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Keywords = ytterbium ions

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14 pages, 2149 KiB  
Article
Gain Characteristics of Hybrid Waveguide Amplifiers in SiN Photonics Integration with Er-Yb:Al2O3 Thin Film
by Ziming Dong, Guoqing Sun, Yuqing Zhao, Yaxin Wang, Lei Ding, Liqin Tang and Yigang Li
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070718 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 287
Abstract
Integrated optical waveguide amplifiers, with their compact footprint, low power consumption, and scalability, are the basis for optical communications. The realization of high gain in such integrated devices is made more challenging by the tight optical constraints. In this work, we present efficient [...] Read more.
Integrated optical waveguide amplifiers, with their compact footprint, low power consumption, and scalability, are the basis for optical communications. The realization of high gain in such integrated devices is made more challenging by the tight optical constraints. In this work, we present efficient amplification in an erbium–ytterbium-based hybrid slot waveguide consisting of a silicon nitride waveguide and a thin-film active layer/electron-beam resist. The electron-beam resist as the upper cladding layer not only possesses the role of protecting the waveguide but also has tighter optical confinement in the vertical cross-section direction. On this basis, an accurate and comprehensive dynamic model of an erbium–ytterbium co-doped amplifier is realized by introducing quenched ions. A modal gain of above 20 dB is achieved at the signal wavelength of 1530 nm in a 1.4 cm long hybrid slot waveguide, with fractions of quenched ions fq = 30%. In addition, the proposed hybrid waveguide amplifiers exhibit higher modal gain than conventional air-clad amplifiers under the same conditions. Endowing silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits with efficient amplification enriches the integration of various active functionalities on silicon. Full article
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15 pages, 1871 KiB  
Article
NIR-Emitting Scintillators Based on CsI Single Crystals
by Dmitriy Sofich, Veronika Gavrilenko, Viktorija Pankratova, Vladimir Pankratov, Ekaterina Kaneva and Roman Shendrik
Crystals 2025, 15(6), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15060489 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 452
Abstract
The development of efficient scintillators emitting in the red and/or infrared spectral range represents an important scientific challenge, as such materials could find numerous practical applications. This work studies newly grown CsI:Yb,Sm and CsI:Eu,Sm single crystals demonstrating red and infrared luminescence. We measured [...] Read more.
The development of efficient scintillators emitting in the red and/or infrared spectral range represents an important scientific challenge, as such materials could find numerous practical applications. This work studies newly grown CsI:Yb,Sm and CsI:Eu,Sm single crystals demonstrating red and infrared luminescence. We measured luminescence spectra in the visible and near-IR range, excitation spectra across visible, UV, VUV, and X-ray ranges, Raman spectra, and thermoluminescence spectra. The results show that divalent europium and ytterbium ions can efficiently transfer excitation to samarium ions. The light output of the obtained crystals under X-ray excitation was roughly estimated from the X-ray luminescence spectra, with expected values of 37,000 photons/MeV for CsI:Yb,Sm and 40,000 photons/MeV for CsI:Eu,Sm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crystal Engineering)
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20 pages, 6941 KiB  
Review
Random Lasers Based on Tellurite and Germanate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Doped with Rare-Earth Ions
by Davinson M. da Silva, Josivanir G. Câmara, Niklaus U. Wetter, Jessica Dipold, Luciana R. P. Kassab and Cid B. de Araújo
Micromachines 2025, 16(5), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050550 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 358
Abstract
Random lasers (RLs) based on glasses and glass-ceramics doped with rare-earth ions (REI) deserve great attention because of their specific physical properties such as large thermal stability, possibility to operate at high intensities, optical wavelength tunability, and prospects to operate Fiber-RLs, among other [...] Read more.
Random lasers (RLs) based on glasses and glass-ceramics doped with rare-earth ions (REI) deserve great attention because of their specific physical properties such as large thermal stability, possibility to operate at high intensities, optical wavelength tunability, and prospects to operate Fiber-RLs, among other characteristics of interest for photonic applications. In this article, we present a brief review of experiments with RLs based on tellurite and germanate glasses and glass-ceramics doped with neodymium (Nd³⁺), erbium (Er³⁺), and ytterbium (Yb³⁺) ions. The glass samples were fabricated using the melt-quenching technique followed by controlled crystallization to achieve the glass-ceramics. Afterwards, the samples were crushed to obtain the powder samples for the RLs experiments. The experiments demonstrated RLs emissions at various wavelengths, with feedback mechanisms due to light scattering at grain/air and crystalline/glass interfaces. The phenomenon of replica symmetry breaking was verified through statistical analysis of the RLs intensity fluctuations, indicating a photonic phase-transition (corresponding to the RL threshold) analogous to the paramagnetic-to-spin glass transition in magnetic materials. The various results reported here highlight the potential of glasses and glass-ceramics for the development of RLs with improved performance in terms of reduction of laser threshold and large lifetime of the active media in comparison with organic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Microdevices and Applications Based on Advanced Glassy Materials)
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8 pages, 512 KiB  
Article
Energy Structure of Yb3+-Yb3+ Paired Center in LiNbO3 Crystal
by Gagik Demirkhanyan, Narine Babajanyan, Ninel Kokanyan, Michel Aillerie, Marco Bazzan and Edvard Kokanyan
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020023 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 586
Abstract
Within the framework of Dexter’s theory, we calculate the energies of the Stark levels of Yb3+-Yb3+ paired centers in lithium niobate doped with Yb3+ ions (LiNbO3:Yb3+) crystal, considering the interaction of optical electrons of ytterbium [...] Read more.
Within the framework of Dexter’s theory, we calculate the energies of the Stark levels of Yb3+-Yb3+ paired centers in lithium niobate doped with Yb3+ ions (LiNbO3:Yb3+) crystal, considering the interaction of optical electrons of ytterbium ions forming the paired center. The calculated Stark level energies are shown to correspond well with the observed cooperative luminescence wavelengths. Full article
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17 pages, 2240 KiB  
Article
Detecting N-Phenyl-2-Naphthylamine, L-Arabinose, D-Mannose, L-Phenylalanine, L-Methionine, and D-Trehalose via Photocurrent Measurement
by Feng Li, Ruoxi Yang, Jian Xu, Guohai Xu and Ye Wu
Gels 2024, 10(12), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120808 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1186
Abstract
The concentration of small molecules reflects the normality of physiological processes in the human body, making the development of simple and efficient detection equipment essential. In this work, inspired by a facile strategy in point-of-care detection, two devices were fabricated to detect small [...] Read more.
The concentration of small molecules reflects the normality of physiological processes in the human body, making the development of simple and efficient detection equipment essential. In this work, inspired by a facile strategy in point-of-care detection, two devices were fabricated to detect small molecules via photocurrent measurement. A linear response of the photocurrent against the concentration of the small molecules was found. In the first device, metal ions were introduced into gel substrates made by xanthan gum to enhance photocurrent response. N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine was measured when iron or manganese ions were used. L-Phenylalanine was measured when the gel was modified by samarium, iron, cerium, or ytterbium ions. L-(+)-Arabinose was detected via the gels modified by iron or holmium ions. D-(+)-Mannose was detected when the gel was modified by ytterbium, manganese, chromium, or sodium ions. L-Methionine was detected in the gels modified by samarium, zinc, or chromium ions. The second device was based on a paper sheet. A sugar-like molecule was first synthesized, which was then used to modify the paper. The detection was possible since the photocurrent showed a linear trend against the concentration of D-Trehalose. A linear fit was conducted to derive the sensitivity, whose value was found to be 5542.4. This work offers a novel, simple, and environmentally sustainable platform that is potentially useful in remote areas lacking medical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress of Hydrogel Sensors and Biosensors)
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15 pages, 4852 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Holmium-Doped Fiber Using AOM and Considering Pair-Induced Quenching and Fiber Length
by Yuri Barmenkov, Pablo Muniz-Cánovas, José-Luis Cruz and Miguel V. Andrés
Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111043 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1314
Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on the characterization of holmium-doped silica fiber. A standard acousto-optic modulator controls the output power of the ytterbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1134.5 nm and serving as a pump source of the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on the characterization of holmium-doped silica fiber. A standard acousto-optic modulator controls the output power of the ytterbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1134.5 nm and serving as a pump source of the holmium-doped fiber under test. This technique allows us to measure the lifetimes of 5I7 and 5I8 energy levels of Ho3+ ions. The effects of the fiber length and the concentration-dependent pair-induced quenching on the accuracy of the fluorescence lifetime measurement are considered. The results of this study are compared with those obtained using the exponential and Förster decay functions used for such types of measurements. It is demonstrated that the knowledge of two fiber parameters, the pump saturation power and the fluorescence saturation power, together with the fiber absorption spectrum, permits one to obtain the absorption cross-sections at the pump and other key wavelengths, the effective concentration of the active ions, and the quantum efficiency of the fluorescence from the laser level. The results of this study are applicable to the reliable characterization of any type of heavily doped gain fibers and to the further numerical modeling and optimization of fiber lasers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Lasers: Recent Advances and Applications)
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12 pages, 19537 KiB  
Article
Growth, Spectroscopic Characterization and Continuous-Wave Laser Operation of Er,Yb:GdMgB5O10Crystal
by Konstantin N. Gorbachenya, Elena A. Volkova, Victor V. Maltsev, Victor E. Kisel, Diana D. Mitina, Elizaveta V. Koporulina, Nikolai N. Kuzmin, Ekaterina I. Marchenko and Vladimir L. Kosorukov
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090240 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1115
Abstract
A transparent Er3+,Yb3+:GdMgB5O10 single crystal with dimensions up to 24 × 15 × 12 mm was grown successfully by the high-temperature solution growth on dipped seeds technique from K2Mo3O10-based solvent. [...] Read more.
A transparent Er3+,Yb3+:GdMgB5O10 single crystal with dimensions up to 24 × 15 × 12 mm was grown successfully by the high-temperature solution growth on dipped seeds technique from K2Mo3O10-based solvent. The grown crystal was characterized using PXRD, DSC and ATR techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and SEM analysis of the heat-treated solids revealed Er,Yb:GdMgB5O10 to be an incongruent melting compound with an onset point of 1087 °C. The absorption edge of the Er,Yb:GMBO sample is located in the region of 245 nm, which approximates a value of 4.8 eV. Absorption and emission spectra, and luminescence kinetics, were studied. The energy transfer efficiency from ytterbium to erbium ions was determined. The laser operation in continuous-wave mode was realized and output characteristics were measured. The maximal output power of 0.15 W with a slope efficiency of 11% was obtained at 1568 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials)
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22 pages, 3899 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Lanthanide Nitrates in Dilute Aqueous Solutions
by Galina Kuz’micheva, Alexander Trigub, Alexander Rogachev, Andrey Dorokhov and Elena Domoroshchina
Molecules 2024, 29(17), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174023 - 25 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
This work presents the results of studying dilute aqueous solutions of commercial Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O salts with Ln = Ce-Lu using X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS: EXAFS/XANES), and pH measurements. As a [...] Read more.
This work presents the results of studying dilute aqueous solutions of commercial Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O salts with Ln = Ce-Lu using X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS: EXAFS/XANES), and pH measurements. As a reference point, XRD and XAS measurements for characterized Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O microcrystalline powder samples were performed. The local structure of Ln-nitrate complexes in 20 mM Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O aqueous solution was studied under total external reflection conditions and EXAFS geometry was applied to obtain high-quality EXAFS data for solutions with low concentrations of Ln3+ ions. Results obtained by EXAFS spectroscopy showed significant contraction of the first coordination sphere during the dissolution process for metal ions located in the middle of the lanthanide series. It was established that in Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O solutions with Ln = Ce, Sm, Gd, Yb (c = 134, 100, 50 and 20 mM) there are coordinated and, to a greater extent, non-coordinated nitrate groups with bidentate and predominantly monodentate bonds with Ln ions, the number of which increases upon transition from cerium to ytterbium. For the first time, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Ln(NO3)3 · xH2O Ln = Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Yb solutions with different concentrations and pH was presented. Cross-relationships between the concentration of solutions and antimicrobial activity with the type of Ln = Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Yb were established, as well as the absence of biocidal properties of solutions with a concentration of 20 mM, except for Ln = Yb. The important role of experimental conditions in obtaining and interpreting the results was noted. Full article
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13 pages, 12033 KiB  
Article
Ytterbium-Doped Double-Clad Fiber with High Uniformity of Concentration Distribution and Suppressed Photodarkening
by Yongqing Yi, Yize Shen, Pengcheng Geng, Rong Pan, Shijie Xu and Ruifang Luo
Photonics 2024, 11(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060565 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1828
Abstract
Photodarkening (PD) effect in ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) has a significant impact on the high-power operational stability of fiber lasers, which seriously hinders the power scaling. In this paper, the relationship between ytterbium ions uniformity and the photodarkening effect in the YDF was investigated, [...] Read more.
Photodarkening (PD) effect in ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) has a significant impact on the high-power operational stability of fiber lasers, which seriously hinders the power scaling. In this paper, the relationship between ytterbium ions uniformity and the photodarkening effect in the YDF was investigated, and the fabrication process allowing improving the ytterbium ions uniformity in the core of preforms for suppressing the photodarkening effect was developed. The Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) method combined with Chelate Vapor Deposition (CVD) technology was adopted for multi-layer fiber core deposition, and an all-gas-phase technical process was proposed to improve the ytterbium ions uniformity in the Al/P co-doped glass matrix. The 25/400 μm YDFs obtained by this technology achieved stable 3.5 kW laser output power for 8 h with suppressed PD and nonlinear effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Science and Applications of Fiber Laser Technology)
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13 pages, 2368 KiB  
Article
Crystal Growth and Spectroscopy of Yb2+-Doped CsI Single Crystal
by Dmitriy Sofich, Alexandra Myasnikova, Alexander Bogdanov, Viktorija Pankratova, Vladimir Pankratov, Ekaterina Kaneva and Roman Shendrik
Crystals 2024, 14(6), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060500 - 24 May 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
The single crystals of CsI-Yb2+ were grown, and their spectroscopic studies were conducted. The observed luminescence in CsI-Yb2+ is due to 5d–4f transitions in Yb2+ ions. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, spin-allowed and spin-forbidden radiative transitions of ytterbium ions at room temperature [...] Read more.
The single crystals of CsI-Yb2+ were grown, and their spectroscopic studies were conducted. The observed luminescence in CsI-Yb2+ is due to 5d–4f transitions in Yb2+ ions. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, spin-allowed and spin-forbidden radiative transitions of ytterbium ions at room temperature were found. The excitation spectra of Yb2+ luminescence bands were obtained in the range of 3–45 eV. The mechanism of charge compensation of Yb2+ ions in a CsI crystal was also studied, the spectrum of the thermally stimulated depolarization current was measured, and the activation energies of the two observed peaks were calculated. These peaks belong to impurity–vacancy complexes in two different positions. The charge compensation of Yb2+ occurs via cation vacancies in the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor positions.The Yb2+ ions are promising dopants for CsI scintillators and X-ray phosphors in combination with SiPM photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystals for Radiation Detectors, UV Filters and Lasers)
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19 pages, 4634 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Calculations and Experimental Investigation of Separation of Dy3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ by Cascade Extraction in TOGDA–Kerosene/Hydrochloric Acid System
by Yuzhen Bai, Aijun Gong, Lina Qiu, Yiwen Wang, Ge Gao, Weiyu Zhao, Yang Liu, Jiayi Yin, Xinyu Huang and Yiyang Chen
Separations 2024, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11010033 - 17 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
The hot spot extraction agent N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxoglutaramide (TODGA) has the advantages of novelty, high efficiency and environmental protection in the separation of rare earths by tandem extraction. In this paper, the characteristic parameters for the separation of dysprosium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium ions [...] Read more.
The hot spot extraction agent N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxoglutaramide (TODGA) has the advantages of novelty, high efficiency and environmental protection in the separation of rare earths by tandem extraction. In this paper, the characteristic parameters for the separation of dysprosium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium ions in the TOGDA–kerosene/hydrochloric acid system for tandem extraction were calculated. Using a 10% TODGA–kerosene/5 mol·L−1 hydrochloric acid extraction system, the mixture containing Dy3+ 0.258 mol·L−1, Er3+ 0.252 mol·L−1, Tm3+ 0.248 mol·L−1 and Yb3+ 0.242 mol·L−1 can be separated by three separation steps, and four products of Dy3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+ can be obtained. The purity of the four products was 99.80%, 99.20%, 99.70% and 99.70%, and the yields were 99.03%, 98.97%, 97.88% and 96.98%, in order. In this paper, the reasons were analyzed for the differences in the ability of the TODGA system to extract heavy rare earth ions (REEs) in terms of density functionality, complex structure and bond valence model. These will provide more basic data and guidance for the industrial application of TODGA. Full article
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18 pages, 5329 KiB  
Article
Growth, Structure, Spectroscopy, and Laser Operation of a “Mixed” Yb:(Y,Lu)3Al5O12 Garnet Crystal
by Sami Slimi, Pavel Loiko, Mingyan Pan, Pauline Lehoux, Venkatesan Jambunathan, Martin Smrz, Tomas Mocek, Yicheng Wang, Weidong Chen, Valentin Petrov, Rosa Maria Solé, Magdalena Aguiló, Francesc Díaz, Patrice Camy and Xavier Mateos
Crystals 2023, 13(11), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13111588 - 15 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
A single crystal of ytterbium-doped “mixed” yttrium–lutetium aluminum garnet with a stoichiometric composition of (Y0.601Lu0.233Yb0.166)3Al5O12 was grown by the Czochralski method and its structure, vibronic, spectroscopic, and laser properties were studied. The [...] Read more.
A single crystal of ytterbium-doped “mixed” yttrium–lutetium aluminum garnet with a stoichiometric composition of (Y0.601Lu0.233Yb0.166)3Al5O12 was grown by the Czochralski method and its structure, vibronic, spectroscopic, and laser properties were studied. The stimulated-emission cross-section for Yb3+ ions was maximized to 2.53 × 10−20 cm2 at 1031 nm. The emission bandwidth was ~8 nm, and the reabsorption-free luminescence lifetime of the 2F5/2 state was 1.063 ms. Pumped at 941 nm, the Yb laser generated a maximum output power of 1.04 W at 1.03 and 1.05 μm with a high slope efficiency of 76.4% and a laser threshold of 76 mW. A continuous wavelength tuning over a range of 51.6 nm (1026.4–1078.0 nm) was also achieved. Power scaling was achieved using a 969 nm diode-pumped microchip cavity. A maximum output power of ~9 W was obtained at 1.05 μm with a slope efficiency of 76% and an almost circular laser beam profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare Earths-Doped Materials (3rd Edition))
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14 pages, 3308 KiB  
Article
Volumetric Temperature Mapping Using Light-Sheet Microscopy and Upconversion Fluorescence from Micro- and Nano-Rare Earth Composites
by Dannareli Barron-Ortiz, Ruben D. Cadena-Nava, Enric Pérez-Parets, Jacob Licea-Rodriguez, Emilio J. Gualda, Juan Hernandez-Cordero, Pablo Loza-Alvarez and Israel Rocha-Mendoza
Micromachines 2023, 14(11), 2097; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112097 - 14 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2041
Abstract
We present a combination of light-sheet excitation and two-dimensional fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) measurements as a simple and promising technique for three-dimensional temperature mapping. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated with samples fabricated with sodium yttrium fluoride nanoparticles co-doped with rare-earth ytterbium [...] Read more.
We present a combination of light-sheet excitation and two-dimensional fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) measurements as a simple and promising technique for three-dimensional temperature mapping. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated with samples fabricated with sodium yttrium fluoride nanoparticles co-doped with rare-earth ytterbium and erbium ions (NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+) incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a host material. In addition, we also evaluate the technique using lipid-coated NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles immersed in agar. The composite materials show upconverted (UC) fluorescence bands when excited by a 980 nm near-infrared laser light-sheet. Using a single CMOS camera and a pair of interferometric optical filters to specifically image the two thermally-coupled bands (at 525 and 550 nm), the two-dimensional FIR and, hence, the temperature map can be readily obtained. The proposed method can take optically sectioned (confocal-like) images with good optical resolution over relatively large samples (up to the millimetric scale) for further 3D temperature reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Photonics)
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11 pages, 6387 KiB  
Communication
Novel Mesoporous and Multilayered Yb/N-Co-Doped CeO2 with Enhanced Oxygen Storage Capacity
by Yaohui Xu, Liangjuan Gao, Pingkeng Wu and Zhao Ding
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155478 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
A cubic fluorite-type CeO2 with mesoporous multilayered morphology was synthesized by the solvothermal method followed by calcination in air, and its oxygen storage capacity (OSC) was quantified by the amount of O2 consumption per gram of CeO2 based on hydrogen [...] Read more.
A cubic fluorite-type CeO2 with mesoporous multilayered morphology was synthesized by the solvothermal method followed by calcination in air, and its oxygen storage capacity (OSC) was quantified by the amount of O2 consumption per gram of CeO2 based on hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2–TPR) measurements. Doping CeO2 with ytterbium (Yb) and nitrogen (N) ions proved to be an effective route to improving its OSC in this work. The OSC of undoped CeO2 was 0.115 mmol O2/g and reached as high as 0.222 mmol O2/g upon the addition of 5 mol.% Yb(NO3)3∙5H2O, further enhanced to 0.274 mmol O2/g with the introduction of 20 mol.% triethanolamine. Both the introductions of Yb cations and N anions into the CeO2 lattice were conducive to the formation of more non-stoichiometric oxygen vacancy (VO) defects and reducible–reoxidizable Cen+ ions. To determine the structure performance relationships, the partial least squares method was employed to construct two linear functions for the doping level vs. lattice parameter and [VO] vs. OSC/SBET. Full article
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13 pages, 3161 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Yb:YAG Active Mirrors for High Power Laser Amplifiers
by Vladimir A. Petrov, Gleb V. Kuptsov, Alyona O. Kuptsova, Victor V. Atuchin, Elena V. Stroganova and Victor V. Petrov
Photonics 2023, 10(7), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070849 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1912
Abstract
The work is aimed at the investigation of the influence of nonlinear active ions concentration profiles in Yb:YAG laser elements on temperature distribution and wavefront distortions during amplification using sub-kilowatt level diode pumping. A mathematical model is presented for the theoretical study of [...] Read more.
The work is aimed at the investigation of the influence of nonlinear active ions concentration profiles in Yb:YAG laser elements on temperature distribution and wavefront distortions during amplification using sub-kilowatt level diode pumping. A mathematical model is presented for the theoretical study of the amplification process in crystals with cubic crystal system. A detailed comparison of Yb:YAG active elements with the same thickness and absorbed pumping power, but with various concentration profiles of Yb3+, ions is carried out. It is shown that the use of active elements with an increasing dopant concentration in the pump beam direction allows one to optimize the temperature profile inside the active element and, thus, reduce the thermal-induced wavefront distortions of the amplified radiation. Modeling is carried out for the experimentally grown crystal with linear concentration gradient profile. It is shown that the linear doping profile with a gradient of 0.65 at.%/mm allows increasing the small-signal gain up to 10% and decreasing the thermal-induced wavefront distortions by ~15%. Full article
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