as the effect of the magma rising from the deeper chamber (15–25 km) to an intermediate stagnation zone (5 km) that provided a measurable anticipation of the eruption by 9 months. In the future, regular monitoring of Cumbre Vieja could adopt uplift detection as an indicator for shallow magma activity and as a possible eruption precursor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)

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22 pages, 1821 KB

Open AccessReview

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A Technology-Driven Renaissance

by Dandan Zheng, Guang Han, Olga Dona Maria Lemus, Alexander Podgorsak, Matthew Webster, Fiona Li, Yuwei Zhou, Hyunuk Jung and Jihyung Yoon

Cancers 2026, 18(3), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030498 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is experiencing a global resurgence driven by advances in boron pharmacology, accelerator-based neutron sources, and molecular imaging-guided theranostics. BNCT produces high linear energy transfer particles with micrometer-range energy deposition, enabling cell-selective irradiation confined to boron-enriched tumor cells in [...] Read more.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is experiencing a global resurgence driven by advances in boron pharmacology, accelerator-based neutron sources, and molecular imaging-guided theranostics. BNCT produces high linear energy transfer particles with micrometer-range energy deposition, enabling cell-selective irradiation confined to boron-enriched tumor cells in a geometrically targeted region by the neutron beam. This mechanism offers the potential for exceptionally high therapeutic ratios, provided two core requirements are met: sufficient differential tumor uptake of ¹⁰B and a neutron beam with appropriate energy and penetration. After early clinical attempts in the mid-20th century were hindered by inadequate boron agents and reactor-based neutron beams, recent technological breakthroughs have made BNCT clinically viable. The development of hospital-compatible accelerator neutron sources, next-generation boron delivery systems (such as receptor-targeted compounds and nanoparticles), advanced theranostic approaches (such as ¹⁸F-BPA positron emission tomography and boron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging), and AI-driven biodistribution modeling now support personalized treatment planning and patient selection. These innovations have catalyzed modern clinical implementation, exemplified by Japan’s regulatory approval of BNCT for recurrent head and neck cancer and the rapid expansion of clinical programs across Asia, Europe, and South America. Building on these foundations, BNCT has transitioned from a predominantly academic experimental modality into an increasingly commercialized and industrially supported therapeutic platform. The emergence of dedicated BNCT companies, international collaborations between accelerator manufacturers and hospitals, and pharmaceutical development pipelines for next-generation boron carriers has accelerated clinical translation. Moreover, BNCT now occupies a unique position among radiation modalities due to its hybrid nature, namely combining the biological targeting of radiopharmaceutical therapy with the external-beam controllability of radiotherapy, thereby offering new therapeutic opportunities where competitive approaches fall short. Emerging evidence suggests therapeutic promise in glioblastoma, recurrent head and neck cancers, melanoma, meningioma, lung cancer, sarcomas, and other difficult-to-treat malignancies. Looking ahead, continued innovation in compact neutron source engineering, boron nanocarriers, multimodal theranostics, microdosimetry-guided treatment planning, and combination strategies with systemic therapies such as immunotherapy will be essential for optimizing outcomes. Together, these converging developments position BNCT as a biologically targeted and potentially transformative modality in the era of precision oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches in Radiotherapy for Cancer)

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11 pages, 2525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Cross-Education Phenomenon in Lower Limbs: Insights from the Force–Velocity Profile

by Jessica Rial-Vázquez, Juan Fariñas, María Rúa-Alonso, Iván Nine, Manuel Avelino Giráldez-García and Eliseo Iglesias-Soler

Sports 2026, 14(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020052 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study explored whether the cross-education (CE) phenomenon could be examined through the force–velocity (FV) profile obtained from unilateral leg extension. Nineteen participants completed 5 weeks of unilateral knee extension interventions differing in set configuration. A traditional training group (TT) carried out four [...] Read more.

This study explored whether the cross-education (CE) phenomenon could be examined through the force–velocity (FV) profile obtained from unilateral leg extension. Nineteen participants completed 5 weeks of unilateral knee extension interventions differing in set configuration. A traditional training group (TT) carried out four sets of 8 repetitions with 3 min of rest between sets, whereas an inter-repetition training group (IRT) completed 32 repetitions with 17.4 s of rest between repetitions. Exercise was performed with the 10-repetition maximum load on the dominant limb. Individual linear FV profiles (slope: S_FV; theoretical maximum force and velocity: F₀ and V₀; and maximum estimated power: P_max) were obtained for trained and untrained legs pre–post intervention. The trained limb showed significant increases in the post-test for F₀, P_max, and a steeper S_FV (p < 0.05). In the untrained limb, F₀ (p = 0.042) and P_max (p = 0.010) also improved, whereas no changes were observed in V₀ or S_FV. Set configuration did not modulate the FV adaptations in the trained or untrained limb. CE was only observed for specific estimated force and power parameters. These findings indicate that strength and power transfer can be accomplished with low-fatigue training protocols, which may offer a more tolerable and practical option in clinical and performance settings. Full article

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23 pages, 467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Use Efficiency and Physiological Responses of Juvenile Northern River Shrimp (Cryphiops caementarius) Cultured in Biofloc Systems Using Molasses and Chancaca as Carbon Sources

by Carlos Andres Mendez, David Ulloa Walker, Camila Salvador, Carla Galleguillos and María Cristina Morales

Animals 2026, 16(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030470 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Biofloc technology (BFT) is based on the reutilization of nitrogenous waste generated by cultured organisms through the biotransformation of these compounds primarily into microbial biomass, allowing a reduction in water exchange. The aim of this study was to evaluate BFT as a water-saving [...] Read more.

Biofloc technology (BFT) is based on the reutilization of nitrogenous waste generated by cultured organisms through the biotransformation of these compounds primarily into microbial biomass, allowing a reduction in water exchange. The aim of this study was to evaluate BFT as a water-saving culture strategy, using two carbon sources (chancaca and molasses), and to assess its effects on water-use efficiency, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and physiological responses in juvenile northern river shrimp (Cryphiops caementarius). The experiment was conducted in triplicate using 400 L fiberglass tanks, with an initial stocking density of 75 shrimp m⁻² and an average individual weight of 0.85 ± 0.65 g, over a 157-day rearing period. Water quality parameters were maintained within suitable ranges throughout the study. Significant differences were observed in the composition of bacterial and plankton communities among the biofloc treatments, whereas no significant differences were detected in growth performance or digestive enzyme activities. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a stress-related biomarker indicative of physiological responses, exhibited higher levels in the biofloc treatment supplemented with molasses. Overall, BFT treatments reduced water exchange by 81.6% while maintaining comparable biological performance to the control, indicating that biofloc technology represents a water-efficient and environmentally sustainable culture approach for juvenile Cryphiops caementarius, an endemic freshwater shrimp species, particularly in water-limited regions of northern Chile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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21 pages, 2173 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Driven Real-Time Phase Optimization for Energy Harvesting-Enabled Dual-IRS Cooperative NOMA Under Non-Line-of-Sight Conditions

by Yasir Al-Ghafri, Hafiz M. Asif, Zia Nadir and Naser Tarhuni

Sensors 2026, 26(3), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030980 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

In this paper, a wireless network architecture is considered that combines double intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), energy harvesting (EH), and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with cooperative relaying (C-NOMA) to leverage the performance of non-line-of-sight (NLoS) communication mainly and incorporate energy efficiency in next-generation [...] Read more.

In this paper, a wireless network architecture is considered that combines double intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), energy harvesting (EH), and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with cooperative relaying (C-NOMA) to leverage the performance of non-line-of-sight (NLoS) communication mainly and incorporate energy efficiency in next-generation networks. To optimize the phase shifts of both IRSs, we employ a machine learning model that offers a low-complexity alternative to traditional optimization methods. This lightweight learning-based approach is introduced to predict effective IRS phase shift configurations without relying on solver-generated labels or repeated iterations. The model learns from channel behavior and system observations, which allows it to react rapidly under dynamic channel conditions. Numerical analysis demonstrates the validity of the proposed architecture in providing considerable improvements in spectral efficiency and service reliability through the integration of energy harvesting and relay-based communication compared with conventional systems, thereby facilitating green communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Wireless Energy Harvesting and Power Transfer for Communications and Networks)

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11 pages, 437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Urinary Incontinence in Female Weightlifters

by Sofia Lopes, Manon Becam, Carla Pierrot, Julie Réard, Alice Carvalhais, Ágata Vieira and Gabriela Brochado

Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030381 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is common among women practicing sports, particularly those involving heavy lifting or high-impact movements that increase intra-abdominal pressure. UI can negatively affect social life, self-confidence, and motivation to remain active. This study aimed to examine the associations of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is common among women practicing sports, particularly those involving heavy lifting or high-impact movements that increase intra-abdominal pressure. UI can negatively affect social life, self-confidence, and motivation to remain active. This study aimed to examine the associations of sociodemographic, training-related, obstetric, and surgical factors with UI in female weightlifters. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 84 French women who regularly practiced weightlifting. Participants completed a structured questionnaire collecting sociodemographic and gynecological information, as well as the Urinary Symptom Profile (USP). Data were analyzed using appropriate inferential statistical tests, including the Mann–Whitney U test, Student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test, as applicable. A 95% confidence level was adopted for all analyses. Results: Among participants (aged 15–49 years), 51 (60.7%) reported involuntary urine leakage, and 31 (36.9%) scored 1–3 on the USP stress incontinence subscale. Most participants were non-smokers (73.8%), with a median of 3.5 years of weightlifting experience, four weekly training sessions, and six–seven competitions per year. No significant associations were found between UI and sociodemographic factors, obstetric history, previous surgeries, or training characteristics. Maximal lifts in Clean & Jerk and Snatch exercises were also similar between participants with and without UI. Slight trends suggested a higher UI prevalence among women with vaginal deliveries, episiotomies, or vaginal lacerations. Regarding athletes with and without UI, no differences were found (p > 0.05) with respect to weightlifting belt use or the breathing phase during load lifting. Conclusions: UI is common among female weightlifters, but in this study, was not associated with sociodemographic factors or weightlifting practices. These findings indicate that UI prevalence cannot be explained by the variables studied and highlight the need for further research into other potential contributing factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creating Connection Between Physical and Mental Health in Physical Activity, Physical Exercise and Sport Across the Lifespan)

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10 pages, 496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Use of an Algo-Based Decision-Making Tool to Compare Real-Life Clinical Practice in a Single Tertiary Center with the Kyoto IPMN Surveillance Recommendations

by Roie Tzadok, Rivka Kessner, Omer Ben-Ami Sher, Hila Yashar, Sapir Lazar, Yuval Katz, Zur Ronen-Amsalem, Arthur Chernomorets and Dana Ben-Ami Shor

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031180 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are the most common pancreatic cystic lesions and are established precancerous entities. Side-branch IPMN (SB-IPMN) is the most prevalent subtype and generally carries a low risk of malignant transformation. The revised 2024 Kyoto guidelines define management and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are the most common pancreatic cystic lesions and are established precancerous entities. Side-branch IPMN (SB-IPMN) is the most prevalent subtype and generally carries a low risk of malignant transformation. The revised 2024 Kyoto guidelines define management and surveillance strategies based on high-risk stigmata and worrisome features; however, real-life adherence to these recommendations remains variable. To compare real-world management of SB-IPMN at a tertiary medical center with Kyoto guideline-based recommendations using an AIgo-based decision-support tool. Methods: SB-IPMN cases were retrospectively analyzed. An algorithm implementing the Kyoto guidelines was used to generate recommended management strategies based on imaging, clinical, and laboratory data, and these recommendations were compared with actual clinical decisions. Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up data were collected, including development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Results: A total of 368 patients (69% male; median age 69.5 years) were followed for a median of 48.5 months radiologically and 64 months clinically. Median cyst size at presentation was 10 (6–14) mm. Only 58 patients (15.8%) were managed in accordance with the Kyoto guidelines; most underwent more intensive surveillance (60.3%), while 23.9% received less intensive monitoring (p = 0.04). Larger cyst size (>2 cm) was associated with higher concordance with current guidelines. Younger patients, including all patients under 50 years of age, were more frequently over-surveilled. Over-surveillance resulted in an excess of 0.42 MRI/MRCP examinations per patient-year. Only one PDAC case occurred, arising after more than five years of cyst stability. Conclusions: Fewer than 20% of patients with SB-IPMN were managed according to Kyoto guidelines. Over-surveillance was common, particularly in younger patients, without apparent oncologic benefit. AIgo-based decision-support tools may help standardize care and optimize resource utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases)

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28 pages, 5440 KB

Open AccessReview

Management of Dry Eye Disease Pre- and Post-Cataract Surgery: A Personalized Approach

by Samantha Spritz, Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano, Zahra Bibak-Bejandi, Nicholas W. Setter, Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia, Zeenal Dabre, Ali Khodor, Robert Schwartz, Sandeep Jain and Ali R. Djalilian

J. Pers. Med. 2026, 16(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm16020086 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition that can be associated with cataract surgery, requiring pre- and postoperative considerations. Pre-existent DED and disruption of the tear film homeostasis due to incisional corneal nerve damage, intra-operative ocular surface drying, microscope phototoxicity, or the [...] Read more.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition that can be associated with cataract surgery, requiring pre- and postoperative considerations. Pre-existent DED and disruption of the tear film homeostasis due to incisional corneal nerve damage, intra-operative ocular surface drying, microscope phototoxicity, or the toxic effects of preservatives and active ingredients of postoperative drops or a combination thereof, represents a potential mechanism for worsening or developing DED after cataract surgery. Recent diagnostic advancements have enabled us better to understand the pathophysiology of DED after cataract surgery. For patients with pre-existing DED before cataract surgery, early intervention can improve surgical outcomes. In contrast, failure to recognize DED risk factors or subtle signs can result in inaccurate refractive measurements, poor surgical outcomes, including serious complications, worsening of dry eye symptoms, patient dissatisfaction, and decreased quality of life. This review presents an overview of the perioperative management of DED in patients undergoing cataract surgery with an emphasis on pre-operative diagnosis and treatment, and its impact on improving surgical refractive outcomes and decreasing complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy in Clinical Medicine)

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23 pages, 9056 KB

Open AccessReview

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn—A Review of Its Toxicology, Pharmacology, and Phytochemistry

by Hisashi Kato-Noguchi and Midori Kato

Plants 2026, 15(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030469 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, known as bracken fern, is considered a poisonous plant due to its toxic substances. This species contains toxic substances and enzymes: thiaminase and an anti-thiamine substance, which cause thiamine deficiency syndrome. Prunasin induces acute cyanide poisoning. Ptaquiloside causes haematuria, [...] Read more.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, known as bracken fern, is considered a poisonous plant due to its toxic substances. This species contains toxic substances and enzymes: thiaminase and an anti-thiamine substance, which cause thiamine deficiency syndrome. Prunasin induces acute cyanide poisoning. Ptaquiloside causes haematuria, retinal atrophy, immunodeficiency, and lymphoproliferative disorders. It also induces carcinogenesis in livestock, and in animals and human cell lines. Ptaquiloside has been found in the milk of cattle, goats, and sheep that grazed on P. aquilinum in pastures. Ptaquiloside is water-soluble and washes away from the plants into the soil with rainwater. It has been found in streams and groundwater wells. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified bracken fern as a Group 2B carcinogen. However, P. aquilinum has long been used as a folk remedy in various regions. Several studies have identified its medicinal value and bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological activity. Pterosin B and its analogues exhibit anti-osteoarthritis, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, neuroprotective, anti-cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, anti-diabetic, and smooth muscle relaxant properties. Ptaquiloside also induces apoptosis in certain human cancer cell lines and acts as an anticancer agent. Therefore, pterosins and ptaquiloside have therapeutic properties. Other compounds, including some flavonoids and polysaccharides, act as antimicrobial, antifungal, and immunomodulatory agents. Based on their structures, it is possible to develop medicines with these therapeutic properties, particularly those containing pterosins and ptaquiloside. However, more research is needed on their use in medicinal treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities and Chemical Constituents of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Application)

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26 pages, 1562 KB

Open AccessReview

Postbiotics and Phytogenics as Functional Feed Additives: Impact on Gut Health and Growth Performance

by Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031518 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Growing limitations on the use of in-feed antibiotics have accelerated the search for functional feed additives capable of supporting animal health and productivity under antibiotic-free production systems. Postbiotics, defined as non-viable microbial products or metabolic byproducts, and phytogenics, which are plant-derived bioactive compounds, [...] Read more.

Growing limitations on the use of in-feed antibiotics have accelerated the search for functional feed additives capable of supporting animal health and productivity under antibiotic-free production systems. Postbiotics, defined as non-viable microbial products or metabolic byproducts, and phytogenics, which are plant-derived bioactive compounds, have emerged as promising alternatives due to their stability and biological activity. Recent advances in the application of postbiotics and phytogenics in monogastric and ruminant nutrition are summarized, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, synergistic effects, and impacts on gut health, immune function, and growth performance. Postbiotics modulate the gut microbiota, enhance epithelial barrier integrity, and regulate immune signaling, whereas phytogenic compounds provide antimicrobial, antioxidant, and digestive-stimulant effects. Available evidence suggests that combined strategies can enhance efficacy, particularly under production-related stress. Key challenges related to formulation, dose–response relationships, stability, and regulatory classification are discussed together with emerging omics-based approaches that support precision formulation. Overall, integration of multi-omics evidence with formulation and regulatory considerations supports the practical use of postbiotics and phytogenics in commercial livestock systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches in Animal Nutrition and Feed Additives: Enhancing Productivity and Product Quality)

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21 pages, 5413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quercetin Released Biomedical Hybrid Hydrogels Fabricated by Silk Fibroin and Sodium Alginate with Incorporation of Ag@rGO Nanosheets

by Lei Nie, Xinran Li, Benda Xing and Ling Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030527 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

The drug-encapsulated hybrid hydrogels possessed several expected properties, including porous microstructure, conductivity, adhesive strength, antioxidant activity, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility, and have great potential in biomedical applications, such as skin wound hydrogel dressings and bio-adhesives. In this paper, the quercetin-loaded hybrid hydrogels (SSA-QRs) [...] Read more.

The drug-encapsulated hybrid hydrogels possessed several expected properties, including porous microstructure, conductivity, adhesive strength, antioxidant activity, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility, and have great potential in biomedical applications, such as skin wound hydrogel dressings and bio-adhesives. In this paper, the quercetin-loaded hybrid hydrogels (SSA-QRs) were fabricated using silk fibroin (SF), alginate, and silver-doped reduced graphene oxide (Ag@rGO) nanosheets, incorporating quercetin-encapsulated PF-127 (PF127-QR) micelles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed that the fabricated hybrid hydrogels possessed an interconnected porous microstructure. The mechanical properties of hydrogels could be regulated by adjusting the content of incorporated Ag@rGO nanosheets and PF127-QR micelles. Furthermore, the obtained SSA-QR hydrogels displayed the expected swelling properties, and the swelling rates could reach 1200–1700% in 120 min, in the equilibrium state. The fabricated SSA-QR hydrogels possessed apparent conductivity and self-healing ability. In addition, SSA-QR hydrogels exhibited strong adhesive performance on the surface of different materials, including skin, metal, wood, plastic, and glass. The typical antibacterial testing using Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) confirmed the excellent antibacterial activities of SSA-QR hydrogels. Moreover, SSA-QR hydrogels displayed good antioxidant ability and intracellular ROS scavenging ability. However, the increased content of Ag@rGO nanosheets could cause a great increase in the hemolysis ratio for SSA-QR hydrogels. Fluorescent images, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and cell scratch testing confirmed their excellent cytocompatibility and cell pro-migration ability. The available results demonstrated a facile strategy to prepare the quercetin-loaded hydrogel for applications of wound hydrogel dressing and bio-adhesives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials: Preparation, Properties and Applications in Biomedicine and Tissue Engineering)

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15 pages, 3367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Irradiation Absorption by Nanofluids: A Proposal of Standardization by the Use of the “Solar Wall”

by Ricardo José Pontes Lima, Juarez Pompeu de Amorim Neto, Vanja Fontenele Nunes, André Valente Bueno, Carla Freitas de Andrade, Maria Eugênia Vieira da Silva and Paulo Alexandre Costa Rocha

Processes 2026, 14(3), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030525 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

We analyzed the behavior of a “Solar Wall” and validated the apparatus using three nanofluids (silver, titanium dioxide, and a hybrid compound) based on their photothermal conversion performance. The factors considered were the temperature gain in relation to the base fluid, the stored [...] Read more.

We analyzed the behavior of a “Solar Wall” and validated the apparatus using three nanofluids (silver, titanium dioxide, and a hybrid compound) based on their photothermal conversion performance. The factors considered were the temperature gain in relation to the base fluid, the stored energy, and the specific absorption rate. A cost analysis was conducted to assess the cost associated with energy generation for each nanofluid. Five concentrations were studied for each nanofluid. A hybrid nanofluid formed by the previous ones was also tested. The results show that the Solar Wall demonstrates repeatability, indicating it is suitable for testing other nanofluids. The silver and hybrid nanofluids performed better; the former achieved a temperature increase of 10.2 °C relative to the base fluid, and the latter reached 9.9 °C. Regarding energy gain, the silver-based sample achieved 31.93%, and the hybrid sample achieved 34.52%. The SAR values for the silver nanCheckedofluid were higher than those for the titanium-based; the cost to generate an energy unit using the former was higher than in the titanium case. The silver-based and hybrid nanofluids obtained showed improved photothermal conversion, making them the most promising options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Phase Flow and Heat and Mass Transfer Engineering)

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19 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vaccine Perceptions Outweigh Emotional Flow in Predicting HPV Vaccination Intentions Among Gen Z College Students

by Christopher Hominski and Carolyn A. Lin

Vaccines 2026, 14(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14020150 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: HPV vaccination rates among U.S. young adults remain unchanged at 47% since 2019. Barriers including misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and stigma surrounding HPV’s long-standing association with sexually transmitted infections have limited widespread acceptance among the male population. This experimental study explores how prevention [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: HPV vaccination rates among U.S. young adults remain unchanged at 47% since 2019. Barriers including misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and stigma surrounding HPV’s long-standing association with sexually transmitted infections have limited widespread acceptance among the male population. This experimental study explores how prevention messages incorporating an emotional flow element may influence vaccination intention. It also examines whether vaccination status may differentiate pre-exposure risk-taking tendencies and vaccine perceptions—as well as post-exposure HPV susceptibility, HPV severity, vaccine effectiveness, and emotional response—among young adults. Methods: A one-factor between-subjects experiment (including facts-only vs. facts→threat vs. facts→threat→hope conditions) was conducted online with a group of Gen Z college students at a U.S. university (N = 440). Results: ANCOVA results indicated that emotional flow embedded in the three message conditions did not result in significantly different emotional responses (across all participants) or vaccination intention among the unvaccinated participants. Whereas vaccinated participants reported greater perceived vaccine benefits, HPV susceptibility, HPV severity, and vaccine effectiveness, unvaccinated participants exhibited stronger emotional responses toward the facts→threat→hope message instead. Regression results revealed that vaccine perceptions, risk-taking tendencies, HPV susceptibility, and emotional response significantly predicted vaccination intention, in that order. TV advertising was identified as the leading HPV information source, followed by social media advertisements and recommendations from health professionals. Conclusions: These findings highlight that incorporating emotional flow may enhance message engagement among unvaccinated individuals. HPV campaigns should consider increasing positive vaccine perceptions, alleviating perceived threat of HPV, and eliciting positive emotional response toward vaccination acceptance and adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Papillomavirus Vaccines)

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20 pages, 6530 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Center Prototype Feature Distribution Reconstruction for Class-Incremental SAR Target Recognition

by Ke Zhang, Bin Wu, Peng Li, Zhi Kang and Lin Zhang

Sensors 2026, 26(3), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030979 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

In practical applications of deep learning-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) systems, new target categories emerge continuously. This requires the systems to learn incrementally—acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. To mitigate catastrophic forgetting in Class-Incremental Learning (CIL), this [...] Read more.

In practical applications of deep learning-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) systems, new target categories emerge continuously. This requires the systems to learn incrementally—acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. To mitigate catastrophic forgetting in Class-Incremental Learning (CIL), this paper proposes a CIL method for SAR ATR named Multi-center Prototype Feature Distribution Reconstruction (MPFR). It has two core components. First, a Multi-scale Hybrid Attention feature extractor is designed. Trained via a feature space optimization strategy, it fuses and extracts discriminative features from both SAR amplitude images and Attribute Scattering Center data, while preserving feature space capacity for new classes. Second, each class is represented by multiple prototypes to capture complex feature distributions. Old class knowledge is retained by modeling their feature distributions through parameterized Gaussian diffusion, alleviating feature confusion in incremental phases. Experiments on public SAR datasets show MPFR achieves superior performance compared to existing approaches, including recent SAR-specific CIL methods. Ablation studies validate each component’s contribution, confirming MPFR’s effectiveness in addressing CIL for SAR ATR without storing historical raw data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radar Sensors)

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13 pages, 508 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Physical Activity and Nutritional Patterns on Phase Angle in Healthy Adolescents

by Agata Przytula, Paweł Glibowski and Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030516 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Phase angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), is a non-invasive parameter that reflects cellular integrity and nutritional status. Although PhA is increasingly used in pediatric settings, evidence on modifiable determinants in healthy adolescents remains limited. Methods: This study was conducted [...] Read more.

Background: Phase angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), is a non-invasive parameter that reflects cellular integrity and nutritional status. Although PhA is increasingly used in pediatric settings, evidence on modifiable determinants in healthy adolescents remains limited. Methods: This study was conducted in 56 adolescents (median age 16 years) who underwent BIA measurement including PhA at 50 kHz. Lifestyle and diet were assessed using the validated questionnaire and included physical activity level (school and free time), sleep length, and diet quality indices together with selected food intake frequencies. Results: The median PhA was 5.16° (IQR 4.88–5.46). In multivariable models, male sex (B = 0.96, p < 0.001) and higher free-time physical activity were independently associated with higher PhA, with graded effects for moderate (B = 0.42, p = 0.004) and high activity (B = 0.55, p = 0.001) versus low. Dietary indices and individual food items did not retain significance after adjustment. Penalized logistic models confirmed lower odds of low PhA with moderate (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: −3.66 to −0.56) and high (OR: 0.01, 95% CI: −9.15 to −1.87) versus low free-time activity. Conclusions: In healthy adolescents, habitual free-time physical activity is the main factor of PhA. These findings support the promotion of physical activity in youth as a modifiable determinant of cellular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in School-Aged Children: Lifestyle Factors, Interventions, and Health Outcomes)

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9 pages, 1878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Posterior Skin Dose Considerations for Rectal Cancer Treatment with Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in the Supine Orientation

by Anthony Kim and Aliaksandr Karotki

Radiation 2026, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation6010005 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: One method for the radiation therapy of rectal cancer is to set patients supine and treat them with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The posterior skin dose is of concern due to undesirable bolusing from mounting surfaces the patient lays upon, namely [...] Read more.

Background: One method for the radiation therapy of rectal cancer is to set patients supine and treat them with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The posterior skin dose is of concern due to undesirable bolusing from mounting surfaces the patient lays upon, namely the carbon fiber couch (CFC). The posterior skin dose may be mitigated by positioning the patient on top of a low-density material that separates the patient from the CFC. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the reduction in the posterior surface dose when a mattress or foam board is used to prop the patient away from the CFC. Materials and Methods: Three clinical rectal cancer patient VMAT plans were selected. A solid water phantom with optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) placed at the posterior surface was mounted using three setups: directly on the CFC, with a mattress on the CFC, and with a 10 cm thick foam board on the CFC. The three VMAT plans were delivered to this phantom, with OSLDs measuring the posterior surface dose with each setup. In the treatment planning system (TPS), the CFC only, mattress, and foam board setups were simulated on the patient’s anatomy with posterior surface doses reported. Results: The OSLD measurements in the phantom showed that the mattress reduced the posterior surface dose on average by 1.3%, and the foam board reduced the dose by 8.3%. The TPS estimates demonstrated that, on average, the mattress reduced the surface dose by 15.8%, and the foam board reduced the dose by 33.0%. It is likely that the TPS had limitations accurately modeling the surface dose, so OSLD measurements were closer to clinical reality. Conclusions: The mattress does not reduce the posterior skin dose enough to warrant its use as a skin sparing device. The CFC produces a bolusing effect that can be reduced by separating the patient from the CFC with a 10 cm thick foam board. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiation and Its Application in Oncology and Radiation Protection)

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20 pages, 10694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Surface Quality of Thermoformed Composite Saddles Using Hexagonal-Patterned Multi-Point Tooling

by Shouzhi Hao, Wenliang Wang, Xingjian Wang, Jing Yan, Hexuan Shi, Xianhe Cheng, Rundong Ding and Qigang Han

Eng 2026, 7(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7020069 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

To reduce mold costs in composite forming, multi-point tooling technology has been integrated into the hot diaphragm forming process. However, this approach still faces several challenges, including time-consuming prepreg layup, high energy consumption, and poor surface quality. This study proposes a heating pad-assisted [...] Read more.

To reduce mold costs in composite forming, multi-point tooling technology has been integrated into the hot diaphragm forming process. However, this approach still faces several challenges, including time-consuming prepreg layup, high energy consumption, and poor surface quality. This study proposes a heating pad-assisted multi-point thermoforming process: the prepreg is embedded in the thermal functional layers, placed on the lower mold, and formed via the downward movement of the upper mold to accomplish mold closure. Instead of the conventional rectangular array, this study adopted multi-point tooling with a hexagonal pin arrangement. Compared to traditional configurations, this hexagonal layout increases the punch support area by 9.8%, while its dense punch arrangement improves the accuracy of the molded curved surface. Taking a saddle-shaped surface as the target, a prototype part was fabricated. Subsequent analysis of the part’s surface quality identified three defects: dimples, fiber distortion, and ridge protrusions. The surface dimples were eliminated by adjusting the distance between the upper and lower molds. Notably, ridge protrusion is a defect unique to the hexagonal pin arrangement. We conducted a detailed analysis of its causes and solutions, finding that this defect arises from the combined effect of the pin arrangement and the saddle-shaped surface. Through a series of height compensation experiments, the maximum deviation at the ridges was reduced from 0.46 mm to approximately 0.35 mm, which is consistent with the deviation of defect-free areas. This work demonstrates that the multi-point hot-pressing process provides a potential, efficient, and low-cost method for manufacturing double-curvature composite components, whose effectiveness has been verified through the saddle-shaped case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Surface Engineering and Micro Additive Manufacturing)

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31 pages, 1093 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

From Pricing to Integration: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of ESG Integration and Risk Modelling in European Banking

by Evanthia K. Zervoudi, Rafael Hadjimarcou and Apostolos G. Christopoulos

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2026, 19(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm19020110 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of the empirical literature on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk integration in European banking. Using evidence systematically retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, IDEAS/RePEc, and SSRN, the review synthesizes 51 peer-reviewed and working studies published between 2020 [...] Read more.

This paper conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of the empirical literature on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk integration in European banking. Using evidence systematically retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, IDEAS/RePEc, and SSRN, the review synthesizes 51 peer-reviewed and working studies published between 2020 and 2025, reflecting the recent and rapidly evolving nature of this research field. The analysis classifies the literature into three domains—pricing and allocation, monitoring and stress testing, and governance and management control systems—and evaluates whether ESG variables operate as first-order drivers within production credit-risk models. The results indicate that while ESG signals are increasingly incorporated into pricing decisions, stress-testing exercises, and governance frameworks, no study provides verifiable evidence of full model-level integration within Probability of Default (PD) or Loss Given Default (LGD) models. The contribution of this review lies in systematically identifying the structural, data-related, and supervisory constraints that sustain this integration gap and in proposing a roadmap that distinguishes incremental ESG sensitivity from genuine prudential model embedding. Overall, the findings clarify that ESG responsiveness in European banking is substantial, yet integration into core risk models remains limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Banking and Finance)

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21 pages, 2924 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Ecosystem Service Values in a Coastal Wetland

by Mikouendanandi Mouendo Rahmat Brice Espoire, Qinling Bai, Tiejun Wang and Ang Yue

Land 2026, 15(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15020258 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Coastal wetlands are among the most ecologically valuable yet vulnerable ecosystems, particularly in regions experiencing rapid urban expansion. This study provides a four-decade assessment of land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and their implications for ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Beidagang [...] Read more.

Coastal wetlands are among the most ecologically valuable yet vulnerable ecosystems, particularly in regions experiencing rapid urban expansion. This study provides a four-decade assessment of land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and their implications for ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve (BWNR), located adjacent to the fast-developing Tianjin region in China. Using an integrated geospatial framework, combining multi-temporal remote sensing, supervised classification, and a modified benefit-transfer valuation approach, we analyzed LULC transitions and the associated variations in ecosystem service values (ESVs) across three critical phases: (i) a period of minimal anthropogenic pressure and climate influence (1984–1999); (ii) a phase of increased human activities (2000–2013); and (iii) an active ecological restoration period (2014–2023). Findings across the three phases show that the LULC changes are not in equilibrium, as indicated by the decrease in vegetation (−46.43%) and bare ground (−31.34%), while the water areas (+547.50%) and built-up areas (+14.40%) increased remarkably. This indicates an intensive human-induced environmental transformation; although some ecosystem service functions degraded, the total ecosystem service value (ESV) of BWNR continued to increase due to water area expansion. The variations in ecosystem service value (ESV) in response to LULC changes resulting from anthropogenic activities and climate change were estimated, and the results show that the total ESV of BWNR was approximately CNY 10,631.1 million in 1984, CNY 15,078.7 million in 2000, CNY 17,768.3 million in 2013, and CNY 19,365.4 million in 2023. Findings from this study will contribute to the theoretical understanding of coastal wetland vulnerability and provide empirical evidence for the coordinated management of wetland ecological conservation and economic development in the context of rapid urbanization in Tianjin’s coastal areas. Full article

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12 pages, 1500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ex Vivo Evaluation of CD3⁺CD8⁺ T Cell Subpopulations in Red Blood Cell Concentrates: Does Storage Time Play an Important Role?

by Salih Haldun Bal, Levent Tufan Kumas, Lacin Cevhertas, Izel Yilmaz, Pinar Hiz-Ellergezen, Ferah Budak-Sener, Yasemin Heper and Haluk Barbaros Oral

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031178 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Our study was designed to explore the potential role of allogeneic CD8⁺ T lymphocytes present in red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) in the development of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) and the effect of storage time on these cells. Methods: From [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Our study was designed to explore the potential role of allogeneic CD8⁺ T lymphocytes present in red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) in the development of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) and the effect of storage time on these cells. Methods: From six units of whole blood, donated by volunteers, RBCs were obtained and each one was divided into three equal parts to provide the samples for storage days 0, 21, and 42. On related days, mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from these RBC samples. MNCs were cultured, and phytohemagglutinin was added to half of the culture wells to stimulate the cells and achieve T cell division. Supernatants and MNCs were obtained from stimulated (STI) and unstimulated (US) wells. Supernatants were used for cytokine analyses, while MNCs were used to investigate the T cells and transcription factors. Results: The frequency of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes (Tc), their subgroups (Tc1, Tc2, and Tc17), specific transcription factors, and effector cytokines decreased during the storage time, but cell viability increased. CD3⁺CD8⁺TNF-α+ cells were significantly higher in the STI group on day 0 compared to the US group. Other cells did not respond to the mitogen (phytohemagglutinin) stimulation. Conclusions: During storage, the number of Tc cells and their ability to respond to mitogens decreased over time. The unresponsiveness was not recovered in ex vivo cell culture. Our findings suggest that transfused Tc cells are unlikely to be primary mediators of TRIM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion in Clinical Practice: Second Edition)

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15 pages, 884 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

AI-Driven Typography: A Human-Centered Framework for Generative Font Design Using Large Language Models

by Yuexi Dong and Mingyong Gao

Information 2026, 17(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020150 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a human-centered, AI-driven framework for font design that reimagines typography generation as a collaborative process between humans and large language models (LLMs). Unlike conventional pixel- or vector-based approaches, our method introduces a Continuous Style Projector that maps visual features from [...] Read more.

This paper presents a human-centered, AI-driven framework for font design that reimagines typography generation as a collaborative process between humans and large language models (LLMs). Unlike conventional pixel- or vector-based approaches, our method introduces a Continuous Style Projector that maps visual features from a pre-trained ResNet encoder into the LLM’s latent space, enabling zero-shot style interpolation and fine-grained control of stroke and serif attributes. To model handwriting trajectories more effectively, we employ a Mixture Density Network (MDN) head, allowing the system to capture multi-modal stroke distributions beyond deterministic regression. Experimental results show that users can interactively explore, mix, and generate new typefaces in real time, making the system accessible for both experts and non-experts. The approach reduces reliance on commercial font licenses and supports a wide range of applications in education, design, and digital communication. Overall, this work demonstrates how LLM-based generative models can enhance creativity, personalization, and cultural expression in typography, contributing to the broader field of AI-assisted design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Creativity and Human-Centered Design for Enhanced User Experience)

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11 pages, 275 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Association Between Total and Regional Body Fat and Bone Mineral Content in Young Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Juliane Correa dos Santos, Jean Carlos Parmegiani De Marco, Tiago Rodrigues de Lima, Clair Costa Miranda, Higor Caetano, Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães and Andreia Pelegrini

Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030380 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Excess body fat during growth has been associated with impaired bone development; however, evidence on the influence of total and regional body fat on bone mineral content (BMC) in physically active youth remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association [...] Read more.

Background: Excess body fat during growth has been associated with impaired bone development; however, evidence on the influence of total and regional body fat on bone mineral content (BMC) in physically active youth remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between total and regional body fat and BMC in children and adolescent athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 109 children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years participating in different sports (indoor volleyball, beach volleyball, swimming, track and field, and basketball). Bone mineral content assessed by DXA and normalized by height (BMC/Height) for the total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine (L1–L4), and femoral neck was considered the dependent variable. Total and regional (android and gynoid) body fat percentages obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were treated as independent variables. Associations were examined using multivariable linear regression adjusted for biological and training-related covariates. Results: Total body fat (β = −0.014; p < 0.05), android fat (β = −0.011; p < 0.05), and gynoid fat (β = −0.014; p < 0.05) were significantly and inversely associated with lumbar spine BMC/Height. No associations were observed between total, android, or gynoid fat percentage and TBLH or femoral neck BMC/Height (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The inverse and site-specific association of total, android, and gynoid fat with lumbar spine BMC/Height highlights the greater susceptibility of this skeletal site to adiposity-related detriments, underscoring the importance of site-specific monitoring of bone mineral content, even among physically active youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Physical Fitness in Effective Health Management)

17 pages, 2736 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Cardiothoracic Transplant Surgery and Enhanced Recovery: Recent Advances and Perspectives

by Riya Aggarwal, Jeremiah Hutson, David Zapata, Howard Massey, Bradley Taylor, Bartley Griffith and Justin Robinson

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031179 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiothoracic transplant surgery represents a critical intervention for patients with end-stage heart and/or lung failure. While advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative management have enhanced survival rates, these procedures remain associated with significant morbidity, extended hospitalizations, and complex recovery trajectories. Background/Objectives [...] Read more.

Introduction: Cardiothoracic transplant surgery represents a critical intervention for patients with end-stage heart and/or lung failure. While advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative management have enhanced survival rates, these procedures remain associated with significant morbidity, extended hospitalizations, and complex recovery trajectories. Background/Objectives: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, originally developed for colorectal surgery, have shown promise in optimizing perioperative care across various surgical disciplines. However, their application in cardiac and thoracic transplantation is still emerging. This article evaluates recent advancements in ERAS protocols tailored to cardiac and thoracic transplant patients, focusing on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. Results: Evidence highlights the potential of ERAS to reduce complications, shorten hospital stays, and improve long-term outcomes. Key strategies include preoperative optimization through nutritional and psychosocial prehabilitation, intraoperative adoption of minimally invasive techniques and refined anesthesia practices, and postoperative protocols emphasizing opioid-sparing pain management, early mobilization, and nutritional recovery. Conclusions: This review identifies gaps in current research and offers recommendations for the broader implementation and standardization of ERAS protocols in cardiothoracic surgery, with emphasis on cardiothoracic transplantation, aiming to improve outcomes for this high-risk population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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23 pages, 3499 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Lipschitz Extensions and Probabilistic Modelling for Metric Space Classification

by Roger Arnau, Álvaro González Cortés and Enrique A. Sánchez Pérez

Mathematics 2026, 14(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14030544 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Lipschitz-based classification provides a flexible framework for general metric spaces, naturally adapting to complex data structures without assuming linearity. However, direct applications of classical extensions often yield decision boundaries equivalent to the 1-Nearest Neighbour classifier, leading to overfitting and sensitivity to noise. Addressing [...] Read more.

Lipschitz-based classification provides a flexible framework for general metric spaces, naturally adapting to complex data structures without assuming linearity. However, direct applications of classical extensions often yield decision boundaries equivalent to the 1-Nearest Neighbour classifier, leading to overfitting and sensitivity to noise. Addressing this limitation, this paper introduces a novel binary classification algorithm that integrates probabilistic kernel smoothing with explicit Lipschitz extensions. We approximate the conditional probability of class membership by extending smoothed labels through a family of bounded Lipschitz functions. Theoretically, we prove that while direct extensions of binary labels collapse to nearest-neighbour rules, our probabilistic approach guarantees controlled complexity and stability. Experimentally, evaluations on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that this methodology generates smooth, interpretable decision boundaries resilient to outliers. The results confirm that combining kernel smoothing with adaptive Lipschitz extensions yields performance competitive with state-of-the-art methods while offering superior geometric interpretability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)

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12 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Student Confidence in Outpatient Physical Therapy Following Completion of a Peer Simulation Course: Comparison of Mode of Delivery

by Laurie C. Neely, Patrick Pabian, Randi Richardson, Chloe Artrip, Logan Brown and Morris Casano Beato

Int. Med. Educ. 2026, 5(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5010021 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Simulation-based learning experiences (SBLE) are widely used in health professions education to enhance clinical skills, confidence, and decision-making in a safe environment. In Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs, peer simulation offers a cost-effective alternative to high-fidelity simulation and standardized patients, though its [...] Read more.

Simulation-based learning experiences (SBLE) are widely used in health professions education to enhance clinical skills, confidence, and decision-making in a safe environment. In Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs, peer simulation offers a cost-effective alternative to high-fidelity simulation and standardized patients, though its effectiveness across different instructional formats remains underexplored. This study examined the differences in student confidence in outpatient physical therapy between cohorts of students from three educational delivery methods, which included face-to-face (F2F), virtual instruction (VI), and F2F combined with integrated clinical experiences (F2F + ICE), prior to their first clinical experience. Using a three-group comparative design, 107 students across three academic years (2019, 2020, and 2022) completed pre- and post-course surveys assessing confidence in four domains and interest in outpatient care. A two-way ANCOVA, controlling baseline interest, revealed significant differences in confidence across all cohorts between pre- and post-course assessment time periods (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between cohorts under the various delivery formats at post-course assessment. While the F2F + ICE group demonstrated higher baseline confidence, this difference was not found post-course. Findings suggest that peer simulation effectively improves perceived confidence in outpatient physical therapy regardless of delivery mode. These results support the integration of SBLE in DPT curricula to prepare students for clinical practice and highlight the need for further research across multiple programs. Full article

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8 pages, 536 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Bascule/Pendular Maneuver: A Novel Repositioning Strategy for the Apogeotropic Variant of Posterior Canal BPPV

by Giacinto Asprella-Libonati, Fernanda Asprella-Libonati, Giuseppe Lapacciana, Camilla Gallipoli, Giuseppe Gagliardi, Anna Guida and Giada Cavallaro

Audiol. Res. 2026, 16(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres16010023 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder and most frequently involves the posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Atypical apogeotropic variants of PSC-BPPV may present with pure down-beating positional nystagmus, mimicking contralateral anterior semicircular canal involvement and resulting in [...] Read more.

Background: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder and most frequently involves the posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Atypical apogeotropic variants of PSC-BPPV may present with pure down-beating positional nystagmus, mimicking contralateral anterior semicircular canal involvement and resulting in diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Bascule/Pendular maneuver in managing patients with pure down-beating positional nystagmus and suspected apogeotropic PSC-BPPV. Methods: A total of 178 patients presenting with pure down-beating positional nystagmus without a torsional component were evaluated using a standardized diagnostic protocol under video-Frenzel goggle monitoring. All patients underwent the Bascule/Pendular maneuver, a modification of the classical Semont maneuver designed to mobilize otoconial debris along the vertical canal planes (Left Anterior–Right Posterior and Right Anterior–Left Posterior), regardless of precise lateralization. Conversion of nystagmus from the apogeotropic to the geotropic variant was considered the primary outcome. Results: The maneuver was well tolerated, with no procedural interruptions or complications. Immediate conversion to the geotropic variant was achieved in 86 patients (48.3%) after a single maneuver. In the remaining patients, successful conversion was obtained after additional maneuvers, most commonly following a second application on the contralateral plane. Once geotropization was achieved, all patients were successfully treated using a standard posterior canal repositioning maneuver. Conclusions: The Bascule/Pendular maneuver is a practical and effective approach for patients presenting with pure down-beating positional nystagmus and suspected apogeotropic PSC-BPPV. By facilitating conversion to the geotropic form, it allows prompt treatment with conventional repositioning maneuvers and may represent a useful first-line strategy in atypical BPPV presentations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Balance)

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