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Keywords = tire–pavement contact

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18 pages, 10294 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Normal Stress Measurement Methods for Tire–Road Contact and Its Spatial and Frequency Domain Distribution Characteristics
by Liang Song, Xixian Wu, Zijie Xie, Jie Gao, Di Yun and Zongjian Lei
Lubricants 2025, 13(7), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13070309 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
This study investigates measurement methods for and the distribution characteristics of normal stress within tire–road contact areas. A novel measurement method, integrating 3D scanning technology with bearing area curve (BAC) analysis, is proposed. This method quantifies the rubber penetration depth and calculates contact [...] Read more.
This study investigates measurement methods for and the distribution characteristics of normal stress within tire–road contact areas. A novel measurement method, integrating 3D scanning technology with bearing area curve (BAC) analysis, is proposed. This method quantifies the rubber penetration depth and calculates contact stress based on rubber deformation. The key innovation of this method lies in this integrated methodology for high-precision stress mapping. In the spatial domain, stress distribution is characterized by the percentage of area occupied by different stress intervals, while in the frequency domain, stress levels are analyzed at various frequencies. The results demonstrate that as the Mean Profile Depth (MPD) of the road texture increases, the areas under stress greater than 1.0 MPa increase, while the areas under stress less than 0.8 MPa decrease. However, when the MPD exceeds 0.7 mm, this effect becomes less pronounced. Higher loads and harder rubber reduce the proportion of areas under lower stress and increase the proportion under higher stress. Low-frequency (<800 1/m) stress components increase with an MPD up to 0.7 mm, beyond which they exhibit diminished sensitivity. Stress at the same frequency is not significantly affected by load variation but increases markedly with increasing rubber hardness. This research provides crucial insights into contact stress distribution, establishing a foundation for analyzing road friction and optimizing surface texture design oriented towards high-friction pavements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tire/Road Interface and Road Surface Textures)
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31 pages, 8652 KiB  
Article
Study on Road Performance and Ice-Breaking Effect of Rubber Polyurethane Gel Mixture
by Yuanzhao Chen, Zhenxia Li, Tengteng Guo, Chenze Fang, Jingyu Yang, Peng Guo, Chaohui Wang, Bing Bai, Weiguang Zhang, Deqing Tang and Jiajie Feng
Gels 2025, 11(7), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070505 - 29 Jun 2025
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of serious pavement temperature diseases, low efficiency and high loss of ice-breaking methods, high occupancy rate of waste tires and the low utilization rate and insufficient durability of rubber particles, this paper aims to improve the service level of [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problems of serious pavement temperature diseases, low efficiency and high loss of ice-breaking methods, high occupancy rate of waste tires and the low utilization rate and insufficient durability of rubber particles, this paper aims to improve the service level of roads and ensure the safety of winter pavements. A pavement material with high efficiency, low carbon and environmental friendliness for active snow melting and ice breaking is developed. Firstly, NaOH, NaClO and KH550 were used to optimize the treatment of rubber particles. The hydrophilic properties, surface morphology and phase composition of rubber particles before and after optimization were studied, and the optimal treatment method of rubber particles was determined. Then, the optimized rubber particles were used to replace the natural aggregate in the polyurethane gel mixture by the volume substitution method, and the optimum polyurethane gel dosages and molding and curing processes were determined. Finally, the influence law of the road performance of RPGM was compared and analyzed by means of an indoor test, and the ice-breaking effect of RPGM was explored. The results showed that the contact angles of rubber particles treated with three solutions were reduced by 22.5%, 30.2% and 36.7%, respectively. The surface energy was improved, the element types on the surface of rubber particles were reduced and the surface impurities were effectively removed. Among them, the improvement effect of the KH550 solution was the most significant. With the increase in rubber particle content from 0% to 15%, the dynamic stability of the mixture gradually increases, with a maximum increase of 23.5%. The maximum bending strain increases with the increase in its content. The residual stability increases first and then decreases with the increase in rubber particle content, and the increase ranges are 1.4%, 3.3% and 0.5%, respectively. The anti-scattering performance increases with the increase in rubber content, and an excessive amount will lead to an increase in the scattering loss rate, but it can still be maintained below 5%. The fatigue life of polyurethane gel mixtures with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% rubber particles is 2.9 times, 3.8 times, 4.3 times and 4.0 times higher than that of the AC-13 asphalt mixture, respectively, showing excellent anti-fatigue performance. The friction coefficient of the mixture increases with an increase in the rubber particle content, which can be increased by 22.3% compared with the ordinary asphalt mixture. RPGM shows better de-icing performance than traditional asphalt mixtures, and with an increase in rubber particle content, the ice-breaking ability is effectively improved. When the thickness of the ice layer exceeds 9 mm, the ice-breaking ability of the mixture is significantly weakened. Mainly through the synergistic effect of stress coupling, thermal effect and interface failure, the bonding performance of the ice–pavement interface is weakened under the action of driving load cycle, and the ice layer is loosened, broken and peeled off, achieving efficient de-icing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Novel Polymer-Based Gels)
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29 pages, 7501 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Analysis of Suspended Road Dust in Relation to Concrete Pavement Texture Characteristics
by Hojun Yoo, Gyumin Yeon and Intai Kim
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070761 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) originating from road dust is an increasing concern in urban air quality, particularly as non-exhaust emissions from tire–pavement interactions gain prominence. Existing models often focus on meteorological and traffic-related variables while oversimplifying pavement surface characteristics, limiting their applicability across diverse [...] Read more.
Particulate matter (PM) originating from road dust is an increasing concern in urban air quality, particularly as non-exhaust emissions from tire–pavement interactions gain prominence. Existing models often focus on meteorological and traffic-related variables while oversimplifying pavement surface characteristics, limiting their applicability across diverse spatial and traffic conditions. This study investigates the influence of concrete pavement macrotexture—specifically the Mean Texture Depth (MTD) and surface wavelength—on PM10 resuspension. Field data were collected using a vehicle-mounted DustTrak 8530 sensor following the TRAKER protocol, enabling real-time monitoring near the tire–pavement interface. A multivariable linear regression model was used to evaluate the effects of MTD, wavelength, and the interaction between silt loading (sL) and PM10 content, achieving a high adjusted R2 of 0.765. The surface wavelength and sL–PM10 interaction were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The PM10 concentrations increased with the MTD up to a threshold of approximately 1.4 mm, after which the trend plateaued. A short wavelength (<4 mm) resulted in 30–50% higher PM10 emissions compared to a longer wavelength (>30 mm), likely due to enhanced air-pumping effects caused by more frequent aggregate contact. Among pavement types, Transverse Tining (T.Tining) exhibited the highest emissions due to its high MTD and short wavelength, whereas Exposed Aggregate Concrete Pavement (EACP) and the Next-Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS) showed lower emissions with a moderate MTD (1.0–1.4 mm) and longer wavelength. Mechanistically, a low MTD means there is a lack of sufficient voids for dust retention but generates less turbulence, producing moderate emissions. In contrast, a high MTD combined with a very short wavelength intensifies tire contact and localized air pumping, increasing emissions. Therefore, an intermediate MTD and moderate wavelength configuration appears optimal, balancing dust retention with minimized turbulence. These findings offer a texture-informed framework for integrating pavement surface characteristics into PM emission models, supporting sustainable and emission-conscious pavement design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Related Emission (3rd Edition))
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30 pages, 16943 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Assessment of Road Dust Suspension Based on Variations in Asphalt Pavement Surface Texture
by Ho-Jun Yoo, Sung-Jin Hong, Jeong-Yeon Cho and In-Tai Kim
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050552 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 480
Abstract
This study explores the correlation between road surface texture, including microtexture (texture depth) and macrotexture (wavelength) in asphalt pavement, and suspended dust generation on asphalt pavements. A detailed analysis of various pavement types, including Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and porous pavement, was conducted [...] Read more.
This study explores the correlation between road surface texture, including microtexture (texture depth) and macrotexture (wavelength) in asphalt pavement, and suspended dust generation on asphalt pavements. A detailed analysis of various pavement types, including Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and porous pavement, was conducted to assess their impact on dust load and concentration. For HMA pavements, deeper texture depths led to a higher dust load and concentration, attributed to the impermeable nature of the material, which causes dust to become easily suspended in the air. Conversely, porous pavements, which have air gaps in their surface layers, showed reduced dust suspension despite a higher dust load, due to the ability of these voids to trap dust and minimize air-pumping effects from tire–road contact. The study found that a macrotexture depth (MTD) exceeding 1.7 mm stabilized dust concentration, while higher surface wavelengths and silt load (sL) values above 0.1 g/m2 significantly contributed to dust suspension. These findings suggest that optimizing road surface texture and aggregate size, considering the voids and depth, can help reduce suspended dust, providing a balance between road safety and environmental management. This research offers valuable insights for designing pavements that mitigate air pollution while maintaining functional performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Related Emission (3rd Edition))
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21 pages, 36845 KiB  
Article
The Effective Depth of Skid Resistance (EDSR): A Novel Approach to Detecting Skid Resistance in Asphalt Pavements
by Yi Luo, Yongli Xu, Yiming Li, Liming Wang and Hongguang Wang
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061204 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 642
Abstract
Asphalt pavement skid resistance, governed by surface texture, is critical for traffic safety. Most research has focused on full-depth textural characteristics, often overlooking the depth of tire–pavement contact under real traffic conditions. This study introduces the concept of the Effective Depth of Skid [...] Read more.
Asphalt pavement skid resistance, governed by surface texture, is critical for traffic safety. Most research has focused on full-depth textural characteristics, often overlooking the depth of tire–pavement contact under real traffic conditions. This study introduces the concept of the Effective Depth of Skid Resistance (EDSR) to describe the effective depth of tire–asphalt contact, improving skid resistance assessment accuracy. Using blue linear laser scanning, surface textures of three common asphalt pavements with wearing courses—AC-13, AC-16, and SMA-13—were analyzed, and friction coefficients were measured using a British pendulum. After pre-processing three-dimensional texture data, fractal dimensions at various depths were calculated using the box-counting method and correlated with the friction coefficients. Previous studies show an insignificant correlation between full-depth asphalt pavement textures and skid resistance. However, this study found a significant positive correlation between skid resistance and pavement textures at specific depths or the EDSR. A depth with a correlation exceeding 0.9 was defined as the EDSR. Linear formulas were established for each pavement type within these EDSR ranges. A theoretical model was developed for predicting skid resistance, showing an over 80% accuracy against real-world data, indicating its potential for improving road surface performance detection. Full article
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35 pages, 7234 KiB  
Review
A Review of Long-Term Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavement
by Yuanfeng Chen, Zhitang Li, Yuankuo Wang, Guoxi Liang and Xiaolong Yang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041895 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1141
Abstract
This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the research trends in the field of the long-term skid resistance (L-TSR) of asphalt pavement (AP). In this paper, the detection method, decay model, influence factors, and prediction model of the L-TSR of AP [...] Read more.
This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the research trends in the field of the long-term skid resistance (L-TSR) of asphalt pavement (AP). In this paper, the detection method, decay model, influence factors, and prediction model of the L-TSR of AP are summarized. This paper quantitatively analyzes the skid resistance mechanism of the pavement and elucidates the existing problems and future development directions of the L-TSR of AP. The research indicates that digital image methods and intelligent sensor detection methods are important methods for the skid resistance detection of AP in the future. The indoor test can provide detailed data of material properties and can effectively evaluate the performance of anti-sliding materials under different environmental conditions by simulating the actual road conditions. A quantitative analysis of the skid mechanism of AP can better reflect the actual contact characteristics of the pavement. The combined prediction model combining multiple single models can not only correct the shortcomings of a single model but also greatly improve the calculation accuracy. At present, the research on the L-TSR of AP is insufficient in the aspects of the tire–pavement interaction mechanism, evaluation index, decay model, and combined prediction model, which needs to be further studied from quantitative, time-varying, unified, and innovative aspects. Full article
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22 pages, 10506 KiB  
Article
A New Approach for Determining Rubber Enveloping on Pavement and Its Implications for Friction Estimation
by Di Yun, Cheng Tang, Ulf Sandberg, Maoping Ran, Xinglin Zhou, Jie Gao and Liqun Hu
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030301 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1581
Abstract
The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal [...] Read more.
The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal tire-pavement contact area (S) and the bearing area curve (BAC), to measure the depth on pavements. The tire-pavement contact was simulated by contact between a non-patterned rubber block and pavement specimens. After analyzing the affecting factors, the new method was compared with previous methods by the d values and the application on the relationship between pavement texture parameters and friction. The results reveal that though there is a linear regression between the d obtained with the S-BAC and previous methods, the d values obtained with different methods differ. Applying the S-BAC method can strengthen the relationship between texture parameters and friction more than other methods. Full article
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24 pages, 12364 KiB  
Review
Review of Research on Tire–Pavement Contact Behavior
by Zhenlong Gong, Yinghao Miao and Claudio Lantieri
Coatings 2024, 14(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020157 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3405
Abstract
This article presents the latest progress in research on tire–pavement contact behavior. Firstly, the tire–pavement contact characteristics and their influencing factors are summarized. Then, the measurement methods and theoretical research on tire–pavement contact behavior are reviewed, and the advantages and shortcomings of different [...] Read more.
This article presents the latest progress in research on tire–pavement contact behavior. Firstly, the tire–pavement contact characteristics and their influencing factors are summarized. Then, the measurement methods and theoretical research on tire–pavement contact behavior are reviewed, and the advantages and shortcomings of different methods are compared and analyzed. Finally, analysis in the field of pavement engineering is summarized based on contact behavior. This article suggests a few key research directions: Tire–pavement contact behavior is influenced by multiple factors; therefore, multi-physical field-coupling analyses need to be carried out. Tire–pavement contact tests are mostly static and non-standardized, and it is a future trend to develop high-precision, low-cost, and standardized instruments that can measure dynamic contact. Theoretical research models rarely involve environmental factors; a contact model of the tire, pavement, and environment needs to be constructed that can truly describe the contact process. There is a relationship between contact characteristics and pavement performance; pavement performance evaluation indexes need to be established based on tire–pavement contact characteristics in the future. Full article
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20 pages, 11789 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Contact Characteristics of Tires–Roads Based on Pressure-Sensitive Film Technology
by Bo Chen, Pengbo Ding, Guojie Wei, Chunlong Xiong, Fangli Wang, Jinfeng Yu, Huayang Yu and Yuxun Zou
Materials 2023, 16(18), 6323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186323 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3104
Abstract
Tire–road characteristics are a critical focus of research in the automotive and transportation industries. On the one hand, the research can help optimize tires’ structural design; on the other hand, it can analyze the mechanical response of the pavement structure under the vehicle [...] Read more.
Tire–road characteristics are a critical focus of research in the automotive and transportation industries. On the one hand, the research can help optimize tires’ structural design; on the other hand, it can analyze the mechanical response of the pavement structure under the vehicle load. In addition, the non-uniformity distribution of the tire ground stress will also have a direct impact on the skid resistance, which determines the driving safety. Due to the limitation of testing technology, the measurement of tire ground pressure was mainly carried out on a flat test platform, ignoring the roughness of the actual pavement surface texture. The tire–road contact characteristics research on the macro-texture and micro-texture of asphalt pavement needs to be broken through. A high-precision pressure-sensitive film measurement system is utilized to examine the actual contact characteristics between two types of automobile tires and three types of asphalt pavement in this paper. The influence law of pavement texture and patterned tires on the contact area and stress was explored, and the concentration effect of tire–road contact stress was evaluated. The results indicate that the contact area of grounding tires exhibits a nearly linear relationship with tire inflation pressure and load. Notably, the change in load has a more significant influence on the contact area than tire inflation pressure. On asphalt pavement, the contact reduction rate decreases by approximately 5–10% for block pattern tires and 10–15% for longitudinal pattern tires. Furthermore, as the texture depth of the pavement increases, the contact area between tires and the pavement texture decreases. The actual tire–road interface experiences significant stress concentration due to the embedding and meshing effects between the tire and road surface. Even on a flat steel surface, the peak stress at the edge of the tread block exceeds the 0.7 MPa design load, which is about 2.5–3 times higher than the design uniform load. The peak stress between the tire and asphalt pavement reaches 4–10 times the design uniform load, with a rising trend as the pavement texture depth increases. This study can provide relevant experimental technical support for tire design and functional design of asphalt pavement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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18 pages, 4607 KiB  
Article
Study on Compaction Properties and Skeleton Structural Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Mixture
by Zhihao Cheng, Xiao Li, Qilin Yang, Naixing Liang, Liangliang Chen, Shaopeng Zheng and Dawei Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13911; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813911 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
Porous asphalt pavements have a skeletal structure with a large number of interconnecting pores, which can improve drainage, ensure traffic safety, and reduce tire noise. However, it can weaken the mechanical properties of the pavement. One of the key factors affecting the performance [...] Read more.
Porous asphalt pavements have a skeletal structure with a large number of interconnecting pores, which can improve drainage, ensure traffic safety, and reduce tire noise. However, it can weaken the mechanical properties of the pavement. One of the key factors affecting the performance of porous asphalt pavements is the quality of compaction, the assessment of which is difficult to accurately quantify. Therefore, Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) and skeleton penetration tests of porous asphalt mixtures were carried out using three engineering-differentiated gradations in this paper to investigate the gyratory compaction characteristics and the skeleton contact state during penetration. The results show that obvious stages with the increase in number of cycles can be observed during the compaction process. All gradations can achieve the maximum porosity requirements within a reasonable number of compaction cycles, while only the medium and fine gradations can approximately meet the minimum porosity requirements. The coarse gradation takes too long to finish compaction and is almost impossible to meet the minimum porosity. The optimum match between the void ratio of the design gradation and the skeleton contact state can be verified using the VCA ratio and void ratio curves. This is a new method to determine the corresponding target compaction number that can ensure better accuracy and ease of engineering application. Moreover, medium-graded mixtures with better skeletal embedding exhibit greater skeletal strength than coarse-graded aggregates, which provide theoretical support for the establishment of material grade optimization methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Materials and Pavements)
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13 pages, 1872 KiB  
Article
Tire–Pavement Interaction Simulation Based on Finite Element Model and Response Surface Methodology
by Qingtao Zhang, Lingxiao Shangguan, Tao Li, Xianyong Ma, Yunfei Yin and Zejiao Dong
Computation 2023, 11(9), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11090186 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2522
Abstract
Acquiring accurate tire–pavement interaction information is crucial for pavement mechanical analysis and pavement maintenance. This paper combines the tire finite element model (FEM) and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain tire–pavement interaction information and to analyze the pavement structure response under different loading [...] Read more.
Acquiring accurate tire–pavement interaction information is crucial for pavement mechanical analysis and pavement maintenance. This paper combines the tire finite element model (FEM) and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain tire–pavement interaction information and to analyze the pavement structure response under different loading conditions. A set of experiments was initially designed through the Box–Behnken design (BBD) method to obtain input and output variables for RSM calibration. The resultant RSM was evaluated accurately using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Then, tire loading simulations were conducted under different magnitudes of static loading using the optimal parameter combination obtained from the RSM. The results show that the deviations between the simulations and the real test results were mostly below 5%, validating the effectiveness of the tire FEM. Additionally, three different dynamic conditions—including free rolling, full brake, and full traction—were simulated by altering the tire rolling angle and translational velocities. Finally, the pavement mechanical response under the three rolling conditions was analyzed based on the tire–pavement contact feature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computational Engineering)
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20 pages, 10179 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of the Driving Process of a Wheeled Machine Tire on a Snow-Covered Road
by Di Wang, Hui Wang, Yan Xu, Jianpin Zhou and Xinyu Sui
Machines 2023, 11(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11060657 - 18 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2434
Abstract
Wheeled machines, such as agricultural tractors, snowplows, and wheeled mobile robots, usually work on icy or snow-covered roads. Therefore, it is very important to study the driving and slip resistance of the tires of these machines. In this paper, we investigate the driving [...] Read more.
Wheeled machines, such as agricultural tractors, snowplows, and wheeled mobile robots, usually work on icy or snow-covered roads. Therefore, it is very important to study the driving and slip resistance of the tires of these machines. In this paper, we investigate the driving behavior of tires on snow-covered terrain by means of numerical simulations. A high-fidelity snow-covered road model is established, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the finite element method (FEM) are employed to account for the behaviors of the snow layers and the pavement, respectively. We use the node-to-surface algorithm for the contact interactions between the snow and the pavement. The SPH parameters for the snow are calibrated by means of a triaxial compression experiment. A simplified tire model is established as well, using the FEM, and the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated via comparisons with the experimental data in terms of stiffness. Finally, the tire driving performance on the snow-covered road is simulated, and the influence of the tire surface configuration, external load, inflation pressure, and snowpack compression on the tire traction behaviors is systematically investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering)
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12 pages, 4730 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Tire-Pavement Contact Tri-Axial Stress Distribution Based on Sensor Array
by Jiaxi Guan, Xinglin Zhou, Lu Liu and Maoping Ran
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020416 - 12 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4004
Abstract
A tire’s three-dimensional stress for pavement is an important cause of asphalt pavement disease. In order to study the contact stress distribution between the tire and the pavement under real conditions, a sensor that can measure the tri-axial stress synchronously is designed, and [...] Read more.
A tire’s three-dimensional stress for pavement is an important cause of asphalt pavement disease. In order to study the contact stress distribution between the tire and the pavement under real conditions, a sensor that can measure the tri-axial stress synchronously is designed, and a complete measurement system is established. The variation trend and stress value of tri-axial stress under steady rolling of the tire were obtained, and the stress distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the stress in the three directions near the tire shoulder is greater than that in the crown area, and the stress peak moves gradually from front to back with the rolling of the tire. Compared with the simplified simulation model, these results provides valuable suggestions for exploring the real tire-pavement interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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22 pages, 5061 KiB  
Article
Integrated Adhesion Coefficient Estimation of 3D Road Surfaces Based on Dimensionless Data-Driven Tire Model
by Zhiwei Xu, Yongjie Lu, Na Chen and Yinfeng Han
Machines 2023, 11(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020189 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3015
Abstract
The tire/road peak friction coefficient (TRPFC) is the core parameter of vehicle stability control, and its estimation accuracy significantly affects the control effect of active vehicle safety. To estimate the peak adhesion coefficient accurately, a new method for the comprehensive adhesion coefficient of [...] Read more.
The tire/road peak friction coefficient (TRPFC) is the core parameter of vehicle stability control, and its estimation accuracy significantly affects the control effect of active vehicle safety. To estimate the peak adhesion coefficient accurately, a new method for the comprehensive adhesion coefficient of three-dimensional pavement based on a dimensionless data-driven tire model is proposed. Firstly, in order to accurately describe the contact state between the three-dimensional road surface and the tire during driving, stress distribution and multi-point contact are introduced into the vertical dynamic model and a new tire model driven by dimensionless data is established based on the normalization method. Secondly, the real-time assessment of lateral and longitudinal adhesion coefficients of three-dimensional pavement is realized with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Finally, according to the coupling relationship between the longitudinal tire adhesion coefficient and the lateral tire adhesion coefficient, a fuzzy reasoning strategy of fusing the longitudinal tire adhesion coefficient and the lateral tire adhesion coefficient is designed. The results of vehicle tests prove that the method proposed in this paper can estimate the peak adhesion coefficient of pavement quickly and accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Modeling, Analysis and Control for Electrified Vehicles)
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15 pages, 6714 KiB  
Article
The Application of PVDF-Based Piezoelectric Patches in Energy Harvesting from Tire Deformation
by Kevin Nguyen, Matthew Bryant, In-Hyouk Song, Byoung Hee You and Seyedmeysam Khaleghian
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9995; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249995 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3528
Abstract
The application of Polyvinylidene Fluoride or Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) in harvesting energy from tire deformation was investigated in this study. An instrumented tire with different sizes of PVDF-based piezoelectric patches and a tri-axial accelerometer attached to its inner liner was used for this [...] Read more.
The application of Polyvinylidene Fluoride or Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) in harvesting energy from tire deformation was investigated in this study. An instrumented tire with different sizes of PVDF-based piezoelectric patches and a tri-axial accelerometer attached to its inner liner was used for this purpose and was tested under different conditions on asphalt and concrete surfaces. The results demonstrated that on both pavement types, the generated voltage was directly proportional to the size of the harvester patches, the longitudinal velocity, and the normal load. Additionally, the generated voltage was inversely proportional to the tire inflation pressure. Moreover, the range of generated voltages was slightly higher on asphalt compared to the same testing conditions on the concrete surface. Based on the results, it was concluded that in addition to the potential role of the PVDF-based piezoelectric film in harvesting energy from tire deformation, they demonstrate great potential to be used as self-powered sensors to estimate the tire-road contact parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue On-Board and Remote Sensors in Intelligent Vehicles)
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