Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.2	5.5	2008	15.7 Days	CHF 2600
Electronics electronics	2.9	4.7	2012	15.8 Days	CHF 2200
Batteries batteries	4.0	5.4	2015	23.7 Days	CHF 2700
Electricity electricity	-	-	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1000

Open AccessArticle

Solar Energy and Biomass within Distributed Generation for a Northeast Brazil Hotel

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Karollyne Marques de Lima

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Danielle Bandeira de Mello Delgado

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Dener Delmiro Martins

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Monica Carvalho

Energies 2022, 15(23), 9170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239170 - 03 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Besides satisfying the energy demands of buildings, distributed generation can contribute toward environmental conservation. However, determining the best configuration and operational strategy for these systems is a complex task due to the available technology options and the dynamic operating conditions of buildings and [...] Read more.

Besides satisfying the energy demands of buildings, distributed generation can contribute toward environmental conservation. However, determining the best configuration and operational strategy for these systems is a complex task due to the available technology options and the dynamic operating conditions of buildings and their surroundings. This work addressed the synthesis and optimization of an energy system for a commercial building (hotel). Electricity, hot water, and cooling demands were established for a hotel located in Northeast Brazil. The optimization problem was based on mixed-integer linear programming and included conventional equipment, solar energy resource (photovoltaic and thermal technologies), and biomass. The objective function of the optimization was to minimize annual economic costs, which involved considering the capital and operation costs. A reference system was established for comparison purposes, where energy demands were met conventionally (without cogeneration or renewable energy), whose annual cost was BRL 80,799. Although the optimal solution did not rely on cogeneration, it benefited from the high degree of energy integration and had a total annual cost of BRL 24,358 (70% lower). The optimal solution suggested the installation of 70 photovoltaic panels and used biomass (sugarcane bagasse) to operate a hot water boiler. Solar collectors for hot water production were not part of the optimal solution. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out, varying the electricity and natural gas tariffs, and the type of biomass employed, but the configuration of the system did not change compared with the optimal economic solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Study of a PVT Water System under Daily Weather Conditions

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Talha Batuhan Korkut

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Aytaç Gören

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Ahmed Rachid

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6538; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186538 - 07 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1335

Abstract

Worldwide need for renewable energy sources increases significantly with the drastic negative greenhouse effects of climate change. This study considers a water-cooled hybrid thermo-electric panel (PV/T) which contributes to better harvesting of solar energy. A numerical CFD model was developed for power generation [...] Read more.

Worldwide need for renewable energy sources increases significantly with the drastic negative greenhouse effects of climate change. This study considers a water-cooled hybrid thermo-electric panel (PV/T) which contributes to better harvesting of solar energy. A numerical CFD model was developed for power generation of a standard PV panel as well as for a water-based PV/T system laminated with polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials, and user-defined functions (UDFs) were developed and integrated with the CFD model to implement exact boundary conditions. Experimentation under daily weather conditions was carried out in order to validate the numerical CFD model by measuring the surface temperatures of PV and PV/T systems as well as the temperatures of the water inlet and outlet of the cooling system. The results show that the maximum and minimum deviations of the surface temperature between numerical and experimental studies matched well compared with the studies performed in the literature. Moreover, the numerical model had a rapid response to temperature changes of PV and PV/T modules under sudden weather changes (cloudy/sunny). It was shown that the electrical efficiency of the cooled PV/T module can achieve 20.8% in addition to a thermal efficiency of 53.5%. The current study is a validation of the performance of polymer composite laminated water-cooled PV/T systems under daily weather conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Effective Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Power Converters in Wind Turbine Systems Using KPCA-Based BiLSTM

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Energies 2022, 15(17), 6127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176127 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

The current work presents an effective fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technique in wind energy converter (WEC) systems. The proposed FDD framework merges the benefits of kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) model and the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) classifier. In the developed [...] Read more.

The current work presents an effective fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technique in wind energy converter (WEC) systems. The proposed FDD framework merges the benefits of kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) model and the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) classifier. In the developed FDD approach, the KPCA model is applied to extract and select the most effective features, while the BiLSTM is utilized for classification purposes. The developed KPCA-based BiLSTM approach involves two main steps: feature extraction and selection, and fault classification. The KPCA model is developed in order to select and extract the most efficient features and the final features are fed to the BiLSTM to distinguish between different working modes. Different simulation scenarios are considered in this study in order to show the robustness and performance of the developed technique when compared to the conventional FDD methods. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed KPCA-based BiLSTM approach, we utilize data obtained from a healthy WTC, which are then injected with several fault scenarios: simple fault generator-side, simple fault grid-side, multiple fault generator-side, multiple fault grid-side, and mixed fault on both sides. The diagnosis performance is analyzed in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, and computation time. Furthermore, the efficiency of fault diagnosis is shown by the classification accuracy parameter. The experimental results show the efficiency of the developed KPCA-based BiLSTM technique compared to the classical FDD techniques (an accuracy of 97.30%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Fault Detecting and Isolating Schemes in a Low-Voltage DC Microgrid Network from a Remote Village

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Pascal Hategekimana

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Adria Junyent Ferre

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Joan Marc Rodriguez Bernuz

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Etienne Ntagwirumugara

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4460; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124460 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1371

Abstract

Fault detection and isolation are important tasks to improve the protection system of low voltage direct current (LVDC) networks. Nowadays, there are challenges related to the protection strategies in the LVDC systems. In this paper, two proposed methods for fault detection and isolation [...] Read more.

Fault detection and isolation are important tasks to improve the protection system of low voltage direct current (LVDC) networks. Nowadays, there are challenges related to the protection strategies in the LVDC systems. In this paper, two proposed methods for fault detection and isolation of the faulty segment through the line and bus voltage measurement were discussed. The impacts of grid fault current and the characteristics of protective devices under pre-fault normal, under-fault, and post-fault conditions were also discussed. It was found that within a short time after fault occurrence in the network, this fault was quickly detected and the faulty line segment was efficiently isolated from the grid, where this grid was restored to its normal operating conditions. For analysing the fault occurrence and its isolation, two algorithms with their corresponding MATLAB/SIMULINK platforms were developed. The findings of this paper showed that the proposed methods would be used for microgrid protection by successfully resolving the fault detection and grid restoration problems in the LVDC microgrids, especially in rural villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch under Transmission and Distribution Coordination Based on an Accelerated Augmented Lagrangian Algorithm

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Energies 2022, 15(11), 3867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113867 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 999

Abstract

As many distributed power sources flood into the distribution network, the relationship between transmission and distribution grids in reactive power and voltage is becoming closer and closer. The traditional way of independent reactive power optimization in transmission and distribution grids is no longer [...] Read more.

As many distributed power sources flood into the distribution network, the relationship between transmission and distribution grids in reactive power and voltage is becoming closer and closer. The traditional way of independent reactive power optimization in transmission and distribution grids is no longer appropriate. In this study, a collaborative and distributed reactive power optimization method for transmission and distribution grids based on the accelerated augmented Lagrangian (AAL) algorithm is proposed to adapt to the independence of the transmission and distribution grids in operation and management. The global reactive power optimization problem is decomposed into the transmission network subproblem and several distribution network subproblems. According to AAL, subproblems are solved in a distributed manner until the optimal global solution is finally reached after several iterations, and coordination between transmission and distribution grids is achieved only through the interaction of information on coordinating variables. For better convergence, a linearized and convergence-guaranteed optimal power flow model (OPF) with reactive power and voltage magnitude was applied to model the transmission grid optimization subproblem, while the second-order cone programming (SOCP) technique is used in the distribution network subproblems. The simulation results confirm that the method in this paper can effectively reduce network losses and achieve better economic performance, and converges better when compared to other algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Fractional Order PIMR-Type Repetitive Control for a Grid-Tied Inverter

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Energies 2022, 15(11), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113854 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 869

Abstract

Low switching frequency is usually used in high-power wind grid-tied inverter systems to reduce power loss caused by on–off switching activity. Proportional integral multi-resonant type repetitive control (PIMR-type RC) can track reference grid current signals and suppress harmonic signals of grid-tied inverter system. [...] Read more.

Low switching frequency is usually used in high-power wind grid-tied inverter systems to reduce power loss caused by on–off switching activity. Proportional integral multi-resonant type repetitive control (PIMR-type RC) can track reference grid current signals and suppress harmonic signals of grid-tied inverter system. A low switching frequency will result in a low sampling rate of control system. However, integer-order phase-lead compensation will lead to a poor compensation accuracy of PIMR-type RC with a low sampling rate, leading to poor tracking and suppressing performance of PIMR-type RC, and even result in system instability. To solve these problems, a high-performance fractional-order phase-lead compensation PIMR-type RC (FO-PIMR-RC) scheme is proposed in this paper. Fractional-order phase-lead compensation is adopted to compensate accurately the phase lag caused by controlled plant and PIMR-type RC and approximately realized by a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Stability analysis and harmonic suppression performance are provided, and the parameter optimization design is implemented. Simulation and experimental results prove the desirable performance of the proposed control scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Decentralized Coordination Dispatch Model Based on Chaotic Mutation Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm

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Energies 2022, 15(10), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103815 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1030

Abstract

Aiming at the economic dispatch problem for an interconnected system with wind power integration, and in order to realize the goals of system economy and improvement of the cross-regional consumption level of wind energy, a decentralized coordination dispatch model is established in this [...] Read more.

Aiming at the economic dispatch problem for an interconnected system with wind power integration, and in order to realize the goals of system economy and improvement of the cross-regional consumption level of wind energy, a decentralized coordination dispatch model is established in this paper. In this model, a DC tie-line is cut by the branch cutting method and used as a coupling variable. A virtual upper-level dispatch center is established, and the economic dispatch problem to be solved is decomposed into a master optimization problem for the upper-level dispatch center and subsidiary optimization problems for the lower-level dispatch centers. For solving this model, an improved Harris hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm called the chaotic mutation Harris hawks optimization (CMHHO) algorithm is proposed. In the CMHHO algorithm, tent mapping and the “DE/pbad-to-pbest/1” strategy are introduced, and a new nonlinear escape energy factor adjustment is proposed. Through an algorithm comparison experiment and a simulation experiment with two examples, the superiority of the CMHHO algorithm, the effectiveness of the proposed model and the applicability of the CMHHO algorithm to the proposed model are verified. The model proposed is of great significance for solving the economic dispatch problem for an interconnected system with wind power integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Hardware Implementation of Novel Shade Dispersion PV Reconfiguration Technique to Enhance Maximum Power under Partial Shading Conditions

by

Vinaya Chandrakant Chavan

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Suresh Mikkili

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Tomonobu Senjyu

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3515; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103515 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1269

Abstract

Partial shade condition is a significant factor contributing to the PV panel performance in mismatch losses and power generation. The technique suggested in this study allows the physical rearrangement of the PV panel to distribute the shade on the entire PV array. MPPT, [...] Read more.

Partial shade condition is a significant factor contributing to the PV panel performance in mismatch losses and power generation. The technique suggested in this study allows the physical rearrangement of the PV panel to distribute the shade on the entire PV array. MPPT, selecting suitable inverter topology, or PV panel reconfiguration enhances the performance of the PV panel. This study proposes a new shade dispersing method, novel shade dispersion (NSD). It compares the performance of the NSD method with conventional configurations (CCs). This research article models and simulates 6 × 6 PV array configurations such as Series-Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tide (TCT), Bridge-Linked (BL), Honey-Comb (HC), and the newly proposed NSD method under non-shading and nine different partial shading cases. The performance indices used for comparative analysis are global maximum power points, efficiency, power enhancement, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and number of crests. The Soltech 1 STH-215-P PV module was selected in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to simulate PV array arrangements. Hardware experiments validate the performance of the NSD method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Indonesia’s Vast Off-River Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Potential

by

David Firnando Silalahi

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Andrew Blakers

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Bin Lu

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Cheng Cheng

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3457; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093457 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4410

Abstract

Indonesia has vast solar energy potential, far more than needed to meet all its energy requirements without the use of fossil fuels. This remains true after per capita energy consumption rises to match developed countries, and most energy functions are electrified to minimize [...] Read more.

Indonesia has vast solar energy potential, far more than needed to meet all its energy requirements without the use of fossil fuels. This remains true after per capita energy consumption rises to match developed countries, and most energy functions are electrified to minimize the use of fossil fuels. Because Indonesia has relatively small energy potential from hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, it will rely mostly on solar for its sustainable energy needs. Thus, Indonesia will require large amounts of storage for overnight and longer periods. Pumped hydro comprises 99% of global energy storage for the electricity industry. In this paper, we demonstrate that Indonesia has vast practical potential for low-cost off-river pumped hydro energy storage with low environmental and social impact; far more than it needs to balance a solar-dominated energy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Elitist Approach to the Design of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generators (AFPMWG)

by

Omid Shariati

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Ali Behnamfar

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Ben Potter

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093262 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

This paper addresses an integrated and developed approach to the design of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Wind Generator (AFPMWG). The proposed analytical method of design employs the size equations and precise inductance calculations simultaneously, as well as considering the mechanical constraints of [...] Read more.

This paper addresses an integrated and developed approach to the design of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Wind Generator (AFPMWG). The proposed analytical method of design employs the size equations and precise inductance calculations simultaneously, as well as considering the mechanical constraints of the back-iron disc of the rotor. An Elitist Genetic Algorithm (EGA), such as a high capability optimization method, has been used to solve the equations and design of a wind generator with predefined rating power. The objectives of the coreless AFPMWG design process are minimizing the magnet consumption, maximizing machine efficiency, and achieving maximum sinusoidal induction voltage, considering the wind properties of the geographical area of utilization. The optimal calculation of the permanent magnet thickness is also taken into consideration in this work. The flux density distribution in all parts of the machine has been investigated for the magnetic saturation phenomenon. In this regard, special attention is paid to rotor back discs, which are made from nonlinear material with an optimum thickness. The inductance of the leakage flux of the coreless machine has been considered by parallel computation via the Finite Element Method (FEM) and analytical equations. Finally, three-dimensional and two-dimensional finite element analyses are used to validate the performance of the machine design according to the characteristics of Iran wind resources. The results show the high ability of the proposed approach in AFPMWG design and in considering the objectives and constraints carefully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Consensus-Based Distributed Secondary Frequency Control Method for AC Microgrid Using ADRC Technique

by

Wenguo Li

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Mingmin Zhang

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Yaqi Deng

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093184 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1113

Abstract

To ensure safe and reliable operation, the ability to ride through various disturbances is vital for a microgrid with multi-inverters. As the voltage and frequency support comes from the power-electronic-based inverters, it is necessary to find a proper control strategy to improve the [...] Read more.

To ensure safe and reliable operation, the ability to ride through various disturbances is vital for a microgrid with multi-inverters. As the voltage and frequency support comes from the power-electronic-based inverters, it is necessary to find a proper control strategy to improve the rejection ability of the DG inverter against disturbances. In this regard, this paper proposes a new distributed secondary frequency control approach for islanded microgrids, in which the main purpose is to remove the frequency deviation under droop control method with better disturbance rejection performance. Unlike many traditional approaches which rely on a detailed control model, the proposed one needs little model information thanks to the model-independent characteristic of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) technique. A linear extended state observer is introduced to estimate the useless model dynamics (including unknown disturbances, unmodeled dynamics and nonlinear dynamics) which are then compensated in the control input. After the active compensation procedure, the nonlinear frequency control model can be converted into a quasi-linear model, based on which a proportional distributed control algorithm is established to restore the frequency and equalize the active power among the DGs. Simulation results based on a four-inverter-based microgrid show that the proposed approach achieves frequency restoration, active power sharing, as well as satisfactory disturbance rejection performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Frick et al. Voltage Flip Efficiency Enhancement for Piezo Energy Harvesting. Electronics 2021, 10, 2400

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Vincent Frick

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Liana Wassouf

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Ehsan Jamshidpour

Electronics 2022, 11(9), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091312 - 21 Apr 2022

Viewed by 733

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Multiobjective Load Dispatch for Coal-Fired Power Plants under Renewable-Energy Accommodation Based on a Nondominated-Sorting Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm

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Energies 2022, 15(8), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082915 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1049

Abstract

Coal-fired power plants are widely used to achieve a power balance in grids with renewable energy, which leads to new requirements for speediness in load dispatch. This paper presents a nondominated-sorting grey wolf optimizer algorithm (NSGWO) for the multiobjective load dispatch of coal-fired [...] Read more.

Coal-fired power plants are widely used to achieve a power balance in grids with renewable energy, which leads to new requirements for speediness in load dispatch. This paper presents a nondominated-sorting grey wolf optimizer algorithm (NSGWO) for the multiobjective load dispatch of coal-fired power plants that employed efficient nondominated sorting, a reference-point selection strategy, and a simulated binary crossover operator. The optimization results of the benchmark functions indicated that the NSGWO algorithm had a better accuracy and a better distribution than the traditional multiobjective grey wolf optimizer algorithm. Regarding the load dispatch of economy, environmental protection, and speediness strategies, the NSGWO had the best performance of all the simulated algorithms. The optimal-compromise solutions of the economy and speediness strategies of the NSGWO algorithm had a good distribution, which elucidated that this novel algorithm was favorable to allowing coal-fired power plants to accommodate renewable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Research on an Optimization Method for Injection-Production Parameters Based on an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

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Energies 2022, 15(8), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082889 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1043

Abstract

The optimization of injection–production parameters is an important step in the design of gas injection development schemes, but there are many influencing factors and they are difficult to determine. To solve this problem, this paper optimizes injection-production parameters by combining an improved particle [...] Read more.

The optimization of injection–production parameters is an important step in the design of gas injection development schemes, but there are many influencing factors and they are difficult to determine. To solve this problem, this paper optimizes injection-production parameters by combining an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to study the relationship between injection-production parameters and the net present value. In the process of injection-production parameter optimization, the particle swarm optimization algorithm has shortcomings, such as being prone to fall into local extreme points and slow in convergence speed. Curve adaptive and simulated annealing particle swarm optimization algorithms are proposed to further improve the optimization ability of the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking the Tarim oil field as an example, in different stages, the production time, injection volume and flowing bottom hole pressure were used as input variables, and the optimal net present value was taken as the goal. The injection-production parameters were optimized by improving the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Compared with the particle swarm algorithm, the net present value of the improved scheme was increased by about 3.3%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

A Novel Step Current Excitation Control Method to Reduce the Torque Ripple of Outer-Rotor Switched Reluctance Motors

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Energies 2022, 15(8), 2852; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082852 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

Featured in low-speed and high-torque operation, outer-rotor switched reluctance motors (OSRMs) have the potential to be widely deployed in low-speed commuter and logistics vehicle applications. In this paper, a five-phase OSRM and the control method featuring torque ripple reduction has been proposed, which [...] Read more.

Featured in low-speed and high-torque operation, outer-rotor switched reluctance motors (OSRMs) have the potential to be widely deployed in low-speed commuter and logistics vehicle applications. In this paper, a five-phase OSRM and the control method featuring torque ripple reduction has been proposed, which can be applied as the wheel hub motor in the electric vehicles. The simulation was carried out to analyze the OSRM operation. The electromagnetic characteristics of single-phase and two-phase hybrid excitation mode, as well as step current excitation mode, were compared and analyzed. To solve the problem of the large torque ripple of OSRMs under traditional excitation modes, the torque ripple suppression method based on step current excitation was also studied. The experiment design, including motor start-up control, speed control, and torque ripple reduction, are presented to verify the system torque ripple mitigation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Home Energy Management Considering Renewable Resources, Energy Storage, and an Electric Vehicle as a Backup

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Oussama Ouramdane

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Elhoussin Elbouchikhi

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Yassine Amirat

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Franck Le Gall

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Ehsan Sedgh Gooya

Energies 2022, 15(8), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082830 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

The vehicle-to-grid concept emerged very quickly after the integration of renewable energy resources because of their intermittency and to support the grid during on-peak periods, consequently preventing congestion and any subsequent grid instability. Renewable energies offer a large source of clean energy, but [...] Read more.

The vehicle-to-grid concept emerged very quickly after the integration of renewable energy resources because of their intermittency and to support the grid during on-peak periods, consequently preventing congestion and any subsequent grid instability. Renewable energies offer a large source of clean energy, but they are not controllable, as they depend on weather conditions. This problem is solved by adding energy storage elements, implementing a demand response through shiftable loads, and the vehicle-to-grid/vehicle-to-home technologies. Indeed, an electric vehicle is equipped with a high-capacity battery, which can be used to store a certain amount of energy and give it back again later when required to fulfill the electricity demand and prevent an energy shortage when the main-grid power is limited for security reasons. In this context, this paper presents a comparative study between two home microgrids, in one of which the concept of vehicle-to-home is integrated to provide a case study to demonstrate the interest of this technology at the home level. The considered microgrid is composed of renewable energy resources, battery energy storage, and is connected to the main grid. As the vehicle is not available all day, in order to have consistent results, its intervention is considered in the evening, night, and early morning hours. Two case studies are carried out. In the first one, the vehicle-to-home concept is not taken into account. In this case, the system depends only on renewable resources and the energy storage system. Subsequently, the electric vehicle is considered as an additional energy storage device over a few hours. Electric vehicle integration brings an economic contribution by reducing the cost, supporting the other MG components, and relieving the main grid. Simulation results using real weather data for two cities in France, namely Brest and Toulon, show the effectiveness of the vehicle-to-home concept in terms of cost, energy self-sufficiency, and continuity of electrical service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Reserve-Constrained Unit Commitment Considering Adjustable-Speed Pumped-Storage Hydropower and Its Economic Effect in Korean Power System

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Energies 2022, 15(7), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072386 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

The Korean government has declared the goal of net-zero-carbon emissions with a focus on renewable energy expansion. However, a high proportion of baseload generators and an increasing proportion of variable renewable energy (VRE) may cause problems in the power system operation owing to [...] Read more.

The Korean government has declared the goal of net-zero-carbon emissions with a focus on renewable energy expansion. However, a high proportion of baseload generators and an increasing proportion of variable renewable energy (VRE) may cause problems in the power system operation owing to the low cycling capability of baseload generators and variability of VRE. To maintain system reliability, the government is planning to construct pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) plants, which can provide flexibility to the system. This study evaluated the operating cost savings obtained by different types of PSH: the adjustable-speed PSH (AS-PSH) and fixed-speed PSH (FS-PSH), based on the duck-curve phenomenon and the increase in spinning reserve requirement. In this study, the reserve-constrained unit commitment was formulated using a mixed-integer-programming considering the operational characteristics of AS-PSH and conventional generators. To consider the duck-shaped net-load environment, the projected VRE output data were calculated through physical models of wind turbines and photovoltaic modules. The operating costs for the non-PSH, FS-PSH, and AS-PSH construction scenarios were KRW 43,129.38, 40,038.44, and 34,030.46, respectively. The main factor that derived this difference was determined to be the primary reserve of AS-PSH’s pumping mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

On the Road to Sustainable Energy Storage Technologies: Synthesis of Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries from Biowaste

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Nekane Nieto

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Olatz Noya

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Amaia Iturrondobeitia

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Paula Sanchez-Fontecoba

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Usue Pérez-López

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Verónica Palomares

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Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea

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Teófilo Rojo

Batteries 2022, 8(4), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8040028 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2764

Abstract

Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, new types of biomass-derived hard carbons were obtained through pyrolysis of different kinds of agro-industrial biowaste (corncob, apple pomace, olive mill solid waste, defatted grape seed and [...] Read more.

Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, new types of biomass-derived hard carbons were obtained through pyrolysis of different kinds of agro-industrial biowaste (corncob, apple pomace, olive mill solid waste, defatted grape seed and dried grape skin). Furthermore, the influence of pretreating the biowaste samples by hydrothermal carbonization and acid hydrolysis was also studied. Except for the olive mill solid waste, discharge capacities typical of biowaste-derived hard carbons were obtained in every case (≈300 mAh·g⁻¹ at C/15). Furthermore, it seems that hydrothermal carbonization could improve the discharge capacity of biowaste samples derived from different nature at high cycling rates, which are the closest conditions to real applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

A Method for Detecting the Existence of an Over-Discharged Cell in a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack via Measuring Total Harmonic Distortion

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Jonghyeon Kim

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Julia Kowal

Batteries 2022, 8(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8030026 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

This paper deals with a method to detect the existence of an over-discharged cell in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack by measuring the total harmonic distortion (THD) rate in the voltage response. Over-discharge of the LIB cell reduces the available capacity by irreversible [...] Read more.

This paper deals with a method to detect the existence of an over-discharged cell in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack by measuring the total harmonic distortion (THD) rate in the voltage response. Over-discharge of the LIB cell reduces the available capacity by irreversible chemical reactions, resulting in serious safety risks such as explosions. Even if only one over-discharged cell exists in the battery pack, it accelerates the decomposition of other cells. In general, the measurement of each cell voltage in a battery pack is required to detect one over-discharged cell. This is because if only the voltage of the battery pack is measured, it cannot be distinguished whether the voltage of each cell is uniformly low or one specific weak cell is over-discharged. The proposed method measures the frequency response through the voltage at only two terminals of the battery pack to detect the presence of one over-discharged cell. When the battery cell is discharged beyond a certain level, the system nonlinearity of the battery pack increases, and it can be detected from the increased THD rate of the battery pack. The proposed method is verified by simulation and measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimal Integration of Solar Heating and Heat Storage into Existing Fossil Fuel-Based Heat and Power Production Systems

by

Guangxuan Wang

and

Julien Blondeau

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051942 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

Increasing the share of Renewable energy sources in District Heating (DH) systems is of great importance to mitigate their CO₂ emissions. The combined integration of Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into existing Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems [...] Read more.

Increasing the share of Renewable energy sources in District Heating (DH) systems is of great importance to mitigate their CO₂ emissions. The combined integration of Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into existing Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can be a very cost-effective way to do so. This paper aims at finding the optimal design of STC and TES systems integrated in existing CHP’s considering two distinct objectives: economic profitability and environmental impact. To do so, we developed a three-stage framework based on Pareto-optimal solutions generated by multi-objective optimization, a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)-entropy method to select the optimal solution, followed by the definition of final Operation strategy. We proposed relevant improvement of the state-of-the-art models used in similar analysis. We also applied the proposed methodology to the case of a representative, 12 MW_th CHP plant. Our results show that, while the addition of TES or STC alone results in limited performances and/or higher costs, both the cost and the CO₂ emissions can be reduced by integrating the optimal combination of STC and TES. For the selected, optimal solution, carbon emissions are reduced by 10%, while the Annual Total Cost (ATC) is reduced by 3%. It also improves the operational flexibility and the efficiency by peak load shaving, load valley filling and thus by decreasing the peak load boiler operation. Compared to the addition of STC alone, the use of TES results in an increased efficiency, from 88% to 92%. The optimal share of STC is then increased from 7% to 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Distributed Generation Based Virtual STATCOM Configuration and Control Method

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Energies 2022, 15(5), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051762 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1506

Abstract

Recently, because of the increase in the number of connections to Distributed Generation (DG), the problem of lowering voltage stability in the distribution system has become an issue. Reactive power compensators, such as Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), may be used to solve the [...] Read more.

Recently, because of the increase in the number of connections to Distributed Generation (DG), the problem of lowering voltage stability in the distribution system has become an issue. Reactive power compensators, such as Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), may be used to solve the problem of voltage stability degradation. However, because of the complexity of the distribution system, it is very difficult to select the installation location for STATCOM. Furthermore, when installed in the wrong location, economical efficiency and availability problems may occur. This paper proposes a Virtual STATCOM Configuration and Control method that would operate like a single STATCOM based on multiple DGs connected to the system. The proposed Virtual STATCOM has the merit of being economical by using existing facilities without adding new power facilities, and it solves the problem of the difficulty of selecting the installation location because of the complexity of the distribution system. In addition, while the conventional STATCOM uses an independent control method in consideration of the power quality of the access point, the Virtual STATCOM performs the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) power quality compensation using the integrated control of multiple DGs connected to the system. In the proposed method, the Virtual STATCOM integrated control algorithm is configured by adopting linear programming, and the compensation is performed while considering the distance between DG and PCC, the inverter’s rated capacity, and the power generation. The performance of the Virtual STATCOM power quality compensation was verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK and Real Time Simulator (OPAL-RT). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Displacement Estimation of Six-Pole Hybrid Magnetic Bearing Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Support Vector Machine

by

Gai Liu

and

Huangqiu Zhu

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051610 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1076

Abstract

In order to solve the problems of the large volume and high cost of a six-pole hybrid magnetic bearing (SHMB) with displacement sensors, a displacement estimation method using a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is proposed. Firstly, the [...] Read more.

In order to solve the problems of the large volume and high cost of a six-pole hybrid magnetic bearing (SHMB) with displacement sensors, a displacement estimation method using a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is proposed. Firstly, the inertial weight of the MPSO is changed to achieve faster iterations, and the prediction model of an LS-SVM-based MPSO is built. Secondly, the prediction model is simulated and verified according to the parameters optimized by the MPSO, and the predicted values of MPSO and PSO are compared. Finally, static and dynamic suspension experiments and a disturbance experiment are carried out, which verify the robustness and stability of the displacement estimation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

High Frequency Resonance Suppression Strategy of Three-Phase Four-Wire Split Capacitor Inverter Connected to Parallel Compensation Grid

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Energies 2022, 15(4), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041486 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1122

Abstract

With the continuous penetration and development of renewable energy power generation, the distributed grid and the microgrid are becoming increasingly important in modern power systems. In distribution networks and the microgrid, the grid impedance is comparatively large and cannot be ignored. Usually, the [...] Read more.

With the continuous penetration and development of renewable energy power generation, the distributed grid and the microgrid are becoming increasingly important in modern power systems. In distribution networks and the microgrid, the grid impedance is comparatively large and cannot be ignored. Usually, the parallel compensation is used to improve the grid quality. In the grid with parallel compensation, the large phase angle difference between the impedance of the grid-connected inverter and the impedance of the grid at amplitude intersection will result in high frequency resonance (HFR). Because the inverter shows filter characteristics due to limited bandwidth of the controller, the parallel compensation grid, respectively, performs as the capacitance characteristic and inductance characteristic in different high frequency range. Compared with the three-phase, three-wire system, an additional zero-sequence path exists in the three-phase four-wire split capacitor inverter (TFSCI) system, so that the existing high frequency resonance suppression methods will be not effective. Since the zero-sequence component is neglected, HFR will also occur, in addition to the positive-sequence component and the negative-sequence component. Therefore, in order to suppress the high frequency resonance caused by positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence components, an impedance reshaping strategy based on current feedback is proposed in this paper. This proposed method can reshape the amplitude and phase of the inverter impedance in a high frequency range without affecting the performance of the fundamental frequency control and ensure that the inverter contains a sufficient phase margin. Additionally, the proposed method can reshape the impedance of TFSCI within a wide frequency range, which makes it able to cope with the challenge of the parallel compensation degree change. Theoretical analysis and experiments verify the availability of the proposed control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

An Online Data-Driven LPV Modeling Method for Turbo-Shaft Engines

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Energies 2022, 15(4), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041255 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1518

Abstract

The linear parameter-varying (LPV) model is widely used in aero engine control system design. The conventional local modeling method is inaccurate and inefficient in the full flying envelope. Hence, a novel online data-driven LPV modeling method based on the online sequential extreme learning [...] Read more.

The linear parameter-varying (LPV) model is widely used in aero engine control system design. The conventional local modeling method is inaccurate and inefficient in the full flying envelope. Hence, a novel online data-driven LPV modeling method based on the online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) with an additional multiplying layer (MLOS-ELM) was proposed. An extra multiplying layer was inserted between the hidden layer and the output layer, where the hidden layer outputs were multiplied by the input variables and state variables of the LPV model. Additionally, the input layer was set to the LPV model’s scheduling parameter. With the multiplying layer added, the state space equation matrices of the LPV model could be easily calculated using online gathered data. Simulation results showed that the outputs of the MLOS-ELM matched that of the component level model of a turbo-shaft engine precisely. The maximum approximation error was less than 0.18%. The predictive outputs of the proposed online data-driven LPV model after five samples also matched that of the component level model well, and the maximum predictive error within a large flight envelope was less than 1.1% with measurement noise considered. Thus, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method were validated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Optimal Power Sharing in Microgrids Using the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

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Energies 2022, 15(3), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031067 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2889

Abstract

In smart grids, a hybrid renewable energy system that combines multiple renewable energy sources (RESs) with storage and backup systems can provide the most cost-effective and stable energy supply. However, one of the most pressing issues addressed by recent research is how best [...] Read more.

In smart grids, a hybrid renewable energy system that combines multiple renewable energy sources (RESs) with storage and backup systems can provide the most cost-effective and stable energy supply. However, one of the most pressing issues addressed by recent research is how best to design the components of hybrid renewable energy systems to meet all load requirements at the lowest possible cost and with the best level of reliability. Due to the difficulty of optimizing hybrid renewable energy systems, it is critical to find an efficient optimization method that provides a reliable solution. Therefore, in this study, power transmission between microgrids is optimized to minimize the cost for the overall system and for each microgrid. For this purpose, artificial bee colony (ABC) is used as an optimization algorithm that aims to minimize the cost and power transmission from outside the microgrid. The ABC algorithm outperforms other population-based algorithms, with the added advantage of requiring fewer control parameters. The ABC algorithm also features good resilience, fast convergence, and great versatility. In this study, several experiments were conducted to show the productivity of the proposed ABC-based approach. The simulation results show that the proposed method is an effective optimization approach because it can achieve the global optimum in a very simple and computationally efficient way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Rod Fastening Rotor with Preload Relaxation

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Energies 2022, 15(3), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031052 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1715

Abstract

Compared to ordinary rotor, rod fastening rotor has the advantages of lighter weight, higher strength and easier installation, so it is widely used in gas turbine. However, in the process of a long-term operation, the rod may be deformed due to the influence [...] Read more.

Compared to ordinary rotor, rod fastening rotor has the advantages of lighter weight, higher strength and easier installation, so it is widely used in gas turbine. However, in the process of a long-term operation, the rod may be deformed due to the influence of alternating load, high temperature and other uncertain factors. In serious cases, it can even lead to a major accident. The discontinuous characteristic of rod fastening rotor leads to great differences in dynamic characteristics compared to ordinary rotor. Based on the Herz contact theory and GW contact model, the contact effect between two discs was studied, and the relationship among the contact load, the distance between two disks and the equivalent bending stiffness was obtained. Findings show the bending stiffness to decrease nonlinearly with the decrease in contact load. The lumped mass method was used to establish the rotor model. The contact effect was considered and the Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the model. Combined with the bifurcation diagram, time domain diagram and spectrum diagram, the influence of contact stiffness on rotor dynamic characteristics was analyzed. The results show that the dynamic characteristics of the rod fastening rotor are rich due to the influence of nonlinear factors. In the case of uniform relaxation, the contact stiffness has different effects on the response state and frequency doubling amplitude of the system at different speeds, which is mainly related to the motion state of the system. In the case of non-uniform relaxation, the degree of relaxation does not affect the motion state of the system, but only changes the amplitude of vibration. The results provide theoretical support for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rod fastening rotor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

A High-Gain Non-Isolated Three-Port Converter for Building-Integrated PV Systems

by

Abdelsalam Elmakawi

and

Kamil Bayındır

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030387 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

Using a hybrid renewable energy source with an energy storage system, this paper proposed a novel multi-stage non-isolated three-port converter with a 5H inverter to feed a residential load varying from 50 Watts to 3500 Watts. The proposed three-port converter operates in grid-tied [...] Read more.

Using a hybrid renewable energy source with an energy storage system, this paper proposed a novel multi-stage non-isolated three-port converter with a 5H inverter to feed a residential load varying from 50 Watts to 3500 Watts. The proposed three-port converter operates in grid-tied and standalone power modes. A novel demand-side management algorithm, which covers eight operation modes, is described. Additionally, a complete control system is discussed. The proposed control system controls the PV maximum power point and battery charging/discharging, and regulates the 400 V DC bus voltage, the load voltage in standalone mode, and the grid-tied injected current. The proposed converter and the control system are validated through simulation for all power modes. The simulation results reveal that the proposed system is viable for Building-Integrated PV Systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessReview

Energy Management Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Driving Condition Recognition: A Review

by

Chunna Liu

and

Yan Liu

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030342 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3192

Abstract

Appropriate energy management strategies (EMSs) have been selected for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) based on driving-condition recognition (DCR) according to the acquired driving information, so as to minimize the target parameters. With online control and offline optimization, the strategy is suitable for [...] Read more.

Appropriate energy management strategies (EMSs) have been selected for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) based on driving-condition recognition (DCR) according to the acquired driving information, so as to minimize the target parameters. With online control and offline optimization, the strategy is suitable for real-time applications and is of great significance to repetitive routes, owing to its simplicity and ease of implementation. This paper aims to identity the DCR-based EMSs, develop efficient EMSs, and invite researchers involved in this field to discover new solutions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of EMSs based on DCR in terms of principles, the scope of application as well as their advantages and disadvantages, and provides a thorough survey of the latest progress in EMSs. We concluded that DCR-based EMSs show an improvement in energy saving and the pollutant-discharging effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

VMD-WSLSTM Load Prediction Model Based on Shapley Values

by

Bilin Shao

,

Yichuan Yan

and

Huibin Zeng

Energies 2022, 15(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020487 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1348

Abstract

Accurate short-term load forecasting can ensure the safe operation of the grid. Decomposing load data into smooth components by decomposition algorithms is a common approach to address data volatility. However, each component of the decomposition must be modeled separately for prediction, which leads [...] Read more.

Accurate short-term load forecasting can ensure the safe operation of the grid. Decomposing load data into smooth components by decomposition algorithms is a common approach to address data volatility. However, each component of the decomposition must be modeled separately for prediction, which leads to overly complex models. To solve this problem, a VMD-WSLSTM load prediction model based on Shapley values is proposed in this paper. First, the Shapley value is used to select the optimal set of special features, and then the VMD decomposition method is used to decompose the original load into several smooth components. Finally, WSLSTM is used to predict each component. Unlike the traditional LSTM model, WSLSTM can simplify the prediction model and extract common features among the components by sharing the parameters among the components. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, several control groups were used for experiments. The results show that the proposed method has higher prediction accuracy and training speed compared with traditional prediction methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Energy Systems Using Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimization with Demand Side Management

by

Hammed Olabisi Omotoso

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Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan

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Hassan M. H. Farh

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Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a

Electronics 2022, 11(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020204 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2220

Abstract

Electrification of remote rural areas by adopting renewable energy technologies through the advancement of smart micro-grids is indispensable for the achievement of continuous development goals. Satisfying the electricity demand of consumers while adhering to reliability constraints with docile computation analysis is challenging for [...] Read more.

Electrification of remote rural areas by adopting renewable energy technologies through the advancement of smart micro-grids is indispensable for the achievement of continuous development goals. Satisfying the electricity demand of consumers while adhering to reliability constraints with docile computation analysis is challenging for the optimal sizing of a Hybrid Energy System (HES). This study proposes the new application of an Artificial Ecosystem-based Optimization (AEO) algorithm for the optimal sizing of a HES while satisfying Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Renewable Energy Fraction (REF) reliability indices. Furthermore, reduction of surplus energy is achieved by adopting Demand Side Management (DSM), which increases the utilization of renewable energy. By adopting DSM, 28.38%, 43.05%, and 65.37% were achieved for the Cost of Energy (COE) saving at 40%, 60%, and 80% REF, respectively. The simulation and optimization results demonstrate the most cost-competitive system configuration that is viable for remote-area utilization. The proposed AEO algorithm is further compared to Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) and the Future Search Algorithm (FSA) for validation purpose. The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of AEO to achieve the optimal sizing of HES with the lowest COE, the highest consistent level, and minimal standard deviation compared with HHO and FSA. The proposed model was developed and simulated using the MATLAB/code environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Energy Management and Voltage Control in Microgrids Using Artificial Neural Networks, PID, and Fuzzy Logic Controllers

by

Khaizaran Abdulhussein Al Sumarmad

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Nasri Sulaiman

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Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab

and

Hashim Hizam

Energies 2022, 15(1), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010303 - 03 Jan 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

Microgrids, comprising distributed generation, energy storage systems, and loads, have recently piqued users’ interest as a potentially viable renewable energy solution for combating climate change. According to the upstream electricity grid conditions, microgrid can operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. Energy storage systems [...] Read more.

Microgrids, comprising distributed generation, energy storage systems, and loads, have recently piqued users’ interest as a potentially viable renewable energy solution for combating climate change. According to the upstream electricity grid conditions, microgrid can operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. Energy storage systems play a critical role in maintaining the frequency and voltage stability of an islanded microgrid. As a result, several energy management systems techniques have been proposed. This paper introduces a microgrid system, an overview of local control in a microgrid, and an efficient EMS for effective microgrid operations using three smart controllers for optimal microgrid stability. We designed a microgrid consisting of renewable sources, Li-ion batteries, the main grid as a backup system, and AC/DC loads. The proposed system control was based on supplying loads as efficiently as possible using renewable energy sources and monitoring the battery’s state of charge. The simulation results using MATLAB Simulink demonstrate the performance of the three proposed microgrid stability strategies (PID, artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic). The comparison results confirmed the viability and effectiveness of the proposed technique for energy management in a microgrid which is based on fuzzy logic controllers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

FPGA in the Loop Implementation for Observer Sliding Mode Control of DFIG-Generators for Wind Turbines

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Electronics 2022, 11(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010116 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

This paper presents a new contribution of the nonlinear control technique of electrical energy in a wind energy system. The nonlinear sliding mode technique used to control the powers of the DFIG-Generator is connected to the power grid by two converters (grid side [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new contribution of the nonlinear control technique of electrical energy in a wind energy system. The nonlinear sliding mode technique used to control the powers of the DFIG-Generator is connected to the power grid by two converters (grid side and machine side). The proposed model is validated using tracking and robustness tests with a real wind speed. The control was developed under Matlab/Simulink, and the FPGA in the Loop technique was used to design the DFIG model. By employing a co-simulation, the purpose is to test the controller for the FPGA simulated model or system in its entirety. The results obtained by the cο-simulation show the efficiency of the proposed model in terms of speed and robustness with a rate THD = 0.95, and the proposed model of the sliding mode controller shows a significant improvement in the quality of energy produced by the wind system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Partial Shading Scenarios on a Photovoltaic Array’s Characteristics

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Electronics 2022, 11(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010096 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1723

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different partial shading scenarios on a PV array’s characteristics in order to develop a simple and easy-to-implement GMPP controller that tracks the PV array’s global maximum power point (GMPP). The P-V characteristic [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different partial shading scenarios on a PV array’s characteristics in order to develop a simple and easy-to-implement GMPP controller that tracks the PV array’s global maximum power point (GMPP). The P-V characteristic of the PV array becomes more complicated under partial shading, owing to the presence of many power peaks, as opposed to uniform irradiance conditions, when there is only one peak called the maximum power point. In fact, and according to an experiment conducted in this study, when a PV array is partially shaded, the P-V characteristic mostly presents two peaks, given the existence of only two levels of irradiance, one of which is called the global peak (i.e., the GMPP). Furthermore, the first peak is located at Vmpp1 (the PV array’s voltage corresponds to this peak), whereas the second is at Vmpp2. The proposed approach works by estimating the values of Vmpp1 and Vmpp2 using two equations in order to control the DC/DC converter of the PV system. The first equation is used when the GMPP is at the first peak, while the other is used when the GMPP is at the second peak. Several scenarios are simulated and presented in this paper to verify the accuracy of these equations. In addition, some conclusions are drawn to suggest a simple method for tracking the GMPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Optimal Power Dispatch in Energy Systems Considering Grid Constraints

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Energies 2022, 15(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010192 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

As a consequence of the increasing share of renewable energies and sector coupling technologies, new approaches are needed for the study, planning, and control of modern energy systems. Such new structures may add extra stress to the electric grid, as is the case [...] Read more.

As a consequence of the increasing share of renewable energies and sector coupling technologies, new approaches are needed for the study, planning, and control of modern energy systems. Such new structures may add extra stress to the electric grid, as is the case with heat pumps and electrical vehicles. Therefore, the optimal performance of the system must be estimated considering the constraints imposed by the different sectors. In this research, an energy system dispatch optimization model is employed. It includes an iterative approach for generating grid constraints, which is decoupled from the linear unit commitment problem. The dispatch of all energy carriers in the system is optimized while considering the physical electrical grid limits. From the considered scenarios, it was found that in a typical German neighborhood with 150 households, a PV penetration of ∼5 kW_p per household can lead to curtailment of ∼60 MWh per year due to line loading. Furthermore, the proposed method eliminates grid violations due to the addition of new sectors and reduces the energy curtailment up to

45 %

. With the optimization of the heat pump operation, an increase of

7 %

of the self-consumption was achieved with similar results for the combination of battery systems and electrical vehicles. In conclusion, a safe and optimal operation of a complex energy system is fulfilled. Efficient control strategies and more accurate plant sizing could be derived from this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Research on Voltage Stabilizing Control Strategy of Critical Load in Unplanned Island Based on Electric Spring

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Electronics 2022, 11(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010080 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Aiming to solve the problem of voltage fluctuation of critical load caused by lack of control when an unplanned island occurs in a microgrid, a voltage stabilizing control strategy of critical load based on electric spring is proposed in this paper. When unplanned [...] Read more.

Aiming to solve the problem of voltage fluctuation of critical load caused by lack of control when an unplanned island occurs in a microgrid, a voltage stabilizing control strategy of critical load based on electric spring is proposed in this paper. When unplanned islanding occurs in a microgrid system, the system bus voltage fluctuates dramatically due to instantaneous power imbalance, compromising the power supply safety of important loads on the bus. In this paper, the electric spring control mode is integrated into the voltage stabilizing control strategy of critical loads in an unplanned island for the first time to realize the protection of critical loads. First of all, a model of an optical storage AC/DC hybrid microgrid is built, the overall system architecture is determined, and the microgrid is divided into four working states. Second, the working principle of electric spring is introduced, and a decoupling control strategy based on double closed loop is proposed. Finally, the experimental simulation of the proposed control strategy is experimentally simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation findings show that when the bus voltage and current of microgrid change due to an unplanned island, the proposed control strategy based on electric spring may achieve the stability of voltage and current on critical loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Design Optimization of a Dual-Bleeding Recirculation Channel to Enhance Operating Stability of a Transonic Axial Compressor

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Tien-Dung Vuong

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Kwang-Yong Kim

Energies 2022, 15(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010159 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

The present work performed a comprehensive investigation to find the effects of a dual-bleeding port recirculation channel on the aerodynamic performance of a single-stage transonic axial compressor, NASA Stage 37, and optimized the channel’s configuration to enhance the operating stability of the compressor. [...] Read more.

The present work performed a comprehensive investigation to find the effects of a dual-bleeding port recirculation channel on the aerodynamic performance of a single-stage transonic axial compressor, NASA Stage 37, and optimized the channel’s configuration to enhance the operating stability of the compressor. The compressor’s performance was examined using three parameters: The stall margin, adiabatic efficiency, and pressure ratio. Steady-state three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes analyses were performed to find the flow field and aerodynamic performance. The results showed that the addition of a bleeding channel increased the recirculation channel’s stabilizing effect compared to the single-bleeding channel. Three design variables were selected for optimization through a parametric study, which was carried out to examine the influences of six geometric parameters on the channel’s effectiveness. Surrogate-based design optimization was performed using the particle swarm optimization algorithm coupled with a surrogate model based on the radial basis neural network. The optimal design was found to increase the stall margin by 51.36% compared to the case without the recirculation channel with only 0.55% and 0.28% reductions in the peak adiabatic efficiency and maximum pressure ratio, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Parameter Estimation of Photovoltaic Cell/Modules Using Bonobo Optimizer

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Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a

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Energies 2022, 15(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010140 - 26 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

In this paper, a new application of Bonobo (BO) metaheuristic optimizer is presented for PV parameter extraction. Its processes depict a reproductive approach and the social conduct of Bonobos. The BO algorithm is employed to extract the parameters of both the single diode [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new application of Bonobo (BO) metaheuristic optimizer is presented for PV parameter extraction. Its processes depict a reproductive approach and the social conduct of Bonobos. The BO algorithm is employed to extract the parameters of both the single diode and double diode model. The good performance of the BO is experimentally investigated on three commercial PV modules (STM6-40 and STP6-120/36) and an R.T.C. France silicon solar cell under various operating circumstances. The algorithm is easy to implement with less computational time. BO is extensively compared to other state of the art algorithms, manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO), artificial bee colony (ABO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), and supply-demand-based optimization (SDO) algorithms. Throughout the 50 runs, the BO algorithm has the best performance in terms of minimal simulation time for the R.T.C. France silicon, STM6-40/36 and STP6-120/36 modules. The fitness results obtained through root mean square (RMSE), standard deviation (SD), and consistency of solution demonstrate the robustness of BO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Fusion of Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Application in Load Forecasting

by

Gwo-Ching Liao

Energies 2022, 15(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010130 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2484

Abstract

Load forecasting (LF) is essential in enabling modern power systems’ safety and economical transportation and energy management systems. The dynamic balance between power generation and load in the optimization of power systems is receiving increasing attention. The intellectual development of information in the [...] Read more.

Load forecasting (LF) is essential in enabling modern power systems’ safety and economical transportation and energy management systems. The dynamic balance between power generation and load in the optimization of power systems is receiving increasing attention. The intellectual development of information in the power industry and the data acquisition system of the smart grid provides a vast data source for pessimistic load forecasting, and it is of great significance in mining the information behind power data. An accurate short-term load forecasting can guarantee a system’s safe and reliable operation, improve the utilization rate of power generation, and avoid the waste of power resources. In this paper, the load forecasting model by applying a fusion of Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (ILSTM-NN), and then establish short-term load forecasting using this novel model. Sparrow Search Algorithm is a novel swarm intelligence optimization algorithm that simulates sparrow foraging predatory behavior. It is used to optimize the parameters (such as weight, bias, etc.) of the ILSTM-NN. The results of the actual examples are used to prove the accuracy of load forecasting. It can improve (decrease) the MAPE by about 20% to 50% and RMSE by about 44.1% to 52.1%. Its ability to improve load forecasting error values is tremendous, so it is very suitable for promoting a domestic power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Distributed Economic Control for AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid

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Electronics 2022, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010013 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2338

Abstract

In this paper, a new double-layer droop control mode for island AC/DC microgrids is proposed to realize autonomous and cost-effective operation. The optimal power reference iterative algorithm is used to realize the internal active power distribution in the subnet. On this basis, secondary [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new double-layer droop control mode for island AC/DC microgrids is proposed to realize autonomous and cost-effective operation. The optimal power reference iterative algorithm is used to realize the internal active power distribution in the subnet. On this basis, secondary frequency and voltage adjustments are introduced to realize the economic operation, autonomy and stability of the subnet. At the microgrid level, the local control strategy of cost micro increment deviation is designed to optimize the exchange power between subnets. The cooperation of the two can realize the global economic operation of the microgrid, as well as voltage following and frequency regulation in the subnet. Based on the hybrid AC/DC microgrid simulation model, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

A Novel Mean Field Game-Based Strategy for Charging Electric Vehicles in Solar Powered Parking Lots

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Samuel M. Muhindo

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Roland P. Malhamé

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Geza Joos

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8517; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248517 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3022

Abstract

We develop a strategy, with concepts from Mean Field Games (MFG), to coordinate the charging of a large population of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in a parking lot powered by solar energy and managed by an aggregator. A yearly parking fee is charged [...] Read more.

We develop a strategy, with concepts from Mean Field Games (MFG), to coordinate the charging of a large population of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in a parking lot powered by solar energy and managed by an aggregator. A yearly parking fee is charged for each BEV irrespective of the amount of energy extracted. The goal is to share the energy available so as to minimize the standard deviation (STD) of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries when the BEVs are leaving the parking lot, while maintaining some fairness and decentralization criteria. The MFG charging laws correspond to the Nash equilibrium induced by quadratic cost functions based on an inverse Nash equilibrium concept and designed to favor the batteries with the lower SOCs upon arrival. While the MFG charging laws are strictly decentralized, they guarantee that a mean of instantaneous charging powers to the BEVs follows a trajectory based on the solar energy forecast for the day. That day ahead forecast is broadcasted to the BEVs which then gauge the necessary SOC upon leaving their home. We illustrate the advantages of the MFG strategy for the case of a typical sunny day and a typical cloudy day when compared to more straightforward strategies: first come first full/serve and equal sharing. The behavior of the charging strategies is contrasted under conditions of random arrivals and random departures of the BEVs in the parking lot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Implementation and Validation of Hybrid Control for a DFIG Wind Turbine Using an FPGA Controller Board

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Electronics 2021, 10(24), 3154; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243154 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

In this study, a novel control approach for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is developed and applied to improve the system’s dynamic response and performance for providing high energy quality while avoiding harmonic accumulations. Because of its ease of implementation, field-oriented control (FOC) [...] Read more.

In this study, a novel control approach for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is developed and applied to improve the system’s dynamic response and performance for providing high energy quality while avoiding harmonic accumulations. Because of its ease of implementation, field-oriented control (FOC) is frequently used. This control has great sensitivity to the machine’s parametric variations. For this reason, adaptive Backstepping control (ABC) is capable of preserving almost all of the performance and robustness properties. However, its analytical formulation has a problem. To overcome these disadvantages, the hybrid control (HC) is developed and verified to enable rapid response, complete reference tracking, and appropriate dynamic behavior with a low ripple level. This control is a combination of FOC’s and ABC’s control laws. The prepared control is explored by simulation testing using Matlab/Simulink and practical implementation using an FPGA board with actual turbine settings and a real wind profile of Dakhla City, Morocco. The results of hardware simulation show the efficacy of the HC in terms of speed and robustness, with a total harmonic distortion THD = 0.95, a value of THD that reveals the quality of the energy injected into the grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Optimized Cooling Power of a Vuilleumier Refrigerator with Limited Regeneration

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Energies 2021, 14(24), 8376; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248376 - 12 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

Vuilleumier refrigerators provide cooling power by utilizing a heat source at temperatures above the ambient. This is particularly helpful in situations where waste heat is available and other power sources are limited. Vuilleumier refrigerators come in different technical configurations; here we analyze the [...] Read more.

Vuilleumier refrigerators provide cooling power by utilizing a heat source at temperatures above the ambient. This is particularly helpful in situations where waste heat is available and other power sources are limited. Vuilleumier refrigerators come in different technical configurations; here we analyze the thermodynamic performance of a configuration utilizing two displacer pistons with integrated regenerators. More specifically, we optimize the cooling power by optimizing the piston movement for a range of operation speeds. The optimization is based on the AS motion class for cyclic dynamics and uses an endoreversible model for the refrigerator. Our focus is on the influence of the regeneration extent present, and we find performance gains of about 17% for high regeneration extent and of about 28% for lower regeneration extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Co-Optimizing Battery Storage for Energy Arbitrage and Frequency Regulation in Real-Time Markets Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

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Energies 2021, 14(24), 8365; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248365 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2734

Abstract

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a critical role in eliminating uncertainties associated with renewable energy generation, to maintain stability and improve flexibility of power networks. In this paper, a BESS is used to provide energy arbitrage (EA) and frequency regulation (FR) services [...] Read more.

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a critical role in eliminating uncertainties associated with renewable energy generation, to maintain stability and improve flexibility of power networks. In this paper, a BESS is used to provide energy arbitrage (EA) and frequency regulation (FR) services simultaneously to maximize its total revenue within the physical constraints. The EA and FR actions are taken at different timescales. The multitimescale problem is formulated as two nested Markov decision process (MDP) submodels. The problem is a complex decision-making problem with enormous high-dimensional data and uncertainty (e.g., the price of the electricity). Therefore, a novel co-optimization scheme is proposed to handle the multitimescale problem, and also coordinate EA and FR services. A triplet deep deterministic policy gradient with exploration noise decay (TDD–ND) approach is used to obtain the optimal policy at each timescale. Simulations are conducted with real-time electricity prices and regulation signals data from the American PJM regulation market. The simulation results show that the proposed approach performs better than other studied policies in literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia

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Energies 2021, 14(24), 8311; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248311 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

The main problem with electricity supply on densely populated islands is reliable, low-carbon, and sustainable electricity. The availability of potential energy needs in-depth observation to ensure that the system can be built sustainably. This paper examines the integration of PV systems and diesel [...] Read more.

The main problem with electricity supply on densely populated islands is reliable, low-carbon, and sustainable electricity. The availability of potential energy needs in-depth observation to ensure that the system can be built sustainably. This paper examines the integration of PV systems and diesel power systems on Karimunjawa Island to meet the need for reliable systems from economic, ecological, and technological aspects. Using the DigSilent Power Factory program to obtain the system response interference and penetration of the Photovoltaic (PV) system. Furthermore, this paper also tests short circuit analysis and economic feasibility analysis while validating the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Electric Production Cost (EPC) approaches. The results show that the availability of irradiation can handle the electricity needs on Karimunjawa Island. In addition, it proposes the designed requirements for an integrated PV power system and Diesel Power Plant (DPP) system. The research has also captured the synergistic profile of PV and DPP working coordination within 24 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimization for a Photovoltaic Pumping System Using Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor

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Mohamed said Adouairi

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Electronics 2021, 10(24), 3076; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243076 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

Due to the increase in electricity and diesel costs, solar photovoltaic pumping systems have become a good solution, especially in rural areas. This work presents a standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system (PVWPS) driven by an induction motor without energy storage to improve [...] Read more.

Due to the increase in electricity and diesel costs, solar photovoltaic pumping systems have become a good solution, especially in rural areas. This work presents a standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system (PVWPS) driven by an induction motor without energy storage to improve the pumping system’s performance. First, a comparison is made between two types: perturb and observe (P&O) method and incremental conductance (INC) MPPT method with a variable step size that is automatically adjusted. Studying these two techniques helps to understand which one can result in a system with less oscillation and greater efficiency when tracking the maximum power point from the PV panel under sudden irradiation conditions. This MPPT works on the operating duty cycle of the boost converter. Then, that converter combines with a voltage source inverter (VSI) to convert DC power to AC power. Second, we use indirect field-oriented control (IRFOC), which drives the three-phase of an induction motor in turn to run the centrifugal pump. The simulation results of this work were obtained using the MATLAB Simulink platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

An Online Parameter Estimation Using Current Injection with Intelligent Current-Loop Control for IPMSM Drives

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Energies 2021, 14(23), 8138; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238138 - 04 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

An online parameter estimation methodology using the d-axis current injection, which can estimate the distorted voltage of the current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI), the varying dq-axis inductances, and the rotor flux, is proposed in this study for interior permanent magnet synchronous [...] Read more.

An online parameter estimation methodology using the d-axis current injection, which can estimate the distorted voltage of the current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI), the varying dq-axis inductances, and the rotor flux, is proposed in this study for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives in the constant torque region. First, a d-axis current injection-based parameter estimation methodology considering the nonlinearity of a CCVSI is proposed. Then, during current injection, a simple linear model is developed to model the cross- and self-saturation of the dq-axis inductances. Since the d-axis unsaturated inductance is difficult to obtain by merely using the recursive least square (RLS) method, a novel tuning method for the d-axis unsaturated inductance is proposed by using the theory of the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with the combination of the RLS method. Moreover, to improve the bandwidth of the current loop, an intelligent proportional-integral-derivative (PID) neural network controller with improved online learning algorithm is adopted to replace the traditional PI controller. The estimated the dq-axis inductances and the rotor flux are adopted in the decoupled control of the current loops. Finally, the experimental results at various operating conditions of the IPMSM in the constant torque region are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Intrinsic Mechanistic of Stability-Tracking Control for Distributed Drive Autonomous Electric Vehicle

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Electronics 2021, 10(23), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233010 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

For distributed drive autonomous vehicles, adding lateral stability control (LSC) to the trajectory tracking control (TTC) can optimize the distribution of the driving torque of each wheel, so that the vehicle can track the planned trajectory while maintaining stable lateral motion. However, the [...] Read more.

For distributed drive autonomous vehicles, adding lateral stability control (LSC) to the trajectory tracking control (TTC) can optimize the distribution of the driving torque of each wheel, so that the vehicle can track the planned trajectory while maintaining stable lateral motion. However, the influence of adding LSC on the TTC system is still unclear. Firstly, a stability-track hierarchical control structure composed of LSC and TTC was established, and the interaction between the two layers was identified as the key of this paper. Then, the Intrinsic Mechanistic framework of the stability-tracking control (STC) was proposed by establishing and analyzing the vehicle dynamic model and control process of two layers. Finally, through simulation experiments, it was found that the change in the curvature of the target trajectory will make the tracking target trajectory and maintaining the lateral stability of the vehicle appear to conflict; in addition, in the LSC layer, the steering characteristics and delay characteristics of different reference models have a greater impact on the lateral stability and trajectory tracking performance; moreover, adjusting the preview time has a more obvious effect on trajectory tracking and lateral stability than the stability correction intensity coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Implementation and Control of Six-Phase Induction Motor Driven by a Three-Phase Supply

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Mohamed I. Abdelwanis

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Essam M. Rashad

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Ibrahim B. M. Taha

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Fathalla F. Selim

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227798 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2463

Abstract

This paper is interested in implementing and controlling a modified six-phase induction motor (MSPIM) when fed from a three-phase supply either via an inverter or with a direct grid connection loaded by a centrifugal pump. The main aims of using the MSPIM are [...] Read more.

This paper is interested in implementing and controlling a modified six-phase induction motor (MSPIM) when fed from a three-phase supply either via an inverter or with a direct grid connection loaded by a centrifugal pump. The main aims of using the MSPIM are to enhance motor reliability and reduce torque pulsation. A three-to-six phase transformer has been designed, implemented, and employed to enable the SPIM to be driven from a three-phase supply. It is preferable to use the three-to-six phase transformers integrated with three-phase inverter on using the six-phase inverter to generate lower values of harmonics and lower steady-state error of speed and reduce the starting current and because also it isolates the primary circuit from the secondary, and the cost will be lower compared to the design of a special six-phase inverter. Dynamic models of SPIM, three-to-six phase transformer, and three-phase variable speed drive are derived. Then, a scalar (V/F) closed-loop control of SPIM is employed, and the results are discussed. Fine-tuning of PID controllers is used to keep the motor speed tracking the reference value. A low pass filter is connected to reduce the ripple of voltage and current waveforms. An experimental setup has been built and implemented to check the possibility of controlling SPIM by a variable speed drive system fed from a three-to-six phase transformer. It is found that the proposed method can be effectively used to drive the SPIM from a three-phase supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Multi-Objective Immune-Commensal-Evolutionary Programming for Total Production Cost and Total System Loss Minimization via Integrated Economic Dispatch and Distributed Generation Installation

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Mohd Helmi Mansor

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Ismail Musirin

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Muhammad Murtadha Othman

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7733; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227733 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1104

Abstract

Economic Dispatch (ED) problems have been solved using single-objective optimization for so long, as Grid System Operators (GSOs) previously only focused on minimizing the total production cost. In modern power systems, GSOs require not only optimizing the total production cost but also, at [...] Read more.

Economic Dispatch (ED) problems have been solved using single-objective optimization for so long, as Grid System Operators (GSOs) previously only focused on minimizing the total production cost. In modern power systems, GSOs require not only optimizing the total production cost but also, at the same time, optimizing other important objectives, such as the total emissions of the greenhouse gasses, total system loss and voltage stability. This requires a suitable multi-objective optimization approach in ensuring the ED solution produced is satisfying all the objectives. This paper presents a new multi-objective optimization technique termed Multi-Objective Immune-Commensal-Evolutionary Programming (MOICEP) for minimizing the total production cost and total system loss via integrated Economic Dispatch and Distributed Generation installation (ED-DG). This involved the application of a weighted-sum multi-objective approach that combined with an optimization technique called Immune-Commensal-Evolutionary Programming (ICEP). The proposed MOICEP has been compared with other multi-objective techniques, which are Multi-Objective-Evolutionary Programming (MOEP) and Multi-Objective-Artificial Immune System (MOAIS). It was found that MOICEP performs very well in producing better optimization results for all the three types of Economic Dispatch (ED) problems compared to MOEP and MOAIS in terms of cheap total production costs and low total system loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Voltage Rise Regulation with a Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System

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Akinyemi Ayodeji Stephen

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Kabeya Musasa

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Innocent Ewean Davidson

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7510; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227510 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1766

Abstract

Renewable Distributed Generation (RDG), when connected to a Distribution Network (DN), suffers from power quality issues because of the distorted currents drawn from the loads connected to the network over generation of active power injection at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This [...] Read more.

Renewable Distributed Generation (RDG), when connected to a Distribution Network (DN), suffers from power quality issues because of the distorted currents drawn from the loads connected to the network over generation of active power injection at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This research paper presents the voltage rise regulation strategy at the PCC to enhance power quality and continuous operation of RDG, such as Photovoltaic Arrays (PVAs) connected to a DN. If the PCC voltage is not regulated, the penetration levels of the renewable energy integration to a DN will be limited or may be ultimately disconnected in the case of a voltage rise issue. The network is maintained in both unity power factor and voltage regulation mode, depending on the condition of the voltage fluctuation occurrences at the PCC. The research investigation shows that variation in the consumer’s loads (reduction) causes an increase in the power generated from the PVA, resulting in an increase in the grid current amplitude, reduction in the voltage of the feeder impedance and an increase in the phase voltage amplitude at the PCC. When the system is undergoing unity power factor mode, PCC voltage amplitude tends to rises with the loads. Its phase voltage amplitude rises above an acceptable range with no-loads which are not in agreement, as specified in the IEEE-1547 and Southern Africa grid code prerequisite. Incremental Conduction with Integral Regulator bases (IC + PI) are employed to access and regulate PVA generation, while the unwanted grid current distortions are attenuated from the network using an in-loop second order integral filtering circuit algorithm. Hence, the voltage rise at the PCC is mitigated through the generation of positive reactive power to the grid from the Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), thereby regulating the phase voltage. The simulation study is carried out in a MATLAB/Simulink environment for PVA performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems)

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