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11 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Honeycomb-like N-Doped Carbon Matrix-Encapsulated Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂ Heterostructures for Advanced Lithium-Ion Capacitors

by Yutao Liu, Xiaopeng Xie, Zhaojia Wu, Tao Wen, Fang Zhao, Hao He, Junfei Duan and Wen Wang

Batteries 2024, 10(10), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100346 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are emerging as promising hybrid energy storage devices that combine the high energy densities of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power densities of supercapacitors (SCs). Nevertheless, the development of LICs is hindered by the kinetic imbalances between battery-type anodes and [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are emerging as promising hybrid energy storage devices that combine the high energy densities of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power densities of supercapacitors (SCs). Nevertheless, the development of LICs is hindered by the kinetic imbalances between battery-type anodes and capacitor-type cathodes. To address this issue, honeycomb-like N-doped carbon matrices encapsulating Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂ heterostructures were prepared using a simple chemical blowing-vulcanization process followed by phosphorylation treatment (Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂@NC). The Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂@NC features a unique heterostructure engineered within carbon honeycomb structures, which efficiently promotes charge transfer at the interfaces, alleviates the volume expansion of Co-based materials, and accelerates reaction kinetics. The optimal Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂@NC composite demonstrates a stable reversible capacity of 371.8 mAh g⁻¹ after 800 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹, and exhibits an excellent rate performance of 242.9 mAh g⁻¹ even at 8 A g⁻¹, alongside enhanced pseudocapacitive behavior. The assembled Co_1−xS/Co(PO₃)₂@NC//AC LIC delivers a high energy density of 90.47 Wh kg⁻¹ (at 26.28 W kg⁻¹), a high power density of 504.94 W kg⁻¹ (at 38.31 Wh kg⁻¹), and a remarkable cyclic stablitiy of 86.3% retention after 5000 cycles. This research is expected to provide valuable insights into the design of conversion-type electrode materials for future energy storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies on High-Performance Metal-Ion Capacitors: Technologies, Systems and Applications)

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15 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eligibility for Adjuvant Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Endocrine Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative Early Breast Cancer by Age and Type of Surgery

by Gilles Houvenaeghel, Jean-Marc Classe, Marie-Pierre Chauvet, Pierre-Emmanuel Colombo, Eva Jouve, Fabien Reyal, Emile Daraï, Roman Rouzier, Christelle Faure-Virelizier, Pierre Gimbergues, Charles Coutant, Chafika Mazouni, Anne-Sophie Azuar, Marc Martino, Catherine Bouteille, Monique Cohen and Alexandre de Nonneville

Cancers 2024, 16(19), 3317; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193317 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Despite early diagnosis, approximately 20% of patients with ER-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) will experience disease recurrence. Improved survival has been reported with adjuvant treatment combining cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors with endocrine therapy, in high-risk patients with ER-positive and HER2-negative BC, [...] Read more.

Background: Despite early diagnosis, approximately 20% of patients with ER-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) will experience disease recurrence. Improved survival has been reported with adjuvant treatment combining cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors with endocrine therapy, in high-risk patients with ER-positive and HER2-negative BC, regardless of age. Older patients have higher rates of ER-positive/HER2-negative BC than younger patients. Methods: In this real-world data analysis, MonarchE and NataLEE high-risk patients accounted for 9.5% and 33% of patients undergoing upfront surgery, respectively. Significantly higher eligibility rates were observed in patients who underwent a mastectomy, >70 years and ≤40 years for adjuvant abemaciclib and ribociclib, and in patients >80 years for ribociclib. Results: Eligibility rates in patients ≤40 years and >80 years who underwent mastectomy were 27.8% and 24.7% for abemaciclib, respectively, and 56.6% and 65.2% for ribociclib, respectively. A higher discontinuation rate for abemaciclib was reported in patients aged ≥65 years and it can be assumed that discontinuation rates may increase in even older patients. Conclusions: If the results of the NataLEE trial translate into clinical practice, the number of patients potentially eligible for adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitors may increase, especially in the elderly population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biomarkers)

16 pages, 4052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Alkalinity Stress on Amino Acid Metabolism Profiles and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Apoptosis/Ferroptosis in Hybrid Sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂) Livers

by Cunhua Zhai, Xiafei Liu, Yutao Li, Ruoyu Wang, Weihua Lv, Bo Ma, Dingchen Cao and Ying Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910456 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alkaline water is toxic to cultured aquatic animals that frequently live in pH-neutral freshwater. Overfishing and habitat destruction have contributed to the decline in the wild sturgeon population; consequently, the domestic hybrid sturgeon has become an increasingly important commercial species in China. Hybrid [...] Read more.

Alkaline water is toxic to cultured aquatic animals that frequently live in pH-neutral freshwater. Overfishing and habitat destruction have contributed to the decline in the wild sturgeon population; consequently, the domestic hybrid sturgeon has become an increasingly important commercial species in China. Hybrid sturgeons are widely cultured in alkaline water, but little is known about the effects of alkalinity stress on hybrid sturgeon liver tissues. We exposed hybrid sturgeons to four alkaline concentrations (3.14 ± 0.02 mmol/L, 7.57 ± 0.08 mmol/L, 11.78 ± 0.24 mmol/L and 15.46 ± 0.48 mmol/L). Histopathology, biochemical index assessment, gene expression level detection and metabolomics analysis were used to investigate the negative effects on liver functions following exposure to NaHCO₃. Livers exposed to alkaline stress exhibited severe tissue injury and clear apoptotic characteristics. With increased exposure concentrations, the hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. NaHCO₃ exposure up-regulated the transcriptional levels of apoptosis/ferroptosis-related genes in livers. Similarly, the expression trends of interleukin-1β and heat shock protein genes also increased in high-alkalinity environments. However, the expression levels of complement protein 3 significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Hepatic untargeted metabolomics revealed the alteration conditions of various metabolites associated with the antioxidant response, the ferroptosis process and amino acid metabolism (such as beta-alanine metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism). These data provided evidence that NaHCO₃ impaired immune functions and the integrity of hybrid sturgeon liver tissues by mediating oxidative-stress-mediated apoptosis and ferroptosis. Our results shed light on the breeding welfare of domestic hybrid sturgeons and promote the economic development of fisheries in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

18 pages, 5753 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biphenotypic Sinonasal Sarcoma with Orbital Invasion: A Literature Review and Modular System of Surgical Approaches

by Sergio Corvino, Oreste de Divitiis, Adriana Iuliano, Federico Russo, Giuseppe Corazzelli, Dana Cohen, Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo, Carmela Palmiero, Giuseppe Pontillo, Stefania Staibano, Diego Strianese, Andrea Elefante and Giuseppe Mariniello

Cancers 2024, 16(19), 3316; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193316 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma is a rare low-grade tumor arising from the sinonasal tract, featuring locally aggressive biological behavior, with a tendency to invade the orbit and skull base. There are no defined guidelines of treatment; thus, the management varies among different institutions. [...] Read more.

Background: Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma is a rare low-grade tumor arising from the sinonasal tract, featuring locally aggressive biological behavior, with a tendency to invade the orbit and skull base. There are no defined guidelines of treatment; thus, the management varies among different institutions. The aim of the present study is to provide a modular system of surgical approaches according to the lesion pattern of growth from a literature review. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive and detailed literature review on the PubMed and Embase online electronic databases on biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma with orbital invasion was conducted. A personal case exhibiting peculiar features was also added. Demographic (patient’s sex and age), clinical (presenting symptoms and time to treatment), neuroradiological (anatomical origin and pattern of growth), and treatment (type of treatment, surgical approach, extent of resection, peri- and postoperative complications, and adjuvant therapies) data, as well as clinical outcome, recurrence rates, and overall survival, were analyzed. Results: Thirty-one patients harboring biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma with orbital invasion were identified. Tumors mainly affected female patients (66.7%) and a middle-aged population (median 55.2 years old). Simultaneous skull base involvement occurred in most cases (80.6%). Surgery was performed in all but one case (97%), as unique treatment (59%) or in association with radio—(23.5%) and/or chemotherapy (5.9%/2.9%), allowing for gross total tumor resection in most cases (66.7%). The endoscopic endonasal approach was the most adopted surgical corridor (51.7%). The local recurrence rate was 19.3%, and only two cases of tumor-related mortality occurred. Conclusions: Surgery is the only curative treatment, with the main goal to restore/improve/arrest progression of clinical manifestations. The endoscopic endonasal route represents the master approach for lesions confined to the midline. Microsurgical transcranial and endoscopic transorbital approaches have a complementary role for addressing the lesion’s component with large intracranial extension or affecting the paramedian aspect of the anterior cranial fossa and superior–lateral orbital compartment, respectively. The approach selection should be made case by case according to the tumor pattern of growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis in Cancer Research)

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16 pages, 1014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Contribution of Strain Specificity to the Microbiota Structure and Metabolites of Muqu and Fresh High-Temperature Daqu

by Yi Zhang, Zhu Zhang, Jun Huang, Rongqing Zhou, Qiuxiang Tang and Yao Jin

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193098 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, the differences in physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and metabolic characteristics between various fortified Muqu and their corresponding high-temperature Daqu (HTD) were investigated using multiphase detection methods. The results demonstrated that the physicochemical properties, community structure, dominant bacterial composition, and [...] Read more.

In this study, the differences in physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and metabolic characteristics between various fortified Muqu and their corresponding high-temperature Daqu (HTD) were investigated using multiphase detection methods. The results demonstrated that the physicochemical properties, community structure, dominant bacterial composition, and metabolic components varied significantly among the different types of fortified HTD. The differences between HTDs became more pronounced when fortified HTD was used as Muqu. Compared to HTD, Muqu exhibited a more complex volatile profile, while HTD contained higher levels of characteristic non-volatile components. The cultivable bacteria count in Muqu was significantly higher than that in HTD, while the cultivable fungi count was slightly lower than that in HTD. The fungal profiles in HTD were primarily associated with starch hydrolysis and ethanol synthesis, while bacterial activity was more prominent in Muqu. Additionally, pyrazine synthesis was mainly attributed to fungi in Muqu and bacteria in HTD. Source Tracker analysis indicated that 8.11% of the bacteria and 26.76% of the fungi originated from Muqu. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the controlled production of HTD, contributing to improvements in its quality and consistency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Quality Control: Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Regulation)

17 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Heat Transfer During Condensation of Ammonia Inside Tubes and Annuli

by Mirza M. Shah

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4869; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194869 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ammonia has been used as a refrigerant since the beginning of the refrigeration industry and it continues to be an important industrial refrigerant. However, there is no well-verified method for predicting heat transfer during condensation in tubes and annuli. Available information is often [...] Read more.

Ammonia has been used as a refrigerant since the beginning of the refrigeration industry and it continues to be an important industrial refrigerant. However, there is no well-verified method for predicting heat transfer during condensation in tubes and annuli. Available information is often contradictory, especially about the effect of oil. In this paper, available test data and predictive methods are reviewed. Reliable test data are identified and compared to well-known general correlations. The effect of oil on heat transfer is investigated. The results of this research are presented, and recommendations are made for design calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Multiphase Flow)

26 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hepatitis E and Potential Public Health Implications from a One-Health Perspective: Special Focus on the European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

by Fabio Castagna, Giovanna Liguori, Renato Lombardi, Roberto Bava, Anna Costagliola, Antonio Giordano, Massimiliano Quintiliani, Denise Giacomini, Francesco Albergo, Andrea Gigliotti, Carmine Lupia, Carlotta Ceniti, Bruno Tilocca, Ernesto Palma, Paola Roncada and Domenico Britti

Pathogens 2024, 13(10), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100840 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become increasingly important in recent years in terms of risk for public health, as the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis. It is a foodborne disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water or [...] Read more.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become increasingly important in recent years in terms of risk for public health, as the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis. It is a foodborne disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water or contaminated food. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic and is linked to transfusions or transplants. The main reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus are domestic pigs and wild boars, although, compared to pigs, wild boars represent a lesser source of risk since their population is smaller and the consumption of derived products is more limited. These peculiarities often make the role of the wild boar reservoir in the spread of the disease underestimated. As a public health problem that involves several animal species and humans, the management of the disease requires an interdisciplinary approach, and the concept of “One Health” must be addressed. In this direction, the present review intends to analyze viral hepatitis E, with a particular focus on wild boar. For this purpose, literature data have been collected from different scientific search engines: PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar, and several keywords such as “HEV epidemiology”, “Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis E”, and “HEV infection control measures”, among others, have been used. In the first part, the manuscript provides general information on the disease, such as epidemiology, transmission methods, clinical manifestations and implications on public health. In the second part, it addresses in more detail the role of wild boar as a reservoir and the implications related to the virus epidemiology. The document will be useful to all those who intend to analyze this infectious disease from a “One-Health” perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens)

16 pages, 1193 KiB

Open AccessReview

Taking AIM at Influenza: The Role of the AIM2 Inflammasome

by Dianne W. Xu and Michelle D. Tate

Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101535 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are dynamic and highly mutable respiratory pathogens that present persistent public health challenges. Inflammasomes, as components of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in the early detection and response to infections. They react to viral pathogens by [...] Read more.

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are dynamic and highly mutable respiratory pathogens that present persistent public health challenges. Inflammasomes, as components of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in the early detection and response to infections. They react to viral pathogens by triggering inflammation to promote immune defences and initiate repair mechanisms. While a strong response is necessary for early viral control, overactivation of inflammasomes can precipitate harmful hyperinflammatory responses, a defining characteristic observed during severe influenza infections. The Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome, traditionally recognised for its role as a DNA sensor, has recently been implicated in the response to RNA viruses, like IAV. Paradoxically, AIM2 deficiency has been linked to both enhanced and reduced vulnerability to IAV infection. This review synthesises the current understanding of AIM2 inflammasome activation during IAV and explores its clinical implications. Understanding the nuances of AIM2’s involvement could unveil novel therapeutic avenues for mitigating severe influenza outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)

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22 pages, 16907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Coordination of Park Green Spaces and Urban Functional Areas through Multi-Source Data: A Spatial Analysis in Fuzhou, China

by Han Xu, Guorui Zheng, Xinya Lin and Yunfeng Jin

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101715 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The coordinated development of park green spaces (PGS)with urban functional areas (UFA) has a direct impact on the operational efficiency of cities and the quality of life of residents. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the coupling patterns and influencing factors between PGS and [...] Read more.

The coordinated development of park green spaces (PGS)with urban functional areas (UFA) has a direct impact on the operational efficiency of cities and the quality of life of residents. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the coupling patterns and influencing factors between PGS and UFA is fundamental for efficient collaboration and the creation of high-quality living environments. This study focuses on the street units of Fuzhou’s central urban area, utilizing multi-source data such as land use, points of interest (POI), and OpenStreetMap (OSM) methods, including kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, coupling coordination degree model, and geographical detectors, are employed to systematically analyze the spatial distribution patterns of PGS and UFA, as well as their coupling coordination relationships. The findings reveal that (1) both PGS and various UFA have higher densities in the city center, with a concentric decrease towards the periphery. PGS are primarily concentrated in the city center, exhibiting a monocentric distribution, while UFA display planar, polycentric, or axial distribution patterns. (2) The spatial distribution centers of both PGS and UFA are skewed towards the southwest of the city center, with PGS being relatively evenly distributed and showing minimal deviation from UFA. (3) The dominant type of coupling coordination between PGS and various UFA is “Close to dissonance”, displaying a spatial pattern of “high in the center, low on the east-west and north-south wings”. Socioeconomic factors are the primary driving force influencing the coupling coordination degree, while population and transportation conditions are secondary factors. This research provides a scientific basis for urban planning and assists planners in more precisely coordinating the development of parks, green spaces, and various functional spaces in urban spatial layouts, thereby promoting sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)

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16 pages, 1168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breeding Rice to Increase Anthocyanin Yield per Area through Small, Black Grain Size and Three Grains per Spikelet

by Thanarote Sricha, Tidarat Monkham, Jirawat Sanitchon, Myo San Aung Nan, Teerawat Suwannual and Sompong Chankaew

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2713; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192713 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Rice varieties with high anthocyanin content are often recognized for their vibrant colors and health benefits. The demand for rice with high anthocyanin is increasing domestically and internationally due to consumers becoming more health-conscious. However, the current increase in yield might not raise [...] Read more.

Rice varieties with high anthocyanin content are often recognized for their vibrant colors and health benefits. The demand for rice with high anthocyanin is increasing domestically and internationally due to consumers becoming more health-conscious. However, the current increase in yield might not raise the anthocyanin content due to its location in the grain pericarp and seed coat, which are relative to the grain surface area. This study aims to develop rice lines to increase anthocyanin yield per production area by improving rice varieties with small, black, and three grains per spikelet. Accordingly, six rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were bred by crossing Niaw Dam Chaw Mai Pai 49 (NDCMP49) with Khao Nok (LLR059). The grain color, size, and number of grains per spikelet were selected from the F₁ to the F₄ population through the pedigree selection method. Six RILs and their parents were assigned in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under field conditions during the rainy season of 2021 and 2022 in four locations. The results showed statistically significant differences in environmental conditions, affecting productivity and the yield components of rice lines. Consequently, the rice lines adapted to a specific environment, and there were significant differences in genotype. This study identified three RILs with higher yield performance (13-1 (3842 kg/ha), 374-1 (3699 kg/ha), and 903-3 (3550 kg/ha)) compared with the parent NDCMP49 (1996 kg/ha). However, the grain yields were unstable in the three top-yielding RILs due to varying environmental conditions, indicating that selective breeding requires a specific, narrow environment. Based on grain yield and grain size, the RILs performed better in the grain surface area than in the parent NDCMP49. Moreover, only two RILs (374-1 and 903-3) produced the highest anthocyanin content and yield, although this was lower than in the parent NDCMP49. However, the 374-1 and 903-3 RILs produced more grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet with high yield and moderate anthocyanin content. They can, therefore, be backcrossed to the parent NDCMP49 to increase the accumulated anthocyanin content with a stable, high yield. This work provides a resource of small grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet in the rice breeding line for breeding programs in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pre-Breeding in Crops)

8 pages, 538 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Two Cases of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Related to Viral Vector Vaccination ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca) and a Good Response after Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist (TPO-RA) Therapy

by Konstantina Salveridou, Theodoros Tzamalis, Maika Klaiber-Hakimi, Sabine Haase, Stefanie Gröpper and Aristoteles Giagounidis

Hematol. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 585-592; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep16040057 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: In 2019, a new coronavirus disease emerged in Wuhan, China, known as SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and caused an ongoing pandemic. Symptomatology of the syndrome is variable, with complications extending to hematopoiesis and hemostasis. Approximately a year after onset [...] Read more.

Background: In 2019, a new coronavirus disease emerged in Wuhan, China, known as SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and caused an ongoing pandemic. Symptomatology of the syndrome is variable, with complications extending to hematopoiesis and hemostasis. Approximately a year after onset of the virus, four vaccination formulas became available to the public, based on a viral vector or mRNA technology. These vaccine formulas have been hampered with hematological complications, like vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and vaccine-related ITP (immune thrombocytopenic purpura). ITP is a disease with autoimmune pathogenesis characterized by antibody production against platelets and an increased hemorrhagic risk. A decent number of cases have been referred to as possible adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccinations. Case presentation: in this case report, we present two cases of newly diagnosed ITP after vaccination with ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca), with a good response to treatment with thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Discussion: we observed an absence of response after corticosteroids and IVIG therapy and a positive therapeutic outcome on TPO-RA. Conclusions: in the ongoing pandemic, there is an urgent need to create therapeutic guidelines for vaccination-related clinical entities and to clarify indications for the vaccination of patients with pre-existing hematological diseases. Full article

6 pages, 549 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Complete Remission with Inotuzumab Ozogamicin as Fourth-Line Salvage Therapy in a Child with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

by Athanasios Tragiannidis, Vassiliki Antari, Eleni Tsotridou, Theodoros Sidiropoulos, Aikaterini Kaisari, Maria Palabougiouki, Timoleon-Achilleas Vyzantiadis, Emmanuel Hatzipantelis, Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou and Evgenios Goussetis

Hematol. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 579-584; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep16040056 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Despite the progress achieved regarding survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), relapsed or refractory disease still poses a therapeutic challenge. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is a CD22-directed monoclonal antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the progress achieved regarding survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), relapsed or refractory disease still poses a therapeutic challenge. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is a CD22-directed monoclonal antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for adults and pediatric patients 1 year and older with relapsed or refractory CD22-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Case presentation: Herein, we present the case of a 23-month-old girl with high-risk B-ALL who experienced very early isolated medullary relapse; following the failure of conventional chemotherapy according to the ALL-IC REL 2016 protocol, she went on to receive the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) blinatumomab and subsequently, due to refractory disease, the combination of fludarabine, cytarabine, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib without achieving remission. Given the high CD22 expression by the lymphoblasts, off-label use of inotuzumab ozogamicin (InO) was chosen and administrated in a 28-day cycle as a salvage treatment. The minimal residual disease (MRD) was 0.08% on day 28, and InO was continued, thus achieving MRD negativity; the patient successfully underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplantation from a matched family donor. Conclusions: Our case highlights the efficacy and safety of InO as a salvage treatment in the setting of relapsed B-ALL refractory not only to conventional chemotherapy but also to novel treatments, such as blinatumomab and bortezomib. Full article

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29 pages, 1903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Novel Hybrid Concentrated Photovoltaic–Thermal System Equipped with Energy Storages, Optimized for Use in Residential Contexts

by Carmine Cancro, Valeria Palladino, Aniello Borriello, Antonio Romano and Luigi Mongibello

Solar 2024, 4(4), 526-554; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040025 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology is based on the principle of concentrating direct sunlight onto small but very efficient photovoltaic (PV) cells. This approach allows the realization of PV modules with conversion efficiencies exceeding 30%, which is significantly higher than that of the flat [...] Read more.

Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology is based on the principle of concentrating direct sunlight onto small but very efficient photovoltaic (PV) cells. This approach allows the realization of PV modules with conversion efficiencies exceeding 30%, which is significantly higher than that of the flat panels. However, to achieve optimal performance, these modules must always be perpendicular to solar radiation; hence, they are mounted on high-precision solar trackers. This requirement has led to the predominant use of CPV technology in the construction of solar power plants in open and large fields for utility scale applications. In this paper, the authors present a novel approach allowing the use of this technology for residential installations, mounting the system both on flat and sloped roofs. Therefore, the main components of cell and primary lens have been chosen to contain the dimensions and, in particular, the thickness of the module. This paper describes the main design steps: thermal analysis allowed the housing construction material to be defined to contain cell working temperature, while with deep optical studies, experimentally validated main geometrical and functional characteristics of the CPV have been identified. The design of a whole CPV system includes thermal storage for domestic hot water and a 1 kWh electrical battery. The main design results indicate an estimated electrical conversion efficiency of 30%, based on a cell efficiency of approximately 42% under operational conditions and a measured optical efficiency of 74%. The CPV system has a nominal electric output of 550 Wp and can simultaneously generate 630 W of thermal power, resulting in an overall system efficiency of 65.5%. The system also boasts high optical acceptance angles (±0.6°) and broad assembly tolerances (±1 mm). Cost analysis reveals higher unit costs compared to conventional PV and CPV systems, but these become competitive when considering the benefit of excess thermal energy recovery and use by the end user. Full article

17 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgravity as a Tool to Investigate Cancer Induction in Pleura Mesothelial Cells

by Valentina Bonetto, Corinna Anais Pagano, Maurizio Sabbatini, Valeria Magnelli, Massimo Donadelli, Emilio Marengo and Maria Angela Masini

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(10), 10896-10912; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46100647 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The present work shows that the exposure of mesothelial cells to simulated microgravity changes their cytoskeleton and adhesion proteins, leading to a cell switch from normal towards tumoral cells. Immunohistochemical and molecular data were obtained from both MeT-5A exposed to simulated microgravity and [...] Read more.

The present work shows that the exposure of mesothelial cells to simulated microgravity changes their cytoskeleton and adhesion proteins, leading to a cell switch from normal towards tumoral cells. Immunohistochemical and molecular data were obtained from both MeT-5A exposed to simulated microgravity and BR95 mesothelioma cell lines. Simulated microgravity was found to affect the expression of actin, vinculin, and connexin-43, altering their quantitative and spatial distribution pattern inside the cell. The analysis of the tumoral markers p27, CD44, Fibulin-3, and NANOG and the expression of genes related to cancer transformation such as NANOG, CDH-1, and Zeb-1 showed that the simulated microgravity environment led to expression patterns in MeT-5A cells similar to those observed in BR95 cells. The alteration in both quantitative expression and structural organization of the cytoskeleton and adhesion/communication proteins can thus be considered a pivotal mechanism involved in the cellular shift towards tumoral progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Pathogenesis Regulation in Cancer 2024)

16 pages, 4971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gintonin-Enriched Panax ginseng Extract Fraction Sensitizes Renal Carcinoma Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through DR4/5 Upregulation

by Seongwoo Hong, Rami Lee, Gyun Seok Park, Sumin Han, Juhyun Shin, Yoon-Mi Lee, Seung-Yeol Nah and Jae-Wook Oh

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(10), 10880-10895; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46100646 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising chemotherapeutic agent because of its selective apoptotic action on cancer cells. However, resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains a challenge in many cancers. The gintonin-enriched Panax ginseng extract fraction (GEF) has diverse pharmacological benefits. We [...] Read more.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising chemotherapeutic agent because of its selective apoptotic action on cancer cells. However, resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains a challenge in many cancers. The gintonin-enriched Panax ginseng extract fraction (GEF) has diverse pharmacological benefits. We explored the combined efficacy of GEF and TRAIL in inducing apoptosis in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. The effect of GEF treatment on the viability, clonogenic potential, wound healing, and TRAIL-induced apoptotic signaling of RCC cells was studied in vitro. Our investigation revealed that GEF pre-treatment sensitized RCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration inhibition. This sensitization was linked to the upregulation of death receptors 4 and 5 and alterations in apoptotic protein expression, notably, the decreased expression of the Mu-2-related death-inducing gene, a novel anti-apoptotic protein. Our findings underscore the necessity of caspase activation for GEF/TRAIL-induced apoptosis using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. This study demonstrates that GEF sensitizes human RCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating DR4/5 and modulating apoptotic protein expression. These findings suggest a promising strategy for overcoming TRAIL resistance in cancer therapy and highlight the potential of GEF as a valuable adjunct to TRAIL-based treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Bioactivity of Natural Products, 2nd Edition)

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7 pages, 600 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Incubation Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type, Delta, and Omicron Variants–Dominant Periods in Singapore

by Edwin Philip Conceicao, Yingqi Xu, Sze Ling Chan, Shoon Jin Yee, Yang Yue, Shalvi Arora, Marcus Eng Hock Ong, Jean Xiang Ying Sim and Indumathi Venkatachalam

COVID 2024, 4(10), 1578-1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4100109 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study in Singapore analysed the incubation periods of the following SARS-CoV-2 variants: Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron. Three pandemic waves were examined: Wuhan-Hu-1 (January 2020–March 2021), Delta (May–October 2021), and Omicron (January–June 2022). Data from the SingHealth COVID-19 registry, covering patients from 23 [...] Read more.

This study in Singapore analysed the incubation periods of the following SARS-CoV-2 variants: Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron. Three pandemic waves were examined: Wuhan-Hu-1 (January 2020–March 2021), Delta (May–October 2021), and Omicron (January–June 2022). Data from the SingHealth COVID-19 registry, covering patients from 23 January 2020 to 10 June 2022, were used to calculate incubation periods during the three time periods. The study found median incubation periods of 11 days for Wuhan-Hu-1, 3 days for Delta, and 3 days for Omicron (p-value: <0.001). This study highlighted the impact of different containment measures and the importance of robust EMR systems for tracking and managing infectious diseases. Key challenges included accurate contact tracing and IT infrastructure capabilities. The findings support the use of EMR data for future infectious disease preparedness in Singapore. Full article

11 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Differential Diagnosis Related to Oxidative Stress, Nitrous Oxide, and Nutrition by Rapid Plasma Homocysteine Measurement

by Guillaume Grzych, Farid Zerimech, Benjamin Touze, Clarence Descamps, Marie-Adélaïde Bout, Marie Joncquel, Claire Douillard, Isabelle Kim, Céline Tard and Thierry Brousseau

J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(4), 1332-1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040075 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Historically used as a marker for inherited disorders, the current interest in plasma homocysteine measurement lies in its ability to provide valuable information about the metabolic and nutritional status of patients. Specifically, nitrous oxide (N₂O) abuse can lead to functional [...] Read more.

Background: Historically used as a marker for inherited disorders, the current interest in plasma homocysteine measurement lies in its ability to provide valuable information about the metabolic and nutritional status of patients. Specifically, nitrous oxide (N₂O) abuse can lead to functional vitamin B12 deficiency by oxidation and increase oxidative stress, resulting in elevated plasma homocysteine levels, which mimic neurological conditions such as Guillain–Barré syndrome. Rapid identification of hyperhomocysteinemia is crucial for timely intervention and avoiding costly, unnecessary treatments. Objective: This study evaluates the performance of a rapid immunoassay technique (Snibe) compared to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for measuring plasma homocysteine levels in patients with nitrous oxide abuse and non-inherited caused of elevated homocysteine, aiming to enhance differential diagnosis related to oxidative stress. Methods: 235 patients from Lille University Hospital were included. EDTA blood samples were collected and analyzed using both rapid immunoassay (Snibe) and LC-MS/MS. Neurological assessment was performed using the peripheral neuropathy disability (PND) score. Results: Firstly, significant elevations in plasma homocysteine levels were observed in patients abusing nitrous oxide measured by LC-MS/MS. Secondly, the immunoassay provided rapid results, essential for early clinical decision-making, but tended to underestimate high values compared to LC-MS/MS. A good correlation was found between the methods for low and moderate values. Conclusion: The immunoassay tended to underestimate high-value samples compared to LC-MS/MS, which is a common problem with the competitive methodology. The rapid immunoassay technique is effective for initial screening and early intervention, aiding in the differential diagnosis of conditions related to oxidative stress. Therefore, it is recommended to use the CLIA method for initial screening and confirm with mass spectrometry if there are abnormal samples. Integrating both techniques can enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drug Therapeutics)

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17 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessReview

Uses of African Plants and Associated Indigenous Knowledge for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

by John Awungnjia Asong, Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu, Ahmed Olatunde and Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu

Diabetology 2024, 5(5), 476-492; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5050035 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common non-communicable and chronic metabolic disorder regarded as a global epidemic with high morbidity and mortality. Although, conventional medicines are available for the management of DM, Indigenous knowledge, including the use of botanicals, has contributed to the management [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common non-communicable and chronic metabolic disorder regarded as a global epidemic with high morbidity and mortality. Although, conventional medicines are available for the management of DM, Indigenous knowledge, including the use of botanicals, has contributed to the management of this life-threatening disease in Africa. This is due to the perceived effectiveness and minimal side effects associated with plants and plant-derived compounds as an affordable remedy against DM. This review focuses on the contribution of Indigenous African plants to the management of DM. Relevant literatures were reviewed from online scientific databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using keywords singly and in combination. The review revealed that Indigenous health practitioners use several medicinal plants in the management of DM, with a range of 14–255 botanicals recorded. Approximately 80 compounds with antidiabetic potency have been isolated from different parts of African medicinal plants, with the majority belonging to flavonoids and terpenoids. Particularly, compounds such as apigenin, combretin B, convallatoxin, kaempferol, and quercetin remain the most promising antidiabetic compounds isolated from African medicinal plants. Limited clinical trials have been conducted on these compounds despite these milestones. There is, therefore, the need for further investigations to explain their antidiabetic effects, particularly under clinical conditions. Plants from which these compounds were isolated were selected based on ethnopharmacological knowledge. With these developments, medicinal plants and Indigenous knowledge remain an integral part of the global strategy to combat DM. Full article

8 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Young Cannabis Users: A Nationwide Analysis

by Vivek Joseph Varughese, Yoshua Mathai, Cara Joseph and Logan Carlyle

Hearts 2024, 5(4), 421-428; https://doi.org/10.3390/hearts5040030 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: With the growing trends in recreational marijuana use, our study aims at analyzing the association between acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) and cannabis use disorder in young adults (18–45). Methods: Young adult hospitalizations (18–45 years) with [...] Read more.

Background: With the growing trends in recreational marijuana use, our study aims at analyzing the association between acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) and cannabis use disorder in young adults (18–45). Methods: Young adult hospitalizations (18–45 years) with documented ACS/ventricular fibrillation and documented cannabis use were identified from the National Inpatient Sample (2019). Primary outcomes included prevalence and odds of ACS/ventricular fibrillation with cannabis use disorder. Patient factors that held significant association with adverse cardiovascular events in young cannabis users were studied. Propensity scoring and neighbor matching were used to compare resource utilization and in-hospital outcomes in the study population. Results: Among young patients (18–45) admitted for ACS, documented cannabis use disorder (CUD) had a statistically significant association with an odds ratio of 2.29 (2.48–3.04) after adjusting for age, sex, race, household income, smoking, cocaine use, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Documented CUD had a significant association with ventricular fibrillation in the population with an odds ratio of 2.29 (1.51–3.49) after adjusting for the above-mentioned factors. Among admissions with documented CUD, patient factors that held significant association with admitting diagnosis of ACS/Vfib were: black race (OR: 1.73), uncontrolled hypertension (OR: 4.08) and diabetes (OR: 2.45). Propensity-matched cohorts with documented CUD and ACS had significantly higher mean length of hospital stay 3.28 (2.98–3.53) days when compared to the cohort without documented CUD, 2.69 (2.32–2.82) days. The mean of total hospital charges was higher in the cohort with documented CUD at $92,390.64 (92,240.31–92,445.76) compared to $90,886.44 (89,932.21–91,042.56) in the cohort without cannabis use disorder. Conclusions: Documented diagnosis of cannabis use disorder had statistically significant association with admission diagnosis of ACS/Vfib even after accounting for confounders. A documented race as black and co-existing diagnosis of uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes had a significant association with admission diagnosis of ACS in the population with documented cannabis use disorder. Propensity-matched cohorts with cannabis use disorder with the main admitting diagnosis of ACS/Vfib were associated with a higher mean length of hospital stay and a higher mean of total charges compared to the matched cohorts without documented cannabis use disorder. Full article

20 pages, 4389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Classification of 3D-Printing Operations Using Different Types of Machine and Deep Learning Techniques

by Satish Kumar, Sameer Sayyad and Arunkumar Bongale

AI 2024, 5(4), 1759-1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5040087 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a method of additive manufacturing (AM), comprises the extrusion of materials via a nozzle and the subsequent combining of the layers to create 3D-printed objects. FDM is a widely used method for 3D-printing objects since it is affordable, effective, [...] Read more.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a method of additive manufacturing (AM), comprises the extrusion of materials via a nozzle and the subsequent combining of the layers to create 3D-printed objects. FDM is a widely used method for 3D-printing objects since it is affordable, effective, and easy to use. Some defects such as poor infill, elephant foot, layer shift, and poor surface finish arise in the FDM components at the printing stage due to variations in printing parameters such as printing speed, change in nozzle, or bed temperature. Proper fault classification is required to identify the cause of faulty products. In this work, the multi-sensory data are gathered using different sensors such as vibration, current, temperature, and sound sensors. The data acquisition is performed by using the National Instrumentation (NI) Data Acquisition System (DAQ) which provides the synchronous multi-sensory data for the model training. To induce the faults, the data are captured under different conditions such as variations in printing speed, temperate, and jerk during the printing. The collected data are used to train the machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) classification models to classify the variation in printing parameters. The ML models such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), extra trees (ET), and random forest (RF) with convolutional neural network (CNN) as a DL model are used to classify the variable operation printing parameters. Out of the available models, in ML models, the RF classifier shows a classification accuracy of around 91% whereas, in the DL model, the CNN model shows good classification performance with accuracy ranging from 92 to 94% under variable operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Systems for Industry 4.0)

26 pages, 1137 KiB

Open AccessReview

When to Intervene in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis: A Narrative Review of the Optimal Timing for Intervention Strategies

by Daniel Paramythiotis, Eleni Karlafti, Dimitrios Tsavdaris, Alexandros Giakoustidis, Stavros Panidis, Aristeidis Ioannidis, Panos Prassopoulos and Antonios Michalopoulos

Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101592 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) is the acute inflammation of pancreatic parenchyma, most commonly due to alcohol abuse or cholelithiasis. The treatment can be either conservative or invasive, including a variety of techniques; however, it has not yet been established if the [...] Read more.

Introduction: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) is the acute inflammation of pancreatic parenchyma, most commonly due to alcohol abuse or cholelithiasis. The treatment can be either conservative or invasive, including a variety of techniques; however, it has not yet been established if the intervention should be early or if it should be delayed. The aim of this review is to investigate the optimal time for intervention in ANP. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus from inception until September 2024 for studies reporting the comparison between early and late intervention. Results: Early intervention, within 4 weeks of symptom onset, often involves drainage via percutaneous, endoscopic, or combined methods. Delayed intervention occurs after 4 weeks of symptom onset. This can be conducted either surgically or via minimally invasive means. The results of this review reveal that the time of intervention for ANP plays an important role in the prognosis and the course of the disease. In particular, early intervention is associated with higher mortality, which is also the primary clinical outcome. Delayed intervention is also superior regarding secondary clinical outcomes, specifically the complications associated with the intervention. Thus, it is accompanied by fewer episodes of new-onset organ failure, bleeding, gastrointestinal fistula, pancreatic fistula, wound infection, endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and other complications. Finally, delayed intervention results in shorter stays, both in hospitals and the ICU. Conclusions: Delayed intervention is clearly more effective than early intervention and should be preferred. However, early intervention appears to be both safe and effective, and it is feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gallbladder, Bile Duct and Pancreas Disorders: Current Challenges, New Perspectives and Innovative Techniques)

13 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Students: Nasal Carriage Rate, Contributing Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility

by Ahsen Taqveem, Muhammad Hidayat Rasool, Bilal Aslam, Fatima Mujahid, Azalfah Ibrar, Hasan Ejaz, Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla, Yasir Alruwaili, Muharib Alruwaili, Khalid Abosalif, Zeeshan Nawaz and Mohsin Khurshid

Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101590 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent component of the human flora; however, it can cause various pathological conditions. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MR-SA) has been significantly influenced by the overuse and inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The frequency of [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent component of the human flora; however, it can cause various pathological conditions. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MR-SA) has been significantly influenced by the overuse and inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The frequency of MR-SA nasal colonization among healthcare workers (HCWs) is increasing, and MR-SA is not restricted to hospital settings, with a notable rise in infections among individuals unrelated to HCWs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among students at Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), a Government School (GS), and a Private School (PS) to characterize the phenotypic traits of isolates and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 nasal swabs were inoculated on blood and mannitol salt agar, followed by phenotypic identification of S. aureus and MR-SA using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was performed using the broth dilution method. Additionally, nuc and mecA gene amplification through PCR aided in isolate identification. Results: The results revealed that 14% (168) of students harbored S. aureus in their nasal cavities, with 8.5% (102) carrying methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 5.5% (66) carrying MR-SA. Male students exhibited higher S. aureus (57.7%) and MR-SA (21.4%) prevalence compared to females (42.3% and 17.9%, respectively). Urban students showed a higher S. aureus prevalence (54.2%), while rural students exhibited a higher MR-SA rate (22%). Overall, 80.3% of S. aureus isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin followed by fluoroquinolones (47.6%) and clindamycin (42.2%). All the S. aureus isolates, including MR-SA, remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. PCR results revealed that 95.5% (63) of MR-SA isolates carried the mecA gene. Conclusions: The high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus raises significant public health concerns, with educational institutions potentially serving as reservoirs for bacterial transmission. The improper use of antibiotics contributes to bacterial resistance and increased infection rates. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent antibiotic misuse and develop comprehensive strategies within educational settings to effectively combat S. aureus and MR-SA prevalence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

18 pages, 7115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Numerical Simulation of the Injection Filling of the Fluidity Probe Die with Pattern Waxes

by Viacheslav E. Bazhenov, Arseniy S. Ovsyannikov, Elena P. Kovyshkina, Andrey A. Stepashkin, Anna A. Nikitina, Andrey V. Koltygin, Vladimir D. Belov and Dmitry N. Dmitriev

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050213 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Investment casting is a widely utilized casting technique that offers superior dimensional accuracy and surface quality. In this method, the wax patterns are employed in the layer-by-layer formation of a shell mold. As is customary, the patterns were created through the injection of [...] Read more.

Investment casting is a widely utilized casting technique that offers superior dimensional accuracy and surface quality. In this method, the wax patterns are employed in the layer-by-layer formation of a shell mold. As is customary, the patterns were created through the injection of molten or semi-solid wax into the die. The quality of the final casting is affected by the quality of the wax pattern. Furthermore, the filling of the die with wax can be associated with die-filling challenges, such as the formation of weld lines and misruns. In this study, the injection filling of the fluidity probe die with RG20, S1235, and S1135 pattern waxes was simulated using ProCast software. The thermal properties of the waxes, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and density across a wide temperature range, were determined with the assistance of a laser flash analyzer, a differential scanning calorimeter, and a dynamic mechanical analyzer. A favorable comparison of the acquired properties with those reported in the literature was observed. The Carreau model, which corresponds to non-Newtonian flow, was employed, and the parameters in the Carreau viscosity equation were determined as functions of temperature. Utilizing the thermal data associated with the wax patterns and the simulation outcomes, the interfacial heat transfer coefficients between the wax and the die were ascertained, yielding a value of 275–475 W/m²K. A strong correlation was observed between the experimental and simulated filling percentages of the fluidity probe across a wide range of injection temperatures and pressures. The analysis of the simulated temperature, fraction solid, viscosity, and shear rate in the wax pattern revealed that viscosity is a crucial factor influencing the wax fluidity. It was demonstrated that waxes with an initial high viscosity exhibit a low shear rate, which subsequently increases the viscosity, thereby hindering the wax flow. Full article

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29 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Site-Specific Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Using Canopy Reflectance Sensors, Chlorophyll Meters and Leaf Color Charts: A Review

by Ali M. Ali, Haytham M. Salem and Bijay-Singh

Nitrogen 2024, 5(4), 828-856; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen5040054 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The efficient management of nitrogen (N) on a site-specific basis is critical for the improvement of crop yield and the reduction of environmental impacts. This review examines the application of three primary technologies—canopy reflectance sensors, chlorophyll meters, and leaf color charts—in the context [...] Read more.

The efficient management of nitrogen (N) on a site-specific basis is critical for the improvement of crop yield and the reduction of environmental impacts. This review examines the application of three primary technologies—canopy reflectance sensors, chlorophyll meters, and leaf color charts—in the context of site-specific N fertilizer management. It delves into the development and effectiveness of these tools in assessing and managing crop N status. Reflectance sensors, which measure the reflection of light at specific wavelengths, provide valuable data on plant N stress and variability. The advent of innovative sensor technology, exemplified by the GreenSeeker, Crop Circle sensors, and Yara N-Sensor, has facilitated real-time monitoring and precise adjustments in fertilizer N application. Chlorophyll meters, including the SPAD meter and the atLeaf meter, quantify chlorophyll content and thereby estimate leaf N levels. This indirect yet effective method of managing N fertilization is based on the principle that the concentration of chlorophyll in leaves is proportional to the N content. These meters have become an indispensable component of precision agriculture due to their accuracy and ease of use. Leaf color charts, while less sophisticated, offer a cost-effective and straightforward approach to visual N assessment, particularly in developing regions. This review synthesizes research on the implementation of these technologies, emphasizing their benefits, constraints, and practical implications. Additionally, it explores integration strategies for combining these tools to enhance N use efficiency and sustainability in agriculture. The review culminates with recommendations for future research and development to further refine the precision and efficacy of N management practices. Full article

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