Search Results (394)

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) represent a rapidly growing class of sustainable materials, formed by combining lignocellulosic fibers with thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric matrices. This review summarizes the state of the art in WPC development, emphasizing the use of recyclable (or recycled) and biodegradable polymers as matrix materials. The integration of waste wood particles into the production of WPCs addresses global environmental challenges, including plastic pollution and deforestation, by offering an alternative to conventional wood-based and petroleum-based products. Key topics covered in the review include raw material sources, fiber pre-treatments, compatibilizers, mechanical performance, water absorption behavior, thermal stability and end-use applications. Full article

Biodegradable polymer composites offer promising alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, supporting the principles of a zero waste and circular economy. This study investigates the reinforcing potential of alkali-treated wood flour derived from recycled pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and poplar (Populus alba L.) waste wooden pallets in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites. Wood flour was initially recovered through grinding and screening during recycling, followed by alkali treatment via a green chemistry approach to enhance interfacial bonding with the PLA matrix. The impact of alkali concentration and two fabrication methods—additive manufacturing (AM) and injection molding (IM)—on the properties of developed biocomposite materials was assessed through mechanical, physical, morphological, and thermal analyses. IM samples outperformed AM counterparts, with the IM PLA containing 30 wt% wood flour (alkali-treated with 10% solution) showing the highest mechanical gains: tensile (+71.35%), flexural (+64.74%), and hardness (+2.62%) compared to untreated samples. Moreover, the AM sample with 10 wt% wood flour and 10% alkali treatment showed a 49.37% decrease in water absorption compared to the untreated sample, indicating improved hydrophobicity. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that alkali treatment reduced void content and enhanced morphological uniformity, while thermal properties remained consistent across fabrication methods. This work introduces a green composite using non-toxic materials and treatments, facilitating eco-friendly production aligned with zero waste and circular economy principles throughout the manufacturing lifecycle. Full article

This research aimed to evaluate the biological resistance to xylophagous organisms and the dimensional stability related to water absorption in plastic wood panels manufactured by compression molding and produced with pine wood and recycled thermoplastics. The wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were prepared from 50% pine sawdust and 50% recycled plastics (polyethylene terephthalate-PET, high-density polyethylene-HDPE, and polypropylene-PP). The thickness swelling test was carried out by immersing of the WPC samples in water at room temperature (25–30 °C) and evaluating the total change in WPC thickness after 1500 h (≈9 weeks or two months). In addition, the coefficient of initial swelling was evaluated to verify the variability of the swelling. For the biological resistance evaluation of the WPCs, tests were carried out with soil or arboreal termites (Nasutitermes corniger) and drywood termites (Cryptotermes brevis). The WPC loss of mass and termite mortality were evaluated. The use of PP promoted the best response to thickness swelling. The simple mathematical model adopted offers real predictions to evaluate the thickness of the swelling of the compounds in a given time. For some variables there were no statistical differences. It was shown that treatment 3 (T3) presented visual damage values between 0.4 for drywood termites and 9.4 for soil termites, in addition to 26% termite mortality, represented by the lowest survival time of 12 days. The developed treatments have resistance to termite attacks; these properties can be an important starting point for its use on a larger scale by the panel industries. Full article

Acid hydrolysis can be more efficient than water hydrolysis, particularly in breaking down cured adhesives found in waste panels within a shorter reaction time, which could benefit large-scale industrial processes. This study evaluates the effects of various acid hydrolysis conditions on the thermal, physical, and chemical properties of recycled particles intended for particleboard production. Particleboards were recycled using oxalic acid and ammonium chloride at different concentrations and reaction times at 122 °C. The thermal stability of the particles was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Particle size distribution, particle morphology, nitrogen content, pH and acid/base buffer capacity were analyzed. The effect of the recycled particles on the urea-formaldehyde (UF) curing was assessed using differential scanning calorimetry and the gel time method. The recycled particles exhibited a higher thermal degradation beyond 200 °C, indicating their thermal stability for manufacturing new panels. The acid treatments did not damage the anatomical structure of the particles, preserving the prosenchymatous elements. The nitrogen content of recycled particles decreased by up to 90% when oxalic acid was used, compared to raw board particles. Recycled particles exhibited a lower pH, with a maximum reduction of 44%. They also showed a decreased acid buffer capacity and an increased base buffer capacity compared to raw board particles. This effect was particularly pronounced in treatments that included ammonium chloride. The recycled particles did not significantly affect the peak polymerization temperature of the UF adhesive. However, some treatments affected the gel time of the adhesive, particularly those using 30% ammonium chloride. The results indicate that particleboards can be effectively recycled through acid hydrolysis, mainly with oxalic acid, which provides better results than hydrolysis using water alone. Oxalic acid showed increased selectivity in eliminating the cured UF adhesive, resulting in recycled particles suitable for manufacturing new panels. Full article

Recycled wood fiber (RWF) obtained through the multi-stage processing of waste wood serves as an eco-friendly green construction material, exhibiting lightweight, porous, and high toughness characteristics that demonstrate significant potential as a cementitious reinforcement, offering strategic advantages for environmental protection and resource recycling. In this study, high-performance sulfoaluminate cement (SAC)-RWF composites prepared by modifying RWFs with nano-silica (NS) and a silane coupling agent (KH560) were developed and their effects on mechanical properties, shrinkage behavior, hydration characteristics, and microstructure of SAC-RWF composites were systematically investigated. Optimal performance was achieved at water–cement ratio of 0.5 with 20% RWF content, where the KH560-modified samples showed superior improvement, with 8.5% and 14.3% increases in 28 d flexural and compressive strength, respectively, compared to the control groups, outperforming the NS-modified samples (3.6% and 8.6% enhancements). Both modifiers improved durability, reducing water absorption by 6.72% (NS) and 7.1% (KH560) while decreasing drying shrinkage by 4.3% and 27.2%, respectively. The modified SAC composites maintained favorable thermal properties, with NS reducing thermal conductivity by 6.8% through density optimization, whereas the KH560-treated specimens retained low conductivity despite slight density increases. Micro-structural tests revealed accelerated hydration without new hydration product formation, with both modifiers enhancing cementitious matrix hydration product generation by distinct mechanisms—with NS acting through physical pore-filling, while KH560 established Si-O-C chemical bonds at paste interfaces. Although both modifications improved mechanical properties and durability, the KH560-modified SAC composite group demonstrated superior overall performance than the NS-modified group, providing a technical pathway for developing sustainable, high-performance recycled wood fiber cement-based materials with balanced functional properties for low-carbon construction applications. Full article

This review examines the potential use of alternative wood raw materials, including fast-growing plantation species, juvenile wood, non-plantation species, and recycled wood, in the production of particleboard (PB) and oriented strand board (OSB). In light of the ongoing challenges faced by the wood-based industry in securing a stable and sustainable supply of raw materials, these alternatives present several advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, greater availability, and reduced reliance on natural forest resources. Fast-growing plantation species and juvenile wood are particularly suited for lightweight applications, while non-plantation species and recycled wood contribute to sustainability goals by lowering environmental impact and promoting resource efficiency. Nonetheless, the successful integration of these materials requires overcoming certain challenges, including variability in their physical and mechanical properties, as well as the need for tailored adhesive systems and processing parameters. This review examines strategies to optimize production processes and enhance the utilization of waste materials while emphasizing the role of alternative raw materials in advancing circular economy principles. The findings highlight the importance of future research to improve material knowledge, technological solutions, and industry practices, thereby supporting the sustainable development of the wood-based materials sector. Full article

This study provides a bibliometric analysis of life cycle assessments (LCAs) to explore the sustainability potential of mass timber buildings, focusing on glulam. The analysis highlights regional differences in carbon footprint performance within the ISO 14040 and EN 15978 frameworks. LCA results from representative countries across six continents show that wood buildings, compared to traditional materials, have a reduced carbon footprint. The geographical distribution of forest resources significantly influences the carbon footprint of glulam production. Europe and North America demonstrate optimal performance metrics (e.g., carbon sequestration), attributable to advanced technology and investment in long-term sustainable forest management. Our review research shows the lowest glulam carbon footprints (28–70% lower than traditional materials) due to clean energy and sustainable practices. In contrast, Asia and Africa exhibit systemic deficits, driven by resource scarcity, climatic stressors, and land-use pressures. South America and Oceania display transitional dynamics, with heterogeneous outcomes influenced by localized deforestation trends and conservation efficacy. Glulam buildings outperformed concrete and steel across 11–18 environmental categories, with carbon storage offsetting 30–47% of emissions and energy mixes cutting operational impacts by up to 67%. Circular strategies like recycling and prefabrication reduced end-of-life emissions by 12–29% and cut construction time and costs. Social benefits included job creation (e.g., 1 million in the EU) and improved well-being in wooden interiors. To further reduce carbon footprint disparities, this study emphasizes sustainable forest management, longer building lifespans, optimized energy mixes, shorter transport distances, advanced production technologies, and improved recycling systems. Additionally, the circular economy and social benefits of glulam buildings, such as reduced construction costs, value recovery, and job creation, are highlighted. In the future, prioritizing equitable partnerships and enhancing international exchanges of technical expertise will facilitate the adoption of sustainable practices in glulam buildings and advance decarbonization goals in the global building sector. Full article

Lightweight, layered wood-based panels are gaining attention due to favorable mechanical and physical properties. This study examined numerical modeling as a method to predict the strength of innovative three-layer sandwich panels with thermoplastic cores containing wood particles as the filler. Two core geometries (F and S) and two material formulations (60% HDPE + 40% sawdust, and 40% HDPE + 60% sawdust) were tested. The panels were produced without additional adhesives; bonding with high-density fiberboard (HDF) facings was achieved through the thermoplastic properties of the core. Mechanical properties such as bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and compressive strength perpendicular to the surface were measured. Results showed that both core geometry and material composition significantly influenced structural performance. Panels with the F profile showed better bending strength and stiffness (MOR—13.2 N/mm², MOE—2017 N/mm²), while the S profile had higher compressive strength (0.62 N/mm²). Numerical simulations using SolidWorks Simulation confirmed the experimental data, with stress and displacement distributions matching laboratory results. These findings demonstrate the potential of thermoplastically formed cores for creating lightweight, recyclable wood-based composites with tailored mechanical properties. Full article

Forested areas are defined as wooded regions characterized by dense vegetation, largely preserved natural ecosystem features, and availability for recreational use. These areas play a critical role in maintaining ecological balance and are increasingly utilized as preferred sites for various outdoor activities. However, the growing intensity of recreational activities in such sensitive ecosystems contributes to increased waste generation and poses significant threats to environmental sustainability. The objective of this study is to calculate the carbon footprint resulting from waste produced during recreational activities in forested areas of Lithuania, Turkey, and Morocco, and to identify innovative waste management strategies aimed at achieving clean and safe forest ecosystems. This study includes a comparison of Turkey, Lithuania, and Morocco. Quantitative data and carbon footprint calculations were conducted, while quantitative methods were also employed through semi-structured interviews with experts. Firstly, carbon footprint calculations were carried out based on the types and amounts of waste generated by participants. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and participants from all three countries to identify issues related to waste management and innovative waste management strategies. The carbon footprint resulting from waste generation was estimated to be 1517.26 kg in Turkey, 613.25 kg in Lithuania, and 735.68 kg in Morocco. Experts from Turkey, Lithuania, and Morocco have proposed innovative solutions for improving waste management systems in their respective countries. In Turkey, the predominant view emphasizes the need for increased use of digital tools, stricter enforcement measures, a rise in the number of personnel and waste bins, as well as the expansion of volunteer-based initiatives. In Lithuania, priority is given to educational and awareness-raising activities, updates to legal regulations, the placement of recycling bins, the development of infrastructure, and the promotion of environmentally friendly projects. In Morocco, it is highlighted that there is a need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, updated legal frameworks, increased staffing, more frequent waste collection, and the implementation of educational programs. Full article

The development of the construction industry in Hong Kong and the UK has long played a vital role in economic development, advanced or otherwise, but has also brought formidable environmental challenges, particularly in terms of the huge volume of waste generated. This review paper puts under scrutiny the environmental management practices and green materials and technologies adoption in the construction industries of two developed regions, Hong Kong and the UK, the main objective being to compare their approaches to construction waste management and assess the level to which they have adopted sustainable practices. This review recognizes construction waste as a major contributor to environmental degradation and indicates the on-site waste reduction according to waste hierarchy as adopted by both regions. Major findings are that effective environmental management practices, such as resource optimization, waste minimization, and pollution prevention, are also enforced through legislation and fiscal policies. The use of eco-concrete, plastic wood, and recycled steel, together with high-tech roofs and solar panels, shows a move toward sustainable and energy-saving building that is taking root more and more. This paper highlights the need for policies and innovation in promoting sustainable building. Future studies should look into the green techs’ long-term performance, cross-area policy spread, and how digital tools help maximize waste and create sustainably. Full article

Rapid industrialization has escalated environmental pollution caused by organic compounds, posing critical challenges for wastewater treatment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) suffer from metal leaching and catalyst recycling challenges. To address these limitations, this study developed a nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel (NBA) derived from poplar wood powder as an eco-friendly and easily recoverable PMS activator. The NBA catalyst, optimized by tuning the calcination temperature to achieve a specific surface area of 297.5 m² g⁻¹, achieved 97% bisphenol A (BPA) removal within 60 min with a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L and 1.0 mM PMS under mild conditions. The material exhibited broad pH adaptability (pH 3.5–9), recyclability (>94% efficiency after thermal treatment), and versatility in degrading seven pollutants (BPA, phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, rhodamine 6G, and levofloxacin) through synergistic radical (•OH, SO₄^•−, O₂^•−) and non-radical (¹O₂) pathways. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that nitrogen doping enhanced PMS activation by optimizing electronic structures. This study highlights the potential of waste biomass-derived carbon aerogels as eco-friendly, efficient, and reusable catalysts for advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment. Full article

Spalted wood is a natural material characterized by distinctive colors and patterns from wood decay fungi as they digest their substrate and leave behind colored secretions. As an art form, spalted wood was used heavily in western Europe from the 1400s–1600s; however, its use in other parts of the world remains deeply understudied, even in cultures where wood played a dominant social role. The use of spalted wood in China, in particular, is unknown, despite a growing interest by Chinese researchers in modern spalting practices and their potential commercial value. This study systematically reviews the potential historic use, current artistic value, environmental significance, and future application prospects of spalted wood for a Chinese market. By integrating historical records, modern scientific research, and insights from traditional Chinese woodworking, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the aesthetic and functional value of spalted wood for Chinese markets. The findings indicate that the random and non-reproducible nature of spalted wood imbues it with exceptional artistic appeal and collectability, which has a strong potential to appeal to Chinese furniture design, decorative arts, and high-end interior applications. Furthermore, spalted wood demonstrates considerable potential for resource recycling by turning otherwise non-commercial, pale, white woods into higher value options—a phenomenon that has been studied across Europe and North America. In China, this has the potential to reduce wood waste and advance ecological design. However, challenges remain in fungal infection control, processing techniques, and market adoption. With ongoing advancements in biotechnology and manufacturing processes, spalted wood is poised to gain greater recognition in Chinese art, design, and cultural innovation while also contributing to green manufacturing and sustainable development. Full article

The effect of epoxidized soybean oil on the operational, technological, and physical and mechanical properties of composites based on high-density recycled polyethylene filled with wood floor was investigated. It has been shown that the introduction of epoxidized soybean oil in the amount of 0.5 wt.% into the wood-polymer composite (WPC) improves the physical, mechanical, and operational properties of the material: the Charpy impact strength (on notched samples) increases from 7.5 kJ/m² to 20.0 kJ/m², the bending strength increases from 31.6 MPa to 50.8 MPa, and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion decreases by 15%. With a further increase in the content of epoxidized soybean oil in the composite, its water absorption and technological shrinkage decrease, but its physical and mechanical properties deteriorate. Full article

The growing volume of plastic waste from end-of-life vehicles presents environmental concerns, driving efforts to integrate recycled plastics. This study investigates the possibility of using recycled plastic from automotive parts (painted and unpainted bumpers, fuel tanks) as a 10% filler in the core layer of three-layer particleboards (P) and evaluates its impact on physical properties (water absorption—WA and thickness swelling—TS), mechanical properties (internal bonding strength—IB, modulus of rupture—MOR, modulus of elasticity—MOE and screw driving torque—SDT) and volatile organic compounds—VOC emissions. The boards were produced using conventional hot-pressing technology and analyzed according to applicable standards. Based on the results, the density of the reference (P) was 0.72 g·cm⁻³, while wood–plastic composites ranged from 0.70 g·cm⁻³ to 0.72 g·cm⁻³. After 24 h, WA reached 40% for reference (P) and from 36.9% (for (P) containing unpainted bumpers) to 41.9% (for (P) containing fuel tanks). TS reached 18% for (P) and from 16.8% (for (P) containing unpainted bumpers and fuel tanks) to 18.1% (for (P) containing painted bumpers). Plastic is a hydrophobic material and it is assumed that by increasing the proportion of plastic filler in the particleboards, the WA and TS of prepared boards will decrease. From the point of view of mechanical properties, values for (P) containing plastic filler were slightly lower compared to reference (P). The lowest value of IB (0.39 MPa) were reached for (P) containing painted bumpers. Plastic surface treatment could interfere with adhesion between the plastic and adhesive, weakening the bond in the core layer. For this reason, is preferable to use unpainted fillers, which provide better adhesive properties and higher structural integrity. VOC emissions from wood components consisted primarily of monoterpenes such as α-pinene, 3-carene and limonene. Adding 10% plastic to the particleboard did not increase overall VOC emissions. On the other hand, combining wood and plastic particles resulted in a reduction in overall VOC emissions. The findings confirm that recycled automotive plastics can be effectively incorporated into particleboards, maintaining standard performance while reducing reliance on virgin wood materials, making them a viable and sustainable alternative for furniture and interior applications. Full article

Biochar may represent a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy to recycle agroforestry wastes, sequester carbon and improve soil health. With the aim of proving these benefits in a real scenario, we treated several soil parcels with 0 (CTRL), 1 (LOW) and 3 (HIGH) kg/m² of wood biochar, in open-field trials. The heterotrophic soil respiration (SR) was monitored continuously for two months via a Closed Dynamic Chamber (CDC) associated with an innovative pilot system, and the most important soil chemical parameters were measured 9 and 54 days after biochar application. Biochar induced an immediate dose-dependent increase in organic matter content and CEC (up to 41.6% and 36.8% more than CTRL, respectively), which tended to slightly and gradually decrease after 54 days. In all cases, biochar induced a more pronounced SR, although the most enhanced microbial response was detected for the LOW parcel (19.3% higher than CTRL). Fennels were grown in treated soils and only LOW microplots gave a significantly better response (weight and size). Finally, NMR, FT-IR and Pyr-GC/MS analyses of LOW SOM extracts revealed a relevant impact on the composition, which was accompanied by a higher content of carbohydrates, indole-based compounds and FAME species correlating with enhanced microbial activity. Our findings demonstrate that the proper biochar dose improves soil fertility by creating an environment favorable to plants and promoting microbial activity. Full article