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23 pages, 5217 KiB  
Article
High-Performance Pd-Pt/α-MnO2 Catalysts for the Oxidation of Toluene
by Ning Dong, Wenjin Wang, Xuelong Zheng, Huan Liu, Jingjing Zhang, Qing Ye and Hongxing Dai
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080746 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Herein, α-MnO2-supported Pt-Pd bimetal (xPd-yPt/α-MnO2; x and y are the weight loadings (wt%) of Pd and Pt, respectively; x = 0, 0.23, 0.47, 0.93, and 0.92 wt%; and y = 0.91, 0.21, [...] Read more.
Herein, α-MnO2-supported Pt-Pd bimetal (xPd-yPt/α-MnO2; x and y are the weight loadings (wt%) of Pd and Pt, respectively; x = 0, 0.23, 0.47, 0.93, and 0.92 wt%; and y = 0.91, 0.21, 0.46, 0.89, and 0 wt%) catalysts were prepared using the polyvinyl alcohol-protected NaBH4 reduction method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined by means of various techniques and their catalytic activities for toluene oxidation were evaluated. It was found that among the xPd-yPt/α-MnO2 samples, 0.93Pd-0.89Pt/α-MnO2 showed the best catalytic performance, with the toluene oxidation rate at 156 °C (rcat) and space velocity = 60,000 mL/(g h) being 6.34 × 10−4 mol/(g s), much higher than that of 0.91Pt/α-MnO2 (1.31 × 10−4 mol/(g s)) and that of 0.92Pd/α-MnO2 (6.13 × 10−5 mol/(g s)) at the same temperature. The supported Pd-Pt bimetallic catalysts possessed higher Mn3+/Mn4+ and Oads/Olatt molar ratios, which favored the enhancement in catalytic activity of the supported Pd-Pt bimetallic catalysts. Furthermore, the 0.47Pd-0.46Pt/α-MnO2 sample showed better resistance to sulfur dioxide poisoning. The partial deactivation of 0.47Pd-0.46Pt/α-MnO2 was attributed to the formation of sulfate species on the sample surface, which covered the active site of the sample, thus decreasing its toluene oxidation activity. In addition, the in situ DRIFTS results demonstrated that benzaldehyde and benzoate were the intermediate products of toluene oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Catalysis)
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22 pages, 2192 KiB  
Article
Visible-Light-Driven Degradation of Biological Contaminants on the Surface of Textile Fabric Modified with TiO2-N Photocatalyst
by Maria Solovyeva, Evgenii Zhuravlev, Yuliya Kozlova, Alevtina Bardasheva, Vera Morozova, Grigory Stepanov, Denis Kozlov, Mikhail Lyulyukin and Dmitry Selishchev
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157550 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The problem of spreading harmful infections through contaminated surfaces has become more acute during the recent coronavirus pandemic. The design of self-cleaning materials, which can continuously decompose biological contaminants, is an urgent task for environmental protection and human health care. In this study, [...] Read more.
The problem of spreading harmful infections through contaminated surfaces has become more acute during the recent coronavirus pandemic. The design of self-cleaning materials, which can continuously decompose biological contaminants, is an urgent task for environmental protection and human health care. In this study, the surface of blended cotton/polyester fabric was functionalized with N-doped TiO2 (TiO2-N) nanoparticles using titanium(IV) isopropoxide as a binder to form durable photoactive coating and additionally decorated with Cu species to promote its self-cleaning properties. The photocatalytic ability of the material with photoactive coating was investigated in oxidation of acetone vapor, degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments of various lengths, and inactivation of PA136 bacteriophage virus and Candida albicans fungi under visible light and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The kinetic aspects of inactivation and degradation processes were studied using the methods of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), double-layer plaque assay, and ten-fold dilution. The results of experiments showed that the textile fabric modified with TiO2-N photocatalyst exhibited photoinduced self-cleaning properties and provided efficient degradation of all studied contaminants under exposure to both UVA and visible light. Additional modification of the material with Cu species substantially improved its self-cleaning properties, even in the absence of light. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Application of Photocatalytically Active Materials)
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31 pages, 3455 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Nanoparticle and Nanocomposite-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Cervical Cancer: A Review
by Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Mohammad A. Saad, Agnieszka Przygórzewska and David Aebisher
Cancers 2025, 17(15), 2572; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17152572 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cervical cancer represents a significant global health challenge. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising, minimally invasive alternative to standard treatments. However, the clinical efficacy of PDT is sometimes limited by the low solubility and aggregation of photosensitizers, their non-selective distribution in [...] Read more.
Cervical cancer represents a significant global health challenge. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising, minimally invasive alternative to standard treatments. However, the clinical efficacy of PDT is sometimes limited by the low solubility and aggregation of photosensitizers, their non-selective distribution in the body, hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment, and limited light penetration. Recent advances in nanoparticle and nanocomposite platforms have addressed these challenges by integrating multiple functional components into a single delivery system. By encapsulating or conjugating photosensitizers in biodegradable matrices, such as mesoporous silica, organometallic structures and core–shell construct nanocarriers increase stability in water and extend circulation time, enabling both passive and active targeting through ligand decoration. Up-conversion and dual-wavelength responsive cores facilitate deep light conversion in tissues, while simultaneous delivery of hypoxia-modulating agents alleviates oxygen deprivation to sustain reactive oxygen species generation. Controllable “motor-cargo” constructs and surface modifications improve intratumoral diffusion, while aggregation-induced emission dyes and plasmonic elements support real-time imaging and quantitative monitoring of therapeutic response. Together, these multifunctional nanosystems have demonstrated potent cytotoxicity in vitro and significant tumor suppression in vivo in mouse models of cervical cancer. Combining targeted delivery, controlled release, hypoxia mitigation, and image guidance, engineered nanoparticles provide a versatile and powerful platform to overcome the current limitations of PDT and pave the way toward more effective, patient-specific treatments for cervical malignancies. Our review of the literature summarizes studies on nanoparticles and nanocomposites used in PDT monotherapy for cervical cancer, published between 2023 and July 2025. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)
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30 pages, 9116 KiB  
Article
Habitat Loss and Other Threats to the Survival of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia
by Dejan V. Stojanović, Vladimir Višacki, Dragana Ranđelović, Jelena Ivetić and Saša Orlović
Insects 2025, 16(8), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080805 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The cessation of traditional mountain grazing has emerged as a principal driver of habitat degradation and the local extinction of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia. While previous studies have cited multiple contributing factors, our research provides evidence that the abandonment of extensive [...] Read more.
The cessation of traditional mountain grazing has emerged as a principal driver of habitat degradation and the local extinction of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia. While previous studies have cited multiple contributing factors, our research provides evidence that the abandonment of extensive livestock grazing has triggered vegetation succession, the disappearance of the larval host plant (Sedum album), and a reduction in microhabitat heterogeneity—conditions essential for the persistence of this stenophagous butterfly species. Through satellite-based analysis of vegetation dynamics (2015–2024), we identified clear structural differences between habitats that currently support populations and those where the species is no longer present. Occupied sites were characterized by low levels of exposed soil, moderate grass coverage, and consistently high shrub and tree density, whereas unoccupied sites exhibited dense encroachment of grasses and woody vegetation, leading to structural instability. Furthermore, MODIS-derived indices (2010–2024) revealed a consistent decline in vegetation productivity (GPP, FPAR, LAI) in succession-affected areas, alongside significant correlations between elevated land surface temperatures (LST), thermal stress (TCI), and reduced photosynthetic capacity. A wildfire event on Mount Stol in 2024 further exacerbated habitat degradation, as confirmed by remote sensing indices (BAI, NBR, NBR2), which documented extensive burn scars and post-fire vegetation loss. Collectively, these findings indicate that the decline of P. apollo is driven not only by ecological succession and climatic stressors, but also by the abandonment of land-use practices that historically maintained suitable habitat conditions. Our results underscore the necessity of restoring traditional grazing regimes and integrating ecological, climatic, and landscape management approaches to prevent further biodiversity loss in montane environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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11 pages, 1293 KiB  
Article
RAB24 Missense Variant in Dogs with Cerebellar Ataxia
by Cleo Schwarz, Jan Wennemuth, Julien Guevar, Francesca Dörn, Vidhya Jagannathan and Tosso Leeb
Genes 2025, 16(8), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16080934 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Hereditary ataxias are a highly heterogenous group of diseases characterized by loss of coordination. In this study, we investigated a family of random-bred dogs, in which two siblings were affected by a slowly progressive ataxia. They presented with clinical signs of progressive cerebellar [...] Read more.
Hereditary ataxias are a highly heterogenous group of diseases characterized by loss of coordination. In this study, we investigated a family of random-bred dogs, in which two siblings were affected by a slowly progressive ataxia. They presented with clinical signs of progressive cerebellar ataxia, hypermetria, and absent menace response. The MRI revealed generalized brain atrophy, reduced cortical demarcation, hypoplastic corpus callosum, and cerebellar folia thinning, highly suggestive of a neurodegenerative disorder. We sequenced the genomes of the two affected dogs and their unaffected parents. Filtering for protein-changing variants that had homozygous alternate genotypes in the affected dogs, heterozygous genotypes in the parents, and homozygous reference genotypes in 1576 control genomes yielded a single missense variant in the RAB24 gene, XM_038534663.1:c.239G>T or XP_038390591.1:p.(Gly80Val). Genotypes at this variant showed the expected co-segregation with the ataxia phenotype in the investigated family. The predicted amino acid affects the conserved RabF4 motif. Glycine-80 resides at the protein surface and the introduction of a hydrophobic isopropyl side chain of the mutant valine might impede solvent accessibility. Another missense variant in RAB24, p.Glu38Pro, was previously reported to cause a clinically similar form of cerebellar ataxia in Gordon Setters and Old English Sheepdogs. Taken together, the available data suggest that RAB24:p.Gly80Val represents the causal variant in the studied dogs. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second report of a potentially pathogenic RAB24 variant in any species and further supports that RAB24 should be considered a candidate gene in human ataxia patients with unclear molecular etiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hereditary Traits and Diseases in Companion Animals)
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15 pages, 1752 KiB  
Article
Acetate-Assisted Preparation of High-Cu-Content Cu-SSZ-13 with a Low Si/Al Ratio: Distinguishing Cu Species and Origins
by Dongxu Han, Ying Xin, Junxiu Jia, Jin Wang and Zhaoliang Zhang
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080741 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The rational design of high-performance Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with enhanced low-temperature activity represents a critical challenge for meeting stringent Euro VII emission standards in diesel aftertreatment systems. Elevating Cu loading can theoretically improve catalytic performance; however, one-time ion exchange using common CuSO4 solution [...] Read more.
The rational design of high-performance Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with enhanced low-temperature activity represents a critical challenge for meeting stringent Euro VII emission standards in diesel aftertreatment systems. Elevating Cu loading can theoretically improve catalytic performance; however, one-time ion exchange using common CuSO4 solution makes it hard to accomplish high Cu-ion contents. Herein, we demonstrate that the conventional ion-exchange method, adopting Cu(CH3COO)2 as precursor in NH4-SSZ-13 zeolite with a low Si/Al ratio (≈6–7), can achieve higher Cu content while maintaining superior dispersion of active sites. Comprehensive characterizations reveal a dual incorporation mechanism: canonical Cu2+ ion exchange and unique adsorption of the [Cu(CH3COO)]+ complex. In the latter case, the surface-adsorbed [Cu(CH3COO)]+ ions form high-dispersion CuOx species, while the framework-confined ones convert to active Z[Cu2+(OH)]+ ions. The Cu(CH3COO)2-exchanged Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst exhibits superior low-temperature SCR activity and hydrothermal stability to its CuSO4-exchanged counterpart, making it particularly suitable for close-coupled SCR applications. Our findings provide fundamental insights into Cu speciation control in zeolites and present a scalable, industrially viable approach for manufacturing next-generation SCR catalysts capable of meeting future emission regulations. Full article
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16 pages, 1313 KiB  
Article
Mycorrhizas Promote Total Flavonoid Levels in Trifoliate Orange by Accelerating the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway to Reduce Oxidative Damage Under Drought
by Lei Liu and Hong-Na Mu
Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080910 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Flavonoids serve as crucial plant antioxidants in drought tolerance, yet their antioxidant regulatory mechanisms within mycorrhizal plants remain unclear. In this study, using a two-factor design, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings in the four-to-five-leaf stage were either inoculated with Funneliformis [...] Read more.
Flavonoids serve as crucial plant antioxidants in drought tolerance, yet their antioxidant regulatory mechanisms within mycorrhizal plants remain unclear. In this study, using a two-factor design, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings in the four-to-five-leaf stage were either inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae or not, and subjected to well-watered (70–75% of field maximum water-holding capacity) or drought stress (50–55% field maximum water-holding capacity) conditions for 10 weeks. Plant growth performance, photosynthetic physiology, leaf flavonoid content and their antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species levels, and activities and gene expression of key flavonoid biosynthesis enzymes were analyzed. Although drought stress significantly reduced root colonization and soil hyphal length, inoculation with F. mosseae consistently enhanced the biomass of leaves, stems, and roots, as well as root surface area and diameter, irrespective of soil moisture. Despite drought suppressing photosynthesis in mycorrhizal plants, F. mosseae substantially improved photosynthetic capacity (measured via gas exchange) and optimized photochemical efficiency (assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence) while reducing non-photochemical quenching (heat dissipation). Inoculation with F. mosseae elevated the total flavonoid content in leaves by 46.67% (well-watered) and 14.04% (drought), accompanied by significantly enhanced activities of key synthases such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), 4-coumarate:coA ligase (4CL), and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), with increases ranging from 16.90 to 117.42% under drought. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that both mycorrhization and drought upregulated the expression of PtPAL1, PtCHI, and Pt4CL genes, with soil moisture critically modulating mycorrhizal regulatory effects. In vitro assays showed that flavonoid extracts scavenged radicals at rates of 30.07–41.60% in hydroxyl radical (•OH), 71.89–78.06% in superoxide radical anion (O2•−), and 49.97–74.75% in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids, resulting in higher scavenging rates of •OH (19.07%), O2•− (5.00%), and DPPH (31.81%) under drought. Inoculated plants displayed reduced hydrogen peroxide (19.77%), O2•− (23.90%), and malondialdehyde (17.36%) levels. This study concludes that mycorrhizae promote the level of total flavonoids in trifoliate orange by accelerating the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, hence reducing oxidative damage under drought. Full article
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27 pages, 3653 KiB  
Review
Design and Application of Atomically Dispersed Transition Metal–Carbon Cathodes for Triggering Cascade Oxygen Reduction in Wastewater Treatment
by Shengnan Huang, Guangshuo Lyu, Chuhui Zhang, Chunye Lin and Hefa Cheng
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153258 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The precise synthesis of non-precious metal single-atom electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing the yield of highly active reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Conventional oxidation methods, such as Fenton or NaClO processes, suffer from poor efficiency, high energy demand, and secondary pollution. In contrast, heterogeneous [...] Read more.
The precise synthesis of non-precious metal single-atom electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing the yield of highly active reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Conventional oxidation methods, such as Fenton or NaClO processes, suffer from poor efficiency, high energy demand, and secondary pollution. In contrast, heterogeneous electro-Fenton systems based on cascade oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), which require low operational voltage and cause pollutant degradation through both direct electron transfer and ROS generation, have emerged as a promising alternative. Recent studies showed that carbon cathodes decorated with atomically dispersed transition metals can effectively integrate the excellent conductivity of carbon supports with the tunable surface chemistry of metal centers. However, the electronic structure of active sites intrinsically hinders the simultaneous achievement of high activity and selectivity in cascade ORRs. This review summarizes the advances, specifically from 2020 to 2025, in understanding the mechanism of cascade ORRs and the synthesis of transition metal-based single-atom catalysts in cathode electrocatalysis for efficient wastewater treatment, and discusses the key factors affecting treatment performance. While employing atomically engineered cathodes is a promising approach for energy-efficient wastewater treatment, future efforts should overcome the barriers in active site control and long-term stability of the catalysts to fully exploit their potential in addressing water pollution challenges. Full article
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26 pages, 2221 KiB  
Article
Effects of ε-Poly-L-Lysine/Chitosan Composite Coating on the Storage Quality, Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism, and Membrane Lipid Metabolism of Tremella fuciformis
by Junzheng Sun, Yingying Wei, Longxiang Li, Mengjie Yang, Yusha Liu, Qiting Li, Shaoxiong Zhou, Chunmei Lai, Junchen Chen and Pufu Lai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7497; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157497 (registering DOI) - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 53
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a composite coating composed of 150 mg/L ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) and 5 g/L chitosan (CTS) in extending the shelf life and maintaining the postharvest quality of fresh Tremella fuciformis. Freshly harvested T. fuciformis were treated [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a composite coating composed of 150 mg/L ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) and 5 g/L chitosan (CTS) in extending the shelf life and maintaining the postharvest quality of fresh Tremella fuciformis. Freshly harvested T. fuciformis were treated by surface spraying, with distilled water serving as the control. The effects of the coating on storage quality, physicochemical properties, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and membrane lipid metabolism were evaluated during storage at (25 ± 1) °C. The results showed that the ε-PL/CTS composite coating significantly retarded quality deterioration, as evidenced by reduced weight loss, maintained whiteness and color, and higher retention of soluble sugars, soluble solids, and soluble proteins. The coating also effectively limited water migration and loss. Mechanistically, the coated T. fuciformis exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacity, characterized by increased superoxide anion (O2) resistance capacity, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX), and elevated levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA, GSH). This led to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, alongside improved DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Furthermore, the ε-PL/CTS coating preserved cell membrane integrity by inhibiting the activities of lipid-degrading enzymes (lipase, LOX, PLD), maintaining higher levels of key phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine), delaying phosphatidic acid accumulation, and consequently reducing cell membrane permeability. In conclusion, the ε-PL/CTS composite coating effectively extends the shelf life and maintains the quality of postharvest T. fuciformis by modulating ROS metabolism and preserving membrane lipid homeostasis. This study provides a theoretical basis and a practical approach for the quality control of fresh T. fuciformis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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17 pages, 4136 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Interactions Between Key Environmental Factors on Non-Specific Indicators in Carassius auratus
by Bin Wang, Hang Yang, Hanping Mao and Qiang Shi
Fishes 2025, 10(8), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080372 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 184
Abstract
Carassius auratus exhibits significant physiological and behavioral alterations under the combined stress of temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuations, which are common challenges in aquaculture. In this investigation, we employed controlled thermal and DO gradients to characterize the multidimensional response profile of this [...] Read more.
Carassius auratus exhibits significant physiological and behavioral alterations under the combined stress of temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuations, which are common challenges in aquaculture. In this investigation, we employed controlled thermal and DO gradients to characterize the multidimensional response profile of this species. The key findings revealed that thermal elevation profoundly influenced blood glucose and cortisol concentrations. Notably, exposure to hyperoxic conditions markedly attenuated stress responses relative to hypoxia at equivalent temperatures: cortisol levels were significantly suppressed (reductions of 60.11%, 118.06%, and 34.72%), while blood glucose levels exhibited concurrent increases (16.42%, 26.43%, and 26.34%). Distinctive behavioral patterns, including floating head behavior, surface swimming behavior, and rollover behavior, were identified as indicative behaviors of thermal–oxygen stress. Molecular analysis demonstrated the upregulated expression of stress-associated genes (HSP70, HSP90, HIF-1α, and Prdx3), which correlated temporally with elevated cortisol and glucose concentrations and the manifestation of stress behaviors. Furthermore, a muscle texture assessment indicated that increased DO availability mitigated the textural deterioration induced by heat stress. Collectively, this work establishes an authentic biomarker framework, providing crucial threshold parameters essential for the development of intelligent, real-time environmental monitoring and dynamic regulation systems to enhance climate-resilient aquaculture management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation and Response of Fish to Environmental Changes)
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14 pages, 2082 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Growth Period of Tree Leaves and Needles on Their Fuel Properties
by Tadeusz Dziok, Justyna Łaskawska and František Hopan
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4109; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154109 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
The main advantage of using biomass for energy generation is the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. For a fast reduction effect, it is important to use biomass characterised by an annual growth cycle. These may be fallen leaves. The fuel properties of the [...] Read more.
The main advantage of using biomass for energy generation is the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. For a fast reduction effect, it is important to use biomass characterised by an annual growth cycle. These may be fallen leaves. The fuel properties of the leaves can change during the growth period. These changes can result from both the natural growth process and environmental factors—particulate matter adsorption. The main objective was to determine changes in the characteristics of leaves and needles during the growth period (from May to October). Furthermore, to determine the effect of adsorbed particulate matter, the washing process was carried out. Studies were carried out for three tree species: Norway maple, horse chestnut and European larch. Proximate and ultimate analysis was performed and mercury content was determined. During the growth period, beneficial changes were observed: an increase in carbon content and a decrease in hydrogen and sulphur content. The unfavourable change was a significant increase in ash content, which caused a decrease in calorific value. The increase in ash content was caused by adsorbed particulate matter. They were mostly absorbed by the tissues of the needle and leaves and could not be removed by washing the surface. Full article
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17 pages, 1647 KiB  
Article
Application of Iron Oxides in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Real Effluent from Aluminum Anodizing Industries
by Lara K. Ribeiro, Matheus G. Guardiano, Lucia H. Mascaro, Monica Calatayud and Amanda F. Gouveia
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8594; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158594 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 131
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of iron molybdate (Fe2(MoO4)3) and iron tungstate (FeWO4) as photocatalysts for the degradation of a real industrial effluent from aluminum anodizing processes under visible light irradiation. The oxides [...] Read more.
This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of iron molybdate (Fe2(MoO4)3) and iron tungstate (FeWO4) as photocatalysts for the degradation of a real industrial effluent from aluminum anodizing processes under visible light irradiation. The oxides were synthesized via a co-precipitation method in an aqueous medium, followed by microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The effluent was characterized by means of ionic chromatography, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, physicochemical parameters (pH and conductivity), and UV–vis spectroscopy. Both materials exhibited well-crystallized structures with distinct morphologies: Fe2(MoO4)3 presented well-defined exposed (001) and (110) surfaces, while FeWO4 showed a highly porous, fluffy texture with irregularly shaped particles. In addition to morphology, both materials exhibited narrow bandgaps—2.11 eV for Fe2(MoO4)3 and 2.03 eV for FeWO4. PL analysis revealed deep defects in Fe2(MoO4)3 and shallow defects in FeWO4, which can influence the generation and lifetime of reactive oxygen species. These combined structural, electronic, and morphological features significantly affected their photocatalytic performance. TOC measurements revealed degradation efficiencies of 32.2% for Fe2(MoO4)3 and 45.3% for FeWO4 after 120 min of irradiation. The results highlight the critical role of morphology, optical properties, and defect structures in governing photocatalytic activity and reinforce the potential of these simple iron-based oxides for real wastewater treatment applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in the Field of Photocatalysis)
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29 pages, 830 KiB  
Review
Persistent Threats: A Comprehensive Review of Biofilm Formation, Control, and Economic Implications in Food Processing Environments
by Alexandra Ban-Cucerzan, Kálmán Imre, Adriana Morar, Adela Marcu, Ionela Hotea, Sebastian-Alexandru Popa, Răzvan-Tudor Pătrînjan, Iulia-Maria Bucur, Cristina Gașpar, Ana-Maria Plotuna and Sergiu-Constantin Ban
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081805 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
Biofilms are structured microbial communities that pose significant challenges to food safety and quality within the food-processing industry. Their formation on equipment and surfaces enables persistent contamination, microbial resistance, and recurring outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current [...] Read more.
Biofilms are structured microbial communities that pose significant challenges to food safety and quality within the food-processing industry. Their formation on equipment and surfaces enables persistent contamination, microbial resistance, and recurring outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on biofilm formation mechanisms, genetic regulation, and the unique behavior of multi-species biofilms. The review evaluates modern detection and monitoring technologies, including PCR, biosensors, and advanced microscopy, and compares their effectiveness in industrial contexts. Real-world outbreak data and a global economic impact analysis underscore the urgency for more effective regulatory frameworks and sanitation innovations. The findings highlight the critical need for integrated, proactive biofilm management approaches to safeguard food safety, reduce public health risks, and minimize economic losses across global food sectors. Full article
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22 pages, 6617 KiB  
Article
Natural Plant Oils as Anti-Algae Biocides for Sustainable Application in Cultural Heritage Protection
by Michał Komar, Nathnael Derese, Kamil Szymczak, Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk and Beata Gutarowska
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6996; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156996 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
The prevention of biofilm formation and algal biodeterioration on building materials, particularly on cultural heritage sites, is a growing concern. Due to regulatory restrictions on conventional algicidal biocides in Europe, natural alternatives such as essential oils are gaining interest for their potential use [...] Read more.
The prevention of biofilm formation and algal biodeterioration on building materials, particularly on cultural heritage sites, is a growing concern. Due to regulatory restrictions on conventional algicidal biocides in Europe, natural alternatives such as essential oils are gaining interest for their potential use in heritage conservation. This study evaluates the anti-algal activity of Salvia officinalis and Equisetum arvense (essential oils, hydrolates, and extracts) against a mixed culture of five green algae species (Bracteacoccus minor, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium nitens, Chloroidium saccharophilum, and Diplosphaera chodatii). The plant materials were processed using hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, followed by chemical characterization through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Biological efficacy was assessed by measuring algal growth inhibition, changes in biomass colour, chlorophyll a concentration, and fluorescence. S. officinalis yielded higher extract quantities (extraction yield: 23%) than E. arvense and contained bioactive compounds such as thujone, camphor, and cineole, which correlated with its strong anti-algal effects. The essential oil of S. officinalis demonstrated the highest efficacy, significantly inhibiting biofilm formation (zones of inhibition: 15–94 mm) and photosynthetic activity at 0.5% concentration (reduction in chlorophyll a concentration 90–100%), without causing visible discolouration of treated surfaces (∆E < 2). These findings highlight the potential of S. officinalis essential oil as a natural, effective, and material-safe algicidal biocide for the sustainable protection of cultural heritage sites. Full article
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20 pages, 5041 KiB  
Review
Aquatic Biomass-Based Carbon Dots: A Green Nanostructure for Marine Biosensing Applications
by Ahmed Dawood, Mohsen Ghali, Laura Micheli, Medhat H. Hashem and Clara Piccirillo
Clean Technol. 2025, 7(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol7030064 - 1 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Aquatic biomass—ranging from fish scales and crustacean shells to various algae species—offers an abundant, renewable source for carbon dot (CD) synthesis, aligning with circular economy principles. This review highlights recent studies for valorizing aquatic biomass into high-performance carbon-based nanomaterials—specifically aquatic biomass-based carbon dots [...] Read more.
Aquatic biomass—ranging from fish scales and crustacean shells to various algae species—offers an abundant, renewable source for carbon dot (CD) synthesis, aligning with circular economy principles. This review highlights recent studies for valorizing aquatic biomass into high-performance carbon-based nanomaterials—specifically aquatic biomass-based carbon dots (AB-CDs)—briefly summarizing green synthesis approaches (e.g., hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and microwave-assisted treatments) that minimize environmental impact. Subsequent sections highlight the varied applications of AB-CDs, particularly in biosensing (including the detection of marine biotoxins), environmental monitoring of water pollutants, and drug delivery systems. Physically AB-CDs show unique optical and physicochemical properties—tunable fluorescence, high quantum yields, enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and surface bio-functionalization—that make them ideal for a wide array of applications. Overall, the discussion underlines the significance of this approach; indeed, transforming aquatic biomass into carbon dots can contribute to sustainable nanotechnology, offering eco-friendly solutions in sensing, environmental monitoring, and therapeutics. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed to give a perspective of the potential of AB-CDs; the final aim is their integration into multifunctional, real-time monitoring and therapeutic systems—for sustainable nanotechnology innovations. Full article
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