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35 pages, 2895 KiB  
Review
Ventilated Facades for Low-Carbon Buildings: A Review
by Pinar Mert Cuce and Erdem Cuce
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072275 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
The construction sector presently consumes about 40% of global energy and generates 36% of CO2 emissions, making facade retrofits a priority for decarbonising buildings. This review clarifies how ventilated facades (VFs), wall assemblies that interpose a ventilated air cavity between outer cladding [...] Read more.
The construction sector presently consumes about 40% of global energy and generates 36% of CO2 emissions, making facade retrofits a priority for decarbonising buildings. This review clarifies how ventilated facades (VFs), wall assemblies that interpose a ventilated air cavity between outer cladding and the insulated structure, address that challenge. First, the paper categorises VFs by structural configuration, ventilation strategy and functional control into four principal families: double-skin, rainscreen, hybrid/adaptive and active–passive systems, with further extensions such as BIPV, PCM and green-wall integrations that couple energy generation or storage with envelope performance. Heat-transfer analysis shows that the cavity interrupts conductive paths, promotes buoyancy- or wind-driven convection, and curtails radiative exchange. Key design parameters, including cavity depth, vent-area ratio, airflow velocity and surface emissivity, govern this balance, while hybrid ventilation offers the most excellent peak-load mitigation with modest energy input. A synthesis of simulation and field studies indicates that properly detailed VFs reduce envelope cooling loads by 20–55% across diverse climates and cut winter heating demand by 10–20% when vents are seasonally managed or coupled with heat-recovery devices. These thermal benefits translate into steadier interior surface temperatures, lower radiant asymmetry and fewer drafts, thereby expanding the hours occupants remain within comfort bands without mechanical conditioning. Climate-responsive guidance emerges in tropical and arid regions, favouring highly ventilated, low-absorptance cladding; temperate and continental zones gain from adaptive vents, movable insulation or PCM layers; multi-skin adaptive facades promise balanced year-round savings by re-configuring in real time. Overall, the review demonstrates that VFs constitute a versatile, passive-plus platform for low-carbon buildings, simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency, durability and indoor comfort. Future advances in smart controls, bio-based materials and integrated energy-recovery systems are poised to unlock further performance gains and accelerate the sector’s transition to net-zero. Emerging multifunctional materials such as phase-change composites, nanostructured coatings, and perovskite-integrated systems also show promise in enhancing facade adaptability and energy responsiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Energy and Environment in Buildings)
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15 pages, 6829 KiB  
Article
Thermal Hysteresis and Reversibility of the Giant Magnetocaloric Effect at the Ferromagnetic Transition of Nd2In
by Bao Gegen, Bao Huhe, Zhi-Qiang Ou, Francois Guillou and Hargen Yibole
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133104 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
The Nd2In compound exhibits an intriguing borderline first-/second-order transition at its Curie temperature. Several studies have pointed to its potential for magnetic cooling, but also raised controversies about the actual order of the transition, the amplitudes of the hysteresis, and of [...] Read more.
The Nd2In compound exhibits an intriguing borderline first-/second-order transition at its Curie temperature. Several studies have pointed to its potential for magnetic cooling, but also raised controversies about the actual order of the transition, the amplitudes of the hysteresis, and of its magnetocaloric effect. Here, we estimate the thermal hysteresis using magnetic and thermal measurements at different rates. It is found to be particularly small (0.1–0.4 K), leading to almost fully reversible adiabatic temperature changes when comparing zero-field cooling and cyclic protocols. Some open questions remain with regard to the magnetostriction of Nd2In, which is presently found to be limited, in line with the absence of a thermal expansion discontinuity at the transition. The comparison of the magnetocaloric effect in Nd2In and Eu2In highlights that the limited saturation magnetization of the former affects its performance. Further efforts should therefore be made to design materials with such borderline first-/second-order transitions using heavier rare earths. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications)
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14 pages, 9951 KiB  
Article
Magnetocaloric Effect of Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1) Polycrystalline Compounds
by Yuwei Li, Xiukun Hu, Qiong Wu, Yi Zhao, Hangfu Yang, Minxiang Pan and Hongliang Ge
Materials 2025, 18(12), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122884 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
This study systematically investigates the magnetic ordering and magnetocaloric properties of a series of polycrystalline compounds, Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that all samples exhibit an orthorhombic perovskite structure [...] Read more.
This study systematically investigates the magnetic ordering and magnetocaloric properties of a series of polycrystalline compounds, Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that all samples exhibit an orthorhombic perovskite structure with a space group of Pbnm. The zero-field cooling and field cooling magnetization curves demonstrate a transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic phases, with Néel temperatures of about 3 K for GdScO3 and 4 K for DyScO3. The doping of Dy3+ weakened long-range antiferromagnetic order and enhanced short-range magnetic disorder in GdScO3, leading to vanished antiferromagnetic transition between 2 and 100 K for the sample of x = 0.2. Using the Arrott–Noakes equation, we constructed Arrott plots to analyze the system’s critical behavior. Both the compounds with x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 conform to the 3D-Heisenberg model. These results indicate the weakened long-range antiferromagnetic order induced by Dy3+ doping. Significant maximal magnetic entropy change (−ΔSMMax) of 36.03 J/kg K at 3 K for the sample Gd0.9Dy0.1ScO3 is achieved as the magnetic field changes from 0 to 50 kOe, which is higher than that of GdScO3 (−ΔSMMax = 34.32 J/kg K) and DyScO3 (−ΔSMMax = 15.63 J/kg K). The considerable magnetocaloric effects (MCEs) suggest that these compounds can be used in the development of low-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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21 pages, 465 KiB  
Article
Unbreakable SU(3) Atoms of Vacuum Energy: A Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem
by Ahmed Farag Ali
Symmetry 2025, 17(6), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060888 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 792
Abstract
Quantum field theory (QFT) and general relativity (GR) are pillars of modern physics, each supported by extensive experimental evidence. QFT operates within Lorentzian spacetime, while GR ensures local Lorentzian geometry. Despite their successes, these frameworks diverge significantly in their estimations of vacuum energy [...] Read more.
Quantum field theory (QFT) and general relativity (GR) are pillars of modern physics, each supported by extensive experimental evidence. QFT operates within Lorentzian spacetime, while GR ensures local Lorentzian geometry. Despite their successes, these frameworks diverge significantly in their estimations of vacuum energy density, leading to the cosmological constant problem—a discrepancy where QFT estimates exceed observed values by 123 orders of magnitude. This paper addresses this inconsistency by tracing the cooling evolution of the universe’s gauge symmetries—from SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) at high temperatures to SU(3) alone near absolute zero—motivated by the experimental Meissner effect. This symmetry reduction posits that SU(3) forms the fundamental “atoms” of vacuum energy. Our analysis demonstrates that the calculated number of SU(3) vacuum atoms reconciles QFT’s predictions with empirical observations, effectively resolving the cosmological constant problem. The third law of thermodynamics, by preventing the attainment of absolute zero, ensures the stability of SU(3) vacuum atoms, providing a thermodynamic foundation for quark confinement. This stability guarantees a strictly positive mass gap defined by the vacuum energy density and implies a Lorentzian quantum structure of spacetime. Moreover, it offers insights into the origins of both gravity/gauge duality and gravity/superconductor duality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
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14 pages, 10385 KiB  
Article
Correlation Between Structure, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy
by Renee Joselin Sáenz-Hernández, Carlos Roberto Santillán-Rodríguez, Jesús Salvador Uribe-Chavira, José Andrés Matutes-Aquino and María Cristina Grijalva-Castillo
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020031 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 824
Abstract
This study explores the crystal structure, microstructure and magnetic phase evolution of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA), highlighting its potential for applications requiring tailored magnetic properties across diverse temperatures. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-cast alloy’s microstructure comprises equiaxed grains [...] Read more.
This study explores the crystal structure, microstructure and magnetic phase evolution of the AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA), highlighting its potential for applications requiring tailored magnetic properties across diverse temperatures. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-cast alloy’s microstructure comprises equiaxed grains with branching dendrites, showing compositional variations between interdendritic regions enriched in Al and Ni. Temperature-induced phase transformations were observed above room temperature, transitioning from body centered cubic (BCC) phases (A2 and B2) to a predominant FCC phase at higher temperatures, followed by recrystallization of the A2 phase upon cooling. Magnetization measurements showed a drop near 380 K, suggesting the Curie temperature of BCC phases, a peak at 830 K attributed to optimal magnetic alignment in the FCC phase, and a sharp decline at 950 K marking the transition to a paramagnetic state. Magnetic moment calculations provided insights into magnetic alignment dynamics, while low-temperature analysis highlighted the alloy’s magnetically soft nature, dominated by ferromagnetic contributions from the A2 phase. These findings underscore the strong interdependence of microstructural features and magnetic behavior, offering a foundation for optimizing HEAs for temperature-sensitive scientific and industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Magnetism)
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12 pages, 5695 KiB  
Article
An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Semiconducting Quantum Spin Liquid Candidate: (BEDT-TTF)3[Cu2(μ-C2O4)3·CH3CH2OH·1.2H2O]
by Bin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dongwei Wang, Zheming Wang, Guangcai Chang, Zengqiang Gao, Yanjun Guo, Fen Liu, Zhijuan Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Baolong Qu, Peng Xu, Jiaou Wang, Fenliang Dong, Tongling Liang, Yang Sun, Deliang Yang, Qiaolian Li, Xiaofei Luo, Rongjuan Feng, Mei Liu and Xueying Zhangadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11020012 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 903
Abstract
The organic–inorganic hybrid (BEDT-TTF)3[Cu2(μ-C2O4)3·CH3CH2OH·1.2H2O] (I) was obtained using the electrocrystallization method. It comprises a θ21-phase organic donor layer and a two-dimensional inorganic antiferromagnetic [...] Read more.
The organic–inorganic hybrid (BEDT-TTF)3[Cu2(μ-C2O4)3·CH3CH2OH·1.2H2O] (I) was obtained using the electrocrystallization method. It comprises a θ21-phase organic donor layer and a two-dimensional inorganic antiferromagnetic honeycomb lattice. Cu(II) is octahedrally coordinated by three bisbidenetate oxalates, exhibiting Jahn–Teller distortion. CH3CH2OH and H2O molecules are located within the cavities of the honeycomb lattice. The total formal charge of the three donor molecules was assigned to be +2 based on the bond lengths in the TTF core, which corresponded to the Raman spectra. It is a semiconductor with σrt = 0.04 S/cm and Eα = 40 meV. No long-range ordering was observed above 2 K from zero-field cooling/field cooling magnetization, as confirmed by specific heat measurements. The spin frustration with f > 10 from the antiferromagnetic copper-oxalate-framework was observed. It is a candidate quantum spin liquid. Full article
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27 pages, 16904 KiB  
Review
Bridgman Method for Growing Metal Halide Single Crystals: A Review
by Hui Zhu, Suqin Wang, Ming Sheng, Bo Shao, Yu He, Zhuang Liu and Guangtao Zhou
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020053 - 11 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2263
Abstract
The Bridgman method for single-crystal growth enables the formation of crystals at the lower end of the molten material by cooling it under a precisely controlled temperature gradient. This makes it particularly suitable for producing high-quality single-crystal materials. Over the years, the Bridgman [...] Read more.
The Bridgman method for single-crystal growth enables the formation of crystals at the lower end of the molten material by cooling it under a precisely controlled temperature gradient. This makes it particularly suitable for producing high-quality single-crystal materials. Over the years, the Bridgman technique has become widely adopted for growing single crystals of semiconductors, oxides, sulfides, fluorides, as well as various optoelectronic, magnetic, and piezoelectric materials. Recently, there has been growing interest in metal halide materials, with the growth of high-quality metal halide single crystals emerging as a major focus for both the scientific community and industry. However, traditional solution-based single-crystal growth methods have several limitations, such as slow growth rates, inconsistent crystal quality, challenges in solvent selection, and difficulties in controlling saturation levels. These issues present significant obstacles, particularly when large, defect-free, high-quality single crystals are needed for certain high-performance materials. As a result, the Bridgman method has emerged as an effective solution to overcome these challenges. This review provides an overview of various categories of metal halide single-crystal systems grown using the Bridgman method in recent years. The systems are classified based on their dimensionality into three-dimensional, two-dimensional, and zero-dimensional metal halide structures. Furthermore, we highlight novel metal halide single crystals developed through the Bridgman technique. Additionally, we offer a brief introduction to the structures, properties, and applications of these single crystals, underscoring the crucial role of the Bridgman method in advancing research in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 4669 KiB  
Article
Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam
by Hosin (David) Lee, Lan Ngoc Nguyen, Elena Sturlini and Young-ik Kim
Infrastructures 2025, 10(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10010024 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1695
Abstract
During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of [...] Read more.
During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in the US, the varied definition of WMA is questioned in this paper. Not only are the temperature reduction ranges from HMA defined by various studies too wide, but also the minimum threshold to be classified as WMA is often too small. In this paper, a new category of “Cool Mix Asphalt (CMA)” is proposed to distinguish it from the newly defined WMA based not on the reduction amount from HMA temperature but its actual production temperature. It is proposed that HMA should be defined as asphalt mixtures produced at temperatures between 140 and 160 °C (between 284 and 320 °F), WMA as production temperatures between 120 and 140 °C (between 248 and 284 °F), and CMA as production temperatures between 100 and 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). By defining their actual production temperatures rather than reduction temperatures from HMA, WMA and CMA will be clearly defined. This paper then presents a new Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt (PCMA) additive called “Zero-M”, which was developed to lower the mixing temperature to around 110 °C (203 °F). Recently, test sections using Zero-M were successfully constructed in Korea, Italy and Vietnam, and their laboratory test results of field cores and production and construction experiences are described in this paper. The chemistry and compositions of Zero-M are discussed along with its mechanism to significantly lower the production temperature of PCMA. All test sections constructed in three countries met the in-place compaction density requirements of their respective countries, which were close to or higher than those of the control HMA test sections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cool Mix Asphalt: Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt)
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15 pages, 10397 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Physical Properties of Quaternary Mn2FeSi0.5Al0.5 Alloy Powders with Heusler and β-Mn Structures
by Katerina Skotnicova, Jan Jurica, Ondrej Zivotsky, Tomas Cegan, Kamila Hrabovska, Vlastimil Matejka, Simona Zla, Monika Kawulokova and Artur Chrobak
Materials 2025, 18(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020309 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 2856
Abstract
Manganese-based alloys with the composition Mn2FeZ (Z = Si, Al) have been extensively investigated in recent years due to their potential applications in spintronics. The Mn2FeSi alloy, prepared in the form of ingots, powders, or ribbons, exhibits either a [...] Read more.
Manganese-based alloys with the composition Mn2FeZ (Z = Si, Al) have been extensively investigated in recent years due to their potential applications in spintronics. The Mn2FeSi alloy, prepared in the form of ingots, powders, or ribbons, exhibits either a cubic full-Heusler (L21) structure, an inverse-Heusler (XA) structure, or a combination of both. In contrast, the Mn2FeAl alloy has so far been synthesized only in the form of ingots, featuring a primitive cubic (β-Mn type) structure. This study focuses on the new quaternary Mn2FeSi0.5Al0.5 alloy synthesized from pure Mn, Fe, Si, and Al powders via mechanical alloying. The elemental powders were ball-milled for 168 h with a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1, followed by annealing at 550 °C, 700 °C, and 950 °C for 8 h in an argon protective atmosphere. The results demonstrate that annealing at lower temperatures (550 °C) led to the formation of a Heusler structure with a lattice constant of 0.5739 nm. Annealing at 700 °C resulted in the coexistence of several phases, including the Heusler phase and a newly developed primitive cubic β-Mn structure. Further increasing the annealing temperature to 950 °C completely suppressed the Heusler phase, with the β-Mn structure, having a lattice constant of 0.6281 nm, becoming the dominant phase. These findings confirm the possibility of tuning the structure of Mn2FeSi0.5Al0.5 alloy powder—and thereby its physical properties—by varying the annealing temperature. The sensitivity of magnetic properties to structural changes is demonstrated through magnetization curves and zero-field-cooled/field-cooled curves in the temperature range of 5 K to 300 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanical Alloying and Milling)
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23 pages, 6021 KiB  
Article
Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and Dielectric Investigations of Pure and Co-Doped La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-x-yZnxCoyO3 Manganites with (0.00 < x + y < 0.20)
by Mansour Mohamed, A. Sedky, Abdullah S. Alshammari, Z. R. Khan, M. Bouzidi and Marzook S. Alshammari
Crystals 2024, 14(11), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110981 - 14 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1036
Abstract
Here, we report the structural, optical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-x-yZnxCoyO3 manganite with various x and y values (0.025 < x + y < 0.20). The pure and co-doped samples are [...] Read more.
Here, we report the structural, optical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-x-yZnxCoyO3 manganite with various x and y values (0.025 < x + y < 0.20). The pure and co-doped samples are called S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, with (x + y) = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20, respectively. The XRD confirmed a monoclinic structure for all the samples, such that the unit cell volume and the size of the crystallite and grain were generally decreased by increasing the co-doping content (x + y). The opposite was true for the behaviors of the porosity, the Debye temperature, and the elastic modulus. The energy gap Eg was 3.85 eV for S1, but it decreased to 3.82, 3.75, and 3.65 eV for S2, S5, and S3. Meanwhile, it increased and went to its maximum value of 3.95 eV for S4. The values of the single and dispersion energies (Eo, Ed) were 9.55 and 41.88 eV for S1, but they were decreased by co-doping. The samples exhibited paramagnetic behaviors at 300 K, but they showed ferromagnetic behaviors at 10 K. For both temperatures, the saturated magnetizations (Ms) were increased by increasing the co-doping content and they reached their maximum values of 1.27 and 15.08 (emu/g) for S4. At 300 K, the co-doping changed the magnetic material from hard to soft, but it changed from soft to hard at 10 K. In field cooling (FC), the samples showed diamagnetic regime behavior (M < 0) below 80 K, but this behavior was completely absent for zero field cooling (ZFC). In parallel, co-doping of up to 0.10 (S4) decreased the dielectric constant, AC conductivity, and effective capacitance, whereas the electric modulus, impedance, and bulk resistance were increased. The analysis of the electric modulus showed the presence of relaxation peaks for all the samples. These outcomes show a good correlation between the different properties and indicate that co-doping of up to 0.10 of Zn and Co in place of Mn in La:113 compounds is beneficial for elastic deformation, optoelectronics, Li-batteries, and spintronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Structures and Magnetic Interactions of Magnetic Materials)
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18 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
First Long-Term Measurements on Kazakhstan Shelf of the Caspian Sea Reveal Alternating Currents and Energetic Temperature Variability
by Peter O. Zavialov, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Philipp V. Sapozhnikov, Valentina M. Khan, Nurgazy K. Kurbaniyazov and Abilgazi K. Kurbaniyazov
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(11), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111957 - 1 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
Moored near-bottom current velocity and water temperature measurements were performed during a period of 194 days (from October 2022 through April 2023) with a 15-min sampling rate at two locations on the shelf of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea in its [...] Read more.
Moored near-bottom current velocity and water temperature measurements were performed during a period of 194 days (from October 2022 through April 2023) with a 15-min sampling rate at two locations on the shelf of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea in its Middle Caspian basin. The area has not been covered by in situ measurements over several decades. The two stations were separated by a distance of 22 km along the coast. The velocity and temperature data collected at 14 m depth were analyzed together with the wind data from the local meteorological station, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis of wind curl data over the Caspian Sea, as well as multi-mission satellite imagery. The analysis revealed that the currents were predominantly along-shore and highly variable in direction, with nearly zero average over the observation period. The along-shore and cross-shore components of velocity exhibited rather high correlation with the along-shore wind stress with the maximum (r = 0.68 and r = 0.53, respectively) at a time lag of about 9.5 h. The velocity series were not significantly correlated with the wind curl averaged over the entire Caspian Sea at any temporal lag, while there were weak but significant correlations between the along-shore current velocity and the curl of the wind fields over the Middle Caspian and Northern Caspian basins with time lags from one to nine days. The along-shore current velocities at the two stations were highly correlated (r = 0.78) with each other at no temporal lag. The temperature at both stations demonstrated nearly identical seasonal march, but a higher frequency variability superimposed on the latter was also evident with amplitudes as high as 2.79 °C. Somewhat surprisingly, the series of these anomalies at the two stations were not correlated either with each other or with surface wind forcing. However, there is evidence pointing to their connection with the cross-shore component of near bottom velocity, i.e., the cross-shore, up or down the bottom slope excursions of water from deeper or shallower depths, retaining a different temperature. During intense winter cooling of the surface layer, this effect is manifested as «warm upwelling» creating strong positive temperature anomalies or the opposite «cold downwelling» and negative anomalies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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14 pages, 9541 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Memory Effects in BaFe2(As0.68P0.32)2 Superconducting Single Crystal
by Alina M. Badea (Ionescu), Ion Ivan, Corneliu F. Miclea, Daniel N. Crisan, Armando Galluzzi, Massimiliano Polichetti and Adrian Crisan
Materials 2024, 17(21), 5340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215340 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Among many iron-based superconductors, isovalently substituted BaFe2(As1−xPx)2 displays, for x ≈ 0.3, apart from the quite usual Second Magnetization Peak (SMP) in the field dependence of the critical current density, an unusual peak effect in the [...] Read more.
Among many iron-based superconductors, isovalently substituted BaFe2(As1−xPx)2 displays, for x ≈ 0.3, apart from the quite usual Second Magnetization Peak (SMP) in the field dependence of the critical current density, an unusual peak effect in the temperature dependence of the critical current density in the constant field, which is related to the rhombic-to-square (RST) structural transition of the Bragg vortex glass (BVG). By using multi-harmonic AC susceptibility investigations in three different cooling regimes—field cooling, zero-field cooling, and field cooling with measurements during warming up—we have discovered the existence of a temperature region in which there is a pronounced magnetic memory effect, which we attributed to the direction of the structural transition. The observed huge differences in the third harmonic susceptibility at low and high AC frequencies indicates the difference in the time-scale of the structural transition in comparison with the timescale of the vortex excitations. Our findings show that the RST influence on the vortex dynamics goes beyond the previously observed influence on the onset of the SMP. Full article
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20 pages, 4977 KiB  
Article
Simulation-Based Hybrid Energy Storage Composite-Target Planning with Power Quality Improvements for Integrated Energy Systems in Large-Building Microgrids
by Chunguang He, Xiaolin Tan, Zixuan Liu, Jiakun An, Xuejun Li, Gengfeng Li and Runfan Zhang
Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193844 - 28 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1627
Abstract
In this paper, we present an optimization planning method for enhancing power quality in integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids by adjusting the sizing and deployment of hybrid energy storage systems. These integrated energy systems incorporate wind and solar power, natural gas supply, [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present an optimization planning method for enhancing power quality in integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids by adjusting the sizing and deployment of hybrid energy storage systems. These integrated energy systems incorporate wind and solar power, natural gas supply, and interactions with electric vehicles and the main power grid. In the optimization planning method developed, the objectives of cost-effective and low-carbon operation, the lifecycle cost of hybrid energy storage, power quality improvements, and renewable energy utilization are targeted and coordinated by using utility fusion theory. Our planning method addresses multiple energy forms—cooling, heating, electricity, natural gas, and renewable energies—which are integrated through a combined cooling, heating, and power system and a natural gas turbine. The hybrid energy storage system incorporates batteries and compressed-air energy storage systems to handle fast and slow variations in power demand, respectively. A sensitivity matrix between the output power of the energy sources and the voltage is modeled by using the power flow method in DistFlow, reflecting the improvements in power quality and the respective constraints. The method proposed is validated by simulating various typical scenarios on the modified IEEE 13-node distribution network topology. The novelty of this paper lies in its focus on the application of integrated energy systems within large buildings and its approach to hybrid energy storage system planning in multiple dimensions, including making co-location and capacity sizing decisions. Other innovative aspects include the coordination of hybrid energy storage combinations, simultaneous siting and sizing decisions, lifecycle cost calculations, and optimization for power quality enhancement. As part of these design considerations, microgrid-related technologies are integrated with cutting-edge nearly zero-energy building designs, representing a pioneering attempt within this field. Our results indicate that this multi-objective, multi-dimensional, utility fusion-based optimization method for hybrid energy storage significantly enhances the economic efficiency and quality of the operation of integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids in building-level energy distribution planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Intelligent Microgrid Operation and Control)
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13 pages, 4545 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Levitation Properties between Bulk High-Temperature Superconductor Blocks and High-Temperature Superconductor Tape Stacks Prepared from Commercial Coated Conductors
by Anke Kirchner, Tilo Espenhahn, Sebastian Klug, Kornelius Nielsch and Ruben Hühne
Materials 2024, 17(18), 4516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184516 - 14 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055
Abstract
Bulk high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) such as REBa2Cu3O7−x (REBCO, RE = Y, Gd) are commonly used in rotationally symmetric superconducting magnetic bearings. However, such bulks have several disadvantages such as brittleness, limited availability and high costs [...] Read more.
Bulk high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) such as REBa2Cu3O7−x (REBCO, RE = Y, Gd) are commonly used in rotationally symmetric superconducting magnetic bearings. However, such bulks have several disadvantages such as brittleness, limited availability and high costs due to the time-consuming and energy-intensive fabrication process. Alternatively, tape stacks of HTS-coated conductors might be used for these devices promising an improved bearing efficiency due to a simplification of manufacturing processes for the required shapes, higher mechanical strength, improved thermal performance, higher availability and therefore potentially reduced costs. Hence, tape stacks with a base area of (12 × 12) mm2 and a height of up to 12 mm were prepared and compared to commercial bulks of the same size. The trapped field measurements at 77 K showed slightly higher values for the tape stacks if compared to bulks with the same size. Afterwards, the maximum levitation forces in zero field (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) modes were measured while approaching a permanent magnet, which allows the stiffness in the vertical and lateral directions to be determined. Similar levitation forces were measured in the vertical direction for bulk samples and tape stacks in ZFC and FC modes, whereas the lateral forces were almost zero for stacks with the REBCO films parallel to the magnet. A 90° rotation of the tape stacks with respect to the magnet results in the opposite behavior, i.e., a high lateral but negligible vertical stiffness. This anisotropy originates from the arrangement of decoupled superconducting layers in the tape stacks. Therefore, a combination of stacks with vertical and lateral alignment is required for stable levitation in a bearing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Superconducting Materials and Applications of Superconductivity)
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17 pages, 3450 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Superparamagnetic Fe3O4-Ag Decorated Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity Studies in Human Fibroblasts (HFF-1) and Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7)
by Álvaro de Jesús Ruíz-Baltazar, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Néstor Méndez-Lozano and Karla Juárez-Moreno
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6750; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156750 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
This study investigates the cytotoxicity profile of superparamagnetic Fe3O4-Ag decorated nanoparticles against human fibroblasts (HFF-1) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and [...] Read more.
This study investigates the cytotoxicity profile of superparamagnetic Fe3O4-Ag decorated nanoparticles against human fibroblasts (HFF-1) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and magnetic assays including hysteresis curves and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) plots. The nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior as evidenced by magnetic studies. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that both HFF-1 and MCF-7 cells maintained nearly 100% viability upon nanoparticle exposure, underscoring the outstanding biocompatibility of Fe3O4/Ag decorated nanoparticles and suggesting their potential utility in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and magnetic targeting. Furthermore, the study analyzed the cytotoxic effects of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-Ag decorated nanoparticles to evaluate their biocompatibility for further therapeutic efficacy. Results showed that neither type of nanoparticle significantly reduced cell viability in HFF-1 fibroblasts, indicating non-cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Similarly, MCF-7 breast cancer cells did not exhibit a significant change in viability when exposed to different nanoparticle concentrations, highlighting the compatibility of these nanoparticles with both healthy and cancerous cells. Additionally, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cells exposed to the nanoparticles was examined to guarantee their biosafety for further therapeutic potential. Higher concentrations (50–100 μg/mL) of Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles decreased ROS production in both HFF-1 and MCF-7 cells, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles were more effective in generating ROS. This differential response suggests that Fe3O4-Ag nanoparticles might modulate oxidative stress more effectively, thus beneficial for future anticancer strategies due to cancer cells’ susceptibility to ROS-induced damage. These findings contribute to understanding nanoparticle interactions with cellular oxidative mechanisms, which are crucial for developing safe and effective nanoparticle-based therapies. This investigation advances our understanding of nanostructured materials in biological settings and highlights their promising prospects in biomedicine. Full article
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