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11 pages, 35370 KiB  
Case Report
Rare Clinical Manifestation of Vasculitis
by Oana-Mădălina Manole, Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba, Iulian-Theodor Matei and Viviana Onofrei
Diagnostics 2024, 14(23), 2623; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232623 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis usually affects small blood vessels and is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies (c-ANCA or p-ANCA). The risk of cardiovascular events is threefold higher compared to general population, and cardiac manifestations include myocarditis, pericarditis, valvulitis, aortitis, [...] Read more.
Background: Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis usually affects small blood vessels and is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies (c-ANCA or p-ANCA). The risk of cardiovascular events is threefold higher compared to general population, and cardiac manifestations include myocarditis, pericarditis, valvulitis, aortitis, or coronary arteritis. Coronary involvement is very rare, but it is a potentially life-threatening manifestation. Methods: We present an atypical cardiac scenario of p-ANCA vasculitis. Results: A 68-year-old woman with known p-ANCA vasculitis and stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis presented with dizziness accompanied by low blood pressure and chest pain. Electrocardiogram on arrival showed slightly ST-T changes, with negative cardiac biomarkers and no abnormalities in cardiac regional wall motion. Five hours after presentation, the patient repeated chest pain, accompanied by a drop in blood pressure and junctional escape rhythm. The highly sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) was raised at 560 ng/L. Coronary angiography showed coronary arteries without significant stenosis. The provocative test with intracoronary ergonovine demonstrated coronary vasospasm of the anterior descending artery accompanied by chest pain, with resolution after intracoronary nitroglycerin. Under amlodipine, nitrate, acetylsalicylic acid, statin and corticosteroids the patient did not experience the recurrence of angina. Conclusions: This case illustrates coronary involvement, manifested as coronary spasm with favorable outcomes, in systemic vasculitis. The underlying mechanism is immune-mediated inflammation in vascular walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
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15 pages, 328 KiB  
Review
Circadian Regulation in Diurnal Mammals: Neural Mechanisms and Implications in Translational Research
by Yirun Jiang, Jiaming Shi, Jun Tai and Lily Yan
Biology 2024, 13(12), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120958 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Diurnal and nocturnal mammals have evolved unique behavioral and physiological adaptations to optimize survival for their day- or night-active lifestyle. The mechanisms underlying the opposite activity patterns are not fully understood but likely involve the interplay between the circadian time-keeping system and various [...] Read more.
Diurnal and nocturnal mammals have evolved unique behavioral and physiological adaptations to optimize survival for their day- or night-active lifestyle. The mechanisms underlying the opposite activity patterns are not fully understood but likely involve the interplay between the circadian time-keeping system and various arousal- or sleep-promoting factors, e.g., light or melatonin. Although the circadian systems between the two chronotypes share considerable similarities, the phase relationships between the principal and subordinate oscillators are chronotype-specific. While light promotes arousal and wakefulness in diurnal species like us, it induces sleep in nocturnal ones. Similarly, melatonin, the hormone of darkness, is commonly used as a hypnotic in humans but is secreted in the active phase of nocturnal animals. Thus, the difference between the two chronotypes is more complex than a simple reversal, as the physiological and neurological processes in diurnal mammals during the day are not equivalent to that of nocturnal ones at night. Such chronotype differences could present a significant translational gap when applying research findings obtained from nocturnal rodents to diurnal humans. The potential advantages of diurnal models are being discussed in a few sleep-related conditions including familial natural short sleep (FNSS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). Considering the difference in chronotype, a diurnal model will be more adequate for revealing the physiology and physiopathology pertaining to human health and disease, especially in conditions in which circadian rhythm disruption, altered photic response, or melatonin secretion is involved. We hope the recent advances in gene editing in diurnal rodents will promote greater utility of the diurnal models in basic and translational research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovering the Physiological Significance and Regulatory Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythm Generation)
13 pages, 10253 KiB  
Article
Application of Serial Crystallography for Merging Incomplete Macromolecular Crystallography Datasets
by Ki Hyun Nam
Crystals 2024, 14(12), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121012 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
In macromolecular crystallography (MX), a complete diffraction dataset is essential for determining the three-dimensional structure. However, collecting a complete experimental dataset using a single crystal is frequently unsuccessful due to poor crystal quality or radiation damage, resulting in the collection of multiple incomplete [...] Read more.
In macromolecular crystallography (MX), a complete diffraction dataset is essential for determining the three-dimensional structure. However, collecting a complete experimental dataset using a single crystal is frequently unsuccessful due to poor crystal quality or radiation damage, resulting in the collection of multiple incomplete datasets. This issue can be solved by merging incomplete diffraction datasets to generate a complete dataset. This study introduced a new approach for merging incomplete datasets from MX to generate a complete dataset using serial crystallography (SX). Six incomplete diffraction datasets of β-glucosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (TsaBgl) were processed using CrystFEL, an SX program. The statistics of the merged data, such as completeness, CC, CC*, Rsplit, Rwork, and Rfree, demonstrated a complete dataset, indicating improved quality compared with the incomplete datasets and enabling structural determination. Also, the merging of the incomplete datasets was processed using four different indexing algorithms, and their statistics were compared. In conclusion, this approach for generating a complete dataset using SX will provide a new opportunity for determining the crystal structure of macromolecules using multiple incomplete MX datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Macromolecular Crystals (2nd Edition))
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23 pages, 6340 KiB  
Review
A Review of Lidar Technology in China’s Lunar Exploration Program
by Genghua Huang and Weiming Xu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4354; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234354 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Lidar technology plays a pivotal role in lunar exploration, particularly in terrain mapping, 3D topographic surveying, and velocity measurement, which are crucial for guidance, navigation, and control. This paper reviews the current global research and applications of lidar technology in lunar missions, noting [...] Read more.
Lidar technology plays a pivotal role in lunar exploration, particularly in terrain mapping, 3D topographic surveying, and velocity measurement, which are crucial for guidance, navigation, and control. This paper reviews the current global research and applications of lidar technology in lunar missions, noting that existing efforts are primarily focused on 3D terrain mapping and velocity measurement. The paper also discusses the detailed system design and key results of the laser altimeter, laser ranging sensor, laser 3D imaging sensor, and laser velocity sensor used in the Chang’E lunar missions. By comparing and analyzing similar foreign technologies, this paper identifies future development directions for lunar laser payloads. The evolution towards multi-beam single-photon detection technology aims to enhance the point cloud density and detection efficiency. This manuscript advocates that China actively advance new technologies and conduct space application research in areas such as multi-beam single-photon 3D terrain mapping, lunar surface water ice measurement, and material composition analysis, to elevate the use of laser pay-loads in lunar and space exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser and Optical Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration)
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11 pages, 9223 KiB  
Communication
Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Biofilm-Encased Bacteria Exposed to Cuprous Oxide-Impregnated Wound Dressings
by Tohar Roth, Einat Zelinger, Tally Kossovsky and Gadi Borkow
Microbiol. Res. 2024, 15(4), 2358-2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040158 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Microbial infections in wounds can significantly delay the healing process, with bacteria often forming protective biofilms that shield them from external threats. In this study, we evaluated the impact of copper oxide-impregnated wound dressings (referred to as COD) on a bacterial mixture comprising [...] Read more.
Microbial infections in wounds can significantly delay the healing process, with bacteria often forming protective biofilms that shield them from external threats. In this study, we evaluated the impact of copper oxide-impregnated wound dressings (referred to as COD) on a bacterial mixture comprising common Gram-positive and Gram-negative wound pathogens encased in biofilm. The bacterial mix was exposed to COD or control dressings for 0, 1, 2, and 3 h, and the effects were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. After just 1 h of exposure to COD, notable leakage of bacterial cytoplasmic contents was observed. By the 3 h mark, the Gram-negative bacteria exhibited a formation of holes in their cell walls, while Gram-positive bacteria showed a reduction in cell width. These findings demonstrate the ability of COD to effectively kill bacteria even when protected by biofilm, supporting clinical observations of its efficacy in managing infected wounds. Full article
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12 pages, 14712 KiB  
Brief Report
Targeted Genetic Education in Dentistry in the Era of Genomics
by Farah Asa’ad, Anne Nørremølle, Qalbi Khan, Lena Larsson, Niels Tommerup, Nuno Vibe Hermann and Asli Silahtaroglu
Genes 2024, 15(12), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121499 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: The growing body of knowledge on the human genome and its variants points towards the significance of genetic factors in oral health and disease. Since the dental curricula have historically prioritized clinically oriented subjects, this focus has resulted in insufficient coverage of [...] Read more.
Background: The growing body of knowledge on the human genome and its variants points towards the significance of genetic factors in oral health and disease. Since the dental curricula have historically prioritized clinically oriented subjects, this focus has resulted in insufficient coverage of genetics. To leverage this knowledge in patient care, dental education must equip students with an understanding of the principles of genetics. Method: We have established “Genetic Educators Network in Dentistry” (GEN-Dent) to identify common concerns regarding genetics in dental education and work for a greater emphasis on genetics in future dental programs to make sure that professionals in dentistry are well-prepared to navigate the complexities of the evolving “human genome era”. Results: Here, GEN-Dent proposes specific learning goals for medical genetics in dentistry and provides supporting teaching material addressing each learning goal. The five life-like case studies exemplify different dental conditions and introduce important concepts of genetics, inspiring other educators. Conclusions: Opportunities in Scandinavian countries can be an advantage in increasing global awareness of the importance of genetics in dentistry. The integration of genetics into dental education not only aims to improve patient care but also seeks to inspire a new generation of basic scientists with clinical backgrounds in dentistry. We expect that using life-like patient cases will significantly motivate dental students when learning medical genetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Factors in Dental Development and Pathologies: Genes, Interactions and Dental Development)
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29 pages, 2260 KiB  
Review
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Fibrosis and Targeted Therapies
by Yuchen Hu, Linrui Peng, Xinyu Zhuo, Chan Yang and Yuwei Zhang
Biomolecules 2024, 14(12), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121485 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a well-established developmental pathway; it is crucial for early embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and damage-driven regeneration. It is being increasingly recognized that dysregulated Hh signaling is also involved in fibrotic diseases, which are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition that [...] Read more.
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a well-established developmental pathway; it is crucial for early embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and damage-driven regeneration. It is being increasingly recognized that dysregulated Hh signaling is also involved in fibrotic diseases, which are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition that compromises tissue architecture and function. As in-depth insights into the mechanisms of Hh signaling are obtained, its complex involvement in fibrosis is gradually being illuminated. Notably, some Hh-targeted inhibitors are currently under exploration in preclinical and clinical trials as a means to prevent fibrosis progression. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the biological mechanisms involved in Hh signaling. We summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the roles of Hh signaling in fibrogenesis across the liver, kidneys, airways, and lungs, as well as other tissues and organs, with an emphasis on both the shared features and, more critically, the distinct functional variations observed across these tissues and organs. We thus highlight the context dependence of Hh signaling, as well as discuss the current status and the challenges of Hh-targeted therapies for fibrosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)
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4 pages, 179 KiB  
Editorial
Synthetic, Natural and Natural-Synthetic Hybrid Magnetic Structures: Technology and Application
by Kamil G. Gareev
Magnetochemistry 2024, 10(12), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10120092 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The magnetic properties of various types of structures based on iron oxides and the other ferri- or ferromagnets strongly correlate with their origin [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic, Natural and Natural-Synthetic Hybrid Magnetic Structures: Technology and Application)
14 pages, 596 KiB  
Article
Compline in Melkite Alexandria, Contained in MS Sinai Arabic 232 (13th c.)
by Andrew Wade
Religions 2024, 15(12), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15121413 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This article is the latest in a series examining the offices in the Horologion of Sinai Arabic 232 (13th century). This Book of Hours has its origin in Melkite Alexandria and has never been studied before, nor indeed have the Arabic Books of [...] Read more.
This article is the latest in a series examining the offices in the Horologion of Sinai Arabic 232 (13th century). This Book of Hours has its origin in Melkite Alexandria and has never been studied before, nor indeed have the Arabic Books of Hours, in general. The article presents an English translation of the Office of Compline from this manuscript (apart from the psalms, which are simply indicated), with comments and identification of the individual texts. Features of particular interest are the extra saints in the intercessions, different psalms and prayers from the modern rite, and the series of common troparia at the end. The additional saints in the intercessions pose a conundrum: whereas the analysis of Matins, the Hours, and Vespers has suggested that this is an Arabic Melkite Horologion from Alexandria that must have been received from Jerusalem c. the 7th century and then underwent both Alexandrian (Coptic) influences and later Byzantinisation which did not entirely eliminate more archaic elements from Jerusalem such as the tri-ode system at Matins, the choice of additional saints suggests a double provenance from both Alexandria and Sinai. We therefore suggest that the Horologion was brought from Alexandria and underwent some degree of adaptation on Sinai without eliminating all the specifically Alexandrian features. Full article
7 pages, 220 KiB  
Brief Report
An Environmentally Compatible and Less Costly (Greener) Microwave Digestion Method of Bone Samples Using Dilute Nitric Acid for Analysis by ICP-MS
by Derek D. Bussan, Forrest H. Nielsen, Chris Douvris, Brett Kelzenberg, Allison Grimestad and Jay J. Cao
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5517; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235517 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
An environmentally compatible and less costly (greener) analytical method for the digestion of bone meal samples using microwave-assisted dilute nitric acid (HNO3) was developed and optimized. The method, employing a mixture of 1 mL concentrated HNO3 and 4 mL of [...] Read more.
An environmentally compatible and less costly (greener) analytical method for the digestion of bone meal samples using microwave-assisted dilute nitric acid (HNO3) was developed and optimized. The method, employing a mixture of 1 mL concentrated HNO3 and 4 mL of deionized water, offered a comparable performance to the conventional method using 5 mL of concentrated HNO3. The accuracy of the method was validated by using certified reference material NIST 1486 (Bone Meal); percentage recoveries were within ±15% for all eight certified elements. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in percentage recoveries between the green and conventional methods for all elements except calcium. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated by using the analytical Eco-Scale, achieving a score of 87, categorizing it as an “excellent green analysis” method. This research highlights the potential for adopting greener practices in trace element analysis that reduce the environmental impact and safety risks associated with concentrated acids. Full article
18 pages, 2217 KiB  
Article
Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Adolescent-Onset Epilepsy: A Single-Center Experience in Republic of Korea
by Ji Yoon Han, Tae Yun Kim and Joonhong Park
Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122663 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated the characteristics of adolescent-onset epilepsy (AOE) and conducted genetic tests on a cohort of 76 Korean patients to identify variants and expand the spectrum of mutations associated with AOE. Methods: Clinical exome sequencing after routine karyotyping and chromosomal microarray [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study investigated the characteristics of adolescent-onset epilepsy (AOE) and conducted genetic tests on a cohort of 76 Korean patients to identify variants and expand the spectrum of mutations associated with AOE. Methods: Clinical exome sequencing after routine karyotyping and chromosomal microarray was performed to identify causative variants and expand the spectrum of mutations associated with AOE. Results: In cases of AOE without neurodevelopmental delay (NDD), this study identified four likely pathogenic variants (LPVs) or variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and two copy number variations (CNVs). To explore the unique features of AOE; clinical manifestations were compared between patients with and without NDD. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of males and the yield of genetic testing results. AOE without NDD had a lower prevalence in males (49%) compared to AOE with NDD (60%) (p = 0.007). Genetic alterations: AOE with NDD exhibited a higher frequency of genetic alterations (35%) compared to AOE without NDD (12%) (p = 0.011). Thorough evaluation of AOE can be particularly challenging in adolescent patients. Some individuals may display genetic variations due to a phenomenon known as locus heterogeneity, where different genetic causes lead to similar clinical presentations. Conclusions: Implementing a robust genetic workflow is crucial for accurately diagnosing AOE, even in cases with complex genetic underpinnings. This study underscores the importance of genetic testing as an essential diagnostic tool for AOE. Identifying genetic variants and understanding their clinical correlations can aid in improving diagnostic accuracy and optimizing treatment approaches for adolescent patients with epilepsy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches—2nd Edition)
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28 pages, 4540 KiB  
Article
A Novel Hybrid Approach: Integrating Bayesian SPDE and Deep Learning for Enhanced Spatiotemporal Modeling of PM2.5 Concentrations in Urban Airsheds for Sustainable Climate Action and Public Health
by Daniel Patrick Johnson, Niranjan Ravi, Gabriel Filippelli and Asrah Heintzelman
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310206 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study introduces a novel hybrid model combining Bayesian Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (SPDE) with deep learning, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Deep Feedforward Neural Networks (DFFNN), to predict PM2.5 concentrations. Traditional models often fail to account for non-linear relationships and [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel hybrid model combining Bayesian Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (SPDE) with deep learning, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Deep Feedforward Neural Networks (DFFNN), to predict PM2.5 concentrations. Traditional models often fail to account for non-linear relationships and complex spatial dependencies, critical in urban settings. By integrating SPDE’s spatial-temporal structure with neural networks’ capacity for non-linearity, our model significantly outperforms standalone methods. Accurately predicting air pollution supports sustainable public health strategies and targeted interventions, which are critical for mitigating the adverse health effects of PM2.5, particularly in urban areas heavily impacted by climate change. The hybrid model was applied to the Pleasant Run Airshed in Indianapolis, Indiana, utilizing a comprehensive dataset that included PM2.5 sensor data, meteorological variables, and land-use information. By combining SPDE’s ability to model spatial-temporal structures with the adaptive power of neural networks, the model achieved a high level of predictive accuracy, significantly outperforming standalone methods. Additionally, the model’s interpretability was enhanced through the use of SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) values, which provided insights into the contribution of each variable to the model’s predictions. This framework holds the potential for improving air quality monitoring and supports more targeted public health interventions and policy-making efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Climate Action for Global Health)
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13 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Targeted Transcriptome Analysis of Beef Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
by Morgan Adkins, Sonia Moisa, Jon Beever and Andrea Lear
Genes 2024, 15(12), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121500 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an endemic virus of North American cattle populations with significant economic and animal health impacts. While BVDV infection has a myriad of clinical manifestations, a unique and problematic outcome is the establishment of a persistently infected [...] Read more.
Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an endemic virus of North American cattle populations with significant economic and animal health impacts. While BVDV infection has a myriad of clinical manifestations, a unique and problematic outcome is the establishment of a persistently infected (PI) animal following in utero viral infection. While it is well established that PI animals serve as a constant reservoir of BVDV, the mechanism for the maintained infection remains unknown despite multiple theories. Objective: The purpose of this study was to use transcriptome analysis to investigate the long-term immune status of adult PI cattle and offer insight into the potential mechanistic establishment of persistent BVDV infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from PI beef cattle (N = 6) and controls (N = 6) for targeted RNAseq analysis using 54 immune-related genes followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Results: Analysis revealed 29 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05, fold change ≥ 2), representing 14 significant KEGG pathways between groups (FDR < 0.05). Transcriptome changes indicated chronic upregulation of interferon-gamma (IFNG) with an unexpected expression of related genes. Conclusions: These results provide novel insight into understanding the adult PI immune system and indicate maintained stimulation resulting from virus-mediated dysregulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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14 pages, 673 KiB  
Article
Portuguese Validation of the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) for the Physical Education Context
by Cristiana Bessa, Sara Mesquita da Silva, Cláudio Farias and Isabel Mesquita
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121276 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Group cohesion is a prominent feature of sport involvement and small group work. Despite long-standing research interest and varied conceptualizations across fields, studies have primarily focused on sports. Research in educational contexts, particularly in physical education (PE), has been limited, even though PE [...] Read more.
Group cohesion is a prominent feature of sport involvement and small group work. Despite long-standing research interest and varied conceptualizations across fields, studies have primarily focused on sports. Research in educational contexts, particularly in physical education (PE), has been limited, even though PE offers an environment conducive to fostering diverse opportunities that promote group cohesion. This study sought to adapt and validate the Portuguese version of the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) using confirmatory factor analysis. The participants were 460 Portuguese-speaking PE students (58.9% girls, aged 14–19) who completed the YSEQ. After removing four items, the confirmatory factor analysis validated the two-factor structure of the YSEQ, supporting its appropriateness for the Portuguese context. This adapted 14-item YSEQ showed metric invariance across gender, and its two dimensions exhibited good internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. Significant correlations between the YSEQ and social affiliation scores confirmed the YSEQ’s concurrent validity. These findings suggest that the adapted Portuguese YSEQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring group cohesion in physical education. This instrument allows teachers, researchers, and sports psychologists to better understand group dynamics, assess task and social cohesion in middle and secondary PE classes, and identify potential difficulties in this area. Full article
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19 pages, 14784 KiB  
Article
A Data-Driven-Based Grounding Fault Location Method for the Auxiliary Power Supply System in an Electric Locomotive
by Xinyao Hou, Yang Meng and Qiang Ni
Machines 2024, 12(12), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120836 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Grounding faults are a common type of fault in train auxiliary power supply systems (APS). Timely identification and localization of these faults are crucial for ensuring the stable operation of electric locomotives and the safety of passengers. Therefore, this paper proposes a fault [...] Read more.
Grounding faults are a common type of fault in train auxiliary power supply systems (APS). Timely identification and localization of these faults are crucial for ensuring the stable operation of electric locomotives and the safety of passengers. Therefore, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for grounding faults (GFs) that integrates mechanistic insights with data-driven feature extraction. Firstly, this paper analyzes the mechanisms of grounding faults and summarizes the characteristics of their time–frequency distribution. Then, a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is employed to derive a frequency signature vector enabling classification into three principal categories. Concurrently, a time series sliding window approach is applied to extract time domain indicators for further subdivision of fault types. Finally, a time–frequency hybrid-driven diagnostic model framework is constructed by integrating the frequency distribution with the spatiotemporal map, and validation is conducted using an experimental platform that replicates system fault scenarios with a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation and executes the real-time diagnostic frameworks on a DSP diagnostic board card. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect and accurately locate grounding faults in real time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)
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9 pages, 249 KiB  
Study Protocol
Changes in Patient Safety Knowledge During Undergraduate Nursing Education: A Scoping Review Protocol
by João Daniel de Souza Menezes, Matheus Querino da Silva, Yuri Sacardo, Rodrigo Soares Ribeiro, Stela Regina Pedroso Vilela Torres de Carvalho, Emerson Roberto dos Santos, Marcos Sanches Rodrigues, André Bavaresco Gonçalves Cristóvão, Nathalia Bavaresco Gonçalves Cristóvão, Helena Landim Gonçalves Cristóvão, Alexandre Lins Werneck, Alex Bertolazzo Quitério, Ana Caroline Santos Costa, Emilia Batista Mourão Tiol, Isabela Amaral Almeida Bistafa, Sônia Maria Maciel Lopes, Marli Carvalho Jerico, Patrícia da Silva Fucuta, Marielza Regina Ismael Martins, Clemente Neves Sousa, Tiago Filipe Cardoso Oliveira Casaleiro, Vânia Maria Sabadoto Brienze, Alba Regina de Abreu Lima, Rita Cássia Helú Mendonça Ribeiro and Júlio César Andreadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(4), 3643-3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14040266 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Patient safety is a critical component of healthcare quality, yet there remains a significant gap in understanding how patient safety knowledge progresses among nursing students throughout their educational journey. This scoping review aims to map and analyze the existing literature on the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Patient safety is a critical component of healthcare quality, yet there remains a significant gap in understanding how patient safety knowledge progresses among nursing students throughout their educational journey. This scoping review aims to map and analyze the existing literature on the development of patient safety knowledge in undergraduate nursing education. Methods: This study will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and adhere to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A comprehensive search strategy will be employed across multiple databases, including CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. The review will include studies published from 2019 to 2024 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Two independent reviewers will conduct study selection and data extraction. The data will be synthesized narratively, with quantitative data summarized using descriptive statistics and qualitative data analyzed thematically. Results: The review is expected to identify key patterns in the progression of patient safety knowledge among nursing students, including critical periods for knowledge acquisition, challenges in translating theoretical knowledge into practice, and effective educational strategies. The findings will be presented in both tabular and narrative forms, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of patient safety education in nursing programs. Conclusions: The anticipated outcomes of this review have significant implications for nursing education, healthcare policy, and clinical practice. For educators, the findings will inform curriculum development and the design of targeted interventions to enhance patient safety competencies. From a policy perspective, the results could support the standardization of patient safety education across nursing programs. In clinical practice, the study may emphasize the importance of continuous professional development in patient safety. This scoping review aims to fill a critical gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of how patient safety knowledge progresses among nursing students. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to the advancement of nursing education and patient safety, ultimately fostering a culture of safety that benefits both healthcare providers and recipients. Full article
20 pages, 10810 KiB  
Article
Design and Simulation of Portable Paving Vehicle for Straw Checkerboard Barriers
by Zuntao Peng, Mingrun Jia, Jingrong Fang and Feng Jiang
Machines 2024, 12(12), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120835 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Paving straw checkerboard barriers in the desert is an efficient measure of wind break and sand fixation. Generally, straw checkerboard barriers are paved manually. Focusing on the low automation level of straw checkerboard barrier paving, a portable paving vehicle for straw checkerboard barriers [...] Read more.
Paving straw checkerboard barriers in the desert is an efficient measure of wind break and sand fixation. Generally, straw checkerboard barriers are paved manually. Focusing on the low automation level of straw checkerboard barrier paving, a portable paving vehicle for straw checkerboard barriers was designed in this paper. First, the portable paving vehicle for straw checkerboard barriers was designed using SolidWorks, and the design contents include a grass insertion mechanism, an intermittent transmission mechanism, a metamorphic mechanism, and motor and power supply. Then, the load test of the grass insertion mechanism was carried out to determine the maximum force load of 25 N during the grass insertion process, and the strength of the rocker and the horizontal slide rod were checked. Among them, the safety factor of the rocker rod and the horizontal slide rod were 1 and 1.5, respectively, and the allowable stress of the rocker rod and the horizontal slide rod was 27.3 MPa and 205 MPa. The maximum stresses of 0.92 MPa and 67 MPa were less than the allowable stresses, which meet the strength requirements. In order to verify the design principle and the results of the strength check, the grass insertion mechanism, rocker, and horizontal slide rod were analyzed by using ABAQUS. The results show that the grass insertion mechanism has an obvious rapid return characteristic, which is in agreement with the design principle. At the same time, the maximum stress of the rocker rod and the horizontal slide rod was 1 MPa and 36 MPa, respectively, which meets the strength requirements. Finally, the physical prototype was manufactured and its running state was verified. The results show that the physical prototype can pave the straw checkerboard sand barrier on the sand normally, and the portable paving vehicle for straw checkerboard barriers can be a reference for other sand-control vehicles and provide an effective way of paving straw checkerboard barriers to control desertification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering)
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12 pages, 2124 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Profile of Histomonas meleagridis in Dwyer’s Media with and Without Rice Starch
by Sawsan Ammar, Courtney J. Christopher, Nicole Szafranski, Rebekah Jones, Sree Rajeev, Hector F. Castro, Shawn R. Campagna and Richard Gerhold
Metabolites 2024, 14(12), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120650 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background and objectives: Histomonas meleagridis, the causative agent of histomonosis (i.e., blackhead disease), threatens the poultry industry with serious economic losses due to its high mortality and morbidity in turkey and chicken flocks. In vitro studies are complicated by the inability to [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Histomonas meleagridis, the causative agent of histomonosis (i.e., blackhead disease), threatens the poultry industry with serious economic losses due to its high mortality and morbidity in turkey and chicken flocks. In vitro studies are complicated by the inability to culture the parasite axenically. Histomonas meleagridis has been propagated in Dwyer’s media, which contains a starch source and serum, for over 50 years. The presence of insoluble starch component in Dwyer’s media represents an obstacle for the commercialization of such media, and the role of starch in media is poorly understood. Methods: To investigate the intracellular metabolomic differences in H. meleagridis and undefined bacteria grown in Dwyer’s media with rice starch (SD) and without rice starch (NR), we conducted a global metabolomics analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: SD significantly supported the growth of H. meleagridis compared to NR. There was no significant difference in bacterial growth between SD and NR media at various timepoints. From the intracellular metabolic analysis of samples collected from the SD and NR media, a total of 170 known metabolites were identified. H. meleagridis appears to be the major contributor to global metabolic differences. Conclusions: We found that riboflavin had the highest variable importance in the projection score, and metabolites involved in riboflavin biosynthesis significantly contributed to the differences between SD and NR in the media immediately after the inoculation of H. meleagridis and undefined bacteria, warranting further investigations into the role of riboflavin biosynthesis in H. meleagridis growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology and Ecological Metabolomics)
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5 pages, 204 KiB  
Editorial
Nano-Functional Materials for Sensor Applications
by Aiwu Wang and Li Fu
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5515; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235515 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology and materials science has led to remarkable advances in sensor applications across various fields [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Functional Materials for Sensor Applications)
14 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
A Machine Learning Model Based on MRI Radiomics to Predict Response to Chemoradiation Among Patients with Rectal Cancer
by Filippo Crimì, Carlo D’Alessandro, Chiara Zanon, Francesco Celotto, Christian Salvatore, Matteo Interlenghi, Isabella Castiglioni, Emilio Quaia, Salvatore Pucciarelli and Gaya Spolverato
Life 2024, 14(12), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121530 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: With rectum-sparing protocols becoming more common for rectal cancer treatment, this study aimed to predict the pathological complete response (pCR) to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) in rectal cancer patients using pre-treatment MRI and a radiomics-based machine learning approach. Methods: We divided MRI-data from [...] Read more.
Background: With rectum-sparing protocols becoming more common for rectal cancer treatment, this study aimed to predict the pathological complete response (pCR) to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) in rectal cancer patients using pre-treatment MRI and a radiomics-based machine learning approach. Methods: We divided MRI-data from 102 patients into a training cohort (n = 72) and a validation cohort (n = 30). In the training cohort, 52 patients were classified as non-responders and 20 as pCR based on histological results from total mesorectal excision. Results: We trained various machine learning models using radiomic features to capture disease heterogeneity between responders and non-responders. The best-performing model achieved a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) of 73% and an accuracy of 70%, with a sensitivity of 78% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 80%. In the validation cohort, the model showed a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 75%, and accuracy of 80%. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of radiomics and machine learning in predicting treatment response and support the integration of advanced imaging and computational methods for personalized rectal cancer management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Imaging in Colorectal Cancer)
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13 pages, 1187 KiB  
Article
Body Volatilome Study Strategy for COVID-19 Biomarker Identification Considering Exogenous Parameters
by Elsa Boudard, Nabil Moumane, José Dugay, Jérôme Vial and Didier Thiébaut
Separations 2024, 11(12), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11120336 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Since the 1950s, the screening of the body volatilome has proven to be a powerful tool for preventing diseases from spreading. Following the COVID-19 crisis, several studies began investigating the connection between viruses and the body volatilome, gradually identifying potential biomarkers, which varied [...] Read more.
Since the 1950s, the screening of the body volatilome has proven to be a powerful tool for preventing diseases from spreading. Following the COVID-19 crisis, several studies began investigating the connection between viruses and the body volatilome, gradually identifying potential biomarkers, which varied depending on the study. To try to elucidate potential sources of inconsistency in biomarker findings, we decided to set up a study taking into consideration the factors often overlooked in previous studies. The VOCs constituting the body volatilomes of 40 COVID-19 patients and 13 healthy subjects were sampled by using PowerSorb® as the sorbent phase. Thermodesorption, followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC×GC/TOF MS), was utilized for the analysis. A non-targeted biomarker research methodology compared Covid(+) and Covid(−) chromatograms, assessing statistical significance and peak area changes. Out of the 25 compounds highlighted, 13 associated with cosmetic products were excluded, and 8 linked to air pollution in urban settings were also excluded. Finally, after having quantitatively evaluated the potential sources of the compounds (cosmetic or environmental), 4 compounds remained and their relevance was assessed using ROC curves. Among them, hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl- identification was confirmed with standard and led to an area-under-the-curve value of 92%. More in-depth studies are needed to investigate the specificity of the biomarker in relation to COVID-19, but the strategy of this study shows how to avoid obtaining data that are biased by exogenous factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioanalysis/Clinical Analysis)
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9 pages, 893 KiB  
Case Report
The Successful and Safe Real-Time TDM-Guided Treatment of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Isavuconazole Administered by Enteral Tube
by Álvaro Corral Alaejos, Jose Jiménez Casaus, Ángel López Delgado and Aranzazu Zarzuelo Castañeda
Int. J. Transl. Med. 2024, 4(4), 631-639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm4040044 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an opportunistic infection that affects immunocompromised patients. While voriconazole is commonly used for IA treatment, it presents the risk of drug interactions, particularly in patients on polytherapy. Isavuconazole may serve as a safer alternative with fewer interactions. However, [...] Read more.
Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an opportunistic infection that affects immunocompromised patients. While voriconazole is commonly used for IA treatment, it presents the risk of drug interactions, particularly in patients on polytherapy. Isavuconazole may serve as a safer alternative with fewer interactions. However, the use of isavuconazole is typically limited to the parenteral route for patients without access to the enteral route, due to recommendations against tablet handling for enteral administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of isavuconazole administration via an enteral tube, by therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole plasma concentrations. Methods: This case study examines a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who was diagnosed with IA and treated with isavuconazole via an enteral tube. Therapeutic pharmacokinetic monitoring of isavuconazole plasma concentrations was performed to assess the feasibility and safety of enteral administration. Results: The results show that isavuconazole concentrations were maintained within the therapeutic range when administered via an enteral tube. No significant deviations in plasma concentration were noted during the monitoring period. Conclusions: Administering isavuconazole through an enteral tube is a safe and viable alternative for patients that are unable to receive the drug via the oral route. Therapeutic monitoring of plasma concentrations is recommended to ensure proper dosing and efficacy. Full article
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12 pages, 3318 KiB  
Communication
A Multiple-Cantilever Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester for Self-Powered CO2 Monitoring in Transformer Substations
by Li Chen, Min Zhang, Zufeng Xu, Han Chen and Jiawen Xu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10805; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310805 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The long-term CO2 emissions of transformer substations require constant monitoring. In this study, we propose a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester designed for self-powered CO2 monitoring of transformer substations. The proposed harvester comprises multiple slender piezoelectric cantilevers arranged in parallel, which results [...] Read more.
The long-term CO2 emissions of transformer substations require constant monitoring. In this study, we propose a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester designed for self-powered CO2 monitoring of transformer substations. The proposed harvester comprises multiple slender piezoelectric cantilevers arranged in parallel, which results in a higher operational frequency and a significantly enhanced power output capability. Experimental investigations were conducted to assess the energy harvesting performance. The results show that the harvester can effectively capture the vibration energy, yielding an RMS power output of 2.99 mW, corresponding to the operational frequency of the transformer substation. Additionally, a wireless CO2 sensor node was developed, demonstrating an operational mechanism for CO2 monitoring. The capacitor takes approximately 1220 s to charge for the initial data measurement and transmission. The findings confirm that the energy harvester is capable of providing sufficient power to operate the sensor node for CO2 monitoring in transformer substations. Full article
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8 pages, 3331 KiB  
Article
Computational Simulation of LAVA Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease Predicts Soft Tissue Outcome Comparable to Two-Wall Resection
by Matthias Krause and Evgeny Gladilin
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121181 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a common extrathyroidal manifestation of hyperthyroidism, typically associated with Graves’ disease (GD). This condition can cause severe functional limitations as well as significant aesthetic concerns. Treatment for TED patients aims to restore functionality and address aesthetic concerns. Surgical [...] Read more.
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a common extrathyroidal manifestation of hyperthyroidism, typically associated with Graves’ disease (GD). This condition can cause severe functional limitations as well as significant aesthetic concerns. Treatment for TED patients aims to restore functionality and address aesthetic concerns. Surgical TED treatment is usually performed by orbital wall resection, which effectively decompresses intraorbital tissues and corrects the orbital/ocular disorders. Several different scenarios of surgical TED treatment including one-, two-, and three-wall resections are known. More recently, a new minimally invasive technique, the so-called lateral valgization (LAVA) of the orbital wall, was reported to show promising results comparable to conventional wall resection techniques. Due to the relatively limited data on TED treatment, only a few quantitative investigations of alternative TED surgery scenarios exist. In this feasibility study, we estimate the soft tissue outcome of LAVA treatment using computational simulation. Our experimental results show that the amount of intraorbital tissue released into the extraorbital space by LAVA treatment is comparable with the outcome of two-wall resection. Our computational simulation confirms previously reported isolated clinical findings suggesting that the minimally invasive LAVA approach represents an attractive alternative to conventional wall resection approaches for surgical TED treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)
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