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18 pages, 2817 KB  
Article
Diagnostic Analytics Powered by IoT and Machine Learning for the Fault Evaluation of a Heavy-Industry Gearbox
by Ernesto Primera, Daniel Fernández and Alvaro Rodríguez-Prieto
Machines 2026, 14(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14020187 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Predictive maintenance based on vibration monitoring can significantly improve gearbox reliability in heavy-industry environments. Although it is well established in vibration engineering that operating regimes influence vibration levels, the contribution of this work lies in providing an integrated, data-driven diagnostic linkage between continuously [...] Read more.
Predictive maintenance based on vibration monitoring can significantly improve gearbox reliability in heavy-industry environments. Although it is well established in vibration engineering that operating regimes influence vibration levels, the contribution of this work lies in providing an integrated, data-driven diagnostic linkage between continuously acquired IoT vibration indicators and key process/operational variables to identify and quantify the dominant drivers of vibration escalation. This study deployed wireless IoT sensors for continuous acquisition of RMS vibration and lubrication temperature in gearboxes operating in cement and mining plants and applied multivariate machine learning models to detect anomalies and identify root causes. We compared boosted multilayer feedforward neural networks, boosted trees, and k-nearest neighbors using RMS vibration and process variables including mill feed, lubrication pressures, and temperature. The boosted neural network delivered superior validation performance and isolated low or near-zero mill feed during operation as the primary driver of elevated RMS vibration, with lubrication instability acting as a secondary interacting factor. This shifts the diagnosis from a generic “high vibration during transients” statement to actionable operational mitigations—minimum feed set-points, controlled ramping logic, and lubrication pressure governance—supported by multivariate evidence. Our results motivate further validation with k-fold and out-of-time tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machines and Applications—New Results from a Worldwide Perspective)
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23 pages, 2795 KB  
Article
Seasonal Change in Glucose Metabolism and Steroidogenesis in the Ovaries of Wild Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus)
by Zhaomei Dong, Qingjing Gao, Pengyu Chen, Xi Wang, Yuning Liu, Haolin Zhang, Zhengrong Yuan, Yingying Han and Qiang Weng
Animals 2026, 16(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030521 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Precise regulation of ovarian glucose metabolism and steroidogenesis is pivotal for the reproductive success of seasonal breeders. This study investigated seasonal variations in ovarian glucose metabolism and its association with follicular development and steroidogenesis in wild ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Results [...] Read more.
Precise regulation of ovarian glucose metabolism and steroidogenesis is pivotal for the reproductive success of seasonal breeders. This study investigated seasonal variations in ovarian glucose metabolism and its association with follicular development and steroidogenesis in wild ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Results showed that ovarian weight and volume, and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-estradiol, and progesterone were significantly higher in the breeding season (BS) than in the non-breeding season (NBS). Ovarian glycogen content was elevated in the BS, whereas circulating glucose levels decreased remarkably. Histologically, the BS ovaries contained follicles at all developmental stages (primary to Graafian) and corpora lutea, while corpora lutea were absent in the NBS. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed upregulated glycogen synthesis, glycolytic pathways, and altered steroidogenic metabolites in the BS. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed higher expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glucose metabolism-related enzymes (G6PD, PFKFB3, PFKM), glycogen synthase (GYS), and steroidogenic factors (StAR, P450scc, P450c17, 3β-HSD, P450arom) in the BS, whereas glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Gsk-3β) was upregulated in the NBS. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated colocalization of steroidogenic and glucose-metabolizing enzymes in granulosa and theca cells, and correlation analyses confirmed positive associations between glucose metabolism, steroidogenesis, and ovarian weight. Collectively, these findings indicate that enhanced ovarian glucose metabolism in the BS is tightly coupled with elevated steroidogenesis, synergistically promoting seasonal follicular development and ovulatory competence in this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Reproduction of Wild and Exotic Animals)
37 pages, 16300 KB  
Article
Wideband Monitoring System of Drone Emissions Based on SDR Technology with RFNoC Architecture
by Mirela Șorecău, Emil Șorecău and Paul Bechet
Drones 2026, 10(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10020117 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) activity highlight the need for advanced electromagnetic spectrum monitoring systems that can detect drones operating near sensitive or restricted areas. Such systems can identify emissions from drones even under frequency-hopping conditions, providing an early warning system [...] Read more.
Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) activity highlight the need for advanced electromagnetic spectrum monitoring systems that can detect drones operating near sensitive or restricted areas. Such systems can identify emissions from drones even under frequency-hopping conditions, providing an early warning system and enabling a timely response to protect critical infrastructure and ensure secure operations. In this context, the present work proposes the development of a high-performance multichannel broadband monitoring system with real-time analysis capabilities, designed on an SDR architecture based on USRP with three acquisition channels: two broadband (160 MHz and 80 MHz) and one narrowband (1 MHz) channel, for simultaneous, of extended spectrum segments, aligned with current requirements for analyzing emissions from drones in the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands. The processing system was configured to support cumulative bandwidths of over 200 MHz through a high-performance hardware platform (powerful CPU, fast storage, GPU acceleration) and fiber optic interconnection, ensuring stable and lossless transfer of large volumes of data. The proposed spectrum monitoring system proved to be extremely sensitive, flexible, and extensible, achieving a reception sensitivity of −130 dBm, thus exceeding the values commonly reported in the literature. Additionally, the parallel multichannel architecture facilitates real-time detection of signals from different frequency ranges and provides a foundation for advanced signal classification. Its reconfigurable design enables rapid adaptation to various signal types beyond unmanned aerial systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drone Communications)
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26 pages, 2810 KB  
Article
Age-, Sex- and Region-Specific Patterns in Sensitization Rates to Food Allergens and Food Allergy Prevalence in Croatian Children: The H2020 IMPTOX and ERDF P4 Study Findings
by Jan Pantlik, Marcel Lipej, Ivana Banić, Maja Šutić, Sandra Mijač, Petra Anić, Ana-Marija Genc, Ana Vukić, Antonija Piškor, Adrijana Miletić Gospić, Željka Vlašić Lončarić, Milan Jurić, Vlatka Drinković, Ivana Marić, Tin Kušan and Mirjana Turkalj
Children 2026, 13(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020234 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Food allergy (FA) is a substantial health burden in children. FA is often associated with malnutrition and malabsorption, due to restrictive food avoidance diets, which can significantly impair the patient’s and their family’s quality of life. To this date, population-based data combining [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Food allergy (FA) is a substantial health burden in children. FA is often associated with malnutrition and malabsorption, due to restrictive food avoidance diets, which can significantly impair the patient’s and their family’s quality of life. To this date, population-based data combining sensitization and clinical allergy remain limited. This study aimed to assess the patterns of sensitization rates to food and food allergy prevalence rates in Croatian children and to evaluate differences according to age, sex, and region of origin. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1948 preschool and school-aged children from three Croatian regions (Zagreb, Dalmatia, and Slavonia) were included. Participants underwent skin prick testing to common food and inhalant allergens. Data on personal and family medical history were collected using questionnaires and medical records. FA prevalence was evaluated using self-reported data in school-aged children and physician-diagnosed FA data in preschool children. Results: Overall, 41% of participants were sensitized to at least one allergen, while 13% were sensitized to at least one food allergen. Tree nuts—particularly hazelnut—were the most common food-derived sensitizers, followed by hen’s egg, cow’s milk, and fish. Boys exhibited higher total sensitization rates than girls (44.2% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.001), higher food allergen sensitization rates (14.7% vs. 11.4%; p = 0.037), and higher total polysensitization rates (30.7% vs. 22.6%; p < 0.001). School-aged children showed higher total sensitization (44.8% vs. 33.4%; p < 0.001) and polysensitization rates (29.8% vs. 20.5%; p < 0.001) than preschool children, while sensitization to food allergens did not differ between age groups. Food allergen sensitization rates differed by region, with higher prevalence in Zagreb compared with Dalmatia and Slavonia (p = 0.0055), whereas total sensitization rates did not differ regionally. The agreement between sensitization and self-reported FA among school-aged children was low (κ = 0.22; p < 0.001), as was the agreement between sensitization and physician-diagnosed FA in preschool children (κ = 0.13; p < 0.001), despite high specificity in both analyses (95% and 99%%, respectively). Conclusions: Allergic sensitization is common among Croatian children, but it poorly predicts clinically relevant food allergy. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of allergen sensitization in children and emphasize the need for improvements in diagnostic pathways, targeted prevention strategies, and continued surveillance to optimize allergy prevention and management in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Care of Pediatric Allergy)
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22 pages, 2589 KB  
Article
Machine Learning-Enhanced Evaluation of Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Analytical Performance for Multi-Element Analysis of Rock Samples
by Giorgio S. Senesi, Olga De Pascale, Ignazio Allegretta, Roberto Terzano and Bruno Marangoni
Sensors 2026, 26(3), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26031076 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (hLIBS) can be considered one of the most recent techniques for rock characterization in situ. Handheld LIBS devices are useful tools for providing “fit for purpose” qualitative and quantitative geochemical data. The analytical performance of hLIBS instruments varies significantly [...] Read more.
Handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (hLIBS) can be considered one of the most recent techniques for rock characterization in situ. Handheld LIBS devices are useful tools for providing “fit for purpose” qualitative and quantitative geochemical data. The analytical performance of hLIBS instruments varies significantly between similar instruments from different manufacturers. This study employed two commercial hLIBS instruments, both making use of noise reduction and multivariate partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration. Model validation was performed using the Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) method. The Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms were also employed as complementary approaches to PLS modeling, with the goal of exploring potential nonlinear relationships between spectral intensities and reference analyte concentrations. A comparison was also made with the most basic and commonly used approach, univariate analysis, demonstrating that multivariate methods achieve superior performances. To evaluate the predictive performance and quantification capability of the acquired LIBS spectra, the Pearson’s coefficient (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were employed in the analysis of 21 diverse certified geochemical reference materials (CRMs). The results achieved suggested that the spectral resolution was the key factor determining the performance of multivariate LIBS calibrations. The PLS model proved to be satisfactory for analyses performed by the higher-spectral-resolution instrument, whereas complementary algorithms were necessary to achieve better results with the lower-spectral-resolution instrument. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring)
18 pages, 7010 KB  
Article
Development and Experimental Study of a Novel Diaphragm Wall Joint with Retractable Shear Studs
by Yue Zhang, Changjiang Wang and Xiewen Hu
Buildings 2026, 16(3), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030681 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Diaphragm walls are widely used for deep foundation pit support and permanent underground structures. The joints between adjacent panels are critical weak points, significantly influencing the overall deformation and stress distribution of the structure. To address the insufficient shear and tensile capacity of [...] Read more.
Diaphragm walls are widely used for deep foundation pit support and permanent underground structures. The joints between adjacent panels are critical weak points, significantly influencing the overall deformation and stress distribution of the structure. To address the insufficient shear and tensile capacity of existing diaphragm wall joints, this study proposes a novel rigid joint incorporating retractable shear studs. The joint features a straightforward and constructible design, primarily comprising retractable shear studs, H-section steel, and shear stud pop-out limit plates. By withdrawing the limit plates inserted into the H-section steel, the retractable shear studs mounted on the web automatically extend along their axis, penetrating into the adjacent reinforcement cage to form an intrusive lap joint. This mechanism effectively enhances the integrity and load-bearing capacity at the joint. To validate its mechanical performance, large-scale specimens featuring this new joint were fabricated and subjected to shear and tensile tests. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to traditional H-section steel joints, the peak shear and tensile strengths of the proposed joint are increased by approximately 10 times and 16 times, respectively. These findings fully verify the excellent mechanical performance of the novel diaphragm wall joint structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Construction and Maintenance of Underground Structures—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 24032 KB  
Article
Feature Augmentation-Based Adaptive Neural Network Control for Quadrotors
by Bang Song and Mengxing Huang
Sensors 2026, 26(3), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26031078 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
In this article, an adaptive neural network (ANN) controller based on feature augmentation (FA) is designed for quadrotors. The proposed controller consists of two components: a position sub-controller and an attitude sub-controller. We use the ANN to estimate unknown internal and external disturbance [...] Read more.
In this article, an adaptive neural network (ANN) controller based on feature augmentation (FA) is designed for quadrotors. The proposed controller consists of two components: a position sub-controller and an attitude sub-controller. We use the ANN to estimate unknown internal and external disturbance terms within quadrotors. To improve the learning accuracy of the ANN, we design an FA structure, which enables networks to more effectively learn the characteristics in the data. To increase the learning rate of the ANN, a state predictor (SP) is proposed to anticipate the state errors, which subsequently updates the learning rate of the ANN. Based on stability analysis, we prove that the closed-loop system is input-to-state stable (ISS). Finally, the effectiveness of our proposed control algorithm is demonstrated by comparing it with related control algorithms on both the MATLAB R2020a/Simulink simulation platform and a quadrotor experimental platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
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27 pages, 1200 KB  
Article
ACL-ECG: Anatomy-Aware Contrastive Learning for Multi-Lead Electrocardiograms
by Wenhan Liu, Zhijing Wu and Zhaohui Yuan
Sensors 2026, 26(3), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26031080 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Deep learning has achieved impressive progress in automated electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, yet its performance still relies heavily on large-scale labeled datasets. As ECG annotation requires cardiologists, this process is costly and time-consuming, limiting its scalability in clinical practice. Contrastive learning offers a promising [...] Read more.
Deep learning has achieved impressive progress in automated electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, yet its performance still relies heavily on large-scale labeled datasets. As ECG annotation requires cardiologists, this process is costly and time-consuming, limiting its scalability in clinical practice. Contrastive learning offers a promising alternative by enabling the extraction of generalizable representations from unlabeled ECG data. In this study, we propose Anatomy-Aware Contrastive Learning for ECG (ACL-ECG), a self-supervised method that incorporates cardiac anatomical relationships into contrastive learning. ACL-ECG employs a physiology-aware augmentation strategy to generate rhythm-preserving augmented views, including random scale cropping, cardiac-cycle masking, and temporal shifting. Furthermore, ECG leads are grouped into four anatomically meaningful regions—anterior, inferior, septal, and lateral—and region-level contrastive objectives are introduced to promote intra-region consistency while enhancing inter-region discriminability. Extensive evaluations of downstream tasks demonstrate that ACL-ECG consistently outperforms state-of-the-art contrastive baselines under linear probing, achieving improvements of up to 1.29% in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and 3.57% in the area under the precision–recall curve (AUPRC). Moreover, when fine-tuned using only 10% of labeled data, ACL-ECG attains a performance comparable to fully supervised training, effectively reducing annotation requirements by approximately 5∼8×. Ablation studies further confirm the contributions of both the physiology-aware augmentation strategy and the anatomy-aware contrastive objective. Overall, ACL-ECG enhances representation quality without increasing annotation burden, and provides a promising and anatomy-informed foundation for self-supervised ECG analysis in label-scarce settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Signal Processing Technologies for Heart Disease Prediction and Diagnosis)
70 pages, 5640 KB  
Article
Towards Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning for Intelligent IoT Botnet Detection
by Ariwan M. Rasool, Nader Sohrabi Safa and Consolee Mbarushimana
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031665 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) botnets are networks of infected smart devices controlled by attackers and posing a serious cybersecurity challenge. Developing detection approaches that maintain high accuracy while protecting privacy presents considerable challenges, particularly in large and heterogeneous IoT networks. This paper empirically [...] Read more.
Internet of Things (IoT) botnets are networks of infected smart devices controlled by attackers and posing a serious cybersecurity challenge. Developing detection approaches that maintain high accuracy while protecting privacy presents considerable challenges, particularly in large and heterogeneous IoT networks. This paper empirically compares three modelling approaches on Bot-IoT and N-BaIoT in binary and multiclass settings: handcrafted machine learning with random forest (RF), centralised deep learning (CDL) with DNN/LSTM/BiLSTM, and federated deep learning (FDL) with the same architectures. Model hyperparameters are selected via randomised search on stratified subsets and then fixed for final training. Results show near-perfect performance for all approaches in binary detection: on Bot-IoT, CDL-DNN attains perfect accuracy, and RF is virtually perfect (only four benign-to-attack false positives), while FDL models are similarly strong with only small false-positive and false-negative counts. On N-BaIoT, RF and CDL (especially LSTM) are near-perfect, and FDL is very close to CDL. For multiclass detection, CDL-DNN leads on Bot-IoT, RF remains near perfect with minimal cross-class confusion, and FDL trails slightly; on N-BaIoT, FDL-BiLSTM and RF are essentially perfect, with CDL-LSTM close behind. Overall, the findings validate RF as a competitive classical approach, show where centralised representation learning adds value, and demonstrate that federated training preserves most of the centralised accuracy while avoiding raw data centralization (data locality) for scalable deployment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Computing and Intelligent Sensing, 2nd Edition)
18 pages, 5298 KB  
Article
Neuroprotective Effects of Herbal Formula Yookgong-Dan on Oxidative Stress-Induced Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Rat Primary Hippocampal Neurons
by Hyunseong Kim, Jin Young Hong, Changhwan Yeo, Hyun Kim, Wan-Jin Jeon, Junseon Lee, Yoon Jae Lee and In-Hyuk Ha
Biology 2026, 15(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15030294 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of YGD in an oxidative stress-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like cellular model and to elucidate the underlying molecular pathways, with a focus on tau phosphorylation, Aβ accumulation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Rat primary hippocampal neurons were [...] Read more.
This study sought to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of YGD in an oxidative stress-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like cellular model and to elucidate the underlying molecular pathways, with a focus on tau phosphorylation, Aβ accumulation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Rat primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress. The effects of YGD on neuronal viability, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic integrity were assessed using the immunodetection of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and synapsin-1. Levels of phosphorylated tau and Aβ were quantified, and the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathways was examined. Additionally, in silico molecular docking studies targeting the ATP-binding site of GSK3β were conducted to screen major phytochemicals from the ten medicinal herbs constituting YGD. YGD markedly enhanced neuronal viability under oxidative stress, promoted neurite extension, and increased synaptic marker expression (MAP2, PSD-95, and synapsin-1). Treatment reduced phosphorylated tau by suppressing ERK and GSK3β activation and significantly decreased Aβ accumulation. YGD also upregulated antioxidant defenses via the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Docking simulations identified oleanolic acid (from Cornus officinalis) as the most potent GSK3β binder (−9.86 ± 0.40 kcal/mol), forming stable interactions with ARG96, ASN95, and GLU97. Additional compounds, including alisol C, drypemolundein B, and friedelin, demonstrated favorable binding energies and engaged key ATP-binding site residues. YGD confers neuroprotection through the integrated modulation of tau phosphorylation, Aβ pathology, and oxidative stress, partly via the multi-target engagement of GSK3β by its constituent phytochemicals. These findings support that YGD attenuates oxidative stress-induced AD-like cellular alterations. Full article
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27 pages, 4779 KB  
Article
Exothermic Effects and Viscosity of Oxide Melts Formed During High-Temperature Reduction of Cr–Mn Ore Systems
by Yerbolat Makhambetov, Sultan Kabylkanov, Saule Abdulina, Armat Zhakan, Azamat Burumbayev, Zhadiger Sadyk, Amankeldy Akhmetov, Zhalgas Saulebek, Ruslan Toleukadyr, Arnat Smagulov and Onuralp Yucel
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030575 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
This study investigates the exothermic effects and viscosity properties of multicomponent oxide melts during the high-temperature reduction of low-grade Cr–Mn ores. Unlike previous thermodynamic-focused research, this work provides experimental evidence of transient exothermic responses and correlates them with melt properties. High-temperature experiments identified [...] Read more.
This study investigates the exothermic effects and viscosity properties of multicomponent oxide melts during the high-temperature reduction of low-grade Cr–Mn ores. Unlike previous thermodynamic-focused research, this work provides experimental evidence of transient exothermic responses and correlates them with melt properties. High-temperature experiments identified pronounced exothermic effects in the 800–1600 °C range. Phase analysis (XRD, SEM–EDS) confirmed effective Cr and Mn reduction into Fe–Cr–Mn–Si alloys with minimal residual oxides in the slag. Effective viscosity, measured via the electrovibrational method at 1400–1650 °C, decreased monotonically with temperature. Arrhenius analysis was applied to determine activation energies and crystallization onset temperatures (Tcr). The results indicate low viscosity and high thermal stability of the slags, ensuring efficient metal–slag separation. These findings confirm the technological feasibility of using low-grade ores for Fe–Cr–Mn alloy production and provide a basis for optimizing industrial smelting. Full article
13 pages, 498 KB  
Article
An Assessment of Melatonin Levels in the Saliva of Patients with Chronic Urticaria in Comparison with Their Sleep Quality and Dermatologic Quality of Life
by Iva Bešlić, Alen Vrtarić, Ivana Škrinjar, Ema Barac, Ana-Karla Vodanović and Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Clin. Pract. 2026, 16(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract16020036 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background: For the majority of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) sufferers, nocturnal itch has a profound effect on quality of life (QoL), as it leads to sleep disturbances. To ensure good sleep quality (SQ), the body must produce an adequate amount of melatonin, which [...] Read more.
Background: For the majority of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) sufferers, nocturnal itch has a profound effect on quality of life (QoL), as it leads to sleep disturbances. To ensure good sleep quality (SQ), the body must produce an adequate amount of melatonin, which regulates the sleep cycle. Methods: This study examines the levels of salivary melatonin in 38 CSU patients and 38 healthy controls, as well as the relationship between CSU severity, QoL and SQ. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to determine salivary melatonin levels, QoL, and SQ. In addition, the CSU participants were given the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS) and the Urticaria Control Test. Results: The median value of salivary melatonin in CSU patients was lower than that in healthy individuals (0.2 vs. 15.985 pg/mL; p < 0.001). A decreased melatonin level was seen in 90% of CSU patients and 18% of healthy individuals. Individuals with lower melatonin levels were significantly more likely to have CSU compared with those with higher melatonin levels (OR = 37.6; 95% CI 10.0–141.1). Melatonin was linearly related to QoL and sleep quality in the whole sample (r = −0.606 and −0.536; p < 0.001) but not in CSU patients. Impaired QoL in patients correlated with itch intensity and the number of hives (r = 0.740 and 0.646). The severity and activity of CSU are linearly related to impaired QoL and sleep quality (r = −0.606 and −0.536; p < 0.001). Sleep quality acts as the mediator of the association between QoL and salivary melatonin, when controlling for the effect of age and gender (B = −0.347; 95% CI = −0.679 to −0.080). Conclusions: The data suggest that melatonin may be more a non-specific marker of sleep disturbance than the severity of CSU. Sleep quality may act as a mediator linking dermatology-related QoL, circadian dysregulation and reduced melatonin secretion. Full article
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25 pages, 1340 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of Production of Winter Rapeseed Fertilized with Biogas Digestate
by Hanna Klikocka, Remigiusz Łukowiak, Witold Szczepaniak and Katarzyna Przygocka-Cyna
Energies 2026, 19(3), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030865 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
The research hypothesis of this study assumes that nitrogen (N) from digestate has an equivalent productive effect as mineral fertilizer. Therefore, the use of digestate as a N carrier by farmers significantly reduces the energy costs of oilseed rape production. This hypothesis was [...] Read more.
The research hypothesis of this study assumes that nitrogen (N) from digestate has an equivalent productive effect as mineral fertilizer. Therefore, the use of digestate as a N carrier by farmers significantly reduces the energy costs of oilseed rape production. This hypothesis was verified in field experiments with rapeseed conducted in the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The experiment consisted of three N fertilization systems (FSs)—mineral ammonium nitrate (AN) (AN-FS), digestate-based (D-FS), and 2/3 digestate + 1/3 AN (DAN-FS)—and five Nf doses: 0, 80, 120, 160, and 240 kg N ha−1. Maximum seed yields were 3.26, 3.32 and 3.66 t ha−1 and were obtained for optimal N doses of 170, 186 and 189 kgNn ha−1, respectively. Similar trends were observed for the following yields: straw, crude oil, and cake. The values of the Nitrogen Fertilization Replacement Value for the above yield categories slightly exceeded 100%, and for the mixed variant, they were in the range of 108–112% in relation to the mixture with ammonium nitrate. The contribution of straw, oil, and oilcake in the total energy harvested accounted for 64%, 22%, and 14%, respectively. The most favorable energy efficiency ratio, Ee= 8.15 (seeds + straw), was achieved under the mixed N fertilization variant (DAN-FS; 8.3 and 15.6 m3 ha−1, respectively) and N fertilizer doses of 40 and 80 kg ha−1. For the highest nitrogen doses, the digestate significantly stabilized the yields and energy output of winter rapeseed production. Overall, based on the results of the field experiment and calculations conducted, it is recommended that winter rapeseed biomass should be used entirely for liquid fuel (oil) and solid fuel (oilcake and/or straw) production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Bio-Energy)
15 pages, 5420 KB  
Article
Probing the Feasibility of Single-Cell Fixed RNA Sequencing from FFPE Tissue
by Xiaochen Liu, Katherine Naughton, Samuel D. Karsen, Patricia Bentley, Lori Duggan, Neha Chaudhary, Kathleen M. Smith, Lucy Phillips, Dan Chang and Naim A. Mahi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031605 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a comprehensive understanding of cellular complexity; however, its requirement for fresh or frozen samples limits its flexibility. To overcome this limitation to effectively leverage clinical samples, Chromium Fixed RNA Profiling on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks (scFFPE-seq) was [...] Read more.
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a comprehensive understanding of cellular complexity; however, its requirement for fresh or frozen samples limits its flexibility. To overcome this limitation to effectively leverage clinical samples, Chromium Fixed RNA Profiling on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks (scFFPE-seq) was developed to perform single-nucleus RNA sequencing from nuclei isolated from FFPE. In this study, we utilized fresh tissue samples from colon, ileum, and skin to assess the viability of scFFPE-seq compared to these fresh samples. We were able to recover unique cell types from challenging FFPE tissues and validated scFFPE-seq findings through Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images. The results demonstrated that scFFPE-seq effectively captured the single-cell transcriptome in FFPE tissues, obtaining comparable cell abundance, cell type annotation, and pathway characterization to those in fresh tissues. Overall, the study presents strong evidence of the potential of scFFPE-seq to enhance scientific knowledge by enabling the generation of high-quality, sensitive single-nucleus RNA-seq data from preserved tissue samples. This technique unlocks the vast archives of FFPE samples for extensive retrospective genomic studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Translational Bioinformatics: Second Edition)
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23 pages, 4367 KB  
Article
Tuning Gas Fingering in SAGD/SAGP: Operating Windows for NCG Timing and Concentration
by Hao Peng, Siyuan Huang, Mingxi Ge, Zhongyuan Wang, Qi Jiang, Kuncheng Li, Guanchen Jiang and Ian Gates
Processes 2026, 14(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030579 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
A Steam-and-Gas Push (SAGP) enhances energy efficiency in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) but induces gas fingering instabilities that limit the sweep efficiency. This study systematically investigates the impact of in situ-generated and externally injected non-condensable gas (NCG) on fingering using fine-grid numerical simulations [...] Read more.
A Steam-and-Gas Push (SAGP) enhances energy efficiency in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) but induces gas fingering instabilities that limit the sweep efficiency. This study systematically investigates the impact of in situ-generated and externally injected non-condensable gas (NCG) on fingering using fine-grid numerical simulations based on the Du-84 heavy oil reservoir. Two novel dimensionless indexes (heat–gas overlap index and Y-index) are introduced to quantitatively diagnose the fingering severity and heat transfer mechanisms. The results indicate that vertical chamber growth is convection-dominated by buoyant gas fingers, while lateral expansion remains conduction-dominated and stable. Reservoir heterogeneity significantly exacerbates fingering. An NCG concentration-dependent mechanism is established: low-dose co-injection (~0.5 mol%) suppresses minor fingering and increases oil production via a thin insulating gas cap. Conversely, excessive NCG (>5 mol%) thickens the gas cap, hindering heat transfer. Based on these mechanisms, a practical NCG operating window is proposed: a mid-stage, low-dose injection maximizes the production benefit (+4.4%), while a late-stage, moderate-dose injection (~5 mol%) enhances the oil–steam ratio (OSR) by 20.5% with minimal production loss (3.8%). This research offers critical guidance for optimizing NCG injections to mitigate fingering and improve recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 4th Edition)
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30 pages, 1505 KB  
Review
Engineering Zeolite Acidity and Porosity for Improved Esterification: A Review of Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Sustainability Processes
by Jelena Pavlović and Nevenka Rajić
Minerals 2026, 16(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020179 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Esterification, the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols that produces esters and water, plays a vital role in many industries, especially in biodiesel and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Traditional methods using homogeneous mineral acids pose environmental issues, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives—solid acid catalysts. [...] Read more.
Esterification, the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols that produces esters and water, plays a vital role in many industries, especially in biodiesel and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Traditional methods using homogeneous mineral acids pose environmental issues, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives—solid acid catalysts. Zeolites offer unique structural advantages, including shape selectivity and adjustable acidity, which improve reaction efficiency and reduce waste. This review provides a detailed examination of how zeolite topology—particularly pore structure and connectivity—influences the kinetics of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) esterification. It investigates the optimization of acid sites via modifications to the silicon-to-aluminum ratio (Si/Al), ion exchange, and pore engineering to improve mass transfer. The study investigates key reaction mechanisms, specifically the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley–Rideal (ER) models, to address issues such as mass-transfer limitations and water inhibition. The paper highlights recent advances in sustainable catalyst design, such as hierarchical zeolites and membrane-integrated reactors, for converting biomass-derived feedstocks into valuable esters. It also discusses current research challenges and suggests future directions, including the use of 3D-printed monoliths and machine learning integration, to develop next-generation, eco-friendly zeolite catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zeolite: From a Boiling Stone to the Applicable Minerals in Various Industrial Processes, 3rd Edition)
28 pages, 1672 KB  
Systematic Review
Gamification in Digital Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Engagement–Efficacy–Ethics Trilemma
by Harold Ngabo-Woods, Larisa Dunai, Isabel Seguí Verdú and Valentina Tîrșu
Information 2026, 17(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020168 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Digital Mental Health Interventions (DMHIs) offer a scalable solution to the global mental health crisis, yet their real-world impact is often hampered by low user engagement. Gamification has been widely adopted as a strategy to enhance adherence, but its implementation creates a complex [...] Read more.
Digital Mental Health Interventions (DMHIs) offer a scalable solution to the global mental health crisis, yet their real-world impact is often hampered by low user engagement. Gamification has been widely adopted as a strategy to enhance adherence, but its implementation creates a complex and often unacknowledged “Engagement–Efficacy–Ethics Trilemma”. This systematic review synthesises the current literature to deconstruct this trilemma, arguing that an uncritical focus on maximising engagement can fail to improve—or may even undermine—clinical efficacy, while simultaneously introducing significant ethical risks. Our analysis reveals a persistent “Engagement–Efficacy Gap”, where increased usage of mobile health applications (mHealth apps) does not consistently translate to better therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, we map the ethical landscape, identifying potential harms such as manipulation, psychological distress, and privacy violations that arise from persuasive design. The roles of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in personalising these experiences and Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) in mediating user responses are critically examined as key factors that both amplify and potentially mitigate the tensions of the trilemma. The findings indicate a pressing need for a paradigm shift toward an integrated approach that concurrently evaluates engagement, efficacy, and ethical integrity. We conclude by proposing a framework for responsible innovation, emphasising theory-driven design, co-design with users, and prioritising intrinsic motivation to harness the potential of gamified DMHIs safely and effectively. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Full article
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15 pages, 284 KB  
Article
Association Between Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Skin Carotenoid Levels Among Japanese Adults in the Workplace
by Emiko Okada and Hidemi Takimoto
Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030550 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Skin carotenoid measurements have been proposed as an indicator to reflect of fruit and vegetable intake, but evidence from occupational settings remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and skin carotenoid [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Skin carotenoid measurements have been proposed as an indicator to reflect of fruit and vegetable intake, but evidence from occupational settings remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and skin carotenoid levels in the workplace. The secondary aim was to examine the association of skin carotenoid levels with blood glucose levels and blood pressure (BP). Methods: This cross-sectional study included Japanese workers aged ≥20 years between 2022 and 2023. Skin carotenoid levels were measured, dietary intake was assessed using self-administered questionnaires, and data from workplace health check-up records were collected. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between skin carotenoid levels and fruit and vegetable intake in 210 participants. Associations between skin carotenoid levels and log-transformed glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic BP, and diastolic BP levels were examined in 162, 158, and 183 participants, respectively. Results: Skin carotenoid levels were positively associated with the number of vegetable dishes consumed and the frequency of fruit intake. A slight positive association was observed with HbA1c levels (partial regression coefficient = 0.00012), whereas no associations were found with FBG or BP. Conclusions: Skin carotenoid levels reflect self-reported fruit and vegetable intake, supporting their potential use as a non-invasive dietary assessment tool in workplace nutrition education. However, the associations observed with HbA1c were very small and of limited clinical significance, and the results should be interpreted with caution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
25 pages, 795 KB  
Article
Drivers of Farmers’ Adoption Intention for Soil Nutrient Analyzers: Roles of Awareness, Perceived Usefulness, and Ease of Use
by Adisak Suvittawat
Agriculture 2026, 16(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030390 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Soil nutrient analyzers are integral to precision agriculture, yet their adoption among smallholder farmers remains uneven. This study investigates the behavioral determinants of farmers’ adoption intention toward soil nutrient analyzers by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to incorporate technology awareness as an [...] Read more.
Soil nutrient analyzers are integral to precision agriculture, yet their adoption among smallholder farmers remains uneven. This study investigates the behavioral determinants of farmers’ adoption intention toward soil nutrient analyzers by extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to incorporate technology awareness as an upstream construct. Survey data were collected from smallholder farmers with prior experience using soil nutrient analyzers in Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, and Udon Thani provinces in Thailand. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the direct and indirect effects of technology awareness on adoption intention through perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The results reveal that technology awareness exerts a significant direct influence on adoption intention and indirect effects mediated by both perceived usefulness and ease of use. In addition, perceived ease of use positively enhances perceived usefulness, reinforcing farmers’ willingness to adopt the technology. By empirically positioning technology awareness as a foundational driver within an extended TAM framework, this study advances understanding of smallholder farmers’ technology acceptance in precision agriculture. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers, extension services, and technology developers, emphasizing awareness-building initiatives and user-centered design to accelerate the diffusion of soil nutrient analyzers among smallholder farming communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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11 pages, 2539 KB  
Article
Computerized Tomography Morphometric Assessment of the Internal Acoustic Meatus: Sex Differences, Orientation Angles, and Surgical Implications
by Emine Deniz Gözen, Fırat Tevetoğlu, Ahmet Ertaş, Haydar Murat Yener, Osman Kızılkılıç and Ali İhsan Soyluoğlu
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031312 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) using high-resolution computed tomography (CT), with emphasis on sex- and age-related differences, with particular emphasis on the IAM orientation angle as a less-studied spatial parameter and its potential [...] Read more.
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) using high-resolution computed tomography (CT), with emphasis on sex- and age-related differences, with particular emphasis on the IAM orientation angle as a less-studied spatial parameter and its potential clinical and forensic relevance. Methods: Temporal bone CT scans of 162 patients (94 females, 68 males; age 1–77 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Measurements included the IAM inlet diameter, length, mid-diameter, lateral angle (LA), and orientation angle. Inter-observer agreement was assessed in 30 randomly selected cases. Morphometric parameters were compared by sex and age using t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: Mean IAM lengths were 11.0 mm (right) and 11.1 mm (left), and the mean mid-diameter was 4.2 mm bilaterally. IAM lengths and diameters showed no significant sex- or age-related differences (p > 0.05). In contrast, LA and orientation angle differed significantly by sex (p < 0.05), with females showing higher LA values, which may influence posterior fossa surgical exposure. Conclusions: IAM size parameters are largely independent of sex and age, whereas lateral and orientation angles exhibit sex-related variation. Preoperative evaluation of IAM orientation on CT can support skull base surgical planning, and LA may provide supportive morphometric information in forensic contexts, although it should not be considered a standalone sex classification parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)
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29 pages, 529 KB  
Article
Perceived Data and Privacy Security Threats for Stakeholders in the Context of Industry 5.0: Evidence from Poland
by Dominika Kansy and Dagmara Modrzejewska
Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031699 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
This article scientifically addresses the challenges related to data security and stakeholder privacy faced by companies operating in the European Union. These challenges stem largely from the global digital transformation, within which the European Union imposes regulations governing data protection and stakeholder privacy. [...] Read more.
This article scientifically addresses the challenges related to data security and stakeholder privacy faced by companies operating in the European Union. These challenges stem largely from the global digital transformation, within which the European Union imposes regulations governing data protection and stakeholder privacy. The digital transformation in the European Union focuses on the integration of people and technology, sustainable development, and the resilience of management systems, which are the pillars of Industry 5.0. From a practical perspective, the paper examines the current level of awareness among employees of the enterprise in Poland regarding data and privacy risk management in today’s economic environment. The paper presents both a theoretical review and, in the empirical section, the results of primary research. The study was conducted in Poland on a sample of 556 enterprises from various economic sectors. The paper begins with Introduction. Background presents a literature review conducted on the conditions for enterprise functioning in the evolving paradigm of Industry 5.0, as well as the fundamental legal requirements regarding data security and stakeholder privacy across business activities. Materials and Methods presents the research methods employed to assess how respondents perceive threats to data security and stakeholder privacy. Results summarizes the research findings. In Discussion, both practical business implications are addressed, and the role of technology and organizational procedures in responsible data and privacy management is highlighted. Furthermore, the importance of creating ethical cyber–physical environments as an element of sustainable enterprise transformation is emphasized. Finally, Conclusions presents the results and key findings regarding the level of awareness among employees of Polish enterprises about data security and stakeholder privacy in the context of digital transformation. Full article
15 pages, 2354 KB  
Article
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Retrospective Analysis
by Shupeng Zhong, Linjun Zhao, Jin Chai, Lan Mi, Yan Xie, Lingyan Ping, Xiaopei Wang, Jun Zhu, Lijuan Deng and Yuqin Song
Cancers 2026, 18(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030541 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal lymphoma characterized by a poor prognosis due to high relapse rates and a lack of standardized treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of induction/consolidation therapy on long-term survival and to [...] Read more.
Background: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal lymphoma characterized by a poor prognosis due to high relapse rates and a lack of standardized treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of induction/consolidation therapy on long-term survival and to provide extended follow-up data. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 140 immunocompetent patients with diffuse large B-cell PCNSL (DLBCL-PCNSL) treated at two centers between 2014 and 2024 were enrolled. Treatment efficacy was assessed based on baseline characteristics, therapeutic regimens, and treatment response. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and prognostic factors were identified using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: With a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range: 0.1–11.0 years), the 2- and 5-year PFS rates were 50.4% (95% CI: 42.1–60.2) and 34.1% (95% CI: 25.5–45.0), respectively, while the corresponding OS rates were 85.3% (95% CI: 79.4–91.6) and 60.8% (95% CI: 52.0–71.1). No survival plateau was observed. Among patients, 94% received methotrexate-based induction therapy: 94 received rituximab–methotrexate–temozolomide (R-MT) and 17 received MT alone, with 2-year PFS rates of 57.7% and 39.7%, respectively. Overall, 75% of patients achieved remission (CR/CRu/PR) after induction, and among these, 55% underwent consolidation therapy, predominantly autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT, 90%) or whole-brain radiotherapy (10%). Patients receiving ASCT exhibited superior survival outcomes compared to those who did not. Conclusions: R-MT induction combined with ASCT consolidation is associated with improved survival in PCNSL, although relapse risk remains substantial. Outcomes remain poor in refractory subgroups, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)
13 pages, 1832 KB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of 2-((4-Morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde
by Mokete Motente and Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030574 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
This study details the synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and preliminary biological evaluation of a new heterocyclic compound, 2-((4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde. This molecule was designed using an artificial intelligence (AI)-based molecular generative model. It was synthesized through a nucleophilic substitution between 3-chloro-4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazole and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Structural elucidation [...] Read more.
This study details the synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and preliminary biological evaluation of a new heterocyclic compound, 2-((4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy)benzaldehyde. This molecule was designed using an artificial intelligence (AI)-based molecular generative model. It was synthesized through a nucleophilic substitution between 3-chloro-4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazole and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Structural elucidation was performed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Elemental Analysis, and Single Crystal X-ray diffraction. AI-guided in silico predictions suggested promising pharmacophoric features and potential biological activity. Preliminary biological evaluation, primarily through anticancer assays, demonstrated moderate to significant activity, supporting further investigation. The findings therefore suggest that this AI-generated molecule could serve as a lead scaffold for developing drugs targeting cancer and other infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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14 pages, 241 KB  
Article
Is the Rise of Artificial Intelligence Redefining Italian University Students’ Learning Experiences? Perceptions, Practices, and the Future of Education
by Chiara Buizza, Jessica Dagani and Alberto Ghilardi
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16020258 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Background: The rapid diffusion of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education is reshaping students’ learning practices and raising concerns about unequal access and educational equity. In the Italian university context, where institutional guidelines on AI use are still developing, examining how [...] Read more.
Background: The rapid diffusion of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education is reshaping students’ learning practices and raising concerns about unequal access and educational equity. In the Italian university context, where institutional guidelines on AI use are still developing, examining how students adopt and perceive tools such as ChatGPT is particularly relevant. Methods: This quantitative study investigated patterns of ChatGPT use and perceptions among Italian university students, with specific attention to its perceived support for learning and the development of transversal skills. Data were collected through an online survey. Differences across socio-demographic and academic characteristics were analysed using Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests, while associations between ChatGPT use, students’ perceptions, and study-related outcomes were examined using Spearman’s rho coefficients. Results: Students perceived ChatGPT as a useful tool, particularly in supporting the development of analytical, writing, and digital skills. Significant differences emerged across student groups. Higher levels of use and more positive perceptions were reported by freshmen, students studying in urban areas, and those with stronger economic resources. Conclusions: ChatGPT adoption and subjectively perceived institutional support and benefits vary by academic experience and socio-economic background. As the findings are based on self-reported perceptions, they reflect perceived rather than measured learning outcomes, highlighting the need for further research using objective indicators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State of the Art and the Future of Education)
14 pages, 1677 KB  
Review
Partially Ionized Plasma Physics and Technological Applications
by Igor Kaganovich and Michael Tendler
Physics 2026, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics8010018 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Partially ionized plasma physics has attracted increased attention recently due to numerous technological applications made possible by the increased sophistication of computer modelling, the depth of the theoretical analysis, and the technological applications to a vast field of manufacturing for computer components. Partially [...] Read more.
Partially ionized plasma physics has attracted increased attention recently due to numerous technological applications made possible by the increased sophistication of computer modelling, the depth of the theoretical analysis, and the technological applications to a vast field of manufacturing for computer components. Partially ionized plasma is characterized by a significant presence of neutral particles in contrast to the fully ionized plasma. The theoretical analysis is based upon solutions of the kinetic Boltzmann equation, yielding the non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution function (EEDF), thereby emphasizing the difference with a fully ionized plasma. The impact of the effect on discharges in inert and molecular gases is described in detail, yielding the complex nonlinear phenomena resulting in plasma selforganization. A few examples of such phenomena are given, including the non-monotonic EEDFs in the discharge afterglow in a mixture of argon with the molecular gas NF3; the explosive generation of cold electron populations in capacitive discharges, hysteresis of EEDF in inductively coupled plasmas. Recently, highly advanced computer codes were developed in order to address the outstanding challenges in plasma technology. These developments are briefly described in general terms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Lennart Stenflo on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday: Plasma Physics and Nonlinear Science)
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63 pages, 2900 KB  
Review
Bioactive Compounds for Topical and Minimally Invasive Cellulite Treatment and Skin Rejuvenation
by Aura Rusu, Raluca-Daniela Mazilu, Blanka Székely-Szentmiklósi, Octavia-Laura Oancea, Corneliu Tanase, Ioana-Andreea Lungu and Gabriel Hancu
Cosmetics 2026, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13010035 (registering DOI) - 6 Feb 2026
Abstract
Cellulite, a multifactorial condition affecting approximately 98% of women, is characterised by dermal and subcutaneous architectural changes that compromise skin texture and elasticity. Its progression is closely linked to hormonal, vascular, and inflammatory factors, as well as ageing-related extracellular matrix degradation. This review [...] Read more.
Cellulite, a multifactorial condition affecting approximately 98% of women, is characterised by dermal and subcutaneous architectural changes that compromise skin texture and elasticity. Its progression is closely linked to hormonal, vascular, and inflammatory factors, as well as ageing-related extracellular matrix degradation. This review critically evaluates bioactive compounds incorporated into topical and minimally invasive formulations for the management of cellulite and skin rejuvenation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major scientific databases and cosmetic ingredient repositories, focusing on active ingredients with demonstrated efficacy in enhancing skin structure. Key compounds include capsaicin, forskolin, L-carnitine, caffeine, retinol, and extracts from plants such as Centella asiatica, which act via lipolysis, improved circulation, and antioxidant effects. Minimally invasive agents, such as deoxycholic acid and poly-L-lactic acid, complement these strategies by inducing adipocytolysis and neocollagenesis, thereby improving skin firmness and contour. Evidence indicates that multi-active formulations combining lipolytic agents with antioxidants and collagen-stimulating molecules yield synergistic benefits, reducing adipose protrusion and improving skin firmness. However, heterogeneity in study design and the lack of standardised evaluation methods limit firm conclusions. Further studies should validate efficacy and optimise delivery. Integrated topical and injectable therapies represent a promising, multifunctional approach to addressing cellulite and age-related skin changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Compounds for Skin Rejuvenation: Advances in Cosmetic Science)
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