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632 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,306 Views
18 Pages

A Review of Technology Readiness Levels for Superconducting Electric Machinery

  • Bárbara Maria Oliveira Santos,
  • Fernando Jorge Monteiro Dias,
  • Frederic Trillaud,
  • Guilherme Gonçalves Sotelo and
  • Rubens de Andrade Junior

12 August 2023

Superconducting electric machines (SEMs) have the potential to be commercially available in the coming years. This commercialization depends on the availability of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) produced on a large scale. HTSs have high curre...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
11,068 Views
11 Pages

Demand Response Technology Readiness Levels for Energy Management in Blocks of Buildings

  • Tracey Crosbie,
  • John Broderick,
  • Michael Short,
  • Richard Charlesworth and
  • Muneeb Dawood

24 January 2018

Fossil fuels deliver most of the flexibility in contemporary electricity systems. The pressing need to reduce CO2 emissions requires new methods to provide this flexibility. Demand response (DR) offers consumers a significant role in the delivery of...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,585 Views
21 Pages

Tackling Old Challenges in Microalgal Biotechnology: The Role of Photobioreactors to Advance the Technology Readiness Level

  • Mariany Costa Deprá,
  • Rosangela Rodrigues Dias,
  • Leila Queiroz Zepka and
  • Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

29 December 2024

Microalgae biotechnology has taken the world by storm. However, despite its great potential promise, it still cannot be considered a fully consolidated technology due to a crucial challenge: the low rates of biomass productivity. To overcome this hur...

  • Review
  • Open Access
251 Views
25 Pages

Technology Readiness Level Assessment of Pleurotus spp. Enzymes for Lignocellulosic Biomass Deconstruction

  • Dinalva Schein,
  • Olimpio C. Escosteguy,
  • Gustavo N. Pezzini,
  • João H. C. Wancura and
  • Marcio A. Mazutti

29 December 2025

The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass has been attracting interest in several industrial areas due to its potential to produce high-value-added compounds. Among these products, lignocellulosic enzymes stand out, capable of degrading biomass int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
13,428 Views
13 Pages

Technology readiness levels (TRLs) is a well-established and widely used approach for defining the readiness of new technology. It assesses technology maturity against specific benchmarks, ranging from level 1 (concept) to level 9 (market solution)....

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,265 Views
23 Pages

Technology Readiness Level Roadmap for Developing Innovative Herbal Medicinal Products

  • Eduardo Pagani,
  • Cristina Dislich Ropke,
  • Cristiane Mota Soares,
  • Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez,
  • Paulo José Coelho Benevides,
  • Barbara Sena Barbosa,
  • Ana Cecilia Bezerra Carvalho and
  • Maria Dutra Behrens

Despite the vast global botanical diversity, the pharmaceutical development of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) remains underexploited. Of over 370,000 described plant species, only a few hundred are utilized in HMPs. Most of these have originated fr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
9,057 Views
14 Pages

Climate and social changes are deeply affecting current agro-food systems. Unsustainable agricultural practices and the low profitability of small farmers are challenging the agricultural development of rural areas. This study aims to develop a novel...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,835 Views
15 Pages

Technology Readiness Level of Robotic Technology and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review

  • Leonardo Mohamad Nassani,
  • Kanza Javed,
  • Rafat Samih Amer,
  • Ming Hong Jim Pun,
  • Ahmed Z. Abdelkarim and
  • Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes

18 April 2024

This comprehensive review assessed the integration of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry, offering a transparent overview of developments across dental fields. Covering articles in prosthodontics, orthodontics, implantology, surge...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,360 Views
15 Pages

24 April 2023

The challenge of achieving net-zero carbon emissions in the shipping sector is a pressing issue that is yet to be fully overcome. While new fuels and technologies hold promise for the future, they are not currently viable solutions on a large scale i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,615 Views
20 Pages

27 April 2023

Most power plants, particularly those that burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, create CO2, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. By 2060, the Indonesian government has committed to reach net zero emissions. With the lowest CO...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,195 Views
24 Pages

Monitoring and Forecasting of Key Functions and Technologies for Automated Driving

  • Christian Ulrich,
  • Benjamin Frieske,
  • Stephan A. Schmid and
  • Horst E. Friedrich

20 May 2022

Companies facing transformation in the automotive industry will need to adapt to new trends, technologies and functions, in order to remain competitive. The challenge is to anticipate such trends and to forecast their development over time. The aim o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,553 Views
23 Pages

This paper extends underwater SONAR simulation from laboratory prototype to real-world demonstrator. It presents the interdisciplinary methodology to advance the state of the art from level four to level seven on the technology readiness level (TRL)...

  • Review
  • Open Access
71 Citations
19,781 Views
25 Pages

Current Readiness Status of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Multistakeholder Perceptions

  • Meilinda Fitriani Nur Maghfiroh,
  • Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo and
  • Hiroshi Onoda

28 November 2021

As a net oil importer since 2004, Indonesia’s success in developing fuel economy and infrastructure for electric vehicles would be vital to ensuring energy security and decarbonization from the transport sector. Following the Presidential Regul...

  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
7,301 Views
23 Pages

24 April 2021

The continuous increase of energy demand with the subsequent huge fossil fuel consumption is provoking dramatic environmental consequences. The main challenge of this century is to develop and promote alternative, more eco-friendly energy production...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,918 Views
16 Pages

Bridging Social and Technical Sciences: Introduction of the Societal Embeddedness Level

  • Marit Sprenkeling,
  • Tara Geerdink,
  • Adriaan Slob and
  • Amber Geurts

27 August 2022

The successful and fast development and deployment of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reduction technologies is a continuing and structural challenge. The deployment of these technologies is slowed down and sometimes even stalled due to societal...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
46 Citations
13,808 Views
51 Pages

Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies

  • Subhamoy Bhattacharya,
  • Domenico Lombardi,
  • Sadra Amani,
  • Muhammad Aleem,
  • Ganga Prakhya,
  • Sondipon Adhikari,
  • Abdullahi Aliyu,
  • Nicholas Alexander,
  • Ying Wang and
  • Nathan Vimalan
  • + 5 authors

Offshore wind turbines are a complex, dynamically sensitive structure due to their irregular mass and stiffness distribution, and complexity of the loading conditions they need to withstand. There are other challenges in particular locations such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
13,758 Views
17 Pages

11 December 2021

Innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs) steer their businesses with ideas, technology, and innovation. However, many of them have limited resources, capabilities, and readiness to turn their valuable creativity into marketable products. For IDE startups...

  • Opinion
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,846 Views
8 Pages

Pediatric patients, particularly in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (NICUs and PICUs), are typically at an increased risk of fatal decompensation. That being said, any delay in treatment or minor errors in medication dosage can overcompli...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,647 Views
27 Pages

26 June 2025

Companies underestimate the cost of digitalization when introducing new technologies and practices in existing work environments. Although the technologies are well developed and on the market for many decades, their application and integration into...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,419 Views
33 Pages

Applicability of Technology Maturity Level Evaluation Methodologies within Small- and Medium-Sized Organizations: Prospects and Proposals

  • Nuria Rodríguez López,
  • José Valeriano Alvarez Cabal,
  • Marcos Cueto Cuiñas and
  • Francisco Ortega Fernndez

28 July 2023

Most industrial companies (e.g., SMEs or start-ups) have very limited assets (time, human, and financial efforts, etc.) for the development of their R&D projects. To be competitive, these organizations must carefully evaluate the feasibility of t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,746 Views
16 Pages

An Additional Model to Control Risk in Mastering Defense Technology in Indonesia

  • Faried Jaendar Muda,
  • Rajesri Govindaraju and
  • Iwan Inrawan Wiratmadja

31 January 2022

Reverse engineering is widely used to acquire defence technology relatively quickly. However, this process carries the risk of creating uncertainty, leading to significant investments if the process is not controlled. A technology readiness level (TR...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
7,232 Views
36 Pages

Review and Evaluation of Automated Charging Technologies for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

  • Emma Piedel,
  • Enrico Lauth,
  • Alexander Grahle and
  • Dietmar Göhlich

Automated charging technologies are becoming increasingly important in the electrification of heavy road freight transport, especially in combination with autonomous driving. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of automated charging technolo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,939 Views
16 Pages

Study to Increase the TRL of Exoskeleton ERMIS Based on a Methodology to the Identification of Real Performance Parameters

  • José Luis Medina-Valdes,
  • Luis Adrián Zúñiga-Avilés,
  • Giorgio Mackenzie Cruz-Martínez,
  • Adriana Herlinda Vilchis-González and
  • Usiel Sandino Silva-Rivera

4 October 2021

Many exoskeletons in scientific communications and patents only reach a technology readiness level corresponding to an experimental physical model (EPM) or a low-fidelity prototype. While only operational in a laboratory environment, the increasing t...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2,379 Views
4 Pages

The Wave Energy Converter CECO: Current Status and Future Perspectives

  • Mario López,
  • Paulo Rosa-Santos,
  • Francisco Taveira-Pinto,
  • Víctor Ramos and
  • Claudio A. Rodríguez

31 October 2018

This work reviews the advances in the development of CECO, a wave energy converter (WEC) of the floating oscillating bodies subgroup that has its motions and power take-off system (PTO) restricted to an inclined direction. For this purpose, the revie...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access

Technology Assessment Models in Healthcare Education: An Integrative Review and Future Perspectives in the Era of AI and VR

  • Beatriz Alvarado-Robles,
  • Alma Guadalupe Rodriguez-Ramirez,
  • David Luviano-Cruz,
  • Diana Ortiz-Muñoz,
  • Victor Manuel Alonso-Mendoza and
  • Francesco Garcia-Luna
Appl. Sci.2026, 16(3), 1213;https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031213 
(registering DOI)

24 January 2026

This systematic integrative review examines methodological frameworks used to evaluate educational technologies in biomedical higher education. We synthesize five complementary approaches frequently reported in the literature: the Technology Acceptan...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
17,299 Views
24 Pages

Upper Limb Prostheses by the Level of Amputation: A Systematic Review

  • Diego Segura,
  • Enzo Romero,
  • Victoria E. Abarca and
  • Dante A. Elias

19 March 2024

This review article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of the latest trends in adult upper limb prostheses, specifically targeting various amputation levels such as transradial, transmetacarpal, transcarpal, and transhumeral. A sys...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,194 Views
24 Pages

9 October 2025

Achieving decarbonization targets in the aviation sector requires transformative approaches to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production. In this pursuit, feedstock innovation has emerged as a critical challenge. This research uses the U.S. SAF Gran...

  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,341 Views
13 Pages

29 January 2019

Energy system decarbonisation and changing consumer behaviours will create and destroy new markets in the electric power sector. This means that the energy industry will have to adapt their business models in order to capture these pools of value. Re...

  • Review
  • Open Access
193 Views
38 Pages

Agricultural marketing increasingly integrates Agriculture 4.0 technologies—Blockchain, AI/ML, IoT, and recommendation systems—yet systematic evaluations of computational maturity and deployment readiness remain limited. This Systematic L...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,884 Views
25 Pages

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents emerging economies with an invaluable opportunity to reshape their market standings and reach a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, the acquisition and development of IoT technologies poses si...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,060 Views
11 Pages

Level of Technological Maturity of Telemonitoring Systems Focused on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review

  • Alejandro Villanueva Cerón,
  • Eduardo López Domínguez,
  • Saúl Domínguez Isidro,
  • María Auxilio Medina Nieto,
  • Jorge De La Calleja and
  • Saúl Eduardo Pomares Hernández

In the field of eHealth, several works have proposed telemonitoring systems focused on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment. Nevertheless, no secondary study presents a comparative analysis of these...

  • Review
  • Open Access
219 Citations
51,831 Views
39 Pages

16 September 2020

Through a systematic review of publications in reputed peer-reviewed journals, this paper investigates the role of blockchain technology in sustainable supply chain management. It uses the What, Who, Where, When, How, and Why (5W+1H) pattern to formu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,039 Views
23 Pages

31 October 2025

The use of insects for feed has a significant impact on aquaculture, contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger and Sustainable Agriculture (SDG 2), among others. This study mapped the intermediate Technology R...

  • Feature Paper
  • Concept Paper
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,017 Views
12 Pages

17 December 2019

The majority of commercially oriented microfluidic technologies provide novel point-of-use solutions for laboratory automation with important areas in the context of the life sciences such as health care, biopharma, veterinary medicine and agrifood a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,028 Views
48 Pages

23 July 2025

Carbon capture technologies are largely considered to play a crucial role in meeting the climate change and global warming target set by Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2050. These technologies can contribute to clean energy transitions and emissions reducti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
6,392 Views
17 Pages

20 January 2023

To reduce building sector CO2 emissions, integrating renewable energy and thermal energy storage (TES) into building design is crucial. TES provides a way of storing thermal energy during high renewable energy production for use later during peak ene...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,662 Views
33 Pages

18 September 2025

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction (ACLR) are associated with biomechanical deficits and reinjury risk. Wearable devices offer promising tools for objective assessment of knee joint function. This scoping review aimed to map t...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
34 Citations
5,235 Views
23 Pages

Large Scale Microalgae Biofuel Technology—Development Perspectives in Light of the Barriers and Limitations

  • Marcin Dębowski,
  • Izabela Świca,
  • Joanna Kazimierowicz and
  • Marcin Zieliński

21 December 2022

Microalgal biomass can be used to derive many different types of biofuels. In order to widely commercialize this technology, its limitations and weaknesses must be eliminated. Many technical and economic issues also need to be clarified and unknowns...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,936 Views
20 Pages

Prospective environmental and technological assessment of emerging chemical processes is necessary to identify, analyze and evaluate the technologies that are highly imperative in the transition towards climate neutrality. The investigation of the en...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,467 Views
31 Pages

8 September 2021

The Circular Economy Action Plan, as part of the European Green Deal announced by the European Commission, is highly relevant to the chemical industry in relation to the production of sustainable products. Accordingly, the chemical industry faces the...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
8,305 Views
49 Pages

Municipal Solid Waste Gasification: Technologies, Process Parameters, and Sustainable Valorization of By-Products in a Circular Economy

  • Nicoleta Ungureanu,
  • Nicolae-Valentin Vlăduț,
  • Sorin-Ștefan Biriș,
  • Mariana Ionescu and
  • Neluș-Evelin Gheorghiță

23 July 2025

Gasification of municipal solid waste and other biogenic residues (e.g., biomass and biowaste) is increasingly recognized as a promising thermochemical pathway for converting non-recyclable fractions into valuable energy carriers, with applications i...

  • Review
  • Open Access
55 Citations
13,897 Views
18 Pages

Agricultural Biomass Waste to Biochar: A Review on Biochar Applications Using Machine Learning Approach and Circular Economy

  • Prathiba Rex,
  • Kalil Rahiman Mohammed Ismail,
  • Nagaraj Meenakshisundaram,
  • Praveen Barmavatu and
  • A V S L Sai Bharadwaj

Biochar has gained attention as an alternative source of solid energy and for the proper disposal of agricultural biomass waste (ABW). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is a promising approach for the production of biochar. This review article prese...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,565 Views
25 Pages

Microalgae Cultivation in Wastewater: How Realistic Is This Approach for Value-Added Product Production?

  • Rosangela Rodrigues Dias,
  • Mariany Costa Deprá,
  • Cristiano Ragagnin de Menezes,
  • Leila Queiroz Zepka and
  • Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

28 June 2025

Microalgae cultivation in wastewater is a production approach that combines wastewater treatment with biomass generation for various applications. This strategy aligns with the concept of a circular bioeconomy, which aims to transform waste into valu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,116 Views
14 Pages

TRLs 5–7 Advanced Manufacturing Centres, Practical Model to Boost Technology Transfer in Manufacturing

  • Leonardo Sastoque Pinilla,
  • Raúl Llorente Rodríguez,
  • Nerea Toledo Gandarias,
  • Luis Norberto López de Lacalle and
  • Mahboobeh Ramezani Farokhad

6 September 2019

Establishing collaboration strategies with interdisciplinary networks in research is a crucial success factor for the companies in any sector, especially in manufacturing for aeronautics. In the aeronautical supply chain, Small and Medium-sized Enter...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
10,811 Views
22 Pages

22 February 2021

The emergence of “blockchain” technology as an alternative data management technique has spawned a myriad of conceptual and logical design work across multiple industries and sectors. It is also argued to enable operationalisation of the earlier “sma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,035 Views
27 Pages

24 October 2024

Alternative fuels are a measure discussed in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) strategy in order to reduce emissions from shipping. This is deemed necessary to achieve emissions reduction in the shipping industry, but the way in which thi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
12,376 Views
30 Pages

Mobile Manipulators in Industry 4.0: A Review of Developments for Industrial Applications

  • Nooshin Ghodsian,
  • Khaled Benfriha,
  • Adel Olabi,
  • Varun Gopinath and
  • Aurélien Arnou

22 September 2023

In the realm of Industry 4.0, diverse technologies such as AI, Cyber-Physical Systems, IoT, and advanced sensors converge to shape smarter future factories. Mobile manipulators (MMs) are pivotal, fostering flexibility, adaptability, and collaboration...

  • Article
  • Open Access
840 Views
17 Pages

14 November 2025

The world is being orchestrated by dramatic changes caused by technological and innovative disruptions. Accordingly, Industry X.0 terminology was coined because the revolutionary numbers could not represent this industrial disruption. Coping with the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
8,232 Views
27 Pages

More than half of the global demand for energy resources is covered today by oil and natural gas, and according to various forecasts, it is expected to grow 1.5–2 times greater over the next 30–50 years. This creates serious prospects for...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,363 Views
24 Pages

1 April 2020

Many papers related to this topic can be found in the bibliography; however, just a modest percentage of the introduced techniques are developed to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) sufficiently high to be implementable in industrial applications. T...

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