Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Behavioral Sciences behavsci	2.5	2.6	2011	28.7 Days	CHF 2200
Brain Sciences brainsci	2.7	4.8	2011	15.6 Days	CHF 2200
Children children	2.0	2.7	2014	14 Days	CHF 2400
Geriatrics geriatrics	2.1	3.3	2016	23.9 Days	CHF 1800
Healthcare healthcare	2.4	3.5	2013	20.3 Days	CHF 2700

21 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Tourists’ Well-Being in China 2011–2022

by Wei Zheng, Zhaoxiang Ba and Chunfeng Long

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030264 - 24 Feb 2025

Viewed by 472

Analyzing the overall trend of changes in the well-being of Chinese tourists and its relationship with societal transformations is essential for understanding the psychological shifts of these tourists. This study utilizes cross-temporal meta-analysis and a time-lagged approach to examine 56 studies employing the [...] Read more.

Analyzing the overall trend of changes in the well-being of Chinese tourists and its relationship with societal transformations is essential for understanding the psychological shifts of these tourists. This study utilizes cross-temporal meta-analysis and a time-lagged approach to examine 56 studies employing the General Well-Being Scale as the principal tool for evaluating the well-being of Chinese tourists from 2011 to 2022, with the objective of ascertaining whether trends in well-being levels among Chinese tourists and their macro-social indicators clarify discrepancies in tourists’ well-being. The results demonstrate a strong positive link between the well-being of Chinese tourists and the year, signifying an annual increase. The well-being of Chinese tourists is markedly positively associated with economic conditions (per capita income and consumption levels) and social connectedness (urbanization rate, employment rate, and life expectancy); these five social indicators are essential determinants of its variations. This study contributes by elucidating the trend of well-being among Chinese tourists at the group level and confirming that five categories of social variables significantly influence their well-being. It can aid destinations in enhancing relevant social and economic policies, inventing tourism products, and accelerating the development of the tourism industry, thereby substantially boosting the well-being of Chinese tourists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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23 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological Determinants of Conflict with the Law and Susceptibility to Rehabilitation in Relation to the Presence of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

by Agnieszka Nowogrodzka, Mirosław Andrusiewicz and Ewa Mojs

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020141 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 897

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Many prison-sentenced individuals exhibit symptoms of mental dysfunctions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The presence of co-occurring mental disorders further complicates their rehabilitation and social reintegration efforts. Given these challenges, understanding the role of specific disorders, such as ADHD, is critical [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Many prison-sentenced individuals exhibit symptoms of mental dysfunctions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The presence of co-occurring mental disorders further complicates their rehabilitation and social reintegration efforts. Given these challenges, understanding the role of specific disorders, such as ADHD, is critical for developing targeted interventions tailored to the needs of incarcerated individuals and improving their outcomes. This research aimed to clarify the relationships among hyperactivity, criminal behavior, and psychological functioning to inform preventative and therapeutic strategies. Methods: This study investigated the complex interplay among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, criminal behavior, and various psychological factors in a sample of 391 male inmates from low-security Polish prisons and a control group of non-offending men. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to analyze the relationships among ADHD severity, type of crime (no crime, property crime, crime involving aggression), family functioning, childhood trauma, early maladaptive schemas, and mental health disorders. Results: The results revealed that while traumatic experiences were present across all groups, stronger family cohesion and support were associated with the absence of ADHD symptoms and criminal behavior. As ADHD severity and criminal behavior escalated, particularly in cases involving aggression, family support diminished, and maladaptive schemas, including “disconnection and rejection” and “excessive vigilance and inhibition”, became more prominent, alongside increased correlations with mental health issues (anxiety and depression). Conclusions: The findings underscore the crucial role of family environment and early intervention in mitigating the risks associated with ADHD and criminal behavior, highlighting the need for comprehensive interventions targeting maladaptive schemas and providing support for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Limitations include the retrospective nature of data collection and the exclusive focus on male inmates in low-security facilities. Full article

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21 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms (DASS-21) in Elderly Women in Association with Health Status (SHSQ-25): A Cross-Sectional Study

by Asta Beniusiene, Vyte Kontautiene, Birute Strukcinskiene, Rasa Grigoliene, Dalia Martisauskiene and Jonas Jurgaitis

Healthcare 2025, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010007 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1099

Abstract

Background/Objectives: International studies state that older adults are at an increased risk of mental health symptoms and disorders (depression, anxiety, and stress), especially elderly women aged >65 years. The literature on this topic is scarce, and there is a need for studies that [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: International studies state that older adults are at an increased risk of mental health symptoms and disorders (depression, anxiety, and stress), especially elderly women aged >65 years. The literature on this topic is scarce, and there is a need for studies that investigate the associations between mental health issues and overall health in elderly women. This study aimed to investigate depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in elderly women in association with health status. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Klaipeda, Lithuania, in 2020. The survey included elderly women (n = 306) aged 65 to 80 years studying at the Third Age University in Klaipeda city. The DASS-21 and SHSQ-25 scales were used for the survey. Associations and correlations between both scale indicators were calculated. Results: Sociodemographic factors such as age, marital status, and place of residence were not statistically significant in terms of mental health, except for women living alone, who had slightly lower levels of depressive symptoms (p = 0.015). Mental health issues were quite common; almost half of the participants had higher than normal levels of anxiety (49.0%) and depression (48.4%), and one-third (29.8%) experienced stress. A strong positive correlation was observed between mental health symptoms and physical health, with anxiety having the greatest effect size on fatigue (Cohen’s d = 0.950, p < 0.001), cardiovascular symptoms (Cohen’s d = 0.757, p < 0.001), and mental status (Cohen’s d = 1.036, p < 0.001). Depressive symptoms had a large effect size on fatigue (Cohen’s d = 0.764, p < 0.001) and mental status (Cohen’s d = 0.816, p < 0.001), while stress had a moderate effect size on all health domains. Conclusions: The findings highlight that anxiety symptoms are a major contributor to mental health conditions and overall health in elderly women. This study’s results emphasise the need for targeted interventions to address mental health challenges in elderly women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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18 pages, 1057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Predictability of Stress Coping Strategies and Psychological Capital on the Psychological Well-Being of Autistic Spectrum Children’s Mothers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

by Nawal A. Al Eid, Sami M. Alshehri and Boshra A. Arnout

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121235 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1184

Abstract

There is an increasing number of studies concerned with the study of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). At the same time, there is a lack of interest in studies on their families, especially on mothers who represent the first breadwinner for a [...] Read more.

There is an increasing number of studies concerned with the study of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). At the same time, there is a lack of interest in studies on their families, especially on mothers who represent the first breadwinner for a child who suffers from a deficit in social communication with others, reflected in their well-being (PWB). This study aimed to reveal the possibility of predicting the PWB of autistic spectrum children’s mothers through the variables of coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap). The study used a predictive, descriptive research method to reveal the ability of the variables—coping strategies (problem-solving, avoidance, support, re-evaluation, remorse) and PsyCap (self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience)—in predicting the PWB of autistic spectrum children’s mothers. The study sample consisted of (248) mothers, to whom coping strategies, PsyCap, and PWB measures were applied. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between working and housewife mothers of autistic spectrum children in solving problems (t = 3.162, p < 0.002), avoidance (t = 1.973, p < 0.05), positive coping (t = 2.307, p < 0.022), self-efficacy (t = 3.667, p < 0.000), resilience (t = 3.338, p < 0.001), PsyCap (t = 2.866, p < 0.005), and PWB (t = 2.549, p < 0.011). Meanwhile, there were no statistically significant differences in social support, problem reassessment, remorse, negative coping, optimism, and hope. Also, there were no statistically significant differences due to the number of children in coping strategies, PsyCap, and PWB. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between mothers whose age was less than 40 years and those 40 years and older in solving problems (t = 2.093, p < 0.037) in favor of mothers of the age group 40 years and older (M = 22.00, SD = 1.22), and avoidance (t = 1.987, p < 0.048) in favor of mothers under 40 years of age (M = 6.228, SD = 0.464). However, there were no statistically significant differences in social support, problem reassessment, remorse, positive coping, negative coping, self-efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience, the total degree of PsyCap, and well-being due to the variable of the mother’s age. The regression analysis results showed that optimism and problem-solving contributed to (39.90%) of the total change in PWB for mothers of children with autism spectrum. The study’s findings indicate the need to develop the ability of autistic spectrum children’s mothers to solve problems and their PsyCap, which is represented in self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience, to enhance their PWB, which may have a positive impact on their autistic spectrum child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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14 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Development of Executive Functions in Children: Transition from the First Cycle to the Second Cycle of Early Childhood Education

by Esperanza Bausela Herreras

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121273 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Antecedents: Executive functions (EFs) are the basis for establishing a goal and working towards that goal by coordinating thoughts and actions. EFs are fundamental to several aspects of daily life, specifically for academic performance. Aim: To analyse and compare the development of EFs [...] Read more.

Antecedents: Executive functions (EFs) are the basis for establishing a goal and working towards that goal by coordinating thoughts and actions. EFs are fundamental to several aspects of daily life, specifically for academic performance. Aim: To analyse and compare the development of EFs in the transition period between the first and second cycles of early childhood education. Methodology: Non-experimental methodology, ex post facto design, descriptive, cross-sectional evolution study. Participants: Preschoolers of different educational levels (first and second cycle of infant education). In this study, the participants were evaluated by different informants: 54.42% by parents and 45.58% by teachers. In relation to gender, 52.65% were male and 47.35% were female. In relation to age, 37.54% had a range of 2–3 years and 62.46% had a range of 4–5 years. Measurement: The instrumental development of EFs was evaluated using BRIEF-P by key informants. Results: Preschoolers in the first cycle showed significantly higher scores than preschoolers in the second cycle in BRIEP-P. Conclusions: The development of EFs is key in these first key moments, having a special impact on later development and academic performance. It is necessary to work on EFs from the first cycle of early childhood education, considering the evolutionary development of EFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

13 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Family Incivility with Adolescent Depression: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Miao Miao, Shuai Jin and Yiqun Gan

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121159 - 3 Dec 2024

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Negative family interactions have an adverse impact on adolescent mental health. The present study focused on the influence of family incivility on adolescent depression. In order to examine the association of family incivility with depression, an integrated framework was constructed to explore the [...] Read more.

Negative family interactions have an adverse impact on adolescent mental health. The present study focused on the influence of family incivility on adolescent depression. In order to examine the association of family incivility with depression, an integrated framework was constructed to explore the mediating role of self-compassion and the moderating role of sex differences. Two waves of data were collected from 999 Chinese senior high school students (43.6% males and 56.4% females), with a mean age of 16.58 ± 0.54 years. Time 1 family incivility was positively associated with depression at Time 2 (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Sex differences moderated the link between family incivility and self-compassion, with their association being significant in females (B = −0.07, SE = 0.03, p = 0.013) but not in males (B = 0.03, SE = 0.03, p = 0.376). Regarding the effect of family incivility on depression, the direct effect was significant only in males (B = 0.13, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001), whereas the indirect effect via self-compassion was significant only in females (B = 0.01, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [0.0010, 0.0232]). The present findings revealed a positive association between family incivility and adolescent depression. Moreover, family incivility has a direct impact on depression in male adolescents and an indirect impact through self-compassion in female adolescents. These findings underscore the important role of adolescent sex differences in the impact of family incivility on adolescent depression and highlight the practical importance of developing interventions to reduce family incivility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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8 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Embracing Connection: A Review of First-Ever Clinical Guidelines on Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults

by Peter M. Hoang and David Conn

Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050117 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Social isolation and loneliness are major public health concerns and are associated with morbidity and mortality. As this is an increasing issue in older adults, guidance for healthcare providers is a priority. The Canadian Coalition for Senior’s Mental Health (CCSMH) has developed the [...] Read more.

Social isolation and loneliness are major public health concerns and are associated with morbidity and mortality. As this is an increasing issue in older adults, guidance for healthcare providers is a priority. The Canadian Coalition for Senior’s Mental Health (CCSMH) has developed the first Canadian social isolation and loneliness guidelines to help providers recognize, assess, and manage social isolation and loneliness among older adults. We review and summarize these guidelines to support healthcare and social service providers to apply best practices and evidence-based care for older adults experiencing social isolation and loneliness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

10 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Psychometric Evidence of the Life Satisfaction Scale in Older Adults: An Exploratory Graph Analysis Approach

by Julio Dominguez-Vergara, Brigitte Aguilar-Salcedo, Rita Orihuela-Anaya and José Villanueva-Alvarado

Geriatrics 2024, 9(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050111 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a life satisfaction scale in older Peruvian adults using an exploratory graph analysis (EGA) approach. A total of 407 older adults aged between 60 and 95 years (M = 69.5; [...] Read more.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a life satisfaction scale in older Peruvian adults using an exploratory graph analysis (EGA) approach. A total of 407 older adults aged between 60 and 95 years (M = 69.5; SD = 6.7) from three comprehensive elderly care centers (CIAMs) in Lima, Peru, were recruited. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was analyzed using EGA with the Gaussian GLASSO model to assess its dimensionality and structural consistency. The relationship with other variables was analyzed using scales such as the GAD-7 and PHQ-9. The network structure of the SWLS indicates a single dimension. Additionally, network loadings (nodes) were examined, showing high values (>0.35) for most items except item 1, which had a moderate loading (>0.25). Structural reliability showed that a single dimension was identified 100% of the time. The post hoc CFA considering the unidimensional network structure obtained through EGA showed satisfactory fit (χ2/df = 3.48, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.07 [90% CI 0.05, 0.08]). Finally, internal consistency reliability was acceptable (ω = 0.92). The SWLS measure is robust and consistent. These findings are a valuable reference for advancing research on aging in Peru, as they provide a practical, valid, and reliable measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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12 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Kinesiophobia: Predictors and Influence on Early Functional Outcomes in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty

by Milica Aleksić, Ivan Selaković, Sanja Tomanović Vujadinović, Marko Kadija, Darko Milovanović, Winfried Meissner, Ruth Zaslansky, Svetlana Srećković and Emilija Dubljanin-Raspopović

Geriatrics 2024, 9(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9040103 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

This observational study aimed to identify predictors of kinesiophobia and examine its correlation with early functional outcomes in TKA recipients. On the first and fifth postoperative days (POD1 and POD5), we evaluated pain using the International Pain Outcomes Questionnaire (IPO-Q) and created multidimensional [...] Read more.

This observational study aimed to identify predictors of kinesiophobia and examine its correlation with early functional outcomes in TKA recipients. On the first and fifth postoperative days (POD1 and POD5), we evaluated pain using the International Pain Outcomes Questionnaire (IPO-Q) and created multidimensional pain composite scores (PCSs). The Total Pain Composite Score (PCStotal) assesses the overall impact of pain, taking into account outcomes of pain intensity, pain-related interference with function, and emotions and side effects. Functional status on POD 5 was determined by the Barthel index, 6 min walking test, and knee range of motion. Kinesiophobia was assessed on POD5 using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Among 75 TKA patients, 27% exhibited kinesiophobia. The final regression model highlighted PCStotal on POD5 (OR = 6.2, CI = 1.9–19.9), PCStotal (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.2–3.8) on POD1, and the intensity of chronic pain before surgery (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.1–2.1) as significant kinesiophobia predictors. On POD5, those with kinesiophobia showed increased dependency, slower gait, and poorer knee extension recovery. This study emphasizes the need to identify and address kinesiophobia in TKA patients for better functional outcomes and recovery. Additionally, it is vital to assess different domains of pain, not just pain intensity, as it can lead to kinesiophobia development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

12 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Aesthetics and Self-Esteem of Patients Seeking Orthodontic Treatment

by Aufa Dahlia Bahar, Muhammad Syafiee Sagi, Faris Azim Mohd Zuhairi and Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan

Healthcare 2024, 12(16), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161576 - 8 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

(1) Objective: This study aimed to investigate how patients’ perceptions of their dental aesthetics and their sense of self-esteem are related. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional survey recruited 141 new patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Patients completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three parts: the [...] Read more.

(1) Objective: This study aimed to investigate how patients’ perceptions of their dental aesthetics and their sense of self-esteem are related. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional survey recruited 141 new patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Patients completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three parts: the Malaysian Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES-M), and Aesthetics Component of the Index of Orthodontics Treatment Need (IOTN-AC). Clinical assessment comprised the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontics Treatment Need (IOTN-DHC). Multiple linear regression was performed, with self-esteem as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the domains of PIDAQ; IOTN-AC; IOTN-DHC; and patients’ demographics, such as age, gender, and their level of education. (3) Results: The response rate was 96.5% (n = 136 respondents). The multiple linear regression found that, when the other predictors in the model are held constant, Social Impact, Aesthetic Concern, and Dental Self-Confidence are the factors that significantly contributed to explaining the variation in self-esteem, accounting for, 3.9%, 2.3%, and 2.0%, respectively. The entire model explained 23% of the variation in self-esteem. (4) Conclusions: Domains of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics act as predictors of self-esteem in orthodontic treatment-seeking patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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14 pages, 1371 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Cope PPA—Adaptation of the Biographic-Narrative Approach for Persons with Primary Progressive Aphasia: Protocol for Clinical Trial Design

by Mirjam Gauch, Sabine Corsten, Anna-Lena Köb, Oliver Tüscher, Isabel Heinrich and Katharina Geschke

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070692 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Persons with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) often experience limitations in their quality of life (QoL). Some studies have shown positive effects of speech and language therapy on QoL in persons with PPA. However, there is still a lack of evidence for disorder-specific approaches [...] Read more.

Persons with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) often experience limitations in their quality of life (QoL). Some studies have shown positive effects of speech and language therapy on QoL in persons with PPA. However, there is still a lack of evidence for disorder-specific approaches for this important therapeutic goal. The biographic-narrative approach (narraktiv) has been shown to significantly improve QoL in persons with post-stroke aphasia. In the planned study, the biographic-narrative approach will be adapted for persons with PPA (Cope PPA), and its efficacy will be investigated. First, a focus group interview with five persons with PPA will be conducted to identify the wishes and needs of participants. Based on the results, the narraktiv manual according to Corsten et al. (2015) will be revised. Second, an efficacy study will be conducted according to the new Cope PPA manual with 24 persons with PPA in a waiting group control design. The primary outcome, QoL, will be assessed using questionnaires (Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39) and semistructured interviews. Depressive symptoms, life satisfaction and cognitive/communicative functioning will also be assessed. If Cope PPA proves efficacy, this study may help to improve the treatment of persons with PPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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10 pages, 1437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Psychological Disorders in Turkish Adolescents with Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia

by Aylin Yetim Şahin, Ibrahim Kandemir, Hüseyin Dağ, Emine Türkkan, Melike Tuğrul Aksakal, Memduh Sahin, Firdevs Baş and Zeynep Karakaş

Children 2024, 11(7), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070837 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

We investigated depression and anxiety levels and related psychological disorders in adolescents with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) in this study. The study was conducted in two pediatric hematology outpatient clinics and included adolescents with TDT (14.8 ± 2.4 years, n = 40) in the [...] Read more.

We investigated depression and anxiety levels and related psychological disorders in adolescents with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) in this study. The study was conducted in two pediatric hematology outpatient clinics and included adolescents with TDT (14.8 ± 2.4 years, n = 40) in the study and compared them with the healthy age-matched control group (14.3 ± 2.3 years, n = 62). The Turkish version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) was used to determine depression, anxiety, and related psychologic disorders (obsession, panic disorder, social phobia). Depression, anxiety, obsession, panic disorder, and social phobia scores were significantly higher in the patient group compared with the control (all p < 0.05). Ferritin levels were positively correlated with total depression, general anxiety, separation anxiety, and social phobia scores, but transfusion frequency and young age were the confounding factors. Patients in early adolescence and those who require more frequent blood transfusions are at higher risk of developing psychological disorders; routine screening for mood disorders should be warranted. Serum ferritin level may be a good warning indicator for early recognition of psychologic disorders in TDT patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

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13 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gratitude Predicts Meaning in Life in Family Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease

by Jocelyn Shealy McGee, Edward C. Polson, Dennis R. Myers, Angela M. McClellan, Weiming Ke, Holly Carlson Zhao and Rebecca Meraz

Geriatrics 2024, 9(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030072 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

Gratitude is a well-known and researched internal positive psychological resource. Empirical data, however, on the association between gratitude, meaning in life, and burden in family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease is scant. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the [...] Read more.

Gratitude is a well-known and researched internal positive psychological resource. Empirical data, however, on the association between gratitude, meaning in life, and burden in family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease is scant. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the relationships among these variables in a sample of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s; and (2) determine if gratitude mediates the effects of perceived burden on meaning in life in this population. One-hundred and twenty-six adult family caregivers, most of whom were an intimate partner or adult child of a person with Alzheimer’s, completed the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, and other relevant measures. A series of OLS regression models, guided by the caregiver stress process model, were conducted. These analyses demonstrated that gratitude was a predictor of the presence of meaning in life among the caregivers in this study even when other key variables were considered. Furthermore, analyses revealed that gratitude fully mediated the effects of caregiver burden on the presence of meaning in life in this sample. Thus, clinicians should consider gratitude as an important internal resource for cultivating meaning in life in this population, especially when caregiver burden is present. Gratitude-bolstering clinical interventions should be further developed and tested as both stand-alone and complimentary additions to empirically supported psychoeducational approaches for supporting health and well-being in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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15 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Savoring Belief, Resilience, and Meaning in Life as Pathways to Happiness: A Sequential Mediation Analysis among Taiwanese University Students

by Der-Fa Chen, Kai-Wen Huang, Wei-Sho Ho and Yao-Chung Cheng

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050388 - 5 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3765

Abstract

In recent decades, scholarly interest has grown in the psychological components of happiness. Savoring belief, or the capacity to attend to, appreciate, and enhance the positive experiences in one’s life, along with resilience and meaning in life, have emerged as significant predictors of [...] Read more.

In recent decades, scholarly interest has grown in the psychological components of happiness. Savoring belief, or the capacity to attend to, appreciate, and enhance the positive experiences in one’s life, along with resilience and meaning in life, have emerged as significant predictors of enhanced happiness among diverse populations. This research examined the interrelationships among savoring belief, resilience, meaning in life, and happiness. A sample of 561 students from 75 universities in Taiwan, comprising 361 female and 200 male participants with an average age of 20.88 years, participated in an online survey. The study employed various instruments, including the Savoring Belief Inventory, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. These instruments were translated into Traditional Chinese using a back-translation method and subsequently validated for accuracy by specialists in the field. Analysis of the data using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 6 revealed several key insights: (1) savoring belief positively influenced happiness, resilience, and meaning in life with resilience further enhancing happiness and meaning in life; (2) resilience served as a significant mediator in the relationship between savoring belief and happiness; (3) meaning in life significantly mediated the relationship between savoring belief and happiness; (4) a sequential mediation model illustrated the mediating effects of resilience and meaning in life on the relationship between savoring belief and happiness. This study illustrates that, much like a garden requires water, sunlight, and care to flourish, our happiness is cultivated through enhancing our ability to savor the good moments, rebound from challenges, and find deep significance in our lives. We can significantly boost well-being by fostering these qualities—savoring belief, resilience, and a sense of meaning. These findings are particularly relevant for educators, highlighting the critical need to develop these traits in students to promote greater happiness and fulfillment in their lives. Discussions included theoretical implications, educational implications, and avenues for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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15 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Emotional and Social Outcomes of the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model in Physical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Yalin Aygun, Hulusi Boke, Fatma Hilal Yagin, Sakir Tufekci, Talha Murathan, Ertugrul Gencay, Pablo Prieto-González and Luca Paolo Ardigò

Children 2024, 11(4), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040459 - 11 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

Context: In today’s ever-changing world, fostering personal and social responsibility is essential for building strong and compassionate communities. This study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis focusing on the emotional and social outcomes of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model-based Physical Education [...] Read more.

Context: In today’s ever-changing world, fostering personal and social responsibility is essential for building strong and compassionate communities. This study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis focusing on the emotional and social outcomes of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model-based Physical Education (PE) programs. Methods: A comprehensive literature review covering the period from November 2022 to September 2023 identified 637 articles published between 2005 and 2023. Of these, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Data from these articles were coded, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, incorporating 28 effect sizes. Methodological quality was assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Hedge’s g served as the effect size measure and emotional and social outcomes subgroups were consolidated. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran’s Q and I². Meta-regression and ANOVA-like models addressed categorical moderators, whereas publication bias was assessed through funnel plot, failsafe number, and Egger’s linear regression. Results: A significant and positive effect of the TPSR model on product outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.337, 95% CI = 0.199 to 0.476) was found. Despite considerable heterogeneity (I² = 83.830), a random effects model was justified. Assessment of publication bias indicated a low likelihood. Moderator analyses revealed that publication countries significantly influenced the effect, with stronger effects in Turkey. Publication type (article vs. thesis) also played roles in moderation. The meta-regression analyses did not reveal significant effects for the grade level, duration of intervention, publication year or sample size on the TPSR model’s impact on product outcomes. The TPSR model positively impacts emotional and social outcomes in PE, enhancing children’ skills and behaviour. However, variations across cultures highlight the need for further research, considering limitations like language constraints and potential biases in study selection and data extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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14 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quasi-Seniors’ Perception, Response, and Planning from the Perspective of Successful Aging

by Ming-Shien Wen, Miao-Hsien Chuang and Jinkwan Lin

Healthcare 2024, 12(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12070766 - 31 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1360

Abstract

With the coming of a rapidly aging society, individuals born in the baby boom era after World War II are now facing the challenges of aging. From late middle age to successful aging, what are the perceptions and responses of these quasi-seniors? With [...] Read more.

With the coming of a rapidly aging society, individuals born in the baby boom era after World War II are now facing the challenges of aging. From late middle age to successful aging, what are the perceptions and responses of these quasi-seniors? With this in mind, referring to Phelan’s successful aging scale, the researchers developed the 4P Strategies (Physical, Psychological, Prospect, and Place and Relationships) tailored for quasi-seniors. Based on grounded theory, the results of 12 sessions of focused interviews (involving a total of 93 interviewees between the ages of 55 and 75; 41 males and 52 females; 48 not retired and 45 retired) were matched with the 4P Strategies. The results were the following: (1) regarding the Physical factor, the interviewees were shocked by their physical decline, and they had begun to devise strategies for health preservation and exercise; (2) regarding the Psychological factor, in order to mentally adapt, the interviewees agreed that moderate stress relief was absolutely necessary; (3) regarding the Prospect factor: the interviewees felt that one should make financial plans early, contemplate the value of life, and more actively learn and realize one’s dreams; and (4) regarding the Place and Relationships factor, the interviewees aimed to rebuild their close relationships with their spouses, family members, and old friends and had polarized views regarding where to live in their old age. On the whole, the most discussed issue among the interviewees was where to live in their old age. Many had their own views and plans and did not stick to traditional views; however, they took the opinions of their significant others into account. During the interviews, interviewees wished to understand the responses of their peers to serve as a reference for their own decisions, and they realized that successful aging also required learning. This study aimed to encourage quasi-seniors about to enter their old age and help them to learn how to positively respond to aging as well as work towards a happy life with successful aging. This study could fill in gaps in research involving individuals in this age group and provide a reference for relevant policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

13 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotion Regulation and Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Emotional Stability and Extraversion in Adolescence

by Pablo Doménech, Ana M. Tur-Porcar and Vicenta Mestre-Escrivá

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14030206 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 14824

Abstract

The feeling of emotional self-efficacy helps people understand how to handle positive and negative emotions. Emotion regulation is the process that helps people control their emotions so that they can adapt to the demands of the environment. This study has a twofold aim. [...] Read more.

The feeling of emotional self-efficacy helps people understand how to handle positive and negative emotions. Emotion regulation is the process that helps people control their emotions so that they can adapt to the demands of the environment. This study has a twofold aim. First, it examines the relationships among emotion regulation, the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability, and the feeling of emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions in an adolescent population. Second, it examines the mediating role of personality traits (extraversion and emotional stability) in the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. The participants were 703 adolescents (49.9% male and 50.1% female) aged between 15 and 18 years (M = 15.86, SD = 0.30). Significant relationships were observed among emotion regulation, the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability, and emotional self-efficacy for positive and negative emotions. The structural equation model confirmed the direct link between emotion regulation and emotional self-efficacy and mediation by the personality traits of extraversion and emotional stability. This study confirms that emotional self-efficacy is connected to the emotion regulation strategies that adolescents use. Effective emotion regulation encourages self-perception and emotional coping. The results are discussed in connection to previous research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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7 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Tirzepatide and Glycemic Control Metrics Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Pilot Study

by Takuya Omura, Akemi Inami, Taiki Sugimoto, Shuji Kawashima, Takashi Sakurai and Haruhiko Tokuda

Geriatrics 2024, 9(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9020027 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

This observational pilot study aimed to investigate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics in older Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a CGM system (FreeStyle Libre Pro) during the first tirzepatide administration and compare the glycemic control measures before and after [...] Read more.

This observational pilot study aimed to investigate continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics in older Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a CGM system (FreeStyle Libre Pro) during the first tirzepatide administration and compare the glycemic control measures before and after the initial injection. The four patients had a mean age of 79.5 years (standard deviation [SD]: 5.8), a mean body mass index of 24.6 kg/m² (SD: 4.7), a mean glycated hemoglobin level of 9.1% (SD: 2.1), and a mean measurement period of 10.5 days (SD: 3.5). After the inclusion of tirzepatide treatment, the mean of time in range, time above range, and time below range changed from 53.2% to 78.9% (p = 0.041), 45.8% to 19.7% (p = 0.038), and 1.0% to 1.5% (p = 0.206), respectively. Improved hyperglycemia reduced the oral hypoglycemic medication in two cases and decreased the frequency of insulin injections in two cases. To elucidate the potential benefits of tirzepatide, future studies should investigate the long-term impact on functional prognosis, safety, and tolerability and distinguish between the use of other weekly agonists, especially in nonobese older Asian patients. However, tirzepatide-associated robust glycemic improvement may simplify diabetes treatment regimens in older patients with T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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11 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grit and Second Language Learning Engagement: The Mediating Role of Affect Balance

by Chenggang Wu, Xiaoyong Tian and Hui Jin

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14030184 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3124

Abstract

The study of the relationship between key psychological attributes of learners and their engagement in second language (L2) learning helps to understand the critical personality mechanisms influencing language learning. The present study examined the L2 learning engagement from the perspectives of grit (i.e., [...] Read more.

The study of the relationship between key psychological attributes of learners and their engagement in second language (L2) learning helps to understand the critical personality mechanisms influencing language learning. The present study examined the L2 learning engagement from the perspectives of grit (i.e., consistent efforts and interests devoted to a long-term goal) and affect balance (a notion that takes into account both positive and negative emotions concurrently, assessing and evaluating which side holds more significance or influence). A cohort of English L2 learners (N = 394) participated in an online survey aimed at gauging their levels of grit, affect balance, and engagement in L2 learning. The results indicated that grit and affect balance were significantly correlated with behavioral engagement and affective engagement in L2 learning. However, among the two components of grit, namely consistency of interest, showed no significant relationship with L2 learning engagement, while perseverance of effort was significantly positively correlated with L2 learning engagement. Affect balance played a partially mediating and full mediating role between perseverance of effort and behavioral engagement as well as affective engagement respectively. These findings confirm the crucial role of perseverance of effort in second language learning and reveal the unique role of affect balance in their relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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11 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents

by Diana Morais, Carla Faria and Lia Fernandes

Geriatrics 2024, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9010017 - 1 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

The aging of parents results in changes in the filial relationship. The increasing vulnerability of parents leads adult children to realize that they have individual needs and cannot fully function as sources of security and protection, as they did before. Simultaneously, the evidence [...] Read more.

The aging of parents results in changes in the filial relationship. The increasing vulnerability of parents leads adult children to realize that they have individual needs and cannot fully function as sources of security and protection, as they did before. Simultaneously, the evidence of losses and disability imposes the need for care, which tends to be assumed by adult children. Therefore, there is a progressive change in the volume of support exchanges between parents and children, with more support from adult children to parents. The way adult children adapt to these transitions is influenced by several internal and relational factors. Filial maturity has been associated with filial caregiving towards aging parents. The concept of filial maturity describes a developmental stage in which the adult child overcomes the filial crisis, realizing and accepting that the parent also needs support and comfort and starting to relate to him/her beyond the strictly parental role. Thus, this study aims to explore the role of attachment and mental representation of caregiving in filial maturity. A total of 304 children aged between 35 and 64 years old participated in this study, with at least one of the living parents aged 65 years or older, not institutionalized. Attachment was assessed with the Adult Attachment Scale, mental representation of caregiving with the Mental Representations of Caregiving Scale and filial maturity with the Filial Maturity Measure. The results suggest that attachment, mental representation of caregiving and the interaction between the two explain 24.5% (p < 0.01) of variability in Comprehending and 11.1% (p < 0.05) of variability in Distance, two dimensions of filial maturity. These findings suggest that it is important to consider mental representation of caregiving and attachment when adult children must adapt to changes in the filial relationship and to the need to care for parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

11 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Spousal Social Support in Child-Rearing and Marital Satisfaction with Subjective Well-Being among Fathers and Mothers

by Hajime Iwasa, Yuko Yoshida and Kayoko Ishii

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020106 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2122

Abstract

This study explored the association of spousal support and marital satisfaction with the subjective well-being of fathers and mothers using a mediation analysis. Data were gathered from 360 fathers and 338 mothers (aged 25–50 years). Subjective well-being was measured as an outcome using [...] Read more.

This study explored the association of spousal support and marital satisfaction with the subjective well-being of fathers and mothers using a mediation analysis. Data were gathered from 360 fathers and 338 mothers (aged 25–50 years). Subjective well-being was measured as an outcome using the Japanese version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index. Marital satisfaction was measured as a mediating variable using the Japanese version of the Marital Relationship Satisfaction Scale. Spousal social support (including instrumental, emotional, and appraisal support) was measured as an independent variable using four-point scales. Control variables were the father’s and mother’s ages, number of children, age of the youngest child, children going to nursery school or kindergarten, use of childcare services, self-evaluated low economic status, and weekday working hours. Among fathers, instrumental and emotional support had significant direct and indirect effects, with the latter mediated by the impact of marital satisfaction on subjective well-being; appraisal support had only significant indirect effects. Among mothers, instrumental support had significant direct and indirect effects; emotional and appraisal support had only significant indirect effects. Our findings indicate that social support from spouses has protective direct and indirect effects on subjective well-being among parents and suggest the need for mutual support between spouses to facilitate effective co-parenting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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10 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Involvement of Personality and Health Status in the Psychological Wellbeing of Subjects with Chronic Disease

by Cristina Rivera-Picón, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, Marta Rivera-Picón and Pedro Manuel Rodríguez-Muñoz

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020099 - 28 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1752

Abstract

(1) Background: Psychological wellbeing correlates with improved physical and psychological health, as this construct plays a fundamental role in disease recovery and health maintenance. Hence, for healthcare professionals, understanding the factors that predict psychological wellbeing is of great interest. Thus, the objective of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Psychological wellbeing correlates with improved physical and psychological health, as this construct plays a fundamental role in disease recovery and health maintenance. Hence, for healthcare professionals, understanding the factors that predict psychological wellbeing is of great interest. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether health status and personality traits influence psychological wellbeing. (2) Methods: The total sample (N = 600) consisted of HIV patients, individuals with diabetes, and healthy subjects from the Salamanca Clinical Hospital. The instruments used for data collection included a sociodemographic questionnaire, Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and the Spanish version of the Big Five Taxonomy to measure personality. (3) Results: Specific personality traits, such as Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Responsibility, and Integrity were significant predictors of different dimensions of psychological wellbeing. Regarding health status, individuals with diabetes and healthy subjects, compared to HIV+ subjects, were associated with higher levels of psychological wellbeing dimensions. (4) Conclusions: Individual differences in personality traits and the diagnosis of a chronic condition may play a fundamental role in psychological wellbeing. These conclusions are of great interest for developing strategies aimed at individuals with chronic illnesses and specific personality traits associated with poorer psychological wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups)

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