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16 pages, 3894 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Instability and Adaptive Evolution Induced by RFA Insufficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by Runbiao Zhang, Liyan Tian, Min He and Kejing Li

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48020158 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

This study systematically investigated the genomic alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae driven by Replication Factor A (RFA) dosage insufficiency using a promoter-replacement strategy combined with mutation accumulation and whole-genome sequencing. Our findings reveal that transcriptional suppression of RFA2 or RFA3 leads to severe growth [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigated the genomic alterations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae driven by Replication Factor A (RFA) dosage insufficiency using a promoter-replacement strategy combined with mutation accumulation and whole-genome sequencing. Our findings reveal that transcriptional suppression of RFA2 or RFA3 leads to severe growth inhibition. RFA deficiency induces a distinct mutational spectrum characterized by a high frequency of monosomy and terminal deletions, indicative of severe replication stress. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity is significantly enriched at centromeres and high-GC regions, underscoring the role of RFA in stabilizing intrinsic genomic barriers. Utilizing an APOBEC3B-induced mutagenesis assay, we demonstrate that RFA insufficiency leads to the extensive accumulation of exposed ssDNA with a distinct bias towards the lagging strand template. Notably, we observed that cells spontaneously inactivate Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes, such as MSH2 and PMS1, to survive RFA-induced stress. This hypermutant phenotype grants a certain degree of growth recovery on Low Galactose (LG) medium. Overall, these findings demonstrate that RFA dosage is a key determinant of genomic integrity and elucidate how repair pathway modulation drives adaptive evolution under replication stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

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18 pages, 439 KB

Open AccessReview

Neuroblastoma in Childhood: Biological Insights, Risk Stratification, and Advances in Multimodal Therapy

by Amina De Bona, Martina Barbieri, Nicole Rinaldi and Susanna Esposito

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031101 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in pediatric patients. Characterized by marked clinical and biological heterogeneity, the disease ranges from spontaneously regressing tumors in infants to highly aggressive, treatment-resistant malignancies in [...] Read more.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in pediatric patients. Characterized by marked clinical and biological heterogeneity, the disease ranges from spontaneously regressing tumors in infants to highly aggressive, treatment-resistant malignancies in older children. Advances in molecular biology and genomics have significantly improved understanding of neuroblastoma pathogenesis, revealing the critical role of genetic and epigenetic alterations—such as MYCN amplification, ALK mutations, and chromosomal aberrations—in disease behavior and prognosis. Contemporary risk stratification systems now integrate clinical, biological, and molecular features to guide therapy more precisely. Management strategies have evolved toward risk-adapted, multimodal approaches. Low- and intermediate-risk patients often achieve excellent outcomes with surgery alone or limited chemotherapy, whereas high-risk neuroblastoma requires intensive multimodal treatment including induction chemotherapy, surgical resection, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, radiotherapy, and maintenance therapy. The incorporation of immunotherapeutic approaches, particularly anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies, has significantly improved survival in high-risk disease. Emerging therapies such as targeted agents, radiopharmaceuticals, and cellular immunotherapies are further expanding the therapeutic landscape. Despite these advances, high-risk and relapsed neuroblastoma remain associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Ongoing challenges include treatment resistance, long-term toxicity, and disparities in access to advanced therapies. Continued progress will depend on integrating molecular profiling into clinical decision-making, refining risk-adapted treatment strategies, and expanding international collaborative research efforts. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on neuroblastoma epidemiology, biology, staging, and treatment, highlighting recent advances and future directions aimed at improving outcomes for affected children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Risk Neuroblastoma and Rhabdoid Tumors: New Clinical Insights and Challenges (Second Edition))

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16 pages, 2820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Expression and Alternative Splicing Pattern in Female and Male Groups Pelteobagrus ussuriensis with Different Growth Rate

by Yanhong Sun, Jian Chen, Pei Li, Lifei Luo and Chuankun Zhu

Animals 2026, 16(3), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030439 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Growth rate is a key trait influencing productivity in aquaculture species, and its regulation often differs between males and females. In this study, Nanopore full-length RNA sequencing was used to investigate sex-specific growth regulation in the liver and brain of Pelteobagrus ussuriensis. [...] Read more.

Growth rate is a key trait influencing productivity in aquaculture species, and its regulation often differs between males and females. In this study, Nanopore full-length RNA sequencing was used to investigate sex-specific growth regulation in the liver and brain of Pelteobagrus ussuriensis. Male and female groups each included three fast-growing and three slow-growing individuals. In liver tissue, 332 differentially expressed genes were identified in males and 266 in females. Male-biased genes were mainly involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, whereas females showed broader metabolic regulation involving carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, as well as growth-related genes such as IGFBP1, ESR1, and PGR. In brain tissue, fewer growth-associated differences were observed, with 26 differentially expressed genes in males and 45 in females. Alternative splicing analysis revealed strong tissue specificity, with approximately 2903 events in liver and 7412 in brain, dominated by exon skipping in liver and alternative first exon usage in brain. Isoform-level analysis further identified transcript differences not detected at the gene level, highlighting the importance of transcript diversity in growth regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genetic Improvement of Aquacultural Species)

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23 pages, 4421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Indicators of Isometric Exercise Efficacy in Early Rehabilitation of Older Adults After Total Hip Arthroplasty

by Elena A. Maksimova, Kirill S. Krasnov, Anatoly S. Senotov, Victor I. Shevchenko, Artem M. Ermakov, Elizaveta S. Zhdanova and Vladimir S. Akatov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031389 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Developing molecular methods for assessing the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation remains a pressing task. Our pilot study aimed to assess the utility of the transcriptome analysis of muscle biopsies in evaluating the efficacy of the isometric exercises (IEs) added to the standard protocol [...] Read more.

Developing molecular methods for assessing the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation remains a pressing task. Our pilot study aimed to assess the utility of the transcriptome analysis of muscle biopsies in evaluating the efficacy of the isometric exercises (IEs) added to the standard protocol in the early rehabilitation of older patients during the initial two weeks post total hip arthroplasty (THA). Blood concentrations of total leukocytes, neutrophils, IL6, IL8, IL1β, myoglobin, etc. were measured, and transcriptome analysis of rectus femoris biopsies from the operated leg was performed before and after (1 and 12 days) THA in women aged 73–77 years. The additional IEs in the experimental rehabilitation group led to a significant acceleration in the recovery of IL6, IL8, and IL1β blood levels to the normal ranges compared to the control group, as confirmed by a Fisher’s exact test for this cytokine combination. The results of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Differentially Expressed Gene Analyses for the muscle biopsies point to accelerated resolution of inflammation, along with enhanced activation of genes associated with angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction in the experimental rehabilitation group compared to the control group. Thus, IL6, IL8, and IL1β blood levels can serve in combination as molecular indicators of the efficacy of early rehabilitation after THA, and transcriptome analysis of the rectus femoris biopsies of the operated leg allows for the revelation of the molecular indicators of regenerative processes in muscle tissue near the surgery area after THA. Full article

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19 pages, 1308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers to the Commercialization of Construction and Demolition Waste in Brazil, Evidence to Advance Urban Circular Economy Practices

by Nehemias Anastácio Santos da Silva, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle and Barbara Stolte Bezerra

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031387 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Among Construction and demolition waste (CDW) has become a persistent challenge for urban sustainability, particularly in developing countries where institutional capacity and market coordination remain limited. While the reuse of CDW is widely recognized as technically feasible, its commercialization continues to face underlying [...] Read more.

Among Construction and demolition waste (CDW) has become a persistent challenge for urban sustainability, particularly in developing countries where institutional capacity and market coordination remain limited. While the reuse of CDW is widely recognized as technically feasible, its commercialization continues to face underlying obstacles. This research examines the factors limiting the consolidation of the CDW market in Maceió, Northeast Brazil, a city that recently experienced a large-scale geotechnical disaster and a sudden increase in CDW generation. The analysis is guided by the question: Which factors most strongly constrain the development of the CDW market in Maceió, and how do they interact? A mixed-methods design was adopted, combining survey data analyzed through the Relative Importance Index (RII), descriptive statistics, and ANOVA with semi-structured interviews involving professionals from construction, waste management, and public agencies. The results reveal five interconnected groups of barriers. The most influential are the absence of effective public policies (RII = 0.89), lack of fiscal incentives for recycling (RII = 0.88), fragmented legislation (RII = 0.87), and the systematic devaluation of recycled materials (RII = 0.85). Environmental constraints linked to land subsidence (RII = 0.90) further intensify market instability. Together, these findings show that CDW commercialization is shaped by interacting regulatory, economic, and cultural factors, underscoring the need for coordinated policy, fiscal, and governance responses in vulnerable urban contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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39 pages, 6269 KB

Open AccessArticle

E-Commerce Platform, Live Streaming or Combinations? Dynamic Decision Analysis of Fresh Agricultural Supply Chain

by Linlin Zhang and Ni An

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2026, 21(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020044 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

The growth of e-commerce live streaming has expanded sales channel options for fresh agricultural suppliers. This study investigates a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a fresh agricultural supplier and downstream retailers. Using differential game theory, we examine the supplier’s preservation technology level and [...] Read more.

The growth of e-commerce live streaming has expanded sales channel options for fresh agricultural suppliers. This study investigates a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a fresh agricultural supplier and downstream retailers. Using differential game theory, we examine the supplier’s preservation technology level and product greenness, analyzing and comparing equilibrium strategies under three different modes: e-commerce platform sales mode (SP), head streamer sales mode (SH) and ordinary streamer sales mode (SN). The results demonstrate that SP is the dominant strategy when retailers’ marginal profits are low. Conversely, under high marginal profit conditions, the optimal selection depends on streamer cooperation costs: SH is preferred with low head streamer costs; widening cost gaps introduce temporal considerations between SH and SN; further gap expansion makes SN optimal. Furthermore, product greenness is related to supplier’s marginal profit, while the preservation technology level is jointly determined by supplier’s marginal profit and retailers’ inspection costs. Finally, combinations of these modes are also investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Supply Chain Management in the Era of Electronic Commerce)

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15 pages, 1758 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Phase Ib VenObi CNS Study: Chemotherapy-Free Treatment with Venetoclax and Obinutuzumab for Relapsed/Refractory Primary Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System

by Julia Wendler, Benjamin Kasenda, Eliza M. Lauer, Kudret Kama, Lisa Kristina Isbell, Dominik Marschner, Florian Scherer, Natalie Malenica, Cora Gloggengiesser, Elke Valk, Elisabeth Schorb and Gerald Illerhaus

Cancers 2026, 18(3), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030455 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Relapsed and refractory (rr) primary large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSL) has a dismal prognosis, and the standard of care is not established. The most common genetic imbalance includes the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) locus. Methods: We planned a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Relapsed and refractory (rr) primary large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSL) has a dismal prognosis, and the standard of care is not established. The most common genetic imbalance includes the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) locus. Methods: We planned a bi-centric phase Ib dose-escalation study with the chemotherapy-free combination of the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax and CD20 antibody obinutuzumab for rrPCNSL patients in Germany. The intended treatment consisted of 6 cycles of fixed-dose obinutuzumab at 1000 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, and an oral daily dose of 600, 800, or 1000 mg venetoclax, depending on the planned dosing group, followed by a 12-month venetoclax maintenance period. The primary endpoint was the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax and obinutuzumab in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results: This study was prematurely terminated after registration of 5/15 (33%) patients in dosing group 1 (600 mg oral daily dose of venetoclax) between May 2020 and November 2021. The mean ratio of the concentration of venetoclax in CSF over peripheral blood was 0.55% (±0.28 standard deviation (SD)) and 0.25% (±0.23 SD) for obinutuzumab. Two of five patients achieved complete remission, and each one patient achieved partial remission and stable disease as best response. The median duration of response was 6.5 months (range 0.7–47). Conclusions: Venetoclax and obinutuzumab can penetrate into the central nervous system, but the CSF concentration did not correlate with the outcome. The combination is feasible, tolerable, and may lead to durable responses in selected rrPCNSL patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Drug Development)

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26 pages, 1230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Traumatic and Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries: Insights from Nearly Five Decades of Evidence with Single-Center Experience

by Giorgio Iaconetta, Carlotta Ranalli, Jacopo Rosso Antonino, Antonio Siglioccolo, Nicola Narciso, Raffaele Scrofani, Ettore Amoroso, Marco Cascella and Matteo De Simone

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020165 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proposed as an adjunctive treatment for spinal cord injuries (SCIs) to mitigate a secondary injury and enhance neurological recovery. While the preclinical evidence is consistently supportive, clinical data remain heterogeneous across traumatic (TSCI) and non-traumatic (NTSCI) [...] Read more.

Background: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proposed as an adjunctive treatment for spinal cord injuries (SCIs) to mitigate a secondary injury and enhance neurological recovery. While the preclinical evidence is consistently supportive, clinical data remain heterogeneous across traumatic (TSCI) and non-traumatic (NTSCI) etiologies. Methods: A hybrid systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and included an illustrative single-center clinical case. PubMed, OVID Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1978 and 2024. Due to methodological heterogeneity, qualitative synthesis was performed. Results: Fifty studies comprising 1102 patients were included. Neurological improvement was more frequently observed in incomplete injuries and when HBOT was initiated early. Conclusions: HBOT may represent a useful adjunct in selected SCI patients, although standardized protocols and controlled trials are required to better define its role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers, Neuroimaging and Therapeutic Approaches)

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19 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessReview

Anifrolumab—A Potential New Systemic Sclerosis Treatment

by Mislav Radić, Petra Šimac Prižmić, Tina Bečić, Hana Đogaš, Dijana Perković, Josipa Radić and Damir Fabijanić

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031104 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, microvascular injury, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although there are therapies, there is a need for treatments targeting early pathogenic mechanisms. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are key [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, microvascular injury, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although there are therapies, there is a need for treatments targeting early pathogenic mechanisms. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are key mediators linking immune dysregulation to vascular and fibrotic damage in SSc. This review summarizes the current evidence supporting IFN-I blockade with anifrolumab as a novel therapeutic strategy. Methods: A narrative review of preclinical, translational, and emerging clinical studies was conducted to evaluate the role of IFN-I signaling in SSc and the therapeutic potential of anifrolumab. Particular focus was placed on the IFN signature, upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and the association with disease activity and organ involvement. Results: Anifrolumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the IFN-I receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1), inhibits the signaling of all IFN-I isoforms, suppressing downstream JAK–STAT activation and ISG expression. Mechanistic data suggest that IFNAR blockade modulates vascular injury, immune activation, and fibrosis. Early findings and ongoing trials indicate potential benefits, particularly in patients with a high IFN signature or rapidly progressive cutaneous and cardiac disease. Conclusions: The current evidence supports IFN-I pathway inhibition as a promising approach in SSc. Ongoing trials will help to determine the clinical efficacy, safety, and optimal patient selection for anifrolumab in this rare but severe disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives in Systemic Sclerosis)

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9 pages, 208 KB

Open AccessReview

Genomics of Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorders with Variable Epilepsy Phenotypes: A Clinical Review of Dup15q Syndrome

by Drew Thodeson, Trevor Lockard and Sookyong Koh

Genes 2026, 17(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020163 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Complex neurodevelopmental disorders frequently reflect multiple neurologic symptoms which have shared molecular and network level mechanisms. Advances in genomic medicine have redefined these conditions as overlapping manifestations of brain circuit dysfunction with significant variability. This review examines the intersection of genomics, epilepsy, [...] Read more.

Background: Complex neurodevelopmental disorders frequently reflect multiple neurologic symptoms which have shared molecular and network level mechanisms. Advances in genomic medicine have redefined these conditions as overlapping manifestations of brain circuit dysfunction with significant variability. This review examines the intersection of genomics, epilepsy, and neurodevelopment in complex neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasizing Dup15q syndrome as a model for understanding phenotypic variability. Methods: Authors conducted a clinical (non-systematic) review of the literature based on their experience with three patients with Dup15q who responded dramatically to neurostimulation. We synthesized current literature on genomic mechanisms underlying complex neurodevelopmental disorders focusing on Dup15q syndrome and its subtypes—int15, idic15, and mosaic idic15. We integrated clinical, electrophysiologic, and molecular data to illustrate the spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes and their mechanistic underpinnings. Results: Dup15q syndrome demonstrates marked heterogeneity in epilepsy severity and seizure semiology, reflecting variable gene dosing effects, maternal imprinting of UBE3A, and altered GABAergic signaling. While idic15 is more strongly associated with refractory epilepsy and SUDEP, both idic15 and int15 subtypes show overlapping developmental and behavioral phenotypes. There is a well-known differential response to anti-seizure medications and emerging evidence for neurostimulation and precision medicine. Conclusion: Dup15q syndrome exemplifies the convergence of genomic, neurophysiologic, and developmental pathways in epilepsy. As genomic discovery expands, precision therapies will increasingly rely on collaborative research networks. Understanding the genomic architecture of Dup15q syndrome may inform personalized strategies for epilepsy treatment and prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurogenomics)

12 pages, 7780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Fabricated by High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying

by Yedilzhan Kambarov, Zhuldyz Sagdoldina, Laila Sulyubayeva, Piotr Kowalewski and Aiym Nabioldina

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020103 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

High-entropy coatings based on CoCrFeNiMn obtained by thermal spraying have demonstrated the potential to improve the wear resistance of traditional materials used in extreme conditions. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the oxygen/fuel ratio when using kerosene as [...] Read more.

High-entropy coatings based on CoCrFeNiMn obtained by thermal spraying have demonstrated the potential to improve the wear resistance of traditional materials used in extreme conditions. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the oxygen/fuel ratio when using kerosene as fuel in the HVOF process on the microstructural characteristics of CoCrFeNiMn coatings, including phase composition, microhardness, elastic modulus, and wear resistance. Phase and microstructural transformations in gas-atomized powder during HVOF spraying were analyzed using XRD, SEM, and EDS methods. The tribological and mechanical properties of the coatings obtained were also evaluated. The results obtained are consistent with thermodynamic predictions based on the Scheil model for non-equilibrium conditions. The data obtained indicate the high potential of high-entropy CoCrFeNiMn alloys for use as protective coatings for industrial purposes. In addition, the results of the study emphasize the promise of using thermodynamic prediction of high-entropy alloys using Thermo-Calc software. The best mechanical and tribological properties were obtained in the HVOF 1 regime, which provided a maximum microhardness of 783.8 HV and a minimum wear rate of 7.45 × 10⁻⁵ mm³ × N⁻¹ × m⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

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18 pages, 1524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of 10 Antibiotics and 53 Plant Growth Regulators in Citrus Fruits by QuEChERS Combined with Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

by Yujie Xie, Zhengyi Liu, Mengjie Shi, Xingqiang Wu, Kaixuan Tong, Qiaoying Chang, Chunlin Fan and Hui Chen

Foods 2026, 15(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030477 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Citrus fruits are susceptible to ‘Huanglongbing’, leading to widespread antibiotic use during planting. Additionally, to enhance economic efficiency, plant growth regulators (PGRs) are also applied to citrus fruits. To rapidly screen for antibiotics and plant growth regulators in citrus fruits, a method was [...] Read more.

Citrus fruits are susceptible to ‘Huanglongbing’, leading to widespread antibiotic use during planting. Additionally, to enhance economic efficiency, plant growth regulators (PGRs) are also applied to citrus fruits. To rapidly screen for antibiotics and plant growth regulators in citrus fruits, a method was developed for the simultaneous detection of exogenous contaminants in mandarin, orange, pomelo, and lemon using QuEChERS combined with liquid chromatography–quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry. By comparing the responses or recoveries of compounds under different conditions, the optimal extraction and purification were determined. The method was used to verify the methodological parameters for four citrus fruits. The results showed that the detection limits for 10 antibiotics and 53 plant growth regulators in the four citrus fruits ranged from 1 to 50 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation ranged from 1 to 80 μg/kg. And the coefficient of determination (R²) was ≥ 0.99. The recovery of all compounds was between 60% and 120%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 20%. The method was applied to the 42 real samples, and a total of nine compounds were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.852 mg/kg. The results demonstrated that the method was simple, sensitive, accurate, and reliable, making it suitable for detecting antibiotics and plant growth regulators in citrus fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)

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30 pages, 2594 KB

Open AccessReview

Tracing Microplastic Pollution Through Animals: A Narrative Review of Bioindicator Approaches

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031413 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Monitoring microplastic pollution relies increasingly on bioindicators that integrate environmental exposure across habitats. This review presents animals explicitly proposed as microplastic bioindicators in recent literature and qualitatively evaluates their appropriateness using established biomonitoring criteria encompassing ecological, physiological, and methodological dimensions. In aquatic systems, [...] Read more.

Monitoring microplastic pollution relies increasingly on bioindicators that integrate environmental exposure across habitats. This review presents animals explicitly proposed as microplastic bioindicators in recent literature and qualitatively evaluates their appropriateness using established biomonitoring criteria encompassing ecological, physiological, and methodological dimensions. In aquatic systems, bivalves (clams and mussels) demonstrate high suitability due to wide distribution, habitat-specific feeding, effective microplastic retention, and well-established analytical protocols. Fish exhibit intermediate suitability, as ecological representativeness and retention vary among species, and standardized methods often require multi-species approaches. Sessile organisms, including barnacles and sea anemones, align strongly with all three dimensions through spatial fidelity, effective retention, and methodological ease. Crustaceans and sponges also exhibit robust ecological relevance and high retention, with sponges uniquely integrating fine particles over time. Terrestrial and aerial indicators, such as carabid beetles and insectivorous birds, provide complementary coverage with moderate physiological integration and feasible ethical sampling. Sea turtles demonstrate exceptional physiological integration and methodological robustness at regional scales, despite non-sedentary behavior. Overall, taxa combining sedentary or spatially faithful ecology, effective microplastic retention, and standardized laboratory applicability, particularly bivalves, sponges, barnacles, sea anemones, and sediment-associated crustaceans, emerge as the most suitable bioindicators. Future research should prioritize harmonized, multi-taxa frameworks to improve standardization, cross-ecosystem comparability, and long-term microplastic monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Sustainable Science and Technology)

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16 pages, 3417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitising PDAC to Gemcitabine by Suppressing NF-κB Pathway and Enhancing Apoptosis

by Enhui Jin, Maria Rita Gil da Silva Simões, Steve O’Hagan, Enzhi Jin and Philip J. Day

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020243 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits poor clinical response to gemcitabine, largely due to intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance. Identifying agents capable of enhancing gemcitabine efficacy without increasing cytotoxicity remains an unmet therapeutic need. Here, we characterise a small drug sensitiser molecule, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits poor clinical response to gemcitabine, largely due to intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance. Identifying agents capable of enhancing gemcitabine efficacy without increasing cytotoxicity remains an unmet therapeutic need. Here, we characterise a small drug sensitiser molecule, B12, and evaluate its potential to sensitise PDAC cells to gemcitabine. Methods: Gemcitabine’s dose–response was assessed by MTT assay to determine IC₅₀ values and dose-modifying factor (DMF). Phenotypic consequences of co-treatment were examined using colony formation and wound scratch assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) and apoptosis (Annexin V/PI) were measured using flow cytometry. Transcriptomic profiling was performed using mRNA-seq with differential expression analysis and pathway enrichment (KEGG/GSEA). NF-κB activity was assessed by nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation of p65, and RT-qPCR validation of NF-κB associated target genes. Results: B12 alone displayed minimal cytotoxicity in the PANC-1 cell line and normal pancreatic ductal HPDE cells, yet shifted the gemcitabine dose–response curve in PANC-1 cells, reducing the IC₅₀ and yielding a dose-modifying factor of 1.39. Functionally, B12 enhanced gemcitabine-induced suppression of colony formation and reduced wound closure relative to gemcitabine alone. The co-treatment also increased both mitochondrial depolarisation and apoptotic cell populations, with increased cell proliferation inhibition over time. Transcriptomic profiling identified a set of B12-associated genes downregulated both in B12-treated and B12 + gemcitabine conditions, including factors linked to growth, survival, inflammation, metabolism, and drug inactivation. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed negative enrichment of NF-κB associated pathways during B12 co-treatment. Consistently, nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation showed that B12 reduced gemcitabine-induced nuclear accumulation of p65, accompanied by decreased expression of NF-κB associated targets such as BCL2L1, CCL20, SLC2A1, and MAP3K14. Conclusions: In PDAC cell models, B12 enhances gemcitabine cytotoxic response while displaying minimal intrinsic toxicity under the conditions tested. The sensitising phenotype is accompanied by increased apoptotic susceptibility and is associated with reduced NF-κB signalling at the pathway, transcript, and p65 nuclear localisation levels. However, to establish causality, the lack of sensitisation in HPDE cells will require further validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Small Molecules for the Treatment of Solid Tumors)

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28 pages, 2834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Performance of High-Strength Concrete (HSC) Beams Reinforced with Steel and Fiber Composite Grids

by Mohammad Azhar Mudaqiq, Mohd Tahseen Islam Talukder, Hojat Hematabadi and Ahmed Ibrahim

Infrastructures 2026, 11(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11020047 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the shear performance of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams reinforced with steel, fiber composite grids (CFRP and GFRP), and their hybrid configurations in the absence of transverse reinforcement. A total of six full-scale beams with varying reinforcement configuration and shear span-to-depth [...] Read more.

This study investigates the shear performance of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams reinforced with steel, fiber composite grids (CFRP and GFRP), and their hybrid configurations in the absence of transverse reinforcement. A total of six full-scale beams with varying reinforcement configuration and shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratios were experimentally tested under monotonic loading to evaluate their load capacity, cracking characteristics, failure modes, and serviceability behavior. The results revealed that beams reinforced solely with fiber grids exhibited significantly reduced strength and brittle shear failure. Hybrid systems incorporating both steel and fiber grids demonstrated improved strength and ductility, closely matching or surpassing control specimens with conventional steel reinforcement. Key structural parameters such as effective moment of inertia, cracking moment, shear strength, and midspan deflection were compared against analytical predictions based on ACI 318-16 and the Canadian Education Module code. While predictions generally aligned for hybrid beams, notable discrepancies were found for FRP-only systems, particularly in serviceability performance. The findings highlight the potential of hybrid reinforcement as a viable design strategy for HSC beams, offering a balance between strength, ductility, and service performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Parvovirus B19 Strains Detected in the Pediatric Population of the Greater Thessaloniki Region in Greece During March–April 2024

by Evangelia Giosi, Ifigeneia Dimopoulou, Enada Leshi, Maria Christoforidi, Andigoni Malousi, Theano Georgakopoulou, Christakis Chatzichristodoulou, Dimitris Hatzigeorgiou, Stella Vorre, Dimitris Paraskevis, Cleo Anastassopoulou, Maria Exindari and Georgia Gioula

Acta Microbiol. Hell. 2026, 71(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/amh71010004 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus. Most parvoviruses infect animals; Parvovirus B19 infects humans. Parvovirus B19 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets during close contact, but additional routes such as transmission through contaminated blood products and vertical transmission from mother to fetus have [...] Read more.

Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus. Most parvoviruses infect animals; Parvovirus B19 infects humans. Parvovirus B19 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets during close contact, but additional routes such as transmission through contaminated blood products and vertical transmission from mother to fetus have also been documented. Infections occur throughout the year, with a seasonal increase between late winter and early summer. Clinical symptoms depend on age, and on patients’ immune status. Healthy, immunocompetent individuals experience asymptomatic or mild infections including a febrile rash; serious complications rarely appear, such as rheumatoid-like arthritis or acute myocarditis. Clusters of myocarditis cases following Parvovirus B19 infections appeared in a daycare in Thessaloniki in 2024. To molecularly and phylogenetically characterize Parvovirus B19 strains detected during a pediatric outbreak associated with elevated troponin levels and myocarditis in Northern Greece, and to compare these strains with isolates from adult cases with mild symptoms in order to explore potential associations between viral genetic variability and cardiac involvement. MinION sequencing protocol was performed for nine whole blood samples, seven belonging to children with myocarditis, and two to adults presenting mild symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed with QualiMap 2.3 and relevant tools. Phylogenetic analysis identified distinct viral groups originating from the samples investigated. A distinct branch was formed by the reference genome and the ones of the adults’ samples, while samples from children with myocarditis provided discrete branches differing from the reference one. The findings demonstrate a clear association between Parvovirus B19 infection and myocarditis in the pediatric cases analyzed. The detected viral strains, including variants identified in several samples, support the role of Parvovirus B19 as a contributing factor in post-infectious cardiac involvement. Although these results reinforce the clinical relevance of Parvovirus B19 in childhood myocarditis, expanding the sample size would allow for a more robust characterization of circulating strains and confirmation of the observed patterns. Full article

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20 pages, 335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Expectation Gap and Risk-Taking of Agricultural Enterprises: The Moderating Effect of Institutional Environment

by Xiaonan Fan, Jiayi Wang, Qing Li, Mei Zhou and Youran Gao

Systems 2026, 14(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14020148 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

In recent years, the operational performance of agricultural enterprises has been influenced by both natural conditions and market environments, resulting in high uncertainty and volatility. When performance falls below expectations, agricultural enterprises consciously engage in strategic change and proactive risk-taking to alleviate performance [...] Read more.

In recent years, the operational performance of agricultural enterprises has been influenced by both natural conditions and market environments, resulting in high uncertainty and volatility. When performance falls below expectations, agricultural enterprises consciously engage in strategic change and proactive risk-taking to alleviate performance pressures. Based on Firm Behavioral Theory, Performance Feedback Theory, and Prospect Theory, we examine how performance expectation gap affects risk-taking of agricultural enterprises by using panel data of Chinese A-share listed agricultural firms from 2007 to 2023. The results show that performance expectation gap has a positive effect on risk-taking, which means the greater the gap, the higher the level of risk-taking. And the better developed the institutional environment, the greater the tendency for risk-taking. Further analysis shows that performance expectation gap promotes risk-taking by driving strategic change within agricultural enterprises. This research enriches the study on the influencing factors of risk-taking in agricultural enterprises, offering decision-making insights for them to prudently assess and manage risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

19 pages, 753 KB

Open AccessArticle

Site-Specific Phytoremediation Potential of Plants in Urban Polluted Sites in Romania: A Case Study in Baia Mare

by Bianca Pop, Anca Pleșa, Codruț Papina, Alexandra Gheorghiță, Vlad Stoian and Roxana Vidican

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031386 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

The SPIRE project, conducted in Baia Mare, Romania, investigated the use of nature-based solutions for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). In five pilot sites with various levels of pollution [...] Read more.

The SPIRE project, conducted in Baia Mare, Romania, investigated the use of nature-based solutions for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). In five pilot sites with various levels of pollution a selection of species were planted based on their potential for remediation. The results suggested that species such as Salix alba, Salix viminalis, Reynoutria japonica, Betula pendula, and Agrostis capillaris were effective in the absorption of high concentrations of heavy metals, especially cadmium and zinc. Data analysis showed distinct patterns of heavy metal uptake depending on location and species and highlighted the importance of adapting remediation strategies to local conditions. The study demonstrates the applicability of phytoremediation in post-industrial urban environments, with significant reductions in soil contaminants and potential for ecological remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture with Innovative Technology and Equipment: Towards a Low-Carbon Era)

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22 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Literacy as a Mediator of Empowerment Among Indigenous Women Cotton Artisans: A Structural Equation Modeling Study in Morrope, Peru

by Emma Verónica Ramos Farroñán

Societies 2026, 16(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc16020045 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Drawing on Sen’s capabilities approach and digital empowerment frameworks, this study investigates digital literacy as a mediating factor in the conversion of structural resources into empowerment outcomes for indigenous women artisans of native cotton in northern Peru. A cross-sectional explanatory study involving 100 [...] Read more.

Drawing on Sen’s capabilities approach and digital empowerment frameworks, this study investigates digital literacy as a mediating factor in the conversion of structural resources into empowerment outcomes for indigenous women artisans of native cotton in northern Peru. A cross-sectional explanatory study involving 100 craftswomen used structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the impact of technological infrastructure, sociodemographic factors, and sociocultural knowledge on economic, personal, and social empowerment, with digital literacy as the necessary mediating mechanism. A 45-item questionnaire assessed predictor variables, the four mediator dimensions (cognitive, technical, social and communicative competencies) and the three domains of empowerment as dependent variables. PLS-SEM analysis in SmartPLS 4.0 showed that the model fit well (SRMR = 0.072, CFI = 0.931) and that the structural factors accounted for 80.4% of the variance in digital literacy. The mediator had a large effect on all areas of empowerment but had the largest effect on economic empowerment (β = 0.846, R² = 0.709) compared to personal and social empowerment (β = 0.618, β = 0.628, R² ≈ 0.37). The indirect effects validated the mediating role of digital literacy, demonstrating its function as an essential conversion mechanism that transforms infrastructural, sociodemographic, and knowledge resources into tangible empowerment gains. The results provide empirical support for skills-based frameworks in digital inclusion initiatives, advancing SDGs 5, 8, and 9 by illustrating how digital skills empower vulnerable artisanal communities to transform traditional knowledge and access to technology into multifaceted empowerment outcomes. Full article

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22 pages, 4027 KB

Open AccessArticle

Indoor–Outdoor Particulate Matter Monitoring in a University Building: A Pilot Study Using Low-Cost Sensors

by Mare Srbinovska, Vesna Andova, Aleksandra Krkoleva Mateska, Maja Celeska Krstevska, Maksim Panovski, Ilija Mizhimakoski and Mia Darkovska

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031385 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sustainable management of indoor and outdoor air quality is essential for protecting public health, enhancing well-being, and supporting resilient urban environments. Low-cost air quality sensors enable continuous, real-time monitoring of key pollutants and, when combined with data analytics, provide scalable and cost-effective insights [...] Read more.

Sustainable management of indoor and outdoor air quality is essential for protecting public health, enhancing well-being, and supporting resilient urban environments. Low-cost air quality sensors enable continuous, real-time monitoring of key pollutants and, when combined with data analytics, provide scalable and cost-effective insights for smart building operation and environmental decision-making. This pilot study evaluates an indoor–outdoor air quality monitoring system deployed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, with a focus on: (i) PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and their relationship with meteorological conditions and human occupancy; (ii) sensor responsiveness and reliability in an educational setting; and (iii) implications for sustainable building operation. From January to March 2025, two indoor sensors (a classroom and a faculty hall) and two outdoor rooftop sensors continuously measured PM2.5 and PM10 at one-minute intervals. All sensors were calibrated against a reference instrument prior to deployment, while meteorological data were obtained from a nearby station. Time-series analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression were applied. Indoor particulate levels varied strongly with occupancy and ventilation status, whereas outdoor concentrations showed weak to moderate correlations with meteorological variables, particularly atmospheric pressure. Moderate correlations between indoor and outdoor PM suggest partial pollutant infiltration. Overall, this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of low-cost sensors for long-term monitoring in educational buildings and highlights the need for adaptive, context-aware ventilation strategies to reduce indoor exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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28 pages, 2087 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Microbiome-Mediated and Macrophage-Driven Mechanisms for Oral Wound Healing

by Keerthi Priya Chinniampalayam Sekar, Bianca Schmiliver, Paige Elizabeth Pieterick, Tim Cha, Helly A. Patel, Hope Robinson, Prashant Kumar, David T. Wu, Rheinallt Jones and Steven Goudy

Microorganisms 2026, 14(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020330 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oral mucosa healing is a complex process that involves the innate wound healing system, including the coagulation cascade, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune cell responses, and fibroblast and epithelial responses, within the context of a dynamic resident microbiome. Unlike cutaneous wounds, oral wounds heal [...] Read more.

Oral mucosa healing is a complex process that involves the innate wound healing system, including the coagulation cascade, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune cell responses, and fibroblast and epithelial responses, within the context of a dynamic resident microbiome. Unlike cutaneous wounds, oral wounds heal rapidly with minimal scarring despite constant exposure to diverse microbial communities, saliva, and mechanical stress. Emerging evidence highlights the critical interplay between microbiome-mediated signaling and macrophage plasticity in shaping wound outcomes, suggesting that similar mechanisms operate within the oral cavity. Inflammation is an essential component of wound repair, and its resolution is necessary to promote tissue remodeling and functional regeneration. Macrophages play a central role in this transition through phenotype switching from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to a pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory (M2) state. This review synthesizes current understanding of the oral microbiome’s influence on macrophage polarization across distinct stages of oral wound healing and examines microbial-based strategies that modulate the immune response to enhance repair. Significant knowledge gaps remain, including limited clinical translation, inter-individual variability in microbiome composition, and complete mechanistic insight into host–microbe immune interaction. Addressing these challenges enables the development of precision microbiome-based therapeutics that restore microbial balance, direct macrophage-driven regeneration, and improve outcomes in oral wounds and chronic inflammatory conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)

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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 5123 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Immune Signaling Pathways Orchestrate “Lantern-like” Flower Formation Induced by Contarinia citri Barnes in Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’

by Qinqin He, Huadong Chen, Zongqin Feng, Yin Liu, Jinfeng Liu, Chun Wang and Xinmin Huang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020163 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Contarinia citri Barnes is a major pest of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’, damaging flowers, including abnormal development with lantern-like morphology, and substantially reducing yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this abnormal development remain unclear. Structural and anatomical observations combined with transcriptome analyses of normal [...] Read more.

Contarinia citri Barnes is a major pest of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’, damaging flowers, including abnormal development with lantern-like morphology, and substantially reducing yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this abnormal development remain unclear. Structural and anatomical observations combined with transcriptome analyses of normal and lantern-like flowers were performed to elucidate host regulatory pathways in response to C. citri. Infestation increased levels of salicylic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and cis-zeatin, as well as chlorophyll and total flavonoid accumulation in petals. Simultaneously, an increased number of transverse petal cell layers led to petal thickening and lantern-like flower formation. Transcriptome sequencing identified 5601 differentially expressed genes. C. citri induced genes associated with increased petal cell number and enhanced photosynthesis and amino acid synthesis, likely providing nutrients for larvae. Most genes in the jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were up-regulated, promoting the synthesis of resistance-related compounds, including terpenoids, flavonoids, lignin, and wax, thereby enhancing petal resistance to C. citri. These findings elucidate plant–insect interactions and provide a new framework for understanding insect-induced plant developmental reprogramming, while identifying potential targets for breeding resistant C. grandis ‘Tomentosa’ varieties and developing novel C. citri control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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17 pages, 2494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Layout Method for Seismic Monitoring Devices on the Basis of Building Geometric Features

by Zhangdi Xie

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031384 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Seismic monitoring is a crucial step in ensuring the safety and resilience of building structures. The implementation of effective monitoring systems, particularly across large-scale, complex building clusters, is currently hindered by the limitations of traditional sensor placement methods, which suffer from low efficiency, [...] Read more.

Seismic monitoring is a crucial step in ensuring the safety and resilience of building structures. The implementation of effective monitoring systems, particularly across large-scale, complex building clusters, is currently hindered by the limitations of traditional sensor placement methods, which suffer from low efficiency, high subjectivity, and difficulties in replication. This paper proposes an innovative AI-based Automated Layout Method for seismic monitoring devices, leveraging building geometric recognition to provide a scalable, quantifiable, and reproducible engineering solution. The core methodology achieves full automation and quantification by innovatively employing a dual-channel approach (images and vectors) to parse architectural floor plans. It first converts complex geometric features—including corner coordinates, effective angles, and concavity/convexity attributes—into quantifiable deployment scoring and density functions. The method implements a multi-objective balanced control system by introducing advanced engineering metrics such as key floor assurance, central area weighting, spatial dispersion, vertical continuity, and torsional restraint. This approach ensures the final sensor configuration is scientifically rigorous and highly representative of the structure’s critical dynamic responses. Validation on both simple and complex Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame structures consistently demonstrates that the system successfully achieves a rational sensor allocation under budget constraints. The placement strategy is physically informed, concentrating sensors at critical floors (base, top, and mid-level) and strategically utilizing external corner points to maximize the capture of torsional and shear responses. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed approach has distinct advantages in automation, quantification, and adaptability to complex geometries. It generates a reproducible installation manifest (including coordinates, sensor types, and angle classification) that directly meets engineering implementation needs. This work provides a new, efficient technical pathway for establishing a systematic and sustainable seismic risk monitoring platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Engineering and Sustainable Structures)

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36 pages, 2732 KB

Open AccessReview

Processing of Visual Mirror Symmetry by Human Observers; Mechanisms and Models

by Cayla A. Bellagarda, J. Edwin Dickinson, Jason Bell, Paul V. McGraw and David R. Badcock

Symmetry 2026, 18(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020247 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mirror symmetry is an important and common feature of the visual world, which has attracted the interest of scientists, artists, and philosophers for centuries. The human visual system is very sensitive to mirror symmetry; symmetry is detected quickly and accurately and influences perception [...] Read more.

Mirror symmetry is an important and common feature of the visual world, which has attracted the interest of scientists, artists, and philosophers for centuries. The human visual system is very sensitive to mirror symmetry; symmetry is detected quickly and accurately and influences perception even when not relevant to the task at hand. Neuroimaging studies have identified mirror symmetry-specific haemodynamic and electrophysiological responses in extra-striate regions of the visual cortex, and these findings closely align with behavioural psychophysical findings when only considering the magnitude and sensitivity of the response. However, as we go on to discuss later, the location of these responses is at odds with where psychophysical models based on early visual filters would predict. In attempts to capture and explain mirror symmetry perception, various models have been developed and refined as our understanding of the factors influencing mirror symmetry perception has grown. The current review provides a contemporary overview of the psychophysical and neuroimaging understanding of mirror symmetry perception in human vision. We then consider how new findings align with predominant spatial filtering models of mirror symmetry perception to identify key factors that need to be accounted for in current and future iterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Life Sciences)

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29 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessReview

Learning-Based Multi-Robot Active SLAM: A Conceptual Framework and Survey

by Bowen Lv and Shihong Duan

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031412 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Multi-robot systems (MRSs) offer distinct advantages in large-scale exploration but require tight coupling between decentralized decision-making and collaborative estimation. This survey reviews learning-based multi-robot Active Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (AC-SLAM), modeling it as a coupled system comprising a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov [...] Read more.

Multi-robot systems (MRSs) offer distinct advantages in large-scale exploration but require tight coupling between decentralized decision-making and collaborative estimation. This survey reviews learning-based multi-robot Active Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (AC-SLAM), modeling it as a coupled system comprising a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) decision layer and a distributed factor-graph estimation layer. By synthesizing these components into a conceptual framework, recent methods for cooperative perception, mapping, and policy learning are systematically critiqued. The analysis concludes that Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) and graph-based spatial abstraction currently offer superior scalability and robustness compared to monolithic end-to-end approaches. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of Sim-to-Real transfer strategies is provided, ranging from domain randomization to emerging Real-to-Sim techniques based on NeRF and 3D Gaussian Splatting. Finally, future directions are outlined, moving from geometric mapping toward LLM-driven active semantic understanding and dynamic digital twins to bridge the reality gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Robot Navigation in Autonomous Systems)

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17 pages, 3652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Data Suggest Pathways Involved in Conidiation Degeneration and Its Rejuvenate by Passage in the Metarhizium lepidiotae

by Wei Ge, Dianguang Xiong, Jinzhu Xu, Jinyan Feng, Longyan Tian and Chengming Tian

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020095 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Metarhizium lepidiotae is an important entomopathogenic fungus with substantial agricultural value. However, prolonged subculturing often leads to phenotypic degeneration, including reduced conidiation and impaired metabolic activity, while the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential for maintaining strain vitality [...] Read more.

Metarhizium lepidiotae is an important entomopathogenic fungus with substantial agricultural value. However, prolonged subculturing often leads to phenotypic degeneration, including reduced conidiation and impaired metabolic activity, while the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential for maintaining strain vitality and ensuring biocontrol efficacy. In this study, we found that M. lepidiotae exhibited a pronounced decline in conidiation during long-term serial subculturing. However, this degenerative phenotype could be effectively reversed by passage through insect hosts, leading to strain rejuvenation. Subsequently, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed on the original strain (XMC-Y), the degenerated strain (XMC-T), and the rejuvenated strain (XMC-F) at 7 and 18 days of cultivation. Our results revealed that XMC-T initially compensates for defects in basal metabolism and signaling pathways by enhancing translational capacity, but progressively exhibits a profound collapse of RNA-processing systems and the translational machinery at later cultivation stages. Moreover, the significant downregulation of the peroxisome pathway indicates impaired peroxisome biogenesis and compromised reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic capacity, suggesting a weakened antioxidant defense and a potential increase in oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that disruptions in RNA regulatory networks and oxidative homeostasis are strongly associated with M. lepidiotae degeneration. This study provides important theoretical insights for maintaining strain stability during large-scale production and agricultural biocontrol applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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