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Search Results (4,359)

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Keywords = uniform design

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24 pages, 4259 KiB  
Article
Development of a Flexible and Conductive Heating Membrane via BSA-Assisted Electroless Plating on Electrospun PVDF-HFP Nanofibers
by Mun Jeong Choi, Dae Hyeob Yoon, Yoo Sei Park, Hyoryung Nam and Geon Hwee Kim
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8023; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148023 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
Planar heaters are designed to deliver uniform heat across broad surfaces and serve as critical components in applications requiring energy efficiency, safety, and mechanical flexibility, such as wearable electronics and smart textiles. However, conventional metal-based heaters are limited by poor adaptability to curved [...] Read more.
Planar heaters are designed to deliver uniform heat across broad surfaces and serve as critical components in applications requiring energy efficiency, safety, and mechanical flexibility, such as wearable electronics and smart textiles. However, conventional metal-based heaters are limited by poor adaptability to curved or complex surfaces, low mechanical compliance, and susceptibility to oxidation-induced degradation. To overcome these challenges, we applied a protein-assisted electroless copper (Cu) plating strategy to electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofiber substrates to fabricate flexible, conductive planar heating membranes. For interfacial functionalization, a protein-based engineering approach using bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed to facilitate palladium ion coordination and seed formation. The resulting membrane exhibited a dense, continuous Cu coating, low sheet resistance, excellent durability under mechanical deformation, and stable heating performance at low voltages. These results demonstrate that the BSA-assisted strategy can be effectively extended to complex three-dimensional fibrous membranes, supporting its scalability and practical potential for next-generation conformal and wearable planar heaters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Thermal Engineering)
19 pages, 5697 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Model of a Semiconductor Structure Based on Vanadium Dioxide for the Mode of a Conductive Phase
by Oleksii Kachura, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Mykola Tryputen, Vitalii Kuznetsov, Sergei Kolychev, Artur Rojek and Petro Hubskyi
Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142884 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive mathematical model of a semiconductor structure based on vanadium dioxide (VO2), specifically in its conductive phase. The model was developed using the finite element method (FEM), enabling detailed simulation of the formation of a conductive [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive mathematical model of a semiconductor structure based on vanadium dioxide (VO2), specifically in its conductive phase. The model was developed using the finite element method (FEM), enabling detailed simulation of the formation of a conductive channel under the influence of low-frequency alternating voltage (50 Hz). The VO2 structure under investigation exhibits pronounced electric field concentration at the surface, where the field strength reaches approximately 5 × 104 V/m, while maintaining a more uniform distribution of around 2 × 104 V/m within the bulk of the material. The simulation results were validated experimentally using a test circuit. Minor deviations—no greater than 8%—were observed between the simulated and measured current values, attributed to magnetic core saturation and modeling assumptions. A distinctive feature of the model is its ability to incorporate the nonlinear dependencies of VO2’s electrical properties on frequency. Analytical expressions were derived for the magnetic permeability and resistivity of VO2, demonstrating excellent agreement with experimental data. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the frequency dependence of magnetic permeability and resistance were found to be 0.9976 and 0.9999, respectively. The current version of the model focuses exclusively on the conductive phase and does not include the thermally induced metal–insulator phase transition characteristic of VO2. The study confirms that VO2-based structures exhibit high responsiveness and nonlinear switching behavior, making them suitable for applications in electronic surge protection, current limiting, and switching elements. The developed model provides a reliable and physically grounded tool for the design and optimization components based on VO2 in power electronics and protective circuitry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials, Devices and Applications)
17 pages, 6781 KiB  
Article
Fish Scale-Inspired Flow Control for Corner Vortex Suppression in Compressor Cascades
by Jin-Long Shen, Ho-Chun Yang and Szu-I Yeh
Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070473 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
Corner separation at the junction of blade surfaces and end walls remains a significant challenge in compressor cascade performance. This study proposes a passive flow control strategy inspired by the geometric arrangement of biological fish scales to address this issue. A fish scale-like [...] Read more.
Corner separation at the junction of blade surfaces and end walls remains a significant challenge in compressor cascade performance. This study proposes a passive flow control strategy inspired by the geometric arrangement of biological fish scales to address this issue. A fish scale-like surface structure was applied to the suction side of a cascade blade to reduce viscous drag and modulate secondary flow behavior. Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate its aerodynamic effects. The results show that the fish scale-inspired configuration induced climbing vortices that energized low-momentum fluid near the end wall, effectively suppressing both passage and corner vortices. This led to a reduction in spanwise flow penetration and a decrease in total pressure loss of up to 5.69%. The enhanced control of secondary flows also contributed to improved flow uniformity in the end-wall region. These findings highlight the potential of biologically inspired surface designs for corner vortex suppression and aerodynamic efficiency improvement in turbomachinery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Propulsion and Fluid Mechanics)
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12 pages, 2262 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Creep Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Water-Immersed Coal Pillar Dam
by Ersheng Zha, Mingbo Chi, Zhiguo Cao, Baoyang Wu, Jianjun Hu and Yan Zhu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8012; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148012 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study conducted uniaxial creep tests on coal samples under both natural and water-saturated conditions for durations of about 180 days per sample to study the stability of coal pillar dams of the Daliuta Coal Mine underground reservoir. Combined with synchronized acoustic emission [...] Read more.
This study conducted uniaxial creep tests on coal samples under both natural and water-saturated conditions for durations of about 180 days per sample to study the stability of coal pillar dams of the Daliuta Coal Mine underground reservoir. Combined with synchronized acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, the research systematically revealed the time-dependent deformation mechanisms and damage evolution laws of coal under prolonged water immersion and natural conditions. The results indicate that water-immersed coal exhibits a unique negative creep phenomenon at the initial stage, with the strain rate down to −0.00086%/d, attributed to non-uniform pore compaction and elastic rebound effects. During the steady-state creep phase, the creep rates under water-immersed and natural conditions were comparable. However, water immersion led to an 11.4% attenuation in elastic modulus, decreasing from 2300 MPa to 2037 MPa. Water immersion would also suppress AE activity, leading to the average daily AE events of 128, which is only 25% of that under natural conditions. In the accelerating creep stage, the AE event rate surged abruptly, validating its potential as an early warning indicator for coal pillar instability. Based on the identified long-term strength of the coal sample, it is recommended to maintain operational loads below the threshold of 9 MPa. This research provides crucial theoretical foundations and experimental data for optimizing the design and safety monitoring of coal pillar dams in CMURs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
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18 pages, 6767 KiB  
Article
Study on Air-Cooled Structure of Direct-Drive Outer-Rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Wind Power Generation
by Xudong Yang, Ke Li, Yiguang Chen, Haiying Lv and Jingjuan Du
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8008; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148008 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generators (DD-PMSGs) have been widely adopted in wind power generation systems owing to their distinctive advantages, including direct-drive operation, high power density, and superior energy conversion efficiency. However, the high power density of the generator inevitably leads to heat [...] Read more.
Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generators (DD-PMSGs) have been widely adopted in wind power generation systems owing to their distinctive advantages, including direct-drive operation, high power density, and superior energy conversion efficiency. However, the high power density of the generator inevitably leads to heat generation issues, which affect the reliability of the generator. To address the thermal issues in the 4.5 MW direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DD-PMSG), this paper proposes a novel forced air-cooling ventilation system. Through comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and fundamental thermodynamic analysis, the cooling performance is systematically evaluated to determine the optimal width of the stator ventilation ducts. Furthermore, based on the temperature distribution of the stator and rotor, three optimization schemes for non-uniform core segments are proposed. By comparing the ventilation cooling performance under three structural schemes, the optimal structural scheme is provided for the generator. Finally, the feasibility of the heat dissipation scheme and the accuracy of the simulation calculations are verified by fabricating a prototype and setting up an experimental platform. The above conclusions and research results can provide some reference for the design of the core ventilation ducts structure of subsequent wind turbines. Full article
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18 pages, 2807 KiB  
Article
The Nonlinear Vibration Response of Umbrella-Shaped Membrane Structure Under Heavy Rainfall Loads
by Zhongwei Luo, Zhoulian Zheng, Rui Yang and Peng Zhang
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142529 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of tensioned umbrella-shaped membrane structures with complex curvature under heavy rainfall. To solve the geometrical problem of the complex curvature of a membrane surface, we set the rule of segmentation and simplify the shape by dividing it [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of tensioned umbrella-shaped membrane structures with complex curvature under heavy rainfall. To solve the geometrical problem of the complex curvature of a membrane surface, we set the rule of segmentation and simplify the shape by dividing it into multi-segment conical membranes. The generatrix becomes a polyline with a constant surface curvature in each segment, simplifying calculations. The equivalent uniform load of different rainfall intensity is determined by the theory of the stochastic process. The governing equations of the isotropic damped nonlinear forced vibration of membranes are established by using the theory of large deflection by von Karman and the principle of d’Alembert. The equations of the forced vibration of the membrane are solved by using Galerkin’s method and the small-parameter perturbation method, and the displacement function, vibration frequency, and acceleration of the membrane are obtained. At last, the influence of the height–span ratio, number of segments, pretension and load on membrane displacement, vibration frequency, and acceleration of the membrane surface are analyzed. Based on the above data, the general law of deformation of the umbrella-shaped membrane under heavy rainfall is obtained. Data and methods are provided for the design and construction of the membrane structure as a reference. Moreover, we propose methods to enhance calculation accuracy and streamline the computational process. Full article
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27 pages, 1585 KiB  
Article
Airflow Dynamics for Micro-Wind Environment Optimization and Human Comfort Improvement: Roadshow Design for Theater Stage Spaces
by Yiheng Liu, Menglong Zhang, Wenyang Han, Yufei He, Chang Yi, Yin Zhang and Jin Li
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4456; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144456 - 17 Jul 2025
Abstract
The optimization of ventilation strategies in high-ceiling theater stage spaces is crucial for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency. This study addresses the challenge of uneven temperature distribution and airflow stagnation in stage environments by employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate [...] Read more.
The optimization of ventilation strategies in high-ceiling theater stage spaces is crucial for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency. This study addresses the challenge of uneven temperature distribution and airflow stagnation in stage environments by employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of different ventilation modes, including natural, mechanical, and hybrid systems. Six airflow organization scenarios were designed based on modifications to structural layout, equipment settings, and mechanical disturbances (e.g., fan integration). Key evaluation indicators such as temperature uniformity coefficient, airflow velocity, and exhaust efficiency were used to assess performance. The results show that a multi-dimensional optimization approach combining spatial adjustments and mechanical disturbances significantly reduced the average temperature from 26 °C to 23 °C and the temperature uniformity coefficient from 2.79 to 1.49. This study contributes a comprehensive design strategy for stage ventilation that improves comfort while minimizing energy consumption, offering practical implications for performance space design and HVAC system integration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT and Ubiquitous Computing for Smart Building)
14 pages, 2863 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study for Efficient Cooling of Perishable Food Products During Storage: The Case of Tomatoes
by Audrey Demafo, Abebe Geletu and Pu Li
Foods 2025, 14(14), 2508; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142508 - 17 Jul 2025
Abstract
Unveiling temperature patterns within agricultural products remains the most important indicator for their quality assessment during post-harvest treatments. Temperature control and monitoring within vented packages is essential for preserving the quality of perishable goods, such as tomato fruits, by preventing localized temperature maxima [...] Read more.
Unveiling temperature patterns within agricultural products remains the most important indicator for their quality assessment during post-harvest treatments. Temperature control and monitoring within vented packages is essential for preserving the quality of perishable goods, such as tomato fruits, by preventing localized temperature maxima that can accelerate spoilage. This study proposes a modeling and simulation approach to systematically investigate how ventilation design choices influence internal airflow distribution and the resulting cooling performance. Our analysis compares three distinct venting configurations (single top vent, single middle vent, and two vents) across two package boundary conditions: an open-top system allowing for dual air exits through the open top boundary and the outlet vent(s), respectively, and a closed-top system with a single exit pathway through the outlet vent(s). All scenarios are simulated to assess airflow patterns, velocity magnitudes, and temperature uniformity within different package designs. Full article
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16 pages, 9618 KiB  
Article
Scattering of Radiation by a Periodic Structure of Circular and Elliptical Microcavities in a Multimode Optical Waveguide
by Alexandra Yu. Petukhova, Anatolii V. Perminov, Mikhail A. Naparin and Victor V. Krishtop
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070727 - 17 Jul 2025
Abstract
We developed a mathematical model to examine the scattering of radiation by a periodic structure of circular and elliptical microcavities formed in a planar optical waveguide. The waveguide simulates the behaviour of a 62.5/125 µm multimode optical fibre. The calculations focused on the [...] Read more.
We developed a mathematical model to examine the scattering of radiation by a periodic structure of circular and elliptical microcavities formed in a planar optical waveguide. The waveguide simulates the behaviour of a 62.5/125 µm multimode optical fibre. The calculations focused on the intensity distribution of scattered light with a wavelength of 1310 nm along the periodic structure, i.e., along the side surface of the waveguide, as a function of the microcavity dimensions and their spatial arrangement within the waveguide core. The optimal geometrical parameters of the microstructure, ensuring the most uniform light scattering, were identified. The model is valid for multimode optical fibres containing strictly periodic structures of microcavities with spherical or elliptical cross-sections that scatter laser radiation in all directions. One potential application of such fibres is as light sources in medical probes for surgical procedures requiring additional illumination and uniform irradiation of affected tissues. Furthermore, the findings of this study offer significant potential for the development of sensing elements for fibre-optic sensors. The findings of this study will facilitate the design of scattering structures with microcavities that ensure a highly uniform scattering pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Interaction Science)
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19 pages, 4432 KiB  
Article
Radial Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Long-Span Transmission Lines Under Forced Convection Conditions
by Feng Wang, Chuanxing Song, Xinghua Chen and Zhangjun Liu
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072273 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 72
Abstract
This study proposes an iterative method based on thermal equilibrium equations to calculate the radial temperature distribution of long-span overhead transmission lines under forced convection. This paper takes the ACSR 500/280 conductor as the research object, establishes the three-dimensional finite element model considering [...] Read more.
This study proposes an iterative method based on thermal equilibrium equations to calculate the radial temperature distribution of long-span overhead transmission lines under forced convection. This paper takes the ACSR 500/280 conductor as the research object, establishes the three-dimensional finite element model considering the helix angle of the conductor, and carries out the experimental validation for the LGJ 300/40 conductor under the same conditions. The model captures internal temperature distribution through contour analysis and examines the effects of current, wind speed, and ambient temperature. Unlike traditional models assuming uniform conductor temperature, this method reveals internal thermal gradients and introduces a novel three-stage radial attenuation characterization. The iterative method converges and accurately reflects temperature variations. The results show a non-uniform radial distribution, with a maximum temperature difference of 8 °C and steeper gradients in aluminum than in steel. Increasing current raises temperature nonlinearly, enlarging the radial difference. Higher wind speeds reduce both temperature and radial difference, while rising ambient temperatures increase conductor temperature with a stable radial profile. This work provides valuable insights for the safe operation and optimal design of long-span transmission lines and supports future research on dynamic and environmental coupling effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 1741 KiB  
Article
Effect of Crestal Position on Bone–Implant Stress Interface of Three-Implant Splinted Prostheses: A Finite Element Analysis
by Mario Ceddia, Giulia Marchioli, Tea Romasco, Luca Comuzzi, Adriano Piattelli, Douglas A. Deporter, Natalia Di Pietro and Bartolomeo Trentadue
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143344 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 135
Abstract
Optimizing stress distribution at the bone–implant interface is critical to enhancing the long-term biomechanical performance of dental implant systems. Vertical misalignment between splinted implants can result in elevated localized stresses, increasing the risk of material degradation and peri-implant bone resorption. This study employs [...] Read more.
Optimizing stress distribution at the bone–implant interface is critical to enhancing the long-term biomechanical performance of dental implant systems. Vertical misalignment between splinted implants can result in elevated localized stresses, increasing the risk of material degradation and peri-implant bone resorption. This study employs three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the mechanical response of peri-implant bone under oblique loading, focusing on how variations in vertical implant platform alignment influence stress transmission. Four implant configurations with different vertical placements were modeled: (A) all crestal, (B) central subcrestal with lateral crestal, (C) lateral subcrestal with central crestal, and (D) all subcrestal. A 400 N oblique load was applied at 45° simulated masticatory forces. Von Mises stress distributions were analyzed in both cortical and trabecular bone, with a physiological threshold of 100 MPa considered for cortical bone. Among the models, configuration B exhibited the highest cortical stress, exceeding the physiological threshold. In contrast, configurations with uniform vertical positioning, particularly model D, demonstrated more favorable stress dispersion and lower peak values. Stress concentrations were consistently observed at the implant–abutment interface across all configurations, identifying this area as critical for design improvements. These findings underscore the importance of precise vertical alignment in implant-supported restorations to minimize stress concentrations and improve the mechanical reliability of dental implants. The results provide valuable insights for the development of next-generation implant systems with enhanced biomechanical integration and material performance under functional loading. Full article
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15 pages, 2695 KiB  
Article
Gelling Characteristics and Mechanisms of Heat-Triggered Soy Protein Isolated Gels Incorporating Curdlan with Different Helical Conformations
by Pei-Wen Long, Shi-Yong Liu, Yi-Xin Lin, Lin-Feng Mo, Yu Wu, Long-Qing Li, Le-Yi Pan, Ming-Yu Jin and Jing-Kun Yan
Foods 2025, 14(14), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142484 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 110
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of curdlan (CUR) with different helical conformations on the gelling behavior and mechanisms of heat-induced soy protein isolate (SPI) gels. The results demonstrated that CUR significantly improved the functional properties of SPI gels, including water-holding capacity (0.31–5.06% increase), [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of curdlan (CUR) with different helical conformations on the gelling behavior and mechanisms of heat-induced soy protein isolate (SPI) gels. The results demonstrated that CUR significantly improved the functional properties of SPI gels, including water-holding capacity (0.31–5.06% increase), gel strength (7.01–240.51% enhancement), textural properties, viscoelasticity, and thermal stability. The incorporation of CUR facilitated the unfolding and cross-linking of SPI molecules, leading to enhanced network formation. Notably, SPI composite gels containing CUR with an ordered triple-helix bundled structure exhibited superior gelling performance compared to other helical conformations, characterized by a more compact and uniform microstructure. This improvement was attributed to stronger hydrogen bonding interactions between the triple-helix CUR and SPI molecules. Furthermore, the entanglement of triple-helix CUR with SPI promoted the formation of a denser and more homogeneous interpenetrating polymer network. These findings indicate that triple-helix CUR is highly effective in optimizing the gelling characteristics of heat-induced SPI gels. This study provides new insights into the structure–function relationship of CUR in SPI-based gel systems, offering potential strategies for designing high-performance protein–polysaccharide composite gels. The findings establish a theoretical foundation for applications in the food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Polysaccharides: Structure and Health Functions)
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19 pages, 5202 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Energy/Current Fluctuation of RF-Powered Secure Adiabatic Logic for IoT Devices
by Bendito Freitas Ribeiro and Yasuhiro Takahashi
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4419; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144419 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 195
Abstract
The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has enabled battery-powered devices to be deployed across a wide range of applications; however, it also introduces challenges such as high energy consumption and security vulnerabilities. To address these issues, adiabatic logic circuits offer a [...] Read more.
The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has enabled battery-powered devices to be deployed across a wide range of applications; however, it also introduces challenges such as high energy consumption and security vulnerabilities. To address these issues, adiabatic logic circuits offer a promising solution for achieving energy efficiency and enhancing the security of IoT devices. Adiabatic logic circuits are well suited for energy harvesting systems, especially in applications such as sensor nodes, RFID tags, and other IoT implementations. In these systems, the harvested bipolar sinusoidal RF power is directly used as the power supply for the adiabatic logic circuit. However, adiabatic circuits require a peak detector to provide bulk biasing for pMOS transistors. To meet this requirement, a diode-connected MOS transistor-based voltage doubler circuit is used to convert the sinusoidal input into a usable DC signal. In this paper, we propose a novel adiabatic logic design that maintains low power consumption while optimizing energy and current fluctuations across various input transitions. By ensuring uniform and complementary current flow in each transition within the logic circuit’s functional blocks, the design reduces energy variation and enhances resistance against power analysis attacks. Evaluation under different clock frequencies and load capacitances demonstrates that the proposed adiabatic logic circuit exhibits lower fluctuation and improved security, particularly at load capacitances of 50 fF and 100 fF. The results show that the proposed circuit achieves lower power dissipation compared to conventional designs. As an application example, we implemented an ultrasonic transmitter circuit within a LoRaWAN network at the end-node sensor level, which serves as both a communication protocol and system architecture for long-range communication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electronic Sensors 2025)
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21 pages, 5154 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Response Analysis of Ultra-Thin Asphalt Wearing Course Pavement Under Non-Uniform Loading Pressure
by Wei Zhou, Yingying Dou, Chupeng Chen, Yi Yang, Xinquan Xu, Lintao Li, Jiangyin Xiao and Feng Chen
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143335 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 143
Abstract
Traditional ultra-thin asphalt wearing course designs often oversimplify wheel loads as uniform pressures, neglecting critical non-uniform effects. This study establishes a 3D finite element model incorporating realistic non-uniform tire loading to reveal its mechanistic influence on pavement responses. Results demonstrate that non-uniform loading [...] Read more.
Traditional ultra-thin asphalt wearing course designs often oversimplify wheel loads as uniform pressures, neglecting critical non-uniform effects. This study establishes a 3D finite element model incorporating realistic non-uniform tire loading to reveal its mechanistic influence on pavement responses. Results demonstrate that non-uniform loading significantly alters stress states in ultra-thin layers, substantially elevating critical stresses compared to uniform assumptions. A novel Non-uniform Load Influence Factor (NLIF) accounting for thickness effects is developed to quantify these deviations. The analysis provides a foundation for revising material strength specifications and fatigue design criteria, contributing to improved performance and durability of ultra-thin pavement systems. Full article
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25 pages, 10843 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Study of a Cone-Top Pile Foundation for Challenging Geotechnical Conditions
by Askar Zhussupbekov, Assel Sarsembayeva, Baurzhan Bazarov and Abdulla Omarov
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7893; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147893 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 95
Abstract
This study investigates the behavior and performance of a newly proposed cone-top pile foundation designed to improve stability in layered, deformable, or strain-sensitive soils. Traditional shallow and uniform conical foundations often suffer from excessive settlement and reduced capacity when subjected to vertical loads [...] Read more.
This study investigates the behavior and performance of a newly proposed cone-top pile foundation designed to improve stability in layered, deformable, or strain-sensitive soils. Traditional shallow and uniform conical foundations often suffer from excessive settlement and reduced capacity when subjected to vertical loads and horizontal soil deformations. To address these limitations, a hybrid foundation was developed that integrates an inverted conical base with a central pile shaft and a rolling joint interface between the foundation and the superstructure. Laboratory model tests, full-scale field loading experiments, and axisymmetric numerical simulations using Plaxis 2D (Version 8.2) were conducted to evaluate the foundation’s bearing capacity, settlement behavior, and load transfer mechanisms. Results showed that the cone-top pile foundation exhibited lower settlements and higher load resistance than columnar foundations under similar loading conditions, particularly in the presence of horizontal tensile strains. The load was effectively distributed through the conical base and transferred into deeper soil layers via the pile shaft, while the rolling joint reduced stress transmission to the structure. The findings support the use of cone-top pile foundations in soft soils, seismic areas and areas affected by underground mining, where conventional designs may be inadequate. This study provides a validated and practical design alternative for challenging geotechnical environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
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