Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	17.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	17.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	4.5	2007	15.7 Days	CHF 1400	Submit

23 pages, 2213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Online Energy-Saving Control Allocation Strategy Based on Self-Updating Loss Estimation for Multi-Motor Drive Systems

by Yujie Chen, Tao Peng, Yansong Xu, Junze Luo and Jinqiu Gao

Processes 2024, 12(6), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061072 - 23 May 2024

Viewed by 657

Abstract

In this paper, an online energy-saving control allocation strategy based on self-updating loss estimation for multi-motor drive systems is proposed, where the impact of variations in motor parameters and distribution coefficients is considered. Firstly, a drive system model for multi-motor drive systems incorporating [...] Read more.

In this paper, an online energy-saving control allocation strategy based on self-updating loss estimation for multi-motor drive systems is proposed, where the impact of variations in motor parameters and distribution coefficients is considered. Firstly, a drive system model for multi-motor drive systems incorporating iron loss in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is established. Then, a self-updating PMSM loss estimation method based on dynamic torque–current mapping is proposed. The torque–current mapping is initially identified based on the conv-fusion curve, and iteratively updated by optimal estimation. Subsequently, an online control allocation method based on line search is proposed, which mitigates the adverse effects caused by variations in distribution coefficients and reduces the total motor loss. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified on the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)-based platform. The results demonstrate that the strategy effectively enhances energy efficiency while maintaining the original control performance of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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25 pages, 10935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management System for Regenerative Braking of Electric Vehicles with Hybrid Energy Storage System

by Mehmet Şen, Muciz Özcan and Yasin Ramazan Eker

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 3077; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073077 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs), which are environmentally friendly, have been used to minimize the global warming caused by fossil fuels used in vehicles and increasing fuel prices due to the decrease in fossil resources. Considering that the energy used in EVs is obtained from [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs), which are environmentally friendly, have been used to minimize the global warming caused by fossil fuels used in vehicles and increasing fuel prices due to the decrease in fossil resources. Considering that the energy used in EVs is obtained from fossil resources, it is also important to store and use energy efficiently in EVs. In this context, recovery from a regenerative braking system plays an important role in EV energy efficiency. This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based hybrid storage technique consisting of a supercapacitor (SC) and battery for efficient and safe storage of a regenerative braking system. First, the constraints of the battery to be used in the EV for fuzzy logic control are identified. Then, the fuzzy logic system is created and tested in the ADVISOR and Siemens Simcenter Flomaster programs in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle. A SC was selected for primary storage to prevent the battery from being continuously charged from regenerative braking, thus reducing its lifetime. In cases where the vehicle consumes more energy than the average energy consumption, energy consumption from the battery is reduced by using the energy stored in the SC, and the SC energy is discharged, making preparations for the energy that will come from the next regenerative braking. Thus, the high current values transferred to the battery during regenerative braking are effectively limited by the SC. In this study, the current values on the battery in the EV with a hybrid storage system decreased by 29.1% in the ADVISOR program and 28.7% in the Simcenter Flomaster program. In addition, the battery generated 46.84% less heat in the hybrid storage system. Thus, the heating and capacity losses caused by this current on the battery were minimized. The presented method provides more efficient energy management for EVs and plays an important role in maintaining battery health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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16 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Assessment of Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicle Batteries Using Multi-Mode Drive Cycles

by Padmavathi Lakshmanan, Anand Abhishek, Brijendra Kumar Verma and Subhash Kumar Ram

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040145 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1447

Abstract

This article presents a model-based approach to assess the battery performance of a two-wheeler EV drive train system for various user driving patterns using the selected urban drive cycles. The battery pack is one of the most expensive parts of an EV, and [...] Read more.

This article presents a model-based approach to assess the battery performance of a two-wheeler EV drive train system for various user driving patterns using the selected urban drive cycles. The battery pack is one of the most expensive parts of an EV, and its life is heavily dependent on its usage pattern. The impact of the user’s driving behaviour on the performance parameters of the EV battery pack needs to be investigated. Thus, a two-wheeler EV drive train model was developed in MATLAB with a 5 kW motor, a 4.32 kWh battery, vehicle dynamics, and the power train control algorithms for in-depth analysis of battery performance. The validity of the developed model was tested against various state-of-the-art drive cycles for a duration of 3600 s. Numerous user driving behaviours, such as aggressive, moderate, and slow driving behaviours, were modelled with modified drive cycles, which were used to assess the two-wheeler battery pack performance. An optimum speed range, which ranges from 21 km/h to 34 km/h for different drive cycles, was identified, and these speed ranges minimised the battery energy consumption for the selected drive cycles with the modified drive cycle models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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12 pages, 7273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Margin Elimination in a 55 nm Near-Threshold Microcontroller with Adaptive Prediction Capability and Voltage Scaling

by Runze Yu, Zhenhao Li, Xi Deng, Zhaoxu Wang, Haoming Zhang and Zhenglin Liu

Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071211 - 26 Mar 2024

Viewed by 631

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative approach for error prediction (EP) tailored to near-threshold operations, addressing the energy-efficient requirements of digital circuits in applications such as IoT devices and wearables. The novel EP technique combines the benefits of error prediction and detection, effectively addressing [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative approach for error prediction (EP) tailored to near-threshold operations, addressing the energy-efficient requirements of digital circuits in applications such as IoT devices and wearables. The novel EP technique combines the benefits of error prediction and detection, effectively addressing critical issues associated with each method by enabling adaptive prediction capability and voltage scaling. More specifically, the presented EP method requires no modifications to the processor pipeline and mitigates the generation of false-positive errors, ensuring stable operation of the system at high-efficiency points. The effectiveness of this strategy is demonstrated through its implementation in a near-threshold 32-bit microprocessor system with a modest 5.82% area overhead. Silicon measurements validate the adaptive EP system from 0.59 to 0.66 V (4–32 MHz) and confirm its removal of all voltage margins. Here, the EP technique reduces the energy consumption by 18.6–25.1% with respect to the signoff margins and it allows the system to operate without energy overhead compared to its ideal non-margined critical operation point, with less than a 5% throughput loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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20 pages, 5416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Modulation Strategies for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives Used in Weak Grids

by Shuo Wang, Dmytro Prystupa, Yuli Bao, Vasyl Varvolik, Giampaolo Buticchi, He Zhang and Michele Degano

Energies 2024, 17(3), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030615 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 977

Abstract

Synchronous reluctance machines are considered a cost-effective solution for several industrial applications and present potential efficiency benefits compared to induction motors. In industrial applications, power supply oscillations can lead to short-term disturbances that can affect the drive operation; therefore, the control must be [...] Read more.

Synchronous reluctance machines are considered a cost-effective solution for several industrial applications and present potential efficiency benefits compared to induction motors. In industrial applications, power supply oscillations can lead to short-term disturbances that can affect the drive operation; therefore, the control must be robust to guarantee high efficiency and service continuity. The focus of this study was to identify the speed boundaries considering different values of applied DC-link voltage, taking into account the highly nonlinear magnetic behavior of the machine and its cross-coupling characteristics. In addition, a comprehensive carrier-based implementation of a pulse width modulation strategy was proposed to achieve optimal efficiency in both the machine and converter, which is essential in the presence of “weak” grids. The proposed technique was demonstrated to meet the desired reference torque and rated speed, even during DC-link voltage drops (up to 7.4% of the rated voltage). The proposed methodology was experimentally validated on a 90 kW SynRM drive with a broader modulation range and higher efficiency. This work considered several different supply voltage levels to assess the stability and continuity of torque output and further proved the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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16 pages, 10249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Strategy for Output Voltage of CCM Flyback Converter Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

by Yannan Yu, Mei Kong, Jichi Yan and Yeqin Lu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312786 - 28 Nov 2023

Viewed by 935

Abstract

To solve the problem of system output voltage fluctuation caused by interferences such as load fluctuation and internal inductor parameter perturbation in a flyback converter, a second-order linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) strategy based on output voltage is proposed in this paper. [...] Read more.

To solve the problem of system output voltage fluctuation caused by interferences such as load fluctuation and internal inductor parameter perturbation in a flyback converter, a second-order linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) strategy based on output voltage is proposed in this paper. A small-signal model of a CCM flyback converter is established, and the equivalent transfer function of voltage control based on second-order LADRC is derived. A second-order LADRC is constructed, and a parameter design method for the controller is proposed. The response characteristics of the output voltage of the converter under five internal and external disturbances of different control strategies are compared and studied using MATLAB R2022b/Simulink simulation software, and a CCM flyback converter experimental platform based on dSPACE is built to verify the corresponding comparative experiments. The simulation and experimental results jointly verify the superiority of the control strategy for the anti-interference and robustness of the output voltage of the CCM flyback converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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20 pages, 5762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Energy Flow in a Mid-Sized Electric Passenger Vehicle in Urban Driving Conditions

by Youngkuk An, Byeonggyu Yang, Jinil Park, Jonghwa Lee and Kyoungseok Park

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(8), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080218 - 14 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1638

Abstract

Because of emissions of exhaust gases, global warming is proceeding, and air pollution has increased. Thus, many countries are manufacturing eco-friendly vehicles, including electric vehicles. However, the range of electric vehicles is less than the range of internal combustion engine vehicles, so electric [...] Read more.

Because of emissions of exhaust gases, global warming is proceeding, and air pollution has increased. Thus, many countries are manufacturing eco-friendly vehicles, including electric vehicles. However, the range of electric vehicles is less than the range of internal combustion engine vehicles, so electric vehicle production is being disrupted. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the energy flow of electric vehicles. Therefore, to analyze energy flow of electric vehicles, this study suggested an energy flow structure first, then modeled the energy flow of the vehicle, dividing it into battery, inverter and motor, reduction gear and differential, and wheel parts. This study selected a test vehicle, drove in urban driving conditions and measured data. Then, this study calculated energy flow using MATLAB/SIMULINK in real time, and calculated and analyzed energy loss of each of the vehicle’s parts using the calculated data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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13 pages, 8661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Vibration Characteristics of High-Frequency Transformer under DC Bias with Different Winding Structures

by Haibo Ding, Wenliang Zhao, Min Li, Li Zhang and Youliang Sun

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041185 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1329

Abstract

The core excitation saturation and vibration caused by DC bias are one of the important considerations in the design of high-frequency transformer (HFT). This paper studies the electromagnetic vibration characteristics of DC biased HFT with different winding structures. The vibration mechanism of iron [...] Read more.

The core excitation saturation and vibration caused by DC bias are one of the important considerations in the design of high-frequency transformer (HFT). This paper studies the electromagnetic vibration characteristics of DC biased HFT with different winding structures. The vibration mechanism of iron core and winding under DC bias is analyzed. The optimal topology size of HFT is determined by area product (AP) method. In addition, the electromagnetic vibration multi-physical coupling model of a 500 V HFT under DC bias is established. At the same time, the electromagnetic vibration characteristics of interleaved winding and continuous winding of HFT are compared. The research shows that the current fluctuation of interleaved winding is smaller than that of continuous winding because of its ability to withstand impulse voltage. In addition, the average loss and maximum vibration displacement of HFT with entanglement winding are reduced in different degrees. The above research rules have guiding significance for the design of HFT and the method of suppressing DC bias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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17 pages, 6443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flicker-Free LED Driver Based on Cuk Converter with Integrated Magnetics

by Yanxia Shen, Jintao Xia and Chengchao Cai

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14030075 - 19 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

Electric vehicles contain various types of light emitting diode (LED) devices. A significant twice-line-frequency ripple current is usually produced in a conventional offline LED driver with a high power factor. In this paper, a flicker-free LED driver based on isolated Cuk converter with [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles contain various types of light emitting diode (LED) devices. A significant twice-line-frequency ripple current is usually produced in a conventional offline LED driver with a high power factor. In this paper, a flicker-free LED driver based on isolated Cuk converter with integrated magnetic technique is proposed. Two inductors and power transformer are combined into one magnetic core to eliminate the wave current as much as possible. With time domain analysis in electrical circuit and magnetic circuit, the operation principle, operational waveforms, and transfer function are analyzed in detail. Finally, experimental results from a 30 W laboratory prototype supplied by a 220 V grid validate the effectiveness of proposed LED driver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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17 pages, 3148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Torque-Pulse-Based Initial Rotor Polarity Detection for IPMSM with Low Saturation Effect

by Weibin Yang, Yuanlin Wang, Hao Guo, Xinxin Sun, Gurakuq Dajaku, Saleem Riaz, Haider Zaman and Dieter Gerling

Electronics 2022, 11(24), 4165; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244165 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1277

Abstract

Referring to the sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), the initial rotor polarity is normally estimated based on the motor saturation effect. However, for certain special IPMSMs, the saturation effect is weak even at the rated point, making the saturation-based [...] Read more.

Referring to the sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), the initial rotor polarity is normally estimated based on the motor saturation effect. However, for certain special IPMSMs, the saturation effect is weak even at the rated point, making the saturation-based rotor polarity detection methods invalid. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel rotor polarity detection method based on torque-pulse injection. Two current pulses are imposed on the positive and negative directions of the q-axis estimated by the high-frequency injection (HFI) method, respectively; the signs of speed peaks indicate the rotor polarity. To derive the rotor polarity from the tiny speed signal, a new speed estimation method is presented. To improve the dynamic performance of speed estimation, a special current filter is adopted in the HFI method. To choose the proper width and amplitude of the current pulse under different load and inertia conditions, an automatic program is designed. The proposed method has the advantages of high accuracy, short identification time, tiny movement, and automatic operation, making it applicable to various load and inertia conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experiments on an IPMSM with low saturation effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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12 pages, 3111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research into the Regenerative Braking of an Electric Car in Urban Driving

by Dainis Berjoza, Vilnis Pirs and Inara Jurgena

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(11), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13110202 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6450

Abstract

As the use of fossil energy sources in transport declines, new technologies, e.g., electric vehicles, are being introduced. One of the advantages of electric vehicles in urban driving is the possibility to charge their batteries with regenerative energy during braking. For this reason, [...] Read more.

As the use of fossil energy sources in transport declines, new technologies, e.g., electric vehicles, are being introduced. One of the advantages of electric vehicles in urban driving is the possibility to charge their batteries with regenerative energy during braking. For this reason, electric cars usually have a longer range per charge in urban driving than in non-urban driving. This research experimentally examined the regenerative braking of a converted Renault Clio electric car at different regenerative braking settings in the range of 0–100%. An original research methodology was developed for road tests in urban driving. The driving cycle included aggressive driving with rapid acceleration and braking. The road test was conducted in second and third gears, which are the usual gears for driving an electric car in a city. The highest regenerative braking efficiencies were achieved at a 100% setting, which in some replications reached 24% of the total electrical energy consumed; however, the 100% setting was too high from the perspective of comfortable driving of the electric car and contributed to a too significant increase in the braking force at the initial stages of braking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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26 pages, 9183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors’ Passive Sensorless Control: A Review

by Alessandro Benevieri, Lorenzo Carbone, Simone Cosso, Krishneel Kumar, Mario Marchesoni, Massimiliano Passalacqua and Luis Vaccaro

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7747; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207747 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

Sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors is nowadays used in many industrial, home and traction applications, as it allows the presence of a position sensor to be avoided with benefits for the cost and reliability of the drive. An estimation of the [...] Read more.

Sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors is nowadays used in many industrial, home and traction applications, as it allows the presence of a position sensor to be avoided with benefits for the cost and reliability of the drive. An estimation of the rotor position is required to perform the field-oriented control (FOC), which is the most common control scheme used for this type of motor. Many algorithms have been developed for this purpose, which use different techniques to derive the rotor angle from the stator voltages and currents. Among them, the so-called passive methods have gained increasing interest as they do not introduce additional losses and current distortion associated instead with algorithms based on the injection of high-frequency signals. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the main passive sensorless methods proposed in the technical literature over the last few years, analyzing their main features and principles of operation. An experimental comparison among the most promising passive sensorless algorithms is then reported, focusing on their performance in the low-speed operating region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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15 pages, 1855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 5 V-to-32 V Input PVT-Robust Charge-Pump Circuit with Adjustable Output in a 0.18 μm BCD Process

by Xinyi Ma, Liangkun Wang and Jiaqing Yu

Electronics 2022, 11(18), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182828 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2323

Abstract

In this paper, a new closed-loop charge-pump circuit with adjustable output voltage and an on-chip compensation technique is proposed. The environmental temperature and process corner can be detected with an on-chip detection circuit and automatically feedback an adjusted reference voltage. With this, the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new closed-loop charge-pump circuit with adjustable output voltage and an on-chip compensation technique is proposed. The environmental temperature and process corner can be detected with an on-chip detection circuit and automatically feedback an adjusted reference voltage. With this, the magnitude of the charge-pump output voltage with Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) can be compensated. The charge-pump circuit is designed and verified with a 180 nm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process, and its output voltage at different process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) is controllable with low ripple. There are three selections for adjusting the output voltage: +5 V/+7 V/+10 V shifts, with the supply voltage ranging from 5 V to 32 V. It can remain tunable and stable at any shifts. The maximum deviation is ±0.265%, and the maximum load current can reach 30 mA. The ripple voltage is less than 0.3% (

Δ

Vripple/Vout) underthe maximum load. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the worst case of the process sensitivity (

σ / μ

) is 0.1%. The charge-pump core area is 0.308 mm

^{2}

, and the power consumption is 4.753 mW. The circuit can produce high-precision output and is suitable for high-side driving IC applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems)

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