Hox genes play key roles in axial patterning and regulating the regional identity of cells and tissues in a wide variety of animals from invertebrates to vertebrates. Nested domains of Hox expression generate a combinatorial code that provides a mole...
Cancer development, growth, and metastasis are highly regulated by several transcription regulators (TRs), namely transcription factors, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and protein kinases. Although TR roles in these events have been well characte...
Cardiac transcription factors orchestrate the complex cellular and molecular events required to produce a functioning heart. Misregulation of the cardiac transcription program leads to embryonic developmental defects and is associated with human cong...
After invading a host, bacterial pathogens secrete diverse protein toxins to disrupt host defense systems. To ensure successful infection, however, pathogens must precisely regulate the expression of those exotoxins because uncontrolled toxin product...
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida JUIM01 is an industrial 2-keto-d-gluconate (2KGA)-producing strain. However, its regulation mechanism of 2KGA metabolism remains to be clarified. Among other reported Pseudomonas species, the 2-ketogluconate utilization op...
Over the past decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify and characterize various plant transcription factors involved in abiotic stress responses. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to improve plant stress tolerance by engine...
The increased expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic chemokines contributes to ovarian cancer progression through the induction of tumor cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The substantial potential of these chemoki...
Almost all organisms, from the simplest bacteria to advanced mammals, have
a near 24 h circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms are highly conserved across different life forms and are regulated by circadian genes as well as by related transcription factor...
The STAR family of proteins links signaling pathways to various aspects of post-transcriptional regulation and processing of RNAs. Sam68 belongs to this class of heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein particle K (hnRNP K) homology (KH) single domain-cont...
Precise and timely regulation of organ separation from the parent plant (abscission) is consequential to improvement of crop productivity as it influences both the timing of harvest and fruit quality. Abscission is tightly associated with plant fitne...
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of endogenous, non-coding, small RNAs with about 22 nucleotides (nt), that are widespread in plants and are involved in various biological processes, such as development, flowering phase transition, hormone signal transd...
The large production of non-degradable petrol-based plastics has become a major global issue due to its environmental pollution. Biopolymers produced by microorganisms such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are gaining potential as a sustainable altern...
Riboswitches are genetic control elements within non-coding regions of mRNA. These self-regulatory elements have been found to sense a range of small metabolites, ions, and other physical signals to exert regulatory control of transcription, translat...
Heart failure is a complex disease process with underlying aberrations in neurohormonal systems that promote dysregulated cellular signaling and gene transcription. Over the past 10 years, the advent of small-molecule inhibitors that target transcrip...
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality across the worldwide. One of the major challenges in colorectal cancer is the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of biological molecules. In this study, we aimed to...
Germ-line mutations in breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) predominantly predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 is best known for its functions in maintenance of genomic integrity including repairing DNA double-strand breaks th...
Terpenes, especially volatile terpenes, are important components of tea aroma due to their unique scents. They are also widely used in the cosmetic and medical industries. In addition, terpene emission can be induced by herbivory, wounding, light, lo...
The widespread use of antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum of activity, has resulted in the development of multidrug resistance in many strains of bacteria, including Salmonella. Salmonella is among the most prevalent causes of intoxic...
Lipids and carbohydrates regulate gene expression by means of molecules that sense these macronutrients and act as transcription factors. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), activated by some fatty acids or their derivatives, and t...
The emergence of precision biology has been driven by the development of advanced technologies and techniques in high-resolution biological research systems. Enhancer-mediated transcriptional regulation, a complex network of gene expression and regul...
The insulin receptor gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved signaling protein with a wide spectrum of functions in metazoan development. The insulin signaling pathway plays key roles in processes such as metabolic regulation, growth control, and ne...
The homeoprotein TLX1, which is essential to spleen organogenesis and oncogenic when aberrantly expressed in immature T cells, functions as a bifunctional transcriptional regulator, being capable of activation or repression depending on cell type and...
After many decades, during which most molecular studies on the regulation of gene expression focused on transcriptional events, it was realized that post-transcriptional control was equally important in order to determine where and when specific prot...
Cardiovascular development is initiated soon after gastrulation as bilateral precardiac mesoderm is progressively symmetrically determined at both sides of the developing embryo. The precardiac mesoderm subsequently fused at the embryonic midline con...
Flower development is the core of higher-plant ontogenesis and is controlled by complex gene regulatory networks. Cys2/His2 zinc-finger proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) constitute one of the largest transcription factor families and are highly involved in transc...
Acinetobacter baumannii is known for its virulence in severely ill, hospitalized patients and for exhibiting multidrug resistance. A. baumannii infection treatment poses a serious problem in clinical environments. The outer membrane protein A (OmpA)...
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress the activity of various types of immune cells and play key roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance and in the regulation of immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Treg cells cons...
Anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family members (BCL2, MCL1, BCLxL, BCLW, and BFL1) are key players in the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis. Dysregulation of these proteins not only impairs normal development, but also contributes to tumor pr...
Land plants are anchored in one place for most of their life cycle and therefore must constantly adapt their growth and metabolism to abiotic stresses such as light intensity, temperature and the availability of water and essential minerals. Thus, pl...
The assimilatory pathway of the nitrogen cycle in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei has been well described and characterized in previous studies. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the gene expression of this pathway remain unknown...
In recent years, plant stress biology has moved beyond single-pathway descriptions toward an integrated framework in which stress perception, hormonal control, and gene regulation are tightly interconnected. Early events such as membrane-associated s...
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), deriving from exogenous retroviral infections of germ line cells occurred millions of years ago, represent ~8% of human genome. Most ERVs are highly inactivated because of the accumulation of mutations, insertions, del...
It is known that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms control messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Compared to transcriptional regulations, our understanding of how post-transcriptional regulations adapt during fatty liver progression at...
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylated protein that was initially identified as a physiological inhibitor of ectopic calcification, primarily affecting cartilage and the vascular system. Mutations in the MGP gene were...
Dendrites are the primary points of sensory or synaptic input to a neuron and play an essential role in synaptic integration and neural function. Despite the functional importance of dendrites, relatively less is known about the underlying mechanisms...
PRDM (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain containing) protein family members are characterized by the presence of a PR domain and a variable number of Zn-finger repeats. Experimental evidence has shown that the PRDM proteins play an important role in g...
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in childhood and adolescence. Currently, first-line therapy includes multidrug chemotherapy with surgery and/or radiation. Although most patients initially respond to chemotherapy, recurrent tumors b...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable and prevalent respiratory disorder that is characterized by chronic inflammation and emphysema. COPD is primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS). CS alters numerous cellular processes, incl...
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) has been identified as a crucial immune suppressor in human cancers, comparable to programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying its transcriptional...
Gram-positive actinomycete Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 is able to grow on C10 to C19 n-alkanes as a sole source of carbon and energy. To clarify, the n-alkane utilization pathway—a cluster of 5 genes (alkBrubA1A2BalkU) which appeared to be involved...
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway exerts integral roles in embryogenesis and adult homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway is implicated in growth-associated diseases and cancers, especially as a key driver in the initiation and progre...
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as a consequence of their interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and have a very important role in plant evolution. Floral VOCs are often involved in defense and pollinator attraction. The...
Garden dahlias (Dahlia pinnata) are popular for their rich flower color variations that have produced many typical bicolor cultivars. Previous studies on the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP) observed that the miR156-SPL9 module contributes to t...
The Hippo pathway regulates tissue homeostasis in normal development and drives oncogenic processes. In this review, we extensively discuss how YAP/TAZ/TEAD cooperate with other master transcription factors and epigenetic cofactors to orchestrate a b...
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cleavage of DNA, which depends on the endonuclease activity of Cas9, has been widely used for gene editing due to its excellent programmability and specificity. However, the changes to the DNA sequence that are mediated by CRISPR...
The MADS-box transcription factor (TF) family constitutes a critical class of transcriptional regulators in plants, playing pivotal roles in diverse developmental processes. MIKC-type proteins represent Type II MADS-box TFs that widely function in re...
The coordination of cellular biological processes is regulated in part via metabolic enzymes acting to match cellular metabolism to current conditions. The acetate activating enzyme, acyl-coenzyme A synthetase short-chain family member 2 (Acss2), has...
Alveolar bone resorption, which accompanies periodontitis, post-extraction mechanical unloading, and aging-related inflammation, is governed by interacting epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Evidence from DNA methylation, histone modific...
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is ubiquitously expressed in nearly all cell types of various organs, mediates the tissue-specific metabolic and immune responses to maintain homeostasis and ensure survival under stressful conditions or pathologic...
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) exhibits a cascade expression pattern of encoded genes, and ICP4 is the only immediate-early gene of ILTV, which plays a crucial role in initiating the subsequent viral genes. Therefore, studying the transcri...
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