Search Results (4,740)

Background: Early detection of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is essential, as the first two years of life represent a critical window of neuroplasticity during which timely interventions can improve developmental outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as ADOS and ADI-R, rely on caregiver reports and structured observations, limiting ecological validity and accessibility. Eye-tracking (ET) offers a non-invasive, scalable approach to assess early atypical gaze patterns. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of ET for early ASD detection and its potential as an adjunctive screening tool. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and the Cochrane Library identified studies published between January 2015 and July 2025. Eligible studies evaluated ET in infants and toddlers (≤36 months) for early ASD identification, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Out of 513 records, 57 studies were included. Most studies reported reduced fixation on social stimuli, atypical gaze following, and preference for geometric over social images in infants later diagnosed with ASD. Pooled effect sizes indicated a moderate-to-large difference between ASD and typically developing groups in social fixation time (Hedges’ g ≈ 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48–0.82, I² = 58%). Studies integrating machine learning algorithms (n = 14) achieved improved sensitivity (up to 89%) and specificity (up to 86%) compared with conventional gaze metrics. Conclusions: Overall, ET shows strong potential as an early adjunctive screening method for ASD. Nonetheless, methodological heterogeneity and lack of standardized protocols currently limit clinical translation, underscoring the need for multi-center validation and task standardization. Full article

Background: Picky eating (PE), also termed food selectivity, is one of the most common feeding concerns in childhood. Although often a transient developmental stage, persistent or severe selectivity may lead to nutritional deficiencies, growth impairment, and psychosocial consequences. Methods: This narrative review is based on literature searches conducted in April 2025 across PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included if they addressed the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, or management of PE in children aged 0–18 years. Additional seminal references predating this period were also considered. Results: Prevalence estimates of PE vary widely (13–50%), with peak incidence between ages two and six. Contributing factors include genetic predisposition, sensory sensitivities, temperament, family feeding practices, environmental influences, and adverse feeding experiences. Distinction from avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is essential, as these conditions carry greater risk of nutritional and psychosocial impairment. Assessment relies on caregiver-report instruments, clinical observation, growth monitoring, and targeted nutritional evaluation. Effective management integrates parental education, responsive feeding strategies, repeated exposure to novel foods, and, when indicated, nutritional supplementation or referral to multidisciplinary teams. Sensory-based therapies, behavioral interventions, and psychoeducational programs show particular benefit in persistent cases. Conclusions: While most children outgrow PE without adverse outcomes, a subset remains at risk of long-term nutritional compromise and psychosocial difficulties. Early recognition, family-centered guidance, and evidence-based interventions are essential. Future research should refine diagnostic criteria, develop culturally sensitive assessment tools, and evaluate innovative therapies to improve outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a complex disorder that causes further health issues linked to several chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases; thus, it is critical to identify and diagnose obesity as soon as possible. Traditional methods, such as anthropometric measures, were popular, although recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities for prediction models; as a result, AI has become an essential tool in obesity research. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the research on the impact of AI on obesity prevention. Methods: In this study, the researchers performed a scoping study using AI to assess and predict obesity in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from February 2009 to July 2025. The researchers compiled and arranged the employed AI approaches to find connections, patterns, and trends that could guide further research and the application of machine learning algorithms for advanced data analytics. Results: Clinical professionals in obesity medicine may find chatbots valuable as a source of clinical and scientific knowledge, and for creating standard operating procedures, policies, and procedures. According to the findings, AI models can be used to identify clinically significant patterns of obesity or the connections between specific factors and weight outcomes. Moreover, the application of deep learning and machine learning approaches, such as logistic regression, decision trees, and artificial neural networks, appears to have yielded new insight into data, particularly in terms of obesity prediction. Conclusions: This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of obesity detection. While more studies are needed, AI offers solutions to modern challenges in obesity prediction. Full article

Background: The Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise (CanCURE) is a pan-Canadian research collaboratory, investigating approaches for achieving sustainable HIV remission. In preparation for the next research cycle, CanCURE researchers and the Community Advisory Board (CAB) co-designed a web-based survey to identify HIV research priorities from the perspective of people with HIV (PWH) in Canada. The current study examined gender-based differences in these priorities. Methods: From August to December 2024, we recruited PWH across Canada through community organizations and community members. We collected data using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre. The survey included 36 demographic questions, 16 questions related to general knowledge about HIV and HIV cure-related concepts, and 21 questions ranking research priorities. Knowledge questions were multiple choice, while priorities could be ranked on a scale. We summarized participant characteristics via descriptive statistics, and the research priorities were further stratified according to gender. Results: Of 109 participants, 48.6% self-identified as men, 46.8% as women, and 4.6% as two-spirit, non-binary, agender, or other. The median age was 53 years old. Approximately one-third of participants had lived with HIV for ≤14 years, one-third for 15–24 years, and one-third for ≥25 years. Overall, the median knowledge score of respondents was 79%. Among the 78 participants with prior HIV research experience, three times as many men (61.1%) as women (19.0%) participated in interventional studies involving medication or medical procedures. Men ranked preventing HIV transmission to partners as a priority, studying where the virus hides as the second, and avoiding high comorbidity risks as the third. In contrast, women ranked not having to take pills daily as a priority and avoiding higher risks for comorbidities as the second priority. Both genders equally valued expanding community involvement in HIV cure research. However, men focused more on integrating social and behavioural research, while women emphasized the need for diverse ethnic representation in research. Conclusions: Although both men and women share some common priorities regarding HIV cure research, there are notable gender differences in their specific concerns. Furthermore, a significant gender gap in participation in interventional studies, essential for advancing HIV cure research, highlights the importance of aligning research priorities with concerns of both genders. Full article

Background: Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of chronic pain and long-term disability in adults, which commonly affects the hip and knee joints. Joint arthroplasties are one of the management strategies for end-stage osteoarthritis. Periprosthetic fractures after hip or knee arthroplasties have mortality rates comparable to hip fractures. Recent studies assessed bone health optimization and the use of anti-osteoporotic agents in elective hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis before surgery and the effect of bone health optimization on periprosthetic fractures and revisions. Methods: A systematic search was carried out on three databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The keywords used were (Revision or Periprosthetic fracture) AND (osteop*) and (Total Knee* or Total Hip*). Studies that included subjects aged >50 years with investigated outcomes were included in the review. The quality of selected randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and non-randomized studies were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The review was not registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Results: A total of 2482 records were identified. Twenty-three studies were included, and eighteen were used for quantitative analysis. Pooled overall prevalence of osteopenia in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA)/total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery was 42.87% (95% confidence interval (CI) 32.65 to 53.09). Pooled overall prevalence of osteoporosis in patients undergoing TKA/THA surgery was 23.99% (95% CI 15.72 to 32.26). The overall mean difference was in favor of anti-resorptive treatment on periprosthetic BMD of the medial calcar region (Gruen zone 7) after THA (12.16% (95% CI 8.78 to 15.53, p < 0.00001). Pooled odds ratio of periprosthetic fracture was 1.27 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.48, p = 0.003) in favor of the control group compared to bisphosphonate treatment. The pooled hazard ratio for all-cause revisions after TKA/THA for both osteopenia and osteoporotic patients was 0.26 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.51, p = 0.0001, I² 76%), signifying an improvement with bisphosphonates. Limitations of this study include the heterogeneity and retrospective nature of the included studies, with the average level of evidence subject to bias. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis amongst patients undergoing total knee and total hip arthroplasty at 66.86%. Whilst bone health optimization with bisphosphonates may decrease the risk of revisions, the risk of periprosthetic fracture appeared to increase. Further research will be required to evaluate the effects of bone health optimization on the risk of periprosthetic fracture and revisions, and the effects of anabolic agents on periprosthetic fractures. Full article

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly permeating research practices, yet knowledge about its use and topical profile remains fragmented across tools and disciplines. In this study, we present a cross-disciplinary map of GenAI research based on the Web of Science Core Collection (as of 4 November 2025) for the ten tool lines with the largest number of publications. We employed a transparent query protocol in the Title (TI) and Topic (TS) fields, using Boolean and proximity operators together with brand-specific exclusion lists. Thematic similarity was estimated with the Jaccard index for the Top–50, Top–100, and Top–200 sets. In parallel, we computed volume and citation metrics using Python and reconstructed a country-level co-authorship network. The corpus comprises 14,418 deduplicated publications. A strong concentration is evident around ChatGPT, which accounts for approximately 80.6% of the total. The year 2025 shows a marked increase in output across all lines. The Jaccard matrices reveal two stable clusters: general-purpose tools (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Copilot) and open-source/developer-led lines (LLaMA, Mistral, Qwen, DeepSeek). Perplexity serves as a bridge between the clusters, while Grok remains the most distinct. The co-authorship network exhibits a dual-core structure anchored in the United States and China. The study contributes to bibliometric research on GenAI by presenting a perspective that combines publication dynamics, citation structures, thematic profiles, and similarity matrices based on the Jaccard algorithm for different tool lines. In practice, it proposes a comparative framework that can help researchers and institutions match GenAI tools to disciplinary contexts and develop transparent, repeatable assessments of their use in scientific activities. Full article

The construction industry plays a crucial role in socioeconomic development, but is also one of the sectors with the highest environmental impact due to intensive resource extraction, high energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a strategic tool for quantifying and comparing environmental impacts associated with products and processes across their stages. This study analyzes the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to paving blocks through a systematic literature review, focusing on environmental indicators and common block compositions. Following the PRISMA protocol, 45 articles were selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results show that using industrial waste as a substitute for conventional materials enhances the sustainability of paving block production. A growing trend of studies addressing partial replacement of cement and aggregates was observed, reflecting circular economy practices in construction. Global Warming Potential and Cumulative Energy Demand were the most frequently reported impact indicators. These findings highlight that incorporating recycled materials is an effective approach to mitigating environmental impacts in the construction sector. Full article

The problem of global climate change is becoming increasingly serious, drawing worldwide attention to the need for carbon emissions reduction. As a primary mode of transport, maritime shipping accounts for 2% of global carbon emissions. Therefore, researchers have turned their attention to marine carbon emissions. Specifically, lifecycle assessment (LCA) has attracted wide attention due to its comprehensiveness and objectivity. This article reviews alternate fuels like biodiesel, liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen. These fuels generate fewer Tank-to-Wake (TTW) carbon emissions than conventional diesel but higher emissions in the Well-to-Tank (WTT) stage owing to production-related emissions, resulting in varying overall carbon footprints. Most carbon emissions in marine transportation come from fuel consumption. Selecting the shortest route can cut fuel use and emissions. Port greening and electrification are vital for emission cuts. Current marine LCA research exhibits key gaps, including fragmented case studies, a lack of methodological standardization, and insufficient dynamic predictive capacity, severely constraining its guiding value for industry decarbonization pathways. This study systematically reviews and categorizes marine LCA research from the past decade in both Chinese and English from the Web of Science and CNKI databases through a Ship-Route-Port framework. Specifically, 34 papers underwent quantitative or qualitative analysis, comprehensively comparing the full lifecycles of six mainstream marine alternative fuels: biodiesel, LNG, methanol, ammonia, hydrogen, and electricity. This study also underscores the need for unified standards to boost low-carbon fuel use and explores the unique challenges and uncertainties involved in applying LCA to the marine sector. LCA applied to the maritime sector shows promise as a valuable tool for guiding low-carbon transition strategies. Full article

Rubber materials are widely used in industrial sectors such as petrochemicals and energy due to their excellent elasticity, flexibility, and sealing properties. However, in complex and demanding service environments, rubber is susceptible to swelling or dissolution caused by medium corrosion, leading to seal failure or structural damage and ultimately resulting in safety incidents. To systematically review research progress and trends in this field, this paper employs 729 literature samples from the Web of Science core database (2008–2025) and utilizes VOSviewer and Citespace knowledge mapping tools to conduct a bibliometric analysis of corrosion research on rubber materials. This reveals existing knowledge gaps, technological challenges, hot trends, and future demands. Findings indicate that China, the United States, and India lead in publication volume. Research spans multiple disciplines including multidisciplinary materials science, applied physics, and polymer science, reflecting a cross-disciplinary nature. Current rubber corrosion studies focus on three key areas: fundamental properties and performance of rubber materials, corrosion mechanisms, and protective/corrosion-resistant technologies. Key international challenges include unclear mechanisms of complex media interactions, insufficient multi-scale characterization and life prediction, and limited adaptability to service environments. Future development trends will concentrate on three aspects: systematic research on novel multi-media coupling effects, precision in micro-mechanism and life prediction, and highly reliable advancement in green modification and high-performance protection. Full article

Background: Population aging represents a growing public health challenge, with falls being one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and loss of autonomy among older adults. In nursing homes, the risk is exacerbated by physical, cognitive, and environmental factors, yet which interventions are most actionable in nursing homes remains unclear, requiring effective and evidence-based prevention strategies. Objective: We aimed to map the evidence on interventions in fall risk management among institutionalized older adults, highlighting assessment, exercise, environmental, and educational strategies. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to JBI guidelines. The search was carried out in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science. The review included studies, published between 2019 and 2024, involving older adults (≥65 years) in nursing homes, focusing on nursing interventions for fall risk management. Results: The initial search identified 1146 records across electronic databases and gray literature sources. After removing duplicates and screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) fall risk assessment, using functional and clinical scales such as the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Morse Fall Scale, to identify predisposing factors; (ii) exercise programs, such as the Otago Exercise Program and multicomponent training, which demonstrated benefits in strength, balance, and mobility; (iii) environmental modifications, aimed at reducing extrinsic risks and promoting safer surroundings; and (iv) educational programs, targeting professionals, residents, and families, with positive effects on adherence to preventive practices and on strengthening the safety culture. Conclusions: Effective fall risk management in nursing homes requires an integrated, multidisciplinary, and person-centered approach, with nurses playing a central role in assessment, coordination, and implementation of interventions. However, gaps remain regarding standardization, validation of assessment tools specific to the institutional context, and evaluation of long-term outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in musculoskeletal health; however, the effects of different diets on bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and bone metabolism remain inconsistent across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean, calorie restriction, high-protein, low-carbohydrate, and ketogenic diets on skeletal outcomes in adults. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and June 2025. Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies involving adults (≥18 years) and reporting outcomes related to BMD, fractures, bone turnover markers, and vitamin D or calcium status were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool for RCTs and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for observational studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for outcomes reported by ≥3 comparable studies, presenting standardised mean differences (SMDs) for BMD and hazard ratios (HRs) for fractures. Results: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 14 RCTs and 16 observational studies with over 500,000 participants. Pooled analyses showed no significant differences in BMD at the femoral neck (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI −0.80 to 1.04), lumbar spine (SMD = 0.04, 95% CI: −1.12 to 1.03), total hip (SMD = −0.07, 95% CI −0.36 to 0.21), or whole body (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI −0.07 to 0.14) across diet categories. However, adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a significantly reduced hazard of hip and overall fractures (pooled HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93–0.96). Calorie restriction consistently increased bone resorption markers, whereas Mediterranean and high-protein diets showed neutral or modestly favourable effects. Vitamin D and calcium status were minimally affected across interventions. Conclusions: While dietary patterns exert diverse effects on skeletal health, consistent evidence supports Mediterranean-style diets as protective against fractures. Calorie restriction may elevate bone turnover, whereas ketogenic and high-protein diets show mixed effects on bone. However, across all analyses, high heterogeneity was observed. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to clarify these relationships and inform dietary guidance for bone health. Full article

Background: Obesity and sleep issues are pressing health challenges that are closely tied together. Poor sleep can lead to weight gain, and in turn, obesity can make sleep problems worse. In Saudi Arabia, lifestyle habits—like having late-night meals, excessive screen time, and a lack of physical activity—might worsen these relationships at every age. Objectives: This review explores the relationship between obesity and sleep disorders across different stages of life in Saudi populations. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. From December 2023 to March 2024, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for English-language observational studies related to obesity and sleep among Saudi populations. We evaluated the risk of bias using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: We included fourteen studies, involving 14,876 participants (49.8% male). The findings consistently indicated that obesity is linked to poor sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and breathing issues during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea. Most studies showed a moderate risk of bias, mainly due to their cross-sectional designs and reliance on self-reported sleep data. Conclusions: Obesity and sleep disturbances are closely linked across all age groups in Saudi Arabia. Most studies reported associations between higher body weight and poorer sleep outcomes, including shorter duration, lower quality, and increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing. These findings underscore the need for age-specific public health strategies that encourage healthy sleep habits and lifestyle behaviors. Limitations: Variability in measurement methods across studies prevented us from conducting a meta-analysis. Funding/Registration: No funding; review not registered. Full article

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a transformative tool capable of addressing critical challenges and improving outcomes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This paper demonstrates how machine learning and data fusion predict stem cell activity and potency, improve cellular characterization, and optimize therapeutic design. It also highlights important uses of AI in tissue engineering and cell-based therapeutics. By enabling accurate, non-invasive, and quantitative examination of living cells, AI also advances microscopy and imaging, facilitating better decision-making and real-time monitoring. Using search criteria including artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, regenerative medicine, stem cells, and tissue engineering, the review was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A total of 71 articles were screened; 8 non-peer-reviewed sources, 5 conference abstracts, and 4 duplicates were excluded. The final dataset included 7 clinical studies, 6 preclinical investigations, 18 original research articles, and 23 review papers. AI techniques, datasets, performance indicators, and regeneration results were compiled in the extracted data. To summarize, AI speeds up the development of tissue engineering, minimizes trial-and-error experimentation, lowers research expenses, forecasts tissue interactions, and enhances scaffold and biomaterial design. Consequently, AI integration enhances stem cell-based treatments and regenerative approaches, underscoring the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation and ongoing technical development. Full article

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of “exercise snacks,” brief, intermittent bouts of physical activity designed to interrupt prolonged sedentary behavior. The review synthesized findings across metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and functional health domains to identify consistent patterns of benefit and determine their practical applicability across populations. Methods: A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing diverse populations such as healthy adults, older adults, and individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, or PCOS. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, comprehensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases for studies published between 2012 and 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and feasibility studies assessing health outcomes following exercise snack interventions in adults. Data were extracted using standardized protocols, and methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Narrative synthesis was prioritized due to intervention heterogeneity. Results: Exercise snacks consistently improved postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglyceride responses, reduced blood pressure, preserved endothelial and cerebral blood flow, and enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness. Older adults demonstrated significant gains in lower-limb strength and mobility. Emerging evidence also indicated improvements in mood, fatigue, and cognitive performance. Feasibility trials confirmed high acceptability and adherence across settings and age groups. Conclusions: Exercise snacking represents a time-efficient, feasible, and evidence-based strategy to mitigate the health risks of sedentary behavior. By incorporating brief, frequent activity bouts into daily routines, individuals can achieve meaningful benefits in metabolic regulation, cardiovascular health, physical function, and cognitive well-being. Future research should refine optimal protocols and explore long-term sustainability across varied populations. Full article

Feline cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a severe complication of cardiac disease in cats, often causing severe clinical signs and poor prognosis. Despite its importance, standardized guidelines for prevention and treatment are lacking. This systematic review evaluated available evidence on preventive, acute, and chronic management strategies for feline cardiogenic ATE. A comprehensive search using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was performed, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies investigating therapeutic interventions for ATE were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE tool. Nineteen studies involving 909 cats were included. Preventive therapy with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban improved survival. Acute multimodal treatment combining anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs improved survival compared to monotherapy. Thrombolytic therapy showed some efficacy but had frequent severe complications. Long-term management with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban achieved the longest survival and lowest recurrence, while acetylsalicylic acid provided inconsistent benefits and more adverse effects. Eleven of the nineteen (58%) studies had high risk of bias due to small sample size and heterogeneous protocols. Current evidence supports dual therapy, particularly clopidogrel with rivaroxaban or enoxaparin, as the most effective and well-tolerated approach for prevention and treatment. Larger, standardized prospective trials are urgently needed to strengthen the evidence. Full article