Search Results (283)

Snails at hydrothermal vents rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition; however, the specifics of these associations in adapting to such extreme environments remain underexplored. This study investigated the community structure and metabolic potential of bacteria associated with two Indian Ocean vent snails, Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis. Using microscopic, phylogenetic, and metagenomic analyses, this study examines bacterial communities inhabiting the foot and gland tissues of these snails. G. aegis exhibited exceptionally low bacterial diversity (Shannon index 0.14–0.18), primarily Gammaproteobacteria (99.9%), including chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing Chromatiales using Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and methane-oxidizing Methylococcales in the glands. C. squamiferum hosted significantly more diverse symbionts (Shannon indices 1.32–4.60). Its black variety scales were dominated by Campylobacterota (67.01–80.98%), such as Sulfurovum, which perform sulfur/hydrogen oxidation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, with both Campylobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria prevalent in the glands. The white-scaled variety of C. squamiferum had less Campylobacterota but a higher diversity of heterotrophic bacteria, including Delta-/Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (classified as Desulfobacterota, Pseudomomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota in GTDB taxonomy). In C. squamiferum, Gammaproteobacteria, including Chromatiales, Thiotrichales, and a novel order “Endothiobacterales,” were chemosynthetic, capable of oxidizing sulfur, hydrogen, or iron, and utilizing the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle for carbon fixation. Heterotrophic Delta- and Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes potentially utilize organic matter from protein, starch, collagen, amino acids, thereby contributing to the holobiont community and host nutrition accessibility. The results indicate that host species and intra-species variation, rather than the immediate habitat, might shape the symbiotic microbial communities, crucial for the snails’ adaptation to vent ecosystems. Full article

Odors from pet cats can negatively affect the quality of life of cat owners. The diverse bioactive compounds in plant extracts make them a promising candidate for effective odor reduction. This study evaluated twelve plant extracts for deodorizing efficacy via in vitro fermentation tests. Rosemary extract and licorice extract exhibited better deodorizing effects, with fractions of rosemary extract below 100 Da demonstrating the most effective deodorizing performance. Based on these findings, subsequent feeding trials were conducted using rosemary extract and its fractions below 100 Da. In the feeding trial, adult British Shorthair cats were divided into three groups (Control Check, RE, and RE100) and housed in a controlled-environment respiration chamber for 30 days. Measurements included odor emissions, fecal and blood physicochemical parameters, immune parameters, microbiota composition based on 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolome analysis. The results of the feeding trial indicated that rosemary extract significantly reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions (46.84%, 41.64%), while fractions below 100 Da of rosemary extract achieved even greater reductions (55.62%, 53.87%). Rosemary extract regulated the intestinal microbial community, significantly increasing the relative abundance of the intestinal probiotic Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) and reducing the population of sulfate-reducing bacteria (p < 0.05). It also significantly reduced urease and uricase activities (p < 0.05) to reduce ammonia production and inhibited the degradation of sulfur-containing proteins and sulfate reduction to reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions. Furthermore, rosemary extract significantly enhanced the immune function of British Shorthair cats (p < 0.05). This study suggests that rosemary extract, particularly its fractions below 100 Da, is a highly promising pet deodorizer. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive case analysis of pyrite-hosted solid inclusions and their metallogenic significance in the Bainaimiao porphyry Cu deposit in NE China, which is genetically linked to the early Silurian granodiorite intrusion and porphyry dykes. Solid inclusions in pyrite from the deposit’s southern ore belt were analyzed across distinct mineralization stages. Using Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and in situ sulfur isotope analysis (MC-ICP-MS), inclusion assemblages in pyrite were identified, including pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite solid solutions, biotite, and dolomite. The results demonstrate that these inclusions primarily formed through coprecipitation with pyrite during crystal growth. Early-stage mineralizing fluids exhibited extreme temperatures exceeding 700 °C, coupled with low oxygen fugacity (fO₂) and low sulfur fugacity (fS₂). Sulfur isotope compositions (δ³⁴S: −5.85 to −4.97‰) indicate a dominant mantle-derived magmatic sulfur source, with contributions from reduced sulfur in sedimentary rocks. Combined with regional geological evolution, the Bainaimiao deposit is classified as a porphyry-type deposit. Its ore-forming materials were partially derived from Mesoproterozoic submarine volcanic exhalative sedimentary source beds, which were later modified and enriched by granodiorite porphyry magmatism. Full article

Türkiye hosts a wide variety of barite deposits that can be broadly classified into two major groups based on their tectonic settings: magmatism-associated and passive margin-hosted deposits. The magmatism-associated deposits include Kızılcaören (F + Ba + REE + Th, Beylikova–Eskişehir), Kirazören (Bulancak–Giresun), and Karacaören (Mesudiye–Ordu). The Kızılcaören deposit formed in relation to the emplacement of a late Oligocene carbonatitic sill, while the Kirazören and Karacaören deposits are associated with the Cretaceous Pontide magmatic arc. Passive margin-hosted deposits occur within various Paleozoic sedimentary lithologies—such as metasandstone, shale, schist, and limestone—and are found in the Taurides and the Arabian Platform. These deposits occur as either concordant or discordant veins. This barite belt extends from Şarkikaraağaç (Isparta), through Hüyük (Konya) and Alanya (Antalya), to Silifke (Mersin), Tordere (Adana), Önsen, Şekeroba (Kahramanmaraş), and Hasköy (Muş). The Paleozoic deposits represent the major barite resources of Türkiye, with an annual production of approximately 300,000 metric tons. Smaller deposits around Gazipaşa (Antalya) contain minor Pb-Zn sulfides. Mesozoic barite deposits are hosted in Triassic dolomites and are associated with Pb-Zn mineralization in the Hakkari region of the Arabian Platform. Pb and Sr isotope data indicate that the barium in these deposits was derived from ancient continental crust. The isotopic compositions of both concordant (stratabound) and discordant (vein-type) barites are generally homogeneous. In northwestern Türkiye, the Sr isotope compositions of the barite deposits align well with those of the Oligocene carbonatite host complex. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratio of the Kızılcaören deposit (0.706‰) is the least radiogenic among Turkish barite deposits, suggesting a mantle contribution. The Kirazören deposit in the Pontide magmatic arc follows with a slightly higher ratio (0.707‰). Triassic barites from the Hakkari region yield ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values around 0.709‰, slightly more radiogenic than coeval seawater. Paleozoic barite deposits show the most radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values, including Aydıncık (0.718‰), Şarkikaraağaç (0.714‰), Hasköy (0.713‰), Kahramanmaraş (0.712‰), Tordere, and Hüyük (both 0.711‰), consistent with their respective host rocks. The elevated radiogenic Pb and Sr isotope values in the passive margin-hosted deposits suggest that the barium originated from deeper, barium-enriched rocks, whereas stable sulfur isotope data point to a marine sulfur source. Moreover, Sr and S isotopic signatures indicate that the Paleozoic sediment-hosted deposits formed in association with cold seeps on the seafloor, resembling modern analogs. In contrast, the Mesozoic Karakaya deposit (Hakkari) represents a typical vent-proximal, sediment-hosted deposit with no magmatic signature. Full article

This study critically examines the early Cretaceous carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb (±Ba±Cu) deposits of the Malayer-Esfahan (MEMB) and Yazd-Anarak (YAMB) metallogenic belts in Iran, which have been inaccurately classified as Mississippi Valley type (MVT) deposits by Nejadhadad et al. (2025). Our findings reveal significant differences in mineralogy, fluid inclusion characteristics, and geochemical signatures compared to typical MVT deposits. These deposits are more akin to Irish-type Zn-Pb mineralization and formed in extensional and passive margin environments around the Nain–Baft back-arc basin. The normal faults in this back-arc rift can transform significantly during inversion and compressional tectonics, reactivating to behave as reverse faults and leading to new geological structures and landscapes. Our study highlights barite replacement as a crucial factor in forming sediment-hosted Zn-Pb (±Ba±Cu) and barite-sulfide deposits. Based on textural evidence, fluid inclusion data, and sulfur isotope analyses, we propose that barite plays a fundamental role in controlling subsequent Zn-Pb (±Ba±Cu) mineralization by serving as both a favorable host and a significant sulfur source. Furthermore, diagenetic barite may act as a precursor to diverse types of sediment-hosted Zn-Pb (±Ba±Cu) mineralization, refining genetic models for these deposits. Sulfur isotope analyses of Irish-type deposits show a broad δ³⁴S range (−28‰ to +5‰), indicative of bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). Nevertheless, more positive δ³⁴S values (+1‰ to +36‰) and textural evidence in shale-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits suggest a greater role for thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in sulfide mineralization. Full article

Exploring advanced sulfur cathode materials is important for the development of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), but they still present challenges. Herein, zinc oxide dots-modified vanadium nitride flower-like heterojunctions (Zn-QDs-VN) as sulfur hosts are prepared by a phase separation strategy. Characterizations confirm that the flower structure with high specific surface area and pores improves active site exposure and electron/mass transfer. In situ phase separation enriches the Zn-QDs-VN interface, addressing the issues of uneven distribution and interface reduction of Zn-QDs-VN. Further theoretical computations reveal that ZnO-QDs-VN with optimized intermediate spin states can constitute a stable LiS* bond sequence, which can conspicuously facilitate the adsorption and conversion of LiPSs and reduce the battery reaction energy barrier. Therefore, the ZnO-QDs-VN@S cathode shows a high initial specific capacity of 1109.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 1.0 C and long cycle stability (maintaining 984.2 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles). Under high S loading (8.5 mg cm⁻²) and lean electrolyte conditions (E/S = 6.5 μL mg⁻¹), it also exhibits a high initial area capacity (10.26 mAh cm⁻²) at 0.2 C. The interfacial synergistic effect accelerates the adsorption and conversion of LiPSs and reduces the energy barriers in cell reactions. The study provides a new method for designing heterojunctions to achieve high-performance LSBs. Full article

A majority of dogs suffer from some form of periodontal disease. This frequently manifests as halitosis or oral malodor, caused by microbes underlying poor oral health. Pathogenic oral microbes process dietary or host proteins into volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which are perceived as malodorous and can further contribute to inflammation and periodontal disease progression. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluated the ability of Superculture^® Pet Oral, a novel canine oral health postbiotic (COHP), to reduce canine oral malodor. In total, 24 dogs were stratified into two groups based on starting VSC levels. The groups received either COHP or a placebo as a powder topper for 14 days. VSC levels were measured via a Halimeter on Days 0, 7, and 14. Perceived malodor was also scored on the same days. COHP significantly decreased VSCs from baseline by Day 7 by 22% (p = 0.002). In the placebo group, VSCs increased over the course of the study. Throughout the study, COHP lowered VSC levels by 27% compared to the placebo (p = 0.004), and fully prevented an increase in VSCs compared to the baseline. Additionally, VSCs were correlated with the human perception of malodor, and twice as many dogs in the COHP group had perceptibly improved breath on Day 7 compared to the placebo, measured through a 10-point scaled survey. These findings validate the ability of this novel postbiotic to effectively reduce canine oral malodor and provide preliminary evidence that it may more broadly help to maintain canine oral health. Full article

A combination of microstructural, fluid inclusion, and in situ sulfur isotopic analyses of pyrite, along with major and trace element studies of the mineralization-hosting sandstone, reveals the complexity of its genesis from the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the Liuhuanggou sandstone-hosted uranium deposit, Southern Junggar Basin. Based on field geological investigations and the geochemical characteristics, it is concluded that the source of the ore-bearing sandstones originates from felsic igneous rocks in the Northern Tianshan and Central Tianshan regions. Through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), three generations of pyrite were identified: framboidal pyrite, concentric overgrown pyrite, and sub-idiomorphic to idiomorphic cement pyrite. The sulfur isotopes of the pyrite were analyzed using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS). The results indicate that each type of pyrite has distinct sulfur isotope compositions (the framboidal pyrite: −16.85‰ to +2.16‰, the concentric overgrown pyrite: −7.86‰ to +10.32‰, the sub-idiomorphic to idiomorphic cement pyrite: +9.16‰ to +16.77‰). The framboidal pyrite and the sub-idiomorphic to idiomorphic cement pyrite were formed through bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), while the concentric overgrown pyrite was formed through thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) triggered by the upward migration of hydrocarbons. The discovery of hydrocarbon inclusions provides evidence for the involvement of deep-seated reducing fluids in uranium mineralization. Uranium mineralization occurred in two distinct stages: (1) The early stage involved the interaction of uranium-bearing fluids with reductants in the mineralization-hosting strata under the influence of groundwater dynamics, leading to initial uranium enrichment. (2) The later stage involved the upward migration of deep-seated hydrocarbons along faults, which enhanced the reducing capacity of the sandstone and resulted in further uranium enrichment and mineralization. Full article

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are favorable candidates for advanced energy storage, boasting a remarkable theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg⁻¹. Moreover, several challenges hinder their practical implementation, including sulfur’s intrinsic electrical insulation, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), sluggish redox kinetics of Li₂S₂/Li₂S, and the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites. These issues pose significant obstacles to the commercialization of LSBs. A viable strategy to address these challenges involves using MXene materials, 2D transition metal carbides, and nitrides (TMCs/TMNs) as hosts, functional separators, or interlayers. MXenes offer exceptional electronic conductivity, adjustable structural properties, and abundant polar functional groups, enabling strong interactions with both S cathodes and Li anodes. Despite their advantages, current MXene synthesis methods predominantly rely on acid etching, which is associated with environmental concerns, low production efficiency, and limited structural versatility, restricting their potential in LSBs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of traditional and environmentally sustainable MXene synthesis techniques, emphasizing their applications in developing S cathodes, Li anodes, and functional separators for LSBs. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and outlines future directions for advancing MXene-based solutions in LSBs technology. Full article

Carbonate rock slopes in reservoir environments are increasingly exposed to dissolution-induced deterioration due to water level fluctuations. However, the influence of internal structures—particularly calcite veins—on dissolution behavior remains inadequately understood. The acid-induced dissolution of limestone by a sulfuric acid solution leads to the removal of soluble minerals and changes to the rock structure. Natural variation in rock structures—particularly in the presence, density, and morphology of calcite veins—can significantly affect the dissolution process and its outcomes. In this study, we obtained three types of Triassic limestone from the same host rock but with varying vein structures from the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Cylindrical rock specimens were prepared to investigate the acid-induced dissolution behavior of limestone in a sulfuric acid solution. We identified and analyzed the macrostructures on the rock specimens before and after the interaction. Additionally, SEM was employed to observe the microstructures of the specimens before and after the acid-induced dissolution, and fractal dimension analysis was conducted on the SEM images to quantify surface complexity. Furthermore, we used a focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) with an automatic mineral identification and characterization system, as well as mineral roundness calculation, for mineral identification and analysis. Based on the experiments and analyses, we determined the following: The contact surfaces between the host rock and the calcite veins increase the dissolution areas between the limestone and the sulfuric acid solution, intensifying the dissolution reactions, enhancing the connectivity of the original microstructural planes, and generating new, highly extended dissolution fissures. The calcite veins facilitate the entry of sulfuric acid solution into the limestone, intensifying the dissolution of the edges and corners of dolomite and resulting in the gradual rounding of dolomite shapes. Quantitatively, the limestone with dense, fine calcite veins exhibited the most severe dissolution, with water absorption rates nearly twice as high as the non-veined samples (0.13% vs. 0.07%), a 2.2% reduction in fractal dimension, and a 19.53% increase in dolomite roundness with the 1 ≤ R ≤ 3 interval, indicating significantly enhanced surface complexity and mineral reshaping. In summary, the presence of more calcite veins, regardless of their width, leads to more severe rock dissolution. Full article

The Aït Abdellah copper deposit in the Bou Azzer-El Graara inlier of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas provides key insights into structurally and lithologically controlled mineralization in Precambrian terranes. The deposit is hosted in feldspathic sandstones of the Tiddiline Group, which unconformably overlie the Bou Azzer ophiolite, and is spatially associated with a NE–SW-trending shear zone. This zone is characterized by mylonitic fabrics, calcite veining, and an extensive network of fractures, reflecting a two-stage deformation history involving early ductile shearing followed by brittle faulting and brecciation. These structural features enhanced rock permeability, enabling fluid flow and metal precipitation. Copper mineralization includes primary sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, chalcocite, digenite, and covellite, as well as supergene minerals like malachite, azurite, and chrysocolla. Sulfur isotope values (δ³⁴S = +5.9% to +22.8%) indicate a mixed sulfur source, likely derived from both ophiolitic rocks and volcano-sedimentary sequences. Carbon and oxygen isotope data suggest fluid interaction with marine carbonates and meteoric waters, potentially linked to post-Snowball Earth deglaciation processes. Fluid inclusion studies reveal homogenization temperatures ranging from 195 °C to 310 °C and salinities between 5.7 and 23.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent, supporting a model of fluid mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal and volcano-sedimentary sources. The paragenetic evolution of the deposit comprises three stages: (1) early hydrothermal precipitation of quartz, dolomite, sericite, pyrite, and early chalcopyrite and bornite; (2) a main mineralizing stage characterized by fracturing and deposition of bornite, chalcopyrite, and Ag-bearing sulfosalts; and (3) a late supergene phase with oxidation and secondary enrichment. The Aït Abdellah deposit is best classified as a shear zone-hosted copper system with a complex, multistage mineralization history. The integrated analysis of structural features, mineral assemblages, isotopic signatures, and fluid inclusion data reveals a dynamic interplay between deformation processes, hydrothermal alteration, and evolving fluid sources. Full article

The Axi gold deposit, which is located in the Tulasu Basin of the West Tianshan orogenic belt in Northwest China, features vein-type ore bodies hosted in radial structural fractures formed due to volcanic activity. The deposit experienced three distinct mineralization stages: Stage I, characterized by the microcrystalline quartz–pyrite crust; Stage II, characterized by quartz–sulfide–native gold veins; and Stage III, characterized by quartz–carbonate veins. Fluid inclusion studies have identified four types of inclusions: pure vapor, vapor-rich, liquid-rich, and pure liquid. The number of vapor-rich inclusions decreases when moving from Stage I to Stage III, whereas the number of liquid-rich inclusions increases. The fluid temperature gradually decreases from 178–225 °C in Stage I to 151–193 °C in Stage II and further to 123–161 °C in Stage III, whereas the fluid salinity decreases slightly from 2.1%–5.1% wt.% NaCl eqv to 1.4%–4.6% wt.% NaCl eqv and finally to 0.5%–3.7% wt.% NaCl eqv. As suggested by the results of the oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope analyses, the ore-forming fluids were primarily meteoric water. Sulfur isotopic compositions indicate a single deep mantle source. The lead isotopic compositions closely resemble those of Dahalajunshan Formation volcanic rocks, indicating that these rocks were the primary source of the ore-forming material. In addition, gold mineralization formed in a Devonian–Early Carboniferous volcanic arc environment. Element enrichment was mainly caused by the circulation of heated meteoric water through the volcanic strata, while fluid boiling and water–rock interactions were the main mechanisms driving element precipitation. The integrated model developed in this study underscores the intricate interplay between volcanic processes and meteoric fluids during the formation of the Axi gold deposit, offering a robust framework for an understanding of the formation processes and enhancing the predictive exploration models in analogous geological settings. Full article

Iron is essential for vital biological processes, with its metabolism closely linked to host–pathogen interactions. Pseudomonas donghuensis HYS, with its superior iron uptake capacity, demonstrates pronounced virulence toward Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the virulence mechanisms remain unexplored. Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) regulates iron homeostasis and pathogenicity in bacteria, yet its role in HYS-mediated C. elegans pathogenesis requires systematic investigation. In this study, comparing the pathogenic processes of HYS and P. aeruginosa PA14 revealed that HYS causes stronger, irreversible toxicity via distinct mechanisms. Transcriptomics revealed that HYS infection disrupts C. elegans iron metabolism pathways, specifically iron transport, and iron–sulfur cluster utilization. Fur was identified as a pivotal regulator in HYS virulence and was indispensable for its colonization. Specifically, Fur was critical for disrupting nematode iron metabolism, as fur deletion eliminated this effect. While Fur regulated two HYS siderophores, neither of them mediated in the iron metabolism disruption of C. elegans. Screening identified Fur-regulated virulence factors to further investigate the function of Fur in HYS virulence, particularly alkaline proteases, and type II secretion system components. This study highlight that HYS can disrupt the iron metabolism pathway in C. elegans; Fur serves as a pivotal positive regulator in HYS-induced damage, particularly in disrupting iron metabolism through a siderophore-independent pathway. These findings expand the understanding of Pseudomonas pathogenicity and Fur-mediated virulence regulation. Full article

The use of a conceptual model of reference and modelling of relevant processes is mandatory to correctly interpret chemical and isotopic data. Adopting these basic guidelines, we have interpretated the unprecedented increase in the H₂S_(g) concentration and the concurrent unexpected decrease in the δ³⁴S value of H₂S_(g) recorded since 2018 in the fumarolic effluents of the Bocca Grande fumarolic vent at Solfatara, Campi Flegrei caldera, in the framework of our conceptual model of the Solfatara magmatic–hydrothermal system. Assuming that the magma chamber situated at depths ≥ 8 km was filled at the end of the 1982–1984 bradyseismic crisis and no refilling episodes took place afterwards, as suggested by gas geochemistry, the concentration and the δ³⁴S value of H₂S_(g) of the Bocca Grande fumarolic effluents are controlled by closed-system degassing of the melt at depths ≥ 8 km and disproportionation of SO₂ in the deep hydrothermal reservoir (6.5–7.5 km depth) hosted in carbonate rocks where H₂S equilibrates. These processes have been active during the last 40 years, but 41.1% (±6.4%) of the sulfur initially stored in the melt (2200 mg/kg) was lost in the 4-year period of April 2018–April 2022. This marked loss of S from the melt in 2018–2022 might be due to the high solubility of sulfur in the melt, which caused its preferential separation during the late degassing stages. These findings are of utmost importance for the surveillance of the Solfatara magmatic–hydrothermal system during the ongoing bradyseismic crisis. Full article

The Bushy Park Pb-Zn deposit, hosted in unmetamorphosed carbonates of Neoarchean age, displays similarities to Phanerozoic Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and Irish-type deposits. Mineralization is dated, by radiogenic methods, to Paleoproterozoic time. As such, Bushy Park is one of the oldest mineral deposits of this type in the world. Synsedimentary silicification and dolomitization preserve sedimentary fabrics, including microbial laminates, stromatolites, and oolites. Dolomitization likely was by evaporated seawater, as in Phanerozoic analogs. Structural control on mineralization, particularly solution collapse breccias, is similar to many Phanerozoic MVT and Irish-type deposits. Fluid inclusion data indicate three fluid endmembers involved in mineralization: a high-temperature, moderate-to-high salinity fluid; a low-temperature, moderate-to-high salinity fluid; and a moderate-to-low temperature, low salinity fluid. Saline fluids may have been sourced by evolved, evaporated seawater, and dilute fluids by meteoric and/or normal seawater. The fluids repeatedly mixed during ore and gangue mineral formation. Compositional zoning in gangue dolomite cement indicates that mineralizing fluid chemistry fluctuated over time. Petroleum inclusions and solid bitumen indicate that petroleum (oil) was an important fluid component at Bushy Park. Petroleum may have played a critical role in sulfur availability, addressing the issue of limited oceanic sulfate prior to and during the Great Oxidation Event. Full article