Search Results (12,360)

The increasing availability of digital documentation in cultural heritage has amplified the need for interoperable systems capable of integrating heterogeneous data and supporting risk-informed conservation strategies. In the field of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), the application of structured methodologies—such as the ICCROM-CCI ABC Method—is often hindered by fragmented data sources, inconsistent terminology, and limited interoperability across institutions. This study presents a semantic workflow for the harmonization, enrichment, and integration of cultural heritage risk assessment data within a CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC-CRM)-compliant environment. The proposed system is structured as an Extract–Transform–Load (ETL) pipeline that converts heterogeneous assessment records into interoperable semantic knowledge graphs. The workflow combines controlled vocabularies, project-specific thesauri for risk agents and heritage typologies, and formal ontology mapping implemented through the Mapping Memory Manager (3M) and executed with the X3ML engine. The resulting data are deployed within a ResearchSpace environment, enabling semantic querying, cross-dataset exploration, and integration with external knowledge infrastructures. The workflow was applied to a dataset comprising 295 cultural heritage sites in the municipality of Ravenna (Italy). The transformation process generated a CIDOC-CRM-compliant knowledge graph containing 134,611 RDF triples and 18,954 entities, integrating information on cultural assets, risk scenarios, actors, documentary resources, and quantitative risk assessments. Through the adoption of persistent identifiers and semantic mappings, the workflow also supports interoperability with external cultural heritage resources, including ArCo and GeoNames, facilitating the contextualization and enrichment of local risk assessment data. By transforming fragmented assessment records into structured and interoperable knowledge, the proposed workflow contributes to bridging semantic and information gaps in cultural heritage risk management. The study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating risk assessment data within an ontology-based semantic infrastructure and highlights its potential to support data integration, semantic interoperability, knowledge reuse, and future decision-support applications for preventive conservation and territorial risk management. Full article

Although streateries, defined here as outdoor commercial extensions of dining, café, or retail activities into street-edge pedestrian spaces, can enliven urban streets, their commercial use of public pedestrian space may raise concerns about openness, shareability, and inclusion. This study examines how different streatery interface designs affect pedestrians’ perceived spatial publicness and emotional restoration, and whether perceived spatial publicness mediates this relationship. Drawing on publicness studies and Restorative Environment Theory, a scenario-based between-subjects experiment was conducted using four standardized visual stimuli: boundaryless open, fully enclosed, flexible permeable, and hybrid covered interfaces. Based on 420 valid questionnaires, Welch’s ANOVA, Games–Howell post hoc tests, independent-sample t-tests, and PROCESS mediation analysis were performed. The results show that prior streatery consumption experience significantly increased perceived spatial publicness but did not significantly affect emotional restoration. Interface type had significant effects on both outcomes, following a non-monotonic pattern: hybrid covered and flexible permeable interfaces performed best, the fully enclosed interface performed worst, and the boundaryless open interface was not necessarily optimal. Perceived spatial publicness partially mediated the relationship between interface type and emotional restoration, indicating one psychological pathway through which interface design shapes restorative experience. These findings suggest a possible perceptual-level emotional compensation pathway, in which perceived spatial publicness serves as one tested route linking streatery interface design with emotional restoration in southern Chinese commercial street contexts. The study offers context-specific evidence for public-experience-oriented streatery design in southern Chinese commercial streets. Full article

The year-round rising demand for fresh, high-quality vegetables has driven rapid growth in South Korea’s protected horticulture since the 1990s, resulting in widespread greenhouse installations across South Korea. However, maintaining optimal indoor environmental conditions in greenhouses remains challenging owing to extreme seasonal variations. During summer, indoor temperatures may exceed 35 °C despite active cooling systems; meanwhile, large temperature gradients between the indoor and outdoor environments require effective heating strategies in the winter. A key technology for stabilizing crop productivity and mitigating spatial environmental imbalances is the use of air circulation fans, which promote uniform distribution of temperature, humidity, and CO₂. This study investigates the airflow dispersion characteristics of agricultural circulation fans using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to support improved airflow distribution within greenhouses. The target facility was a multi-span Venlo-type greenhouse. Six circulation fans were installed 5.8 m above the ground, and their airflow patterns were analyzed under different layout scenarios, including uniform spacing and zigzag arrangements. The results showed that a single fan generated an effective airflow area of up to 193.14 m² and a dispersion distance of 60.34 m. When all fans were aligned in the same direction, airflow distribution was less efficient compared with configurations where central fans were reversed or installed in a zigzag pattern. Specifically, staggered arrangements improved the overall airflow distribution, with the volume-averaged air velocity increasing from 0.290 to 0.369 m/s. The study concludes that fan installation spacing and arrangement significantly influence airflow distribution and uniformity in greenhouses. Full article

The relationship between urban waterfront spaces and health is widely recognized. However, the relative importance and nonlinear associations of specific attributes with residents’ physical health remain unclear. Drawing on survey data from 375 users across seven waterfront parks in Changchun, this study uses a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree model to examine how 37 perceived attributes of waterfront recreation spaces contribute to self-assessments of physical health, focusing on their relative contributions and nonlinear associations. The aim is to provide exploratory evidence for the empirical accumulation of the relationship between waterfront spaces and health. The results show that waterfront walkways and plaza lighting had high relative importance in the prediction model, at 8.8% and 8.2%, respectively. These findings suggest that spatial connectivity and around-the-clock accessibility may play a fundamental role in creating health-supportive environments. Plant landscapes, seating, pet-friendly facilities, waterside platforms, and open lawns for public access constitute secondary dimensions, with relative contributions ranging from 3.1% to 5.4%. The partial dependence plots of most attributes exhibit nonlinear associations. The pet-friendly facilities are presented in a two-step pattern in the partial dependence plot. This study proposes a conceptual reference framework for planning and offers exploratory proposals for waterfront recreation spaces. Full article

Food delivery riders face a structural shortage of informal street rest spaces in urban public environments, yet existing facilities often fail to match their highly mobile labor processes. Taking the Hexi University Town commercial district in Changsha as a case study, this research examines how rest-space conditions are associated with riders’ occupational dignity and work environment satisfaction. Based on 365 valid questionnaires, field observations, and informal interviews, structural equation modeling, bootstrap mediation analysis, and grouped regression analysis were conducted within a spatial justice framework. The results show that spatial justice perceptions are associated with satisfaction through differentiated pathways. Spatial embeddedness is associated with work environment satisfaction, while facility suitability operates partly through occupational dignity and has the highest mediation proportion. Procedural justice is insignificant in formal spaces but has a strong effect in informal spaces, revealing a mismatch between institutional provision and practical accessibility. The findings indicate that riders’ rest-space dilemma stems not only from insufficient facilities but also from the disembedding of spatial rights from mobile labor processes. This study extends spatial justice research from resource distribution to labor-process embeddedness and proposes micro-renewal strategies that shift from facility provision to process embeddedness, offering implications for inclusive public-space planning, sustainable urban design, and urban governance. Full article

Aiming at the problems of the traditional Statistical Priority-Based Multiple Access (SPMA) protocol in multi-hop Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs), such as single-dimensional queueing only according to priority, unreasonable First-In-First-Out (FIFO) scheduling, high timeout dropping probability of multi-hop forwarding packets, and insufficient utilization of channel opportunities, this paper proposes a multi-hop adaptive SPMA protocol (MA-SPMA) suitable for dynamic multi-hop scenarios. The protocol adopts the Neighbor-Priority Two-Dimensional Queueing (NPTQ) mechanism to store packets jointly according to the next-hop neighbor and priority. A Priority-Utility Dual-round Decision (PUDD) mechanism is designed: in the first round, candidate queues that meet channel load conditions are selected in parallel; in the second round, a utility function constructed by normalized delay, priority, and the end-to-end transmission success rate is used to select the optimal packet for transmission. Theoretical analysis shows that the time and space complexity of MA-SPMA are linearly related to the number of neighbor nodes, with controllable overhead, which is suitable for resource-constrained Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms. In the MATLAB simulation environment, the Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) model is used to construct a multi-hop topology, and comparisons are conducted with two typical improved protocols for multi-hop networks: DCLS-SPMA and BiLSTM-SPMA. The results show that the proposed protocol can significantly improve the end-to-end transmission success rate and network throughput, with more obvious advantages in scenarios with a high proportion of multi-hop services. This paper provides an effective solution for Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol design in FANETs. Full article

Rapid urbanization has significantly altered urban landscape composition and configuration, making it a key driver exacerbating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. As a rapidly expanding inland city in Central China, Zhengzhou is highly sensitive to changes in landscape composition and spatial configuration. Therefore, clarifying the nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and the urban thermal environment is of great significance for sustainable urban planning and thermal environment regulation. Taking the main urban area of Zhengzhou as the study area, this paper retrieves land surface temperature (LST) using the radiative transfer equation method based on Landsat 8 remote sensing images from August 2015 to August 2024, and constructs the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) index. By integrating multi-dimensional landscape pattern indices, the XGBoost machine learning model, and the SHAP interpretability method, this study systematically analyzes the nonlinear response mechanisms of landscape composition and configuration to SUHII, key regulatory thresholds, and their changes between 2015 and 2024. The results show that: (1) The SUHII in Zhengzhou was substantially higher in 2024 than in 2015. The area proportions of strong and extremely strong heat islands were higher in 2024 (26.16% and 2.34%) than in 2015 (2.22% and 0.12%), and the thermal environment differed between 2015 and 2024, shifting from a localized patch pattern to a more continuously expanding pattern. (2) Landscape area-related indices are the key factors. The areas of green space and water bodies, along with the landscape diversity index, show significant negative correlations, while built-up area and aggregation index show significant positive correlations. (3) SHAP feature importance indicates that water body area is the primary cooling factor, whereas built-up area is the primary warming factor, jointly dominating the spatial pattern of the thermal environment in Zhengzhou. (4) Landscape composition and configuration exhibit significant nonlinear responses to SUHII with region-specific thresholds, and these thresholds were higher/lower in 2024 than in 2015, suggesting a possible association with urban expansion. Specifically, stable cooling effects occurred when the water body area exceeded 3.5 km² in 2015, with the threshold rising to 4.2 km² in 2024. The warming threshold for built-up area decreased from 18.8 km² to 8.5 km², suggesting a higher sensitivity of the thermal environment to built-up area expansion in 2024 compared to 2015, characterized by a regulation pattern of “dominant scale effect and weakened configuration effect”. This study identifies thresholds specific to Zhengzhou’s main urban area at two time points (2015 and 2024), providing quantitative support and scientific basis for blue–green space optimization, precise heat island mitigation, and territorial spatial planning in Zhengzhou. These findings are based on a comparison of two time points (2015 and 2024) and do not directly capture continuous temporal dynamics. Full article

Industrial heritage parks combine heritage conservation with urban public use, making it necessary to assess renewal outcomes in relation to post-construction user experiences and conditions of use. Existing studies have primarily focused on conservation and renewal practices, whereas differences in user perceptions across different types of industrial heritage parks remain relatively underexplored. This study examines Huochetou Cultural Park, Yuxiang Spinning Mill Park, and Zhushantang Industrial Heritage Park in Changsha and develops a user-perception-based post-occupancy evaluation framework. The framework comprises six dimensions: architectural space, public space, functional facilities, ecological environment, cultural value, and public participation. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine indicator weights, and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) is applied to compare perceived post-occupancy performance, with supplementary statistical tests used to examine factor-level differences. The results show that all three parks are rated as “Good” overall, although their evaluation profiles differ. Huochetou Cultural Park performs relatively well in public space and functional facilities; Zhushantang Industrial Heritage Park shows relative strengths in architectural space and cultural value; and Yuxiang Spinning Mill Park performs relatively well in ecological environment and public participation. Ecological environment remains comparatively weak across the three parks, while public participation also warrants further attention. These findings suggest that similar overall ratings may obscure case-specific post-occupancy conditions. Accordingly, targeted recommendations are proposed for each park. This study provides a case-based reference for the post-occupancy evaluation and differentiated renewal of similar industrial heritage parks. Full article

The goal of agrivoltaic engineers is to use growing space for the synergistic production of both food and energy, typically via photovoltaic (PV) capture. Most research in this area has been carried out in arid, high-light environments, but subtropical and temperate regions are also critical production zones, and installation designs vary considerably. In this study, tomato and lettuce production using an agrivoltaic high tunnel (HT) design specific for a subtropical environment (NE Georgia, USA, USDA Zone 8A) was tested using organic production standards. The design utilized typical HTs (approx. 11 m × 5 m) with solar panel arrays hung internally. The design aimed to (1) meet off-grid power needs, (2) mitigate excessive temperature and humidity, (3) balance shade and plant productivity, and (4) simplify installation and maintenance. Treatments were replicated at the HT level, and cultivar differences were assessed to identify genotypes that might serve in future work to optimize yield under partial shade. In 2023 and 2024, we employed novel organic photovoltaic (OPV) panels, which are partially opaque. The OPV panels provided sufficient energy needs to maintain beneficial conditions without external power sources. In 2024, tomato plants in the OPV HTs experienced an area-weighted daily light integral (DLI, mol photons m⁻² d⁻¹) of approximately 31.8 (95% CI [28.9, 34.7]), compared to 34.7 (95% CI [31.8, 37.6]) in non-OPV HTs, an approximate reduction of 8%. Average maximum temperatures in the OPV HTs were 33.5 °C (95% CI [30.6, 36.4], compared to 35.1 °C (95% CI [30.9, 39.2]) in the non-OPV HTs, an approximate reduction of 1.6 °C. In 2023, tomato marketable yield was reduced by approximately 0.9 kg per plant in OPV HTs compared to non-OPV HTs (p = 0.023). In 2024, yields were statistically equivalent across all treatments (p > 0.1), while marketable fraction was improved relative to 2023 and was greatest in the HTs. Lettuce yield for both years was unaffected by the presence of HTs or OPV panels (p > 0.1). In 2025, we conducted an additional experiment using a shade-equivalent array of conventional 100% opaque photovoltaic (PV) panels and observed a similar reduction in DLI and no significant impact on tomato yield parameters (p > 0.1 Both designs were effective at equilibrating conditions inside the HTs to ambient temperature levels outside the tunnels. Using results from the study, an app for agrivoltaic value estimation was developed. Based on that software, the presented agrivoltaic design under currently available silicon–PV technology achieves an 18% annual return, assuming system depreciation is minimal and surplus energy could be applied to other on-farm needs. Full article

Programmable electromagnetic environments, including reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted systems, are often described in terms of physical or controllable degrees of freedom. Such counts, however, do not determine which channel or operator directions can actually be distinguished by a finite measurement architecture. This paper develops an operator-space formulation of observable degrees of freedom for programmable propagation systems. We distinguish three nested layers: the physical operator space generated by the family of physically admissible propagation operators, the effective operator space selected by architectural constraints, and the observable subspace induced by a finite probing architecture. Once the effective space is fixed, observability is characterized by the spectrum of the associated measurement Gram operator. To remove arbitrary amplitude scaling, we introduce a common probe-energy normalization and define the resolution-dependent observable dimension $N_{\mathrm{obs}}\left(\eta \right)$ from the normalized Gram spectrum. The same spectrum also yields an observability condition number, which quantifies the stability of the visible subspace. We then extend the construction to symmetry-resolved operator spaces, showing how invariant probing can create sectorial blind subspaces and how controlled symmetry breaking produces second-order restricted visibility inside the original blind subspace. The mathematical ingredients are standard finite-dimensional tools from operator theory, frame theory, representation theory, and matrix concentration; the contribution is their integration into a measurement-oriented degrees-of-freedom framework for programmable electromagnetic environments. Numerical experiments with normalized probing families, sectorial decompositions, controlled symmetry breaking, and a canonical narrowband RIS-inspired model illustrate that architectures with the same effective dimension and probing budget can exhibit substantially different observable dimensions and conditioning. The results support the view that practical electromagnetic design should optimize not only the number of accessible modes or control states, but also the Gram geometry through which those directions are measured. Full article

This study investigates the integration of a multi-configuration parametric shading system in buildings with continuous ramp designs to enhance daylight performance and visual comfort. Focusing on the Harbourside Art Museum in Bristol, UK, the research explores how discrete-configuration parametric façade configurations can be optimized to balance daylight access and glare control in complex spatial environments. A parametric simulation workflow was developed using Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug, and Honeybee, supported by Radiance and Daysim engines for Climate-Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM). Three performance metrics—Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP)—were employed to evaluate baseline and optimized models. Optimization was performed using Galapagos (single-objective genetic algorithm, population size = 50 individuals, 100 generations, convergence tolerance = 0.001; the fitness function maximized UDI while penalizing ASE excess above 75 h/year and GFI below 0.75, using a weighted single-objective score: Fitness = UDI − 0.3 × (ASE/250) + 0.3 × GFI) and Colibri 2.0 combined with Design Explorer for exhaustive multi-objective combinatorial analysis. Results from the base model showed high daylight availability but excessive glare, particularly along the ramp. Through systematic optimization, the study identified façade and contextual configurations that achieved a UDI of 0.77, an ASE of 74, and a glare-free index of 0.81. The findings demonstrate that orientation-specific multi-configuration shading, when integrated with contextual design parameters, significantly improves the daylighting performance of architecturally complex spaces. This research offers a replicable methodology for designers aiming to integrate responsive daylighting strategies in public and exhibition buildings. Full article

International evidence positions the built environment as an active component of the quality of life of older adults; however, the empirical quantification of that relationship and its hierarchization to guide design decisions in Latin American geriatric residences remain a persistent gap. Against this background, the present study examined how biophilic architecture relates to the quality of life of older adults residing in a geriatric residence in the Cercado de Lima district, adopting a single-case study approach. A quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design was adopted. The sample comprised 81 proxy informants, relatives in close and ongoing contact with the residents, recruited by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire of 25 Likert-scale items, each with five response categories, was used to gather the data, administered through the QuestionPro platform. Content validity was established through the judgment of three architecture specialists; reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ($\alpha$ = 0.943). Given that the data did not follow a normal distribution (Shapiro–Wilk, p < 0.05 in 9 of 10 variables), the inferential analysis relied on Spearman’s rho coefficient, with Kendall’s Tau-b as a complement. The results revealed a positive, statistically significant, and large-magnitude association between biophilic architecture and quality of life ($\rho$ = 0.792, p < 0.001). Dimensional analysis identified a hierarchical pattern organized in two statistically distinguishable levels. In biophilic architecture, a first level comprised the nature of the space ($\rho$ = 0.792) and sensory stimulation ($\rho$ = 0.783), and a second significantly lower level comprised natural analogs ($\rho$ = 0.621) and nature in the space ($\rho$ = 0.605). In quality of life, a first level comprised physical health ($\rho$ = 0.763), social relationships ($\rho$ = 0.753), and psychological health ($\rho$ = 0.720), and a second level comprised environment ($\rho$ = 0.564); coefficients within each level did not differ significantly, whereas the difference between levels was significant. The obtained empirical hierarchization was translated into evidence-informed design orientations, offering architects and facility managers a non-prescriptive guide for setting design priorities where infrastructure is limited, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 11. The study was conducted through proxy informants, family members with direct and sustained contact with the resident, a methodological configuration recognized in the specialized literature on institutionalized older adults and whose perceptual mediation remains as a residual consideration of the design when interpreting the findings. As a single-case study, the findings characterize the analyzed institutional context and constitute transferable hypotheses to be verified in further residences rather than generalizations to the broader population of geriatric residences. Full article

In social sensing environments, misinformation and coordinated manipulation often manifest through implicit semantic signals, complex behavioral dynamics, and highly coupled propagation structures. These factors pose significant challenges to artificial intelligence-driven sensing systems regarding data quality, multimodal fusion, and robustness. To address these issues, this study proposes an artificial intelligence-driven multi-granularity sensing framework. This framework integrates heterogeneous sensing signals from post-level semantic perception, user-level behavioral sensing, and group-level structural sensing into a unified representation space. Hierarchical consistency constraints enable cross-granularity sensing collaboration. This mechanism enhances stability and discriminative capability under complex and noisy data conditions. Methodologically, the framework jointly incorporates semantic sensing via text encoding, temporal sensing via behavioral sequence modeling, and structural sensing via graph neural network-based propagation. This integration effectively mitigates information bias induced by single-perspective sensing and improves the modeling of latent risk patterns. Experimental results on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves significant improvements across multiple evaluation metrics. Specifically, it achieves a Precision of 0.847, a Recall of 0.812, an F1-score of 0.829, an Accuracy of 0.856, and an Area Under Curve of 0.913. It consistently outperforms traditional machine learning models, as well as mainstream deep learning and graph-based approaches. Furthermore, comparison experiments validate the complementarity among semantic, behavioral, and structural sensing signals. The full model achieves an improvement of more than 3 percentage points in the F1-score compared to single-granularity configurations. An ablation study further demonstrates that each sensing module contributes substantially to performance enhancement, with the semantic sensing and hierarchical consistency constraints playing particularly critical roles. Overall, the proposed method exhibits a strong capability to handle complex heterogeneous sensing data. It improves robustness and enhances cross-level information utilization, providing an effective solution to data-related challenges in artificial intelligence-driven sensing systems. Full article

Background: Contemporary older adults, especially the baby boomer generation, expect to actively shape their communities rather than passively receive services. Supporting ageing in place is a key issue for social sustainability, as communities need to remain inclusive, accessible, and liveable for ageing populations. While participatory approaches are increasingly promoted, implementation remains top–down and expert-driven. Older adults often express their experiences of the built environment through everyday language rich in emotion, memory, and sensory details, yet these forms of knowledge are typically dismissed as informal or subjective. As a result, their lived spatial experiences remain institutionally invisible in age-friendly planning and design. Methods: This exploratory case study analysed textual comments submitted by older adults in a coastal suburb in Queensland through a participatory Citizen Science initiative. An integrative framework combining GIS mapping, content analysis (CA), sentiment analysis (SA), and critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used to examine how older adults describe, evaluate, and negotiate their built environments. Results: GIS mapping showed that older adults chose to document familiar, accessible public spaces, such as parks, civic precincts, and transport corridors, reflecting routine-based patterns of use. Content analysis revealed a focus on modest but essential built environment features, including shaded seating, footpaths, signage, and pedestrian crossings, which supported comfort, safety, and social engagement. Sentiment analysis found that 67% of comments were positive and 18% neutral, indicating broad satisfaction but also strategic emotional framing. CDA identified three exploratory interpretive patterns, Affective Evaluation, Narrative Anchoring, and Modal Negotiation, through which older adults expressed emotion, belonging, and concern within this limited corpus. Conclusions: Ageing in place depends not only on physical infrastructure but also on discursive inclusion, that is, whether older adults’ everyday ways of speaking are heard and recognised in participatory planning. This study shows that older adults actively shape spatial meaning through emotion, memory, and caution, and that their language carries both experiential insight and civic intention. Recognising these discursive signals may help inform more responsive, age-inclusive, and socially sustainable participatory planning. Full article

Currently, the global manufacturing industry faces significant challenges due to increasingly competitive and constantly changing markets. Therefore, adapting to customer needs and improving efficiency and productivity are essential to compete internationally. Plant design and layout play a crucial role in production, material handling, time, and operational costs. The objective of this research was to implement the Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) methodology, supported by CAD and quality tools, to free up 280 m² for production processes in a horizontal blind manufacturing company. AutoCAD was used to model the facilities and visualize pre- and post-improvement scenarios, while ABC classification and root cause analysis supported problem identification in inventory areas. Results show a released expansion area of 340 m², corresponding to 21.5% above the initial space requirement, and a reduction in material travel distance from 317 m to 109 m, equivalent to 65.6%. These improvements enhanced workflow continuity and operational efficiency. The integration of SLP with CAD and quality tools provides a replicable framework for layout optimization in manufacturing environments, while future research should validate the approach under dynamic production conditions. Full article