Search Results (397)

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), remain major causes of morbidity and mortality, yet no targeted pharmacological therapy is available. Excessive neutrophil and macrophage infiltration drives reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokine release, leading to alveolar–capillary barrier disruption and fatal respiratory failure. Methods: We applied an integrative multi-omics strategy combining single-cell transcriptomics, peripheral blood proteomics, and lung tissue proteomics in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg)-induced mouse ALI model to identify key signaling pathways. Harpagide, an iridoid glycoside identified from our natural compound screen, was evaluated in vivo (40 and 80 mg/kg) and in vitro (0.1–1 mg/mL). Histopathology, oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, and MDA), cytokine levels (IL-6 and IL-1β), and signaling proteins (HIF-1α, p-PI3K, p-AKT, Nrf2, and HO-1) were quantitatively assessed. Direct target engagement was probed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results: Multi-omics profiling revealed robust activation of HIF-1, PI3K/AKT, and glutathione-metabolism pathways following the LPS challenge, with HIF-1α, VEGFA, and AKT as core regulators. Harpagide treatment significantly reduced lung injury scores by ~45% (p < 0.01), collagen deposition by ~50%, and ROS accumulation by >60% relative to LPS (n = 6). The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β were reduced by 55–70% at the protein level (p < 0.01). Harpagide dose-dependently suppressed HIF-1α and p-AKT expression while enhancing Nrf2 and HO-1 levels (p < 0.05). SPR confirmed direct binding of Harpagide to HIF-1α (KD = 8.73 µM), and the CETSA demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of HIF-1α. MD simulations revealed a stable binding conformation within the inhibitory/C-TAD region after 50 ns. Conclusions: This study reveals convergent immune–microenvironmental regulatory mechanisms across cellular and tissue levels in ALI and demonstrates the protective effects of Harpagide through multi-pathway modulation. These findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of ALI and support the development of “one-drug, multilayer co-regulation” strategies for systemic inflammatory diseases. Full article

The enhancement effect and mechanism of porous frameworks on hydrogel thermal control performance are key factors in evaluating their engineering applications and performance improvements. This study investigates the enhancement mechanism of porous framework composite phase-change materials (CPCM) on hydrogel thermal control performance through multi-scale visualization comparison experiments. Results indicate that pure hydrogels, due to their dense internal structure, hinder water vapor escape, thereby impeding overall fluidity and mass transfer rates. The introduction of a porous framework significantly improves internal heat transfer and moisture transport pathways within the hydrogel, enabling smooth water vapor release during heating and preventing localized heat accumulation. Under 100 °C heating conditions, CPCM exhibited a 65% reduction in mass-specific dehydration rate compared to pure hydrogel, with a 25% lower temperature drop. Energy efficiency increased by 13.5% over hydrogel, while the coefficient of variation decreased by 34.1%, demonstrating superior thermal stability and temperature control capabilities. This study elucidates from a mechanistic perspective how porous frameworks regulate the thermal and mass transfer behaviors of hydrogels, providing a theoretical basis and experimental support for their advanced application and optimization in the thermal control systems of electronic devices. Full article

Gallium nitride (GaN) power devices have attracted extensive attention due to their superior performance in high-frequency and high-power applications. However, the reliability and lifetime prediction of these devices under various operating conditions remain critical challenges. In this study, a hybrid approach combining finite element simulation and deep learning is proposed to predict the lifetime of GaN power devices. COMSOL Multiphysics (V6.3) is employed to simulate the thermal and mechanical stress behavior of GaN devices under different power and frequency conditions, while capturing key degradation indicators such as temperature cycles and stress concentrations. The variation in temperature over time can reflect the degradation of the device and also reveal the fatigue damage caused by the long-term accumulation of thermal stress on the chip. LSTM performs exceptionally well in extracting features from time series data, effectively capturing the long-term and short-term dependencies within the time series. By using simulation data to establish a connection between the chip temperature and its service life, the temperature data and the lifespan data are combined into a dataset, and the LSTM neural network is used to explore the impact of temperature changes over time on the lifespan. The method mentioned in this paper can make preliminary predictions of the results when sufficient experimental data cannot be obtained in a short period of time. The prediction results have a certain degree of reliability. Full article

This study investigates the external environmental temperature distribution of a small single-story BIPV building on a university campus in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China, under the most adverse summer high-temperature conditions. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and variation patterns of building external temperature are analyzed. The results indicated the following: (1) During summer high-temperature days, the peak temperature of the BIPV photovoltaic surface reached 52.4 °C, which is 17.4 °C higher than the ambient temperature. (2) External measurement points exhibited significant daytime heating (+2.86 °C) and nighttime cooling (average relative temperature increment of −1.52 °C). (3) Complex nonlinear temperature gradient variations existed within the 10–100 cm range from the surface, with localized heat accumulation occurring around 60 cm, where 77% of high-temperature days show temperature gradient anomalies. (4) Based on dimensionless analysis, a modified Richardson criterion for BIPV buildings is established: Ri < 0.3 represents building-geometry-dominated mechanisms, and Ri > 0.7 represents thermal-plume-dominated mechanisms. The critical values occur earlier than in classical theory. (5) Solar radiation and wind speed are key factors affecting temperature distribution, with more pronounced local heat accumulation under low-wind-speed conditions. This study provides scientific evidence for BIPV building performance optimization and environmental control. Full article

Global climate change is the impact of combined abiotic and biotic stresses negatively affecting plant health and productivity. This study investigated the molecular and cellular responses of Nicotiana benthamiana L. plants to wild-type tomato bushy stunt virus (wtTBSV) infection under conditions of pre-existing heat stress. The experiments were conducted under controlled temperature regimes of 30 °C and 37 °C in combination with virus challenge. Morphological and biochemical analyses in plants under the influence of combined stress showed the alleviation of disease symptoms, reduction in virus content and reduced expression levels of viral proteins P19 and P33. Under conditions of combined stress, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, as well as activation of the antioxidant enzyme catalase, especially in root tissues, were observed. Notably, at 37 °C, virus infection was suppressed despite high levels of oxidative stress, whereas at 30 °C, a marked decrease in the expression of host factors was observed. The results indicate that thermal stress modulates virus–host interactions and activates defense mechanisms, including antioxidant and RNA interference pathways. Therefore, temperature adaptation can be considered as a promising strategy for enhancing plant resistance to viral pathogens under climate changes. Full article

This study investigates the microstructural evolution and damage mechanisms of the nickel-based single-crystal superalloy DD9-thermal barrier coating (TBC) system under 1050 °C high-temperature oxidation, while conducting a comparative analysis of oxidation behavior with the DD6-TBC system. Results show that both systems have similar oxidation mechanisms but face long-term oxidation drawbacks: as oxidation time increases, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) evolves into a mixed oxide layer and an Al₂O₃ layer, with initial rapid TGO growth consuming Al in the bond coat (BC) and subsequent Al depletion slowing growth, though long-term TGO accumulation raises cracking and spallation risks. DD9 and DD6 substrates significantly affect substrate-BC interfacial interdiffusion: the interdiffusion zone (IDZ) and secondary reaction zone (SRZ) grow continuously (SRZ growing faster), and linear topologically close-packed (TCP) phases precipitate in the SRZ, spreading throughout the substrate and impairing high-temperature mechanical properties. Specifically, DD9’s IDZ growth rate is faster than DD6’s in the first 800 h of oxidation but slows below DD6’s afterward, reflecting DD9’s superior long-term oxidation resistance due to better temperature resistance and high-temperature stability. This study clarifies key high-temperature service disadvantages of the two systems, providing experimental support for coated turbine blade life evaluation and a theoretical basis for optimizing third-generation single-crystal superalloy-TBC systems to enhance high-temperature service stability. Full article

High-inertia energy storage synchronous condenser (HI-ES-SC) is operated through rotor-excited variable-speed mechanisms to provide grid power support. Power devices are exposed to alternating electro-thermal stresses, with significant implications for system reliability. Therefore, an electro-thermal modeling approach is developed for the converter of HI-ES-SC during power support operation. Switching dynamics and conduction states are incorporated in the model. A theoretical framework is established to analyze loss mechanisms and junction temperature evolution. A coupled electro-thermal model is constructed, accounting for temperature-dependent thermal network parameters. A numerical solution is proposed to enable co-simulation of condenser–converter systems. The simulation results indicate that the error in thermal parameter estimation remains below 10%. Key findings are summarized as follows: Under active power support, the peak junction temperature is observed to reach 81.69 °C during synchronous speed crossing, accompanied by notable low-frequency thermal accumulation. The derived operational-thermal correlation provides critical guidance for optimal thermal design and device selection. Full article

Global climate change has intensified temperature fluctuations, significantly impacting insect populations. Thermal tolerance has emerged as a critical determinant of species distribution and invasion potential. Liriomyza trifolii, an economically important invasive pest, has been rapidly expanding in southeastern coastal regions of China, gradually displacing its congeners L. sativae and L. huidobrensis. This competitive advantage is closely associated with its superior thermal adaptation strategies. Here, we first examine the temperature-mediated competitive dominance of L. trifolii, then systematically elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying its temperature tolerance, revealing its survival strategies under extreme temperatures. Notably, L. trifolii exhibits a lower developmental threshold temperature and higher thermal constant, extending its damage period, while its significantly lower supercooling point confers exceptional overwintering capacity. Physiologically, rapid cold hardening (RCH) enhances cold tolerance through glycerol accumulation and increased fatty acid unsaturation, while heat acclimation improves thermotolerance via a trade-off between developmental processes and reproductive investment. Molecular analyses demonstrate that L. trifolii combines the low-temperature inducible characteristics of L. huidobrensis with the high-temperature responsive advantages of L. sativae in heat shock protein (Hsp) expression patterns. Transcriptomic studies further identify differential expressions of lipid metabolism and chaperone-related genes as key to thermal adaptation. Current research limitations include incomplete understanding of non-Hsp gene regulatory networks and laboratory–field adaptation discrepancies. Future studies should integrate multi-omics approaches with ecological modeling to predict L. trifolii’s expansion under climate change scenarios and develop temperature-based green control strategies. Full article

The global energy crisis demands efficient electricity production solutions, especially for isolated communities where hydraulic energy can be harnessed sustainably. This paper presents a case study analyzing the efficiency of a 13,330 kW hydrogenerator, consisting of a bulb-type hydro-aggregate using the calorimetric method—a viable alternative when testing at nominal load is not feasible due to technical limitations. The method involves measuring the thermal energy absorbed by the cooling water under three operating conditions: no-load unexcited, no-load excited, and symmetric three-phase short-circuit. Measurements followed IEC standards and were conducted with high-precision instruments for temperature, flow, voltage, and current. The results quantify mechanical, ventilation, iron, and copper losses, as well as additional losses via radiation and convection. Thermal analysis revealed significant heat accumulation in the rotor and stator windings, indicating the need for improved cooling solutions. The calorimetric method enables efficiency evaluation without interrupting generator operation, offering a valuable tool for diagnostics, predictive maintenance, and informed decisions on modernization. Furthermore, integrating an intelligent operational control system could enhance efficiency and improve the quality of the supplied energy, supporting long-term sustainability in hydroelectric power generation. Full article

To address frost heave in winter-lined canals and sediment accumulation in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, while reducing long-term maintenance costs of canal linings and relocating sediment as solid waste, this study proposes the use of low-toxicity, environmentally friendly octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) to modify channel sediment. This approach aims to improve the frost heave resistance of canal sediment and investigate optimal modification conditions and their impact on frost heave phenomena, aligning with sustainable development goals of low energy consumption and economic efficiency. Water Droplet Penetration Time (WDPT) tests and unidirectional freezing experiments were conducted to analyze frost heave magnitude, temperature distribution, and moisture variation in modified sediment. A coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) model established using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software was employed for numerical simulations. Experimental results demonstrate that the hydrophobicity of channel sediment increases with higher OTS concentrations. The optimal modification effect is achieved at 50 °C with a silane-to-sediment mass ratio of 0.001, aligning with the economic efficiency of sustainable development. The unidirectional freezing test results indicate that compared to the 0% modified sediment content, the 40% modified sediment proportion reduces frost heave magnitude by 71.3% and decreases water accumulation at the freezing front by 21.1%. The comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data demonstrates that the model can accurately simulate the frost heave behavior of modified sediment, with the error margin maintained within 15%. In conclusion, OTS-modified channel sediment demonstrates significant advantages in enhancing frost heave resistance while aligning with the economic and environmental sustainability requirements. Furthermore, the coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) model provides a reliable tool to guide sustainable infrastructure development for hydraulic engineering in the cold and arid regions of Inner Mongolia, effectively reducing long-term maintenance energy consumption. Full article

Phosphorus pollution represents a persistent and significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, particularly within the Mediterranean region, where ongoing eutrophication continues to compromise both water quality and biodiversity. Concurrently, the accumulation of Posidonia oceanica residues along coastal areas presents a biomass management challenge. This study explores the sustainable use of thermally treated Posidonia ash as a low-cost, bio-based adsorbent for phosphate removal from water. Batch experiments under varying phosphate concentrations, pH, hardness, and alkalinity revealed high removal capacities (33.5–58.7 mg/g). A novel surface complexation model (SCM) was developed and validated using spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of phosphate retention. The SCM outperformed conventional isotherm models by providing mechanistic insights into adsorption behavior. Phosphate adsorption was found to be pH-dependent, occurring via surface complexation to neutral and basic surface sites. The release of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions facilitated ternary complex formation and precipitation. Under alkaline conditions, competitive adsorption between phosphate and carbonate ions was observed. This study demonstrates the dual benefit of Posidonia oceanica ash: efficient phosphate removal and its reuse as a phosphorus reservoir, offering a circular strategy for tackling nutrient pollution and promoting coastal biomass valorization. Full article

Cold stress severely limits legume productivity, threatening global food security, particularly in climate-vulnerable regions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding and enhancing cold tolerance in key legumes (chickpea, soybean, lentil, and cowpea), addressing three core questions: (1) molecular/physiological foundations of cold tolerance; (2) how emerging technologies accelerate stress dissection and breeding; and (3) integration strategies and deployment challenges. Legume cold tolerance involves conserved pathways (e.g., ICE-CBF-COR, Inducer of CBF Expression, C-repeat Binding Factor, Cold-Responsive genes) and species-specific mechanisms like soybean’s GmTCF1a-mediated pathway. Multi-omics have identified critical genes (e.g., CaDREB1E in chickpea, NFR5 in pea) underlying adaptive traits (membrane stabilization, osmolyte accumulation) that reduce yield losses by 30–50% in tolerant genotypes. Technologically, AI and high-throughput phenotyping achieve >95% accuracy in early cold detection (3–7 days pre-symptoms) via hyperspectral/thermal imaging; deep learning (e.g., CNN-LSTM hybrids) improves trait prediction by 23% over linear models. Genomic selection cuts breeding cycles by 30–50% (to 3–5 years) using GEBVs (Genomic estimated breeding values) from hundreds of thousands of SNPs (Single-nucleotide polymorphisms). Advanced sensors (LIG-based, LoRaWAN) enable real-time monitoring (±0.1 °C precision, <30 s response), supporting precision irrigation that saves 15–40% water while maintaining yields. Key barriers include multi-omics data standardization and cost constraints in resource-limited regions. Integrating molecular insights with AI-driven phenomics and multi-omics is revolutionizing cold-tolerance breeding, accelerating climate-resilient variety development, and offering a blueprint for sustainable agricultural adaptation. Full article

This study investigated the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of Fe-28Mn-10Al-1C-(0,3) Cu austenitic low-density steels after hydrogen charging. Electrochemical hydrogen charging and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) were employed to characterize hydrogen desorption behavior and identify hydrogen trap types in cold-rolled (LZ) and annealed (TH) conditions. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to obtain mechanical properties and the hydrogen embrittlement index (HEI), enabling quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. Fracture surface morphology was analyzed to elucidate the underlying embrittlement mechanisms. Results indicate that annealing treatment and Cu addition have negligible effects on the activation energy of reversible hydrogen traps, suggesting similar trap types. The reversible hydrogen content decreased by 0.1 wt.ppm and 0.2 wt.ppm in LZ-3Cu and TH-3Cu, respectively, compared to their Cu-free counterparts, indicating that Cu addition mitigates the accumulation of reversible hydrogen. Annealed specimens exhibited lower HEI values, with the HEI of TH-0Cu decreasing from 21.3% to 13.5% and that of TH-3Cu reaching only 9.6%. Fracture mode transitioned from mixed brittle-ductile to fully ductile with Cu alloying, accompanied by a shift from the coupled the Hydrogen-Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE) and the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) mechanism to the HELP-dominated mechanism. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Cu alloying significantly enhances the resistance of austenitic low-density steels to hydrogen embrittlement. Full article

Resurrection plants such as Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae are gaining scientific attention due to their exceptional ability to withstand extreme drought and cold. This study is the first to evaluate the changes in photosynthetic activity, antioxidant defense, and the role of protective proteins during the early hours of recovery of these species after freezing-induced desiccation. Specimens collected from natural habitats where temperatures dropped below −10 °C were rehydrated under controlled conditions, and measurements were taken at multiple time points from 1 h up to 7 days after recovery. Both species demonstrated a gradual increase in photosynthesis, with the CO₂ assimilation rate significantly improving after 24 h and reaching full restoration by day 7. This recovery aligned with increases in relative water content and stomatal conductance. Photosystem II efficiency was fully restored within 72 h. Notably, R. nathaliae exhibited higher thermal dissipation during stress than R. serbica. Antioxidant activity peaked between 1 and 3 h of rehydration and returned to baseline by day 7. Additionally, early rehydration stages triggered the accumulation of stress-related proteins such as dehydrins, early light-inducible proteins, small heat shock proteins, and fatty acid amide hydrolase. These results provide valuable insights into the desiccation–rehydration mechanisms of Ramonda species, demonstrating that they fully recover physiological functions within seven days and highlighting species-specific stress responses during early rehydration. Full article

To elucidate the mechanisms governing hydrocarbon accumulation and phase evolution in the deep–ultradeep reservoirs of the Mo-Yong area, this study integrated 2D basin modeling and multi-component phase state simulation techniques, investigating the differences in maturity and hydrocarbon generation history between the Fengcheng Formation (P₁f) and the Lower Wuerhe Formation (P₂w) source rocks, as well as their coupling relationship with fault activity in controlling hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, and phase evolution. The results indicate that the P₁f and P₂w in the Mo-Yong area source rocks differ in thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation evolution. The dual-source charging from both the P₁f and P₂w significantly enhances hydrocarbon accumulation number, volume, and saturation. The temporal-spatial coupling between peak hydrocarbon generation and multi-stage fault reactivation not only facilitates extra-source accumulation but also drives condensate reservoir formation through gas-oil ratio elevation and light-component enrichment. Based on these results, a model of hydrocarbon accumulation and phase evolution of deep reservoirs was proposed. The model elucidates the fundamental geological principle that source-fault spatiotemporal coupling controls hydrocarbon enrichment degree, while phase differentiation determines reservoir fluid types. Full article