Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Filial Relationships and Filial Caregiving in Middle Age
1.2. Filial Maturity
1.3. Attachment and Caregiving
1.4. Study Aim
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables and Instruments
2.4. Data Analysis Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Characterization of Participants Regarding Attachment, Mental Representation of Caregiving and Filial Maturity
3.3. Multivariate Analyses for Filial Maturity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male (n = 97) | Female (n = 207) | Total (n = 304) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age (35–64) | ||||||
M (SD) | 50.48 (7.75) | 48.56 (7.79) | 49.17 (7.82) | |||
Education | ||||||
M (SD) | 11.51 (4.70) | 13.22 (4.73) | 12.67 (4.78) | |||
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 14 | 14.40 | 33 | 15.90 | 47 | 15.50 |
Married/Living together | 72 | 74.20 | 146 | 70.50 | 218 | 71.70 |
Divorced/Separated | 10 | 10.30 | 23 | 11.10 | 33 | 10.90 |
Widowed | 1 | 1.00 | 5 | 2.40 | 6 | 2.20 |
Professional status | ||||||
Employed | 77 | 79.40 | 157 | 75.80 | 234 | 77.00 |
Full-time | 62 | 63.90 | 137 | 66.20 | 199 | 65.60 |
Part-time | 15 | 15.50 | 20 | 9.70 | 35 | 11.50 |
Unemployed | 7 | 7.20 | 31 | 15.00 | 38 | 12.50 |
Retired | 13 | 13.40 | 19 | 9.20 | 32 | 10.50 |
Children (0–4) | ||||||
M (SD) | 1.40 (0.92) | 1.36 (0.92) | 1.37 (0.92) | |||
Brothers | ||||||
M (SD) | 2.32 (2.22) | 2.10 (2.02) | 2.17 (2.08) | |||
Distance from parent | ||||||
M (SD) | 19.87 (49.35) | 17.90 (48.08) | 18.54 (48.42) | |||
Parents’ functionality in BADL * | ||||||
Independent | 62 | 63.90 | 136 | 65.70 | 198 | 65.10 |
Slightly dependent | 17 | 17.50 | 42 | 20.30 | 59 | 19.40 |
Moderately dependent | 4 | 4.10 | 11 | 5.30 | 15 | 4.90 |
Severely dependent | 7 | 7.20 | 8 | 3.90 | 15 | 4.90 |
Totally dependent | 7 | 7.20 | 10 | 4.80 | 17 | 5.60 |
Parents’ functionality in IADL * | ||||||
Independent | 5 | 5.2 | 32 | 15.50 | 37 | 12.20 |
Moderately dependent | 52 | 53.60 | 89 | 43.00 | 141 | 46.40 |
Severely dependent | 40 | 41.20 | 86 | 41.50 | 126 | 41.40 |
Male (n = 97) | Female (n = 207) | Total (n = 304) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2 | |
Attachment style | 0.05 | ||||||
Secure | 54 | 55.7 | 118 | 57.0 | 172 | 56.6 | |
Anxious | 35 | 36.1 | 72 | 34.8 | 107 | 35.2 | |
Avoidant | 8 | 8.2 | 17 | 8.2 | 25 | 8.2 | |
Attachment type | 0.05 | ||||||
Secure | 54 | 55.7 | 118 | 57.0 | 172 | 56.6 | |
Insecure | 43 | 44.3 | 89 | 43.0 | 132 | 43.4 |
Male (n = 97) | Female (n = 207) | ||
---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | t (302) | |
Mental representation of caregiving | |||
MRC-1 a | 5.39 (0.60) | 5.67 (0.57) | −3.80 *** |
MRC-2 b | 4.83 (0.88) | 5.48 (0.84) | −5.24 *** |
MRC-3 c | 2.08 (0.69) | 1.84 (0.56) | 2.98 ** |
MRC-4 d | 4.97 (1.28) | 5.17 (1.30) | −1.28 |
Filial Maturity | |||
Comprehending | 3.49 (1.15) | 3.90 (1.13) | −2.87 ** |
Distancing | 3.54 (1.25) | 3.79 (1.17) | −1.73 |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Change Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 Change | F Change | df1 | df2 | Sig. F Change | ||||
Comprehending † | ||||||||
1 a | 0.252 | 0.064 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 2.853 | 7 | 294 | 0.007 |
2 b | 0.254 | 0.065 | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.331 | 1 | 293 | 0.566 |
3 c | 0.474 | 0.225 | 0.193 | 0.160 | 14.951 | 4 | 289 | 0.000 |
4 d | 0.496 | 0.246 | 0.212 | 0.021 | 8.202 | 1 | 288 | 0.004 |
Distancing | ||||||||
1 a | 0.128 | 0.016 | −0.007 | 0.016 | 0.704 | 7 | 296 | 0.669 |
2 b | 0.234 | 0.055 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 11.987 | 1 | 295 | 0.001 |
3 c | 0.252 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.693 | 4 | 291 | 0.597 |
4 e | 0.311 | 0.096 | 0.056 | 0.033 | 10.518 | 1 | 290 | 0.001 |
5 f | 0.333 | 0.111 | 0.068 | 0.014 | 4.607 | 1 | 289 | 0.033 |
Final Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Standard Error | β | t | Sig. | |
Comprehending | |||||
Gender | 0.126 | 0.134 | 0.052 | 0.941 | 0.347 |
Age | −0.022 | 0.008 | −0.155 | −2.777 | 0.006 |
Education | −0.124 | 0.134 | −0.053 | −0.922 | 0.357 |
Marital status | −0.079 | 0.160 | −0.031 | −0.496 | 0.621 |
Professional status | −0.154 | 0.156 | −0.057 | −0.987 | 0.325 |
Children | −0.016 | 0.178 | −0.006 | −0.090 | 0.928 |
Siblings | 0.120 | 0.171 | 0.037 | 0.703 | 0.483 |
Attachment | −2.034 | 0.714 | −0.889 | −2.850 | 0.005 |
MRC-1 | 0.640 | 0.105 | 0.334 | 6.097 | 0.000 |
MRC-2 | −0.197 | 0.097 | −0.154 | −2.041 | 0.042 |
MRC-3 | −0.149 | 0.106 | −0.080 | −1.403 | 0.162 |
MRC-4 | 0.147 | 0.047 | 0.168 | 3.114 | 0.002 |
Attachment X MRC-2 | 0.387 | 0.135 | 0.919 | 2.864 | 0.004 |
Distancing | |||||
Gender | 0.219 | 0.157 | 0.085 | 1.396 | 0.164 |
Age | −0.007 | 0.009 | −0.044 | −0.723 | 0.470 |
Education | 0.024 | 0.153 | 0.010 | 0.157 | 0.875 |
Marital status | 0.102 | 0.182 | 0.038 | 0.560 | 0.576 |
Professional status | −0.040 | 0.179 | −0.014 | −0.222 | 0.824 |
Children | −0.113 | 0.202 | −0.038 | −0.560 | 0.576 |
Siblings | 0.011 | 0.197 | 0.003 | 0.056 | 0.955 |
Attachment | −5.615 | 1.363 | −2.320 | −4.119 | 0.000 |
MRC-1 | −0.349 | 0.177 | −0.173 | −1.969 | 0.050 |
MRC-2 | −0.131 | 0.084 | −0.097 | −1.559 | 0.120 |
MRC-3 | −0.051 | 0.122 | −0.026 | −0.423 | 0.673 |
MRC-4 | −0.076 | 0.080 | −0.082 | −0.946 | 0.345 |
Attachment X MRC-1 | 0.713 | 0.230 | 1.679 | 3.098 | 0.002 |
Attachment X MRC-4 | 0.229 | 0.107 | 0.517 | 2.146 | 0.033 |
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Morais, D.; Faria, C.; Fernandes, L. Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents. Geriatrics 2024, 9, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9010017
Morais D, Faria C, Fernandes L. Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents. Geriatrics. 2024; 9(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorais, Diana, Carla Faria, and Lia Fernandes. 2024. "Filial Maturity and Caregiving to Aging Parents" Geriatrics 9, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9010017