Search Results (624)

Fracture–vuggy carbonate reservoirs exhibit strong heterogeneity, spatial discontinuity, and highly variable porosity, which limit the effectiveness of traditional seismic attributes and conventional inversion. Focusing on the XX well block in the Tarim Basin, this study develops a rock-physics-constrained Physics-Constrained TransUNet method for intelligent porosity prediction. A carbonate-specific rock-physics model is first established, considering mineral composition, pore type, and water saturation, ensuring physical consistency between porosity, elastic parameters, and seismic responses. On this basis, a deep-learning framework integrating U-Net multi-scale feature extraction and Transformer global modeling is constructed. By embedding rock-physics priors, regularization constraints, and log-derived porosity labels, the method forms a unified physics- and data-driven inversion scheme. Applications to multiple deep wells and 3D post-stack seismic data from the FI7 fault zone demonstrate stable training, rapid convergence, and strong capability in capturing nonlinear porosity–seismic relationships. Compared with conventional inversion, the proposed approach significantly improves prediction accuracy in cavern-dominated intervals, fractured zones, and areas with abrupt porosity changes, while maintaining robust lateral continuity. Inter-well sections and target-layer slices further verify its effectiveness in identifying fracture–dissolution–vug composite reservoirs. The method provides a practical and reliable workflow for porosity prediction in ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs, supporting fine reservoir characterization and sweet-spot evaluation. Full article

The combined finite–discrete element method (FDEM) is an advanced numerical calculation method that is highly suitable for simulating the entire rock blasting process. Considering that rock mass contains many joints, the present study introduces a rock joint constitutive model to capture the transmission and reflection phenomena of blasting stress waves when they reach the joint. At the same time, based on the original FDEM code, an optimized blasting calculation model is proposed. This model considers the effect of explosive gas and accurately describes the physical relationship between the explosive gas pressure and the change in the blasting chamber area caused by crack propagation. To overcome the limitation of previous blasting models that only apply the pressure of the explosive gas to the borehole wall, the present study optimizes the determination conditions for crack penetration and the calculation method for the blasting chamber area as well as further considered the influence of the embedding effect of explosive gas on crack propagation. Finally, through three examples, the transmission and reflection laws of stress waves at the joints and the entire process of rock mass throw blasting are simulated. The results illustrate that this model can capture the propagation of stress waves, the gas wedge effect of explosive gas, and the entire process of crack initiation, propagation, and penetration in the rock mass during the explosion, demonstrating the potential of FDEM in blasting simulation. Full article

Targeting the thinly bedded and strongly heterogeneous tight sandstone gas reservoirs of the Shaximiao Formation in the Yingshan area of the Sichuan Basin, this study establishes an integrated workflow that combines high-fidelity 3D seismic processing with quantitative interpretation to address key challenges such as insufficient resolution of conventional seismic data under complex near-surface conditions and difficulty in depicting sand-body geometries. On the processing side, a 2D-3D integrated amplitude-preserving high-resolution strategy is applied. In contrast to conventional workflows that treat 2D and 3D datasets independently and often sacrifice true-amplitude characteristics during static correction and noise suppression, the proposed approach unifies first-break picking and static-correction parameters across 2D and 3D data while preserving relative amplitude fidelity. Techniques such as true-surface velocity modeling, coherent-noise suppression, and wavelet compression are introduced. As a result, the effective frequency bandwidth of the newly processed data is broadened by approximately 10–16 Hz relative to the legacy dataset, and the imaging of small faults and narrow river-channel boundaries is significantly enhanced. On the interpretation side, ten sublayers within the first member of the Shaximiao Formation are correlated with high precision, yielding the identification of 41 fourth-order local structural units and 122 stratigraphic traps. Through seismic forward modeling and attribute optimization, a set of sensitive attributes suitable for thin-sandstone detection is established. These attributes enable fine-scale characterization of sand-body distributions within the shallow-water delta system, where fluvial control is pronounced, leading to the identification of 364 multi-phase superimposed channels. Based on attribute fusion, rock-physics-constrained inversion, and integrated hydrocarbon-indicator analysis, 147 favorable “sweet spots” are predicted, and six well locations are proposed. The study builds a reservoir-forming model of “deep hydrocarbon generation–upward migration, fault-controlled charging, structural trapping, and microfacies-controlled enrichment,” achieving high-fidelity imaging and quantitative prediction of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Shaximiao Formation. The results provide robust technical support for favorable-zone evaluation and subsequent exploration deployment in the Yingshan area. Full article

Improving the accuracy of stable state identification and collapse early warning for unstable rock masses is an urgent challenge in slope engineering. In this study, a simplified dynamic model of falling-type unstable rock masses was established, and the dynamic response characteristics of unstable rock masses under different constraint conditions were investigated by combining modal analysis. Finally, physical model tests were carried out to explore the evolution of relevant time-domain and frequency-domain dynamic characteristic parameters during the entire process of falling-type unstable rock masses on slopes, ranging from a stable state, through the propagation of dominant structural planes, to final collapse. The results show that (1) the dominant frequency of the rock mass is independent of the magnitude and direction of excitation forces; (2) the coefficient of variation and waveform factor undergo significant changes during the critical failure stage; and (3) the acceleration amplitude ratio and natural frequency can synergistically and sensitively trace the progression of fracture development within the rock mass. An identification method for the stability stages of typical falling-type unstable rock masses was proposed, which integrates four time–frequency dynamic indicators. The stability state of unstable rock masses was divided into three phases: stable, fundamentally stable, and critical instability. This work provides a valuable reference for instability monitoring of falling-type unstable rock masses. Full article

Rock mechanical parameters can provide fundamental data for the numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing, aiding in the construction of hydraulic fracturing models. Due to the laminated nature of shale, constructing a hydraulic fracturing model requires obtaining the rock mechanical parameters of each lamina and the bedding planes. However, acquiring the mechanical parameters of individual shale laminas through physical experiments demands that, after rock mechanics testing, cracks propagate along the centre of the laminae without connecting additional bedding planes, which imposes extremely high requirements on shale samples. Current research on the rock mechanics of the Minfeng subsag shale is relatively limited. Therefore, to obtain the rock mechanical parameters of each lamina and the bedding planes in the Minfeng subsag shale, a numerical simulation approach can be employed. The model, built using PFC2D, is based on prior X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, conventional thin-section observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brazilian splitting tests, and triaxial compression tests. It replicates the processes of the Brazilian splitting and triaxial compression experiments, assigning initial parameters to different bedding planes based on lithology. A trial-and-error method is then used to adjust the parameters until the simulated curves match the physical experimental curves, with errors within 10%. The model parameters for each lamina at this stage are then applied to single-lithology Brazilian splitting, biaxial compression, and three-point bending models for simulation, ultimately obtaining the tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, brittleness index, and Mode I fracture toughness for each lamina. Simulation results show that the Minfeng subsag shale exhibits strong heterogeneity, with all obtained rock mechanical parameters spanning a wide range. Calculated brittleness indices for each lamina mostly fall within the “good” and “medium” ranges, with carbonate laminae generally demonstrating better brittleness than felsic laminae. Fracture toughness also clearly divides into two ranges: mixed carbonate shale laminae have overall higher fracture toughness than mixed felsic laminae. Full article

During the high-intensity mining of shallow-buried thick coal seams, the formation of a water-conducting fracture zone within the overburden is a primary cause of damage to the groundwater system. To address the challenge of balancing efficiency and cost in traditional water-retaining mining methods, this study proposes and validates a trapezoidal strip filling mining technology based on the “span reduction effect”. By developing a mechanical model of a four-sided simply supported thin plate representing the key layer, the fundamental mechanism of the filling body was elucidated. This mechanism involves the active adjustment of the support boundary, which effectively reduces the force span of the key layer. Furthermore, leveraging the fourth-power relationship (w ∝ a⁴) between deflection and span, the bending deformation of the overburden rock is exponentially mitigated. This study employs a four-tiered integrated verification system comprising theoretical modeling, physical simulation, numerical simulation, and engineering field testing: First, theoretical calculations indicate that reducing the effective span of the key layer by 40% can decrease its maximum deflection by 87%. Second, large-scale physical similarity simulations predict that implementing this filling method can significantly control the height of the water-conducting fracture zone, reducing it from 94 m under the collapse method to 58 m, which corresponds to a 45.5% reduction in surface settlement. Third, FLAC^3D numerical simulations further elucidated the mechanical mechanism by which the backfill system transforms stress distribution from “coal pillar-dominated bearing capacity” to “synergistic bearing capacity of backfill and coal pillars”. Shear failure in the critical layer was suppressed, and the development height of the plastic zone was restricted to approximately 54 m, showing high consistency with physical simulation results. Finally, actual measurements of water injection through the inverted hole underground provide direct evidence: The heights of the water-conducting fracture zones in the filling working face and the collapse working face are 59 m and 93 m, respectively, reflecting a reduction of 36.6%. Based on the consistency between measured and simulated results, the numerical model employed in this study has been effectively validated. Research indicates that employing trapezoidal strip filling technology based on principal stress dynamics regulation can effectively promote a shift in the failure mode of the overlying critical layer from “fracture–conduction” to “bending–subsidence”. This mechanism provides a clear mechanical explanation and predictable design basis for the green mining of shallow coal seams. Full article

Reactive transport in porous media exists ubiquitously in natural and industrial systems—reformation of geological energy repository, carbon dioxide (CO${}_2$) sequestration, CO${}_2$ storage via mineralization, and soil remediation are just some examples where geo-/bio-chemical reactions play a key role. Reactive transport models are expected to provide assessments of (1) the effective property variation and (2) the reaction capability. However, the synergy among flow, solute transport, and reaction undermines the predictability of the existing model. In recent decades, the Micro-Continuum Approach (MCA) has demonstrated advantages for modeling pore-scale reactive transport and high accuracy compared with experiments. In this study, we present an MCA-based numerical framework that simulates dissolution/erosion or precipitation in digital rocks. The framework imports two- or three-dimensional digital rock samples, conducts reactive transport simulations, and evaluates dynamic changes in porosity, surface area, permeability tensor, tortuosity, mass change, and reaction rate. The results show that samples with similar effective properties, e.g., porosity or permeability, may exhibit different reaction abilities, suggesting that the pore-scale geometry has a strong impact on reactive transport. Additionally, the numerical framework demonstrates the advantage of conducting multiple reaction studies on the same sample, in contrast to reality, where there is often only one physical experiment. This advantage enables the identification of the optimal condition, quantified by the dimensionless P$\acute{\mathrm{e}}$clet number and Damk$\ddot{\mathrm{o}}$hler number, to reach the maximum reaction. We believe that the newly developed framework serves as a toolbox for evaluating reactivity capacity and predicting effective properties of digital samples. Full article

The cutterhead torque of a full-face tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a pivotal parameter that characterises the rock-machine interaction. Its dynamic prediction is of considerable significance to achieve intelligent regulation of the boring parameters and enhance the construction efficiency and safety. In order to achieve high-precision time series prediction of cutterhead torque under complex geological conditions, this study proposes an intelligent prediction method (VBGAP) that integrates signal decomposition mechanism and physical constraints. At the data preprocessing level, a multi-step data cleaning process is designed. This process comprises the following steps: the processing of invalid values, the detection of outliers, and normalisation. The non-smooth torque time-series signal is decomposed by variational mode decomposition (VMD) into narrow-band sub-signals that serve as a data-driven, frequency-specific input for subsequent modelling, and a hybrid deep learning model based on Bi-GRU and self-attention mechanism is built for each sub-signal. Finally, the prediction results of each component are linearly superimposed to achieve signal reconstruction. Concurrently, a novel modal energy conservation loss function is proposed, with the objective of effectively constraining the information entropy decay in the decomposition-reconstruction process. The validity of the proposed method is supported by empirical evidence from a real tunnel project dataset in Northeast China, which demonstrates an average accuracy of over 90% in a multi-step prediction task with a time step of 30 s. This suggests that the proposed method exhibits superior adaptability and prediction accuracy in comparison to existing mainstream deep learning models. The findings of the research provide novel concepts and methodologies for the intelligent regulation of TBM boring parameters. Full article

Diffraction-based velocity analysis is a key data interpretation technique in geophysical exploration, typically relying on the geometric characteristics, energy distribution, or propagation paths of diffraction waves. The hyperbola-based method is a classical strategy in this category, which extracts depth-dependent velocity (or dielectric properties) by correlating the hyperbolic shape of diffraction events with subsurface parameters for characterizing subsurface structures and material compositions. In this study, we propose a layer-stripping velocity analysis method applicable to ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and lunar-penetrating radar (LPR) data, with two main innovations: (1) replacing traditional local optimization algorithms with an intuitive parallelism check scheme, eliminating the need for complex nonlinear iterations; (2) performing depth-progressive velocity scanning of radargram diffraction signals, where shallow-layer velocity analysis constrains deeper-layer calculations. This strategy avoids misinterpretations of deep geological objects’ burial depth, morphology, and physical properties caused by a single average velocity or independent deep-layer velocity assumptions. The workflow of the proposed method is first demonstrated using a synthetic rock-fragment layered model, then applied to derive the near-surface dielectric constant distribution (down to 27 m) at the Chang’e-4 landing site. The estimated values range from 2.55 to 6, with the depth-dependent profile revealing lunar regolith stratification and interlayer material property variations. Consistent with previously reported results for the Chang’e-4 region, our findings confirm the method’s applicability to LPR data, providing a new technical framework for high-resolution subsurface structure reconstruction. Full article

Boron is a critical strategic mineral resource. Boron deposits in the Liaodong region currently supply more than 35% of China’s domestic demand. To advance exploration efforts in this area, detailed physical property measurements were carried out on various rock formations within the Yingkou–Anshan district. Utilizing integrated geophysical approaches, including gravity, magnetic, and electrical surveys, this study introduced—for the first time—the wide field electromagnetic method (WFEM) for deep exploration testing. Measured parameters included density, magnetic susceptibility, and resistivity. The electromagnetic methods proved effective in boron mineral exploration due to their pronounced response over the Lieryu Formation, which is enriched in boron minerals. We refined inversion parameters to improve the consistency between geophysical models and actual geological characteristics by correlating physical property parameters with drilled core lithology. Comprehensive analysis indicates that boron mineralization in the Houxianyu mining area is not restricted to the Lieryu Formation. Significant boron enrichment also occurs in deeper structures, including thick granite bodies, large-scale folds, and various unconformity contacts. These deep mineralized bodies share similar physical properties with known ore deposits but exhibit distinct geochemical signatures. Through integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic, and electrical profiles—combined with geological, mineralogical, and structural data from the Houxianyu area—it is evident that ore bodies in the study area occupy structurally complex positions, influenced by regional tectonic evolution and magmatic activity. Geophysical results further reveal a notable deep extension of mineralization, indicating promising potential for deep prospecting. Full article

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a controlled combustion process of in situ coal that produces combustible gases through thermal and chemical reactions. In order to investigate the UCG induced multi-physical field evolution and overlying strata fracture propagation of deep steeply inclined coal seam (SICS), which play a vital role in safety and sustainable UCG project, this study established a finite element model based on the actual geological conditions of SICS and the controlled retracting injection point (CRIP) technology. The results are listed as follows: (1) the temperature field influence ranges of the shallow and deep parts of SICS expanded from 15.56 m to 17.78 m and from 26.67 m to 28.89 m, respectively, when the burnout cavity length increased from 100 m to 400 m along the dip direction; (2) the floor mudstone exhibited uplift displacement as a result of thermal expansion, while the roof and overlying strata showed stepwise-increasing subsidence displacement over time, which was caused by stress concentration and fracture propagation, reaching a maximum subsidence of 3.29 m when gasification ended; (3) overlying strata rock damages occurred with induced fractures developing and propagating during UCG. These overlying strata fractures can reach a maximum height of 204.44 m that may result in groundwater influx and gasification failure; (4) considering the significant asymmetry in the evolution of multi-physical fields of SICS, it is suggested that the dip-direction length of a single UCG channel be limited to 200 m. The conclusions of this study can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the design of UCG of SICS. Full article

Seepage–dissolution in carbonate rock fractures serves as the core driver governing the evolution of key engineering projects, including reservoir dam stability, CO₂ geological sequestration, and unstable rock collapse mitigation strategies. While physical heterogeneity (e.g., fracture aperture, mineral distribution) is widely recognized as a critical factor regulating dissolution processes, the specific influence of mineral distribution heterogeneity on dissolution rates still lacks quantitative quantification. To address this gap, this study focuses on limestone fractures and employs multi-component reactive transport numerical simulations to model acidic fluid (pH = 5.0) seepage–dissolution under two Darcy flux conditions (37.8/378 m·yr⁻¹). It investigates the controlling mechanisms of fracture roughness (λ_b = 0.036~0.308) and calcite contents (55%, 75%, 95%) on dissolution dynamics, and analyzes spatial variations in local Darcy velocity, reaction rate, and effective dissolution rate (R_eff,i). Results demonstrate that mineral distribution heterogeneity directly induces pronounced spatial heterogeneity in dissolution behavior: diffusion dominates under low flux (simulation duration: 48.3 days), forming discrete reaction fronts (~15 mm) controlled by mineral clusters; advection prevails under high flux (simulation duration: 4.83 days), generating alternating dissolution–deposition zones (~7.5 mm) with R_eff,i one order of magnitude greater than that under low flux. Notably, 55% calcite content yields the highest R_eff,i (1.87 × 10⁻¹¹ mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹), 0.94 orders of magnitude greater than that at 95% calcite content. A strong linear correlation (R² > 0.98) exists between the Damköhler number (Da_I) and R_eff,i at the same calcite content. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between fracture aperture and mineral heterogeneity amplifies dissolution complexity, with high roughness (λ_b = 0.308) coupled with 55% calcite content achieving the highest R_eff,i of 2.1 × 10⁻¹¹ mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. This study provides critical theoretical insights and quantitative data support for fractured rock mass evolution prediction models, geological hazard prevention, and geological carbon sequestration optimization. Full article

The six platinum group elements (PGE) are among the rarest elements in the upper continental crust of the earth. Higher values of PGE have been detected in the upper mantle and in chondrite meteorites. The PGE are siderophile and chalcophile elements and are divided into the following: (1) the Ir subgroup (IPGE) = Os, Ir, and Ru and (2) the Pd subgroup (PPGE) = Rh, Pt, and Pd. The IPGE are more refractory and less chalcophile than the PPGE. High concentrations of PGE led, in rare cases, to the formation of mineral deposits. The PGE are carried in discrete phases, the platinum group minerals (PGM), and are included as trace elements into the structure of base metal sulphides (BM), such as pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite. Similarly to PGE, the PGM are also divided into two main groups, i.e., IPGM composed of Os, Ir, and Ru and PPGM containing Rh, Pt, and Pd. The PGM occur both in mafic and ultramafic rocks and are mainly hosted in stratiform reefs, sulphide-rich lenses, and placer deposits. Presently, there are only 169 valid PGM that represent about 2.7% of all 6176 minerals discovered so far. However, 496 PGM are listed among the valid species that have not yet been officially accepted, while a further 641 are considered as invalid or discredited species. The main reason for the incomplete characterization of PGM resides in their mode of occurrence, i.e., as grains in composite aggregates of a few microns in size, which makes it difficult to determine their crystallography. Among the PGM officially accepted by the IMA, only 13 (8%) were discovered before 1958, the year when the IMA was established. The highest number of PGM was discovered between 1970 and 1979, and 99 PGM have been accepted from 1980 until now. Of the 169 PGM accepted by the IMA, 44% are named in honour of a person, typically a scientist or geologist, and 31% are named after their discovery localities. The nomenclature of 25% of the PGM is based on their chemical composition and/or their physical properties. PGM have been discovered in 25 countries throughout the world, with 64 from Russia, 17 from Canada and South Africa (each), 15 from China, 12 from the USA, 8 from Brazil, 6 from Japan, 5 from Congo, 3 from Finland and Germany (each), 2 from the Dominican Republic, Greenland, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea each, and only 1 from Argentine, Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Czech Republic, England, Ethiopia, Guyana, Mexico, Serbia, and Tanzania each. Most PGM phases contain Pd (82 phases, 48% of all accepted PGM), followed, in decreasing order of abundances, by those of Pt 35 phases (21%), Rh 23 phases (14%), Ir 18 phases (11%), Ru 7 phases (4%), and Os 4 phases (2%). The six PGE forming the PGM are bonded to other elements such as Fe, Ni, Cu, S, As, Te, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn, Hg, Ag, Zn, Si, Pb, Ge, In, Mo, and O. Thirty-two percent of the 169 valid PGM crystallize in the cubic system, 17% are orthorhombic, 16% hexagonal, 14% tetragonal, 11% trigonal, 3% monoclinic, and only 1% triclinic. Some PGM are members of a solid-solution series, which may be complete or contain a miscibility gap, providing information concerning the chemical and physical environment in which the mineral was formed. The refractory IPGM precipitate principally in primitive, high-temperature, mantle-hosted rocks such as podiform and layered chromitites. Being more chalcophile, PPGE are preferentially collected and concentrated in an immiscible sulphide liquid, and, under appropriate conditions, the PPGM can precipitate in a thermal range of about 900–300 °C in the presence of fluids and a progressive increase of oxygen fugacity (fO₂). Thus, a great number of Pt and Pd minerals have been described in Ni-Cu sulphide deposits. Two main genetic models have been proposed for the formation of PGM nuggets: (1) Detrital PGM represent magmatic grains that were mechanically liberated from their primary source by weathering and erosion with or without minor alteration processes, and (2) PGM reprecipitated in the supergene environment through a complex process that comprises solubility, the leaching of PGE from the primary PGM, and variation in Eh-pH and microbial activity. These two models do not exclude each other, and alluvial deposits may contain contributions from both processes. Full article

The “bauxite gas reservoir” in the Ordos Basin represents a novel exploration domain, yet the mechanisms governing its widespread aluminous fracture fillings remain unclear. This study integrates core observation, thin-section analysis, geochemical simulation, and rock physics to investigate the formation and impact of these fracture systems. Results identify a characteristic filling evolutionary sequence of “wall-lining film → oolitic/globular → plug-like → vermicular.” Geochemical simulations confirm that increasing pH and decreasing Eh driven by water–rock interactions are the key drivers for aluminous mineral precipitation. A distinct well log response model characterized by high GR, DEN, and CNL values coupled with low AC and RT is established for effective identification. Seepage experiments reveal that while Al–Si colloidal fracture fillings reduce permeability, they act as natural proppants to preserve effective flow channels, acting as a crucial high-permeability network for gas migration despite the mineral occlusion. These findings refine the accumulation theory for bauxite series reservoirs and provide geological evidence for deep tight gas exploration. Full article

Characterizing tight reservoirs is challenging due to the complex pore structure and strong heterogeneity at various scales. Current digital rock physics often struggles to reconcile high-resolution imaging with representative sample sizes, and 3D digital cores are frequently used primarily as visualization tools rather than predictive, computable platforms. Thus, a clear methodological gap persists: high-resolution models typically lack macroscopic geological features, while existing 3D digital models are seldom leveraged for quantitative, predictive analysis. This study, based on a full-diameter core sample of a single lithology (gray-black shale), aims to bridge this gap by developing an integrated workflow to construct a high-fidelity, computable 3D model that connects the micro–nano to the macroscopic scale. The core was scanned using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) at 0.4 μm resolution. The raw CT images were processed through a dedicated pipeline to mitigate artifacts and noise, followed by segmentation using Otsu’s algorithm and region-growing techniques in Avizo 9.0 to isolate minerals, pores, and the matrix. The segmented model was converted into an unstructured tetrahedral finite element mesh within ANSYS 2024 Workbench, with quality control (aspect ratio ≤ 3; skewness ≤ 0.4), enabling mechanical property assignment and simulation. The digital core model was rigorously validated against physical laboratory measurements, showing excellent agreement with relative errors below 5% for key properties, including porosity (4.52% vs. 4.615%), permeability (0.0186 mD vs. 0.0192 mD), and elastic modulus (38.2 GPa vs. 39.5 GPa). Pore network analysis quantified the poor connectivity of the tight reservoir, revealing an average coordination number of 2.8 and a pore throat radius distribution of 0.05–0.32 μm. The presented workflow successfully creates a quantitatively validated “digital twin” of a full-diameter core. It provides a tangible solution to the scale-representativeness trade-off and transitions digital core analysis from a visualization tool to a computable platform for predicting key reservoir properties, such as permeability and elastic modulus, through numerical simulation, offering a robust technical means for the accurate evaluation of tight reservoirs. Full article