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23 pages, 10836 KiB  
Article
Potential Utilization of End-of-Life Vehicle Carpet Waste in Subfloor Mortars: Incorporation into Portland Cement Matrices
by Núbia dos Santos Coimbra, Ângela de Moura Ferreira Danilevicz, Daniel Tregnago Pagnussat and Thiago Gonçalves Fernandes
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153680 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
The growing need to improve the management of end-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste and mitigate its environmental impact is a global concern. One promising approach to enhancing the recyclability of these vehicles is leveraging synergies between the automotive and construction industries as part of [...] Read more.
The growing need to improve the management of end-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste and mitigate its environmental impact is a global concern. One promising approach to enhancing the recyclability of these vehicles is leveraging synergies between the automotive and construction industries as part of a circular economy strategy. In this context, ELV waste emerges as a valuable source of secondary raw materials, enabling the development of sustainable innovations that capitalize on its physical and mechanical properties. This paper aims to develop and evaluate construction industry composites incorporating waste from ELV carpets, with a focus on maintaining or enhancing performance compared to conventional materials. To achieve this, an experimental program was designed to assess cementitious composites, specifically subfloor mortars, incorporating automotive carpet waste (ACW). The results demonstrate that, beyond the physical and mechanical properties of the developed composites, the dynamic stiffness significantly improved across all tested waste incorporation levels. This finding highlights the potential of these composites as an alternative material for impact noise insulation in flooring systems. From an academic perspective, this research advances knowledge on the application of ACW in cement-based composites for construction. In terms of managerial contributions, two key market opportunities emerge: (1) the commercial exploitation of composites produced with ELV carpet waste and (2) the development of a network of environmental service providers to ensure a stable waste supply chain for innovative and sustainable products. Both strategies contribute to reducing landfill disposal and mitigating the environmental impact of ELV waste, reinforcing the principles of the circular economy. Full article
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12 pages, 398 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Microhardness and Depth of Cure of Six Bulk-Fill Resin Composites
by Tomislav Skrinjaric, Kristina Gorseta, Jelena Bagaric, Petra Bucevic Sojcic, Jakov Stojanovic and Luc A. M. Marks
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080418 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background. Physicomechanical properties and clinical service of bulk-fill composites depend on their adequate polymerization and depth of cure. Some manufacturers claim that these composites can be adequately cured when used in bulks exceeding 4 mm. Objective. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.
Background. Physicomechanical properties and clinical service of bulk-fill composites depend on their adequate polymerization and depth of cure. Some manufacturers claim that these composites can be adequately cured when used in bulks exceeding 4 mm. Objective. The aim of this study was to compare Vickers microhardness (VMH) and depth of cure (DOC) of six contemporary bulk-fill resin composites at depths of 4 mm and 6 mm. Material and methods. Six bulk-fill composites were evaluated in this study: 1. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), (TEC); 2. Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (3M ESPE Dental Products Division, St. Paul, MN, USA), (FBF); 3. Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M ESPE Dental Products Division, St. Paul, MN, USA, (FOB); 4. SonicFill 2 (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA), (SF2); 5. Admira Fusion X-tra (Voco, GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), (AFX); 6. GrandioSO X-tra (Voco, GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), (GSX). The 18 specimens (3 of each composite) were prepared in split Teflon moulds of 4 mm diameter and 6 mm thickness. All composites were cured in standard mode for 20 s using LED LCU (D-Light Duo, RF-Pharmaceuticals Sarl, Geneva, Switzerland; 1200–1300 mW/cm). The VMH was measured using a digital Micro Hardness Tester Shimadzu (HMV-2T E, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). A 50 g (0.5 N) load force was applied for 30 s. Each specimen was measured at five places selected by chance at each level (N = 15). The hardness ratio or DOC was calculated for all samples as the ratio of bottom and surface microhardness at levels of 4 and 6 mm. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results. Significant reduction in VMH was observed for all tested materials when comparing top surface and bottom (p < 0.01). The highest VMH was obtained for GSX and AFX, and the lowest for TEC. The results show that the degree of polymerization was adequate for all tested materials at a depth of 6 mm, since the hardness ratio exceeded 0.80 in all cases. The hardness ratio at 4 mm was high for all tested composites ranging from 0.91 for TEC to 0.98 for GSX. All composites showed adequate DOC at the bottom of the 6 mm bulk samples. However, the hardness ratio was the highest for Admira Fusion X-tra (0.96) and GrandioSO X-tra (0.97). Conclusions. All tested materials showed a significant decrease in microhardness from the top surface to the bottom. The DOC was adequate for all bulk-fill composites at a depth of 6 mm cured under standard mode for 20 s. All bulk-fill resin composites evaluated in this study can be used in bulk, up to 6 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Direct and Indirect Dental Composite Restorations)
23 pages, 2081 KiB  
Article
Rapid Soil Tests for Assessing Soil Health
by Jan Adriaan Reijneveld and Oene Oenema
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8669; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158669 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Soil testing has long been used to optimize fertilization and crop production. More recently, soil health testing has emerged to reflect the growing interest in soil multifunctionality and ecosystem services. Soil health encompasses physical, chemical, and biological properties that support ecosystem functions and [...] Read more.
Soil testing has long been used to optimize fertilization and crop production. More recently, soil health testing has emerged to reflect the growing interest in soil multifunctionality and ecosystem services. Soil health encompasses physical, chemical, and biological properties that support ecosystem functions and sustainable agriculture. Despite its relevance to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 13, and 15), comprehensive soil health testing is not widely practiced due to complexity and cost. The aim of the study presented here was to contribute to the further development, implementation, and testing of an integrated procedure for soil health assessment in practice. We developed and tested a rapid, standardized soil health assessment tool that combines near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multi-nutrient 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction with Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy analysis. The tool evaluates a wide range of soil characteristics with high accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.88 for most parameters) and has been evaluated across more than 15 countries, including those in Europe, China, New Zealand, and Vietnam. The results are compiled into a soil health indicator report with tailored management advice and a five-level ABCDE score. In a Dutch test set, 6% of soils scored A (optimal), while 2% scored E (degraded). This scalable tool supports land users, agrifood industries, and policymakers in advancing sustainable soil management and evidence-based environmental policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Analysis in Different Ecosystems)
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20 pages, 2225 KiB  
Article
Network Saturation: Key Indicator for Profitability and Sensitivity Analyses of PRT and GRT Systems
by Joerg Schweizer, Giacomo Bernieri and Federico Rupi
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030104 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) and Group Rapid Transit (GRT) are classes of fully automated public transport systems, where passengers can travel in small vehicles on an interconnected, grade-separated network of guideways, non-stop, from origin to destination. PRT and GRT are considered sustainable as [...] Read more.
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) and Group Rapid Transit (GRT) are classes of fully automated public transport systems, where passengers can travel in small vehicles on an interconnected, grade-separated network of guideways, non-stop, from origin to destination. PRT and GRT are considered sustainable as they are low-emission and able to attract car drivers. The parameterized cost modeling framework developed in this paper has the advantage that profitability of different PRT/GRT systems can be rapidly verified in a transparent way and in function of a variety of relevant system parameters. This framework may contribute to a more transparent, rapid, and low-cost evaluation of PRT/GRT schemes for planning and decision-making purposes. The main innovation is the introduction of the “peak hour network saturation” S: the number of vehicles in circulation during peak hour divided by the maximum number of vehicles running at line speed with minimum time headways. It is an index that aggregates the main uncertainties in the planning process, namely the demand level relative to the supply level. Furthermore, a maximum S can be estimated for a PRT/GRT project, even without a detailed demand estimation. The profit per trip is analytically derived based on S and a series of more certain parameters, such as fares, capital and maintenance costs, daily demand curve, empty vehicle share, and physical properties of the system. To demonstrate the ability of the framework to analyze profitability in function of various parameters, we apply the methods to a single vehicle PRT, a platooned PRT, and a mixed PRT/GRT. The results show that PRT services with trip length proportional fares could be profitable already for S>0.25. The PRT capacity, profitability, and robustness to tripled infrastructure costs can be increased by vehicle platooning or GRT service during peak hours. Full article
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21 pages, 6166 KiB  
Article
Effect of Thermal Cycles on the Compressive Properties of 3D-Printed Polymeric Lattice-Reinforced Cement-Based Materials
by Can Tang, Yujie Zhou, Jing Qiao, Humaira Kanwal, Guoqian Song and Wenfeng Hao
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152137 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Existing studies have shown that placing 3D-printed lattices in cement matrices can effectively improve the ductility of cement-based composites. However, the influence of thermal fatigue effect on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed lattice-reinforced cement-based composites during service remains to be studied. In this [...] Read more.
Existing studies have shown that placing 3D-printed lattices in cement matrices can effectively improve the ductility of cement-based composites. However, the influence of thermal fatigue effect on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed lattice-reinforced cement-based composites during service remains to be studied. In this paper, cement-based materials without lattices were used as the control group, and the uniaxial compressive mechanical properties of 3D-printed lattice-reinforced cement-based composites after thermal fatigue treatment under a temperature difference of 60 °C were tested. The number of thermal fatigue cycles was set to 45, 90, and 145 times, respectively. During the test, two non-destructive testing technologies, AE and DIC, were used to analyze the strength degradation and deformation law of 3D-printed lattice-reinforced cement-based composites with the increase in cycles. AE adopted the threshold triggering mode, and the channel threshold was 100 mv. The experiment showed that the compressive strength of the control group after 45, 90, and 145 thermal cycles decreased to 72.47% and 49.44% of that of the specimen after 45 thermal cycles, respectively. The strength of RO lattices decreased to 91.07% and 82.14% of that of the specimen after 45 thermal cycles, respectively, while the strength of SO lattices decreased to 83.27% and 77.96% of that of the specimen after 45 thermal cycles, respectively. The compressive strengths of the two types of lattices were higher than that of the control group after three cycles, indicating that 3D-printed lattices can effectively mitigate the influence of environmental thermal fatigue on the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials and Their Application in 3D Printing, 2nd Edition)
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28 pages, 6199 KiB  
Article
Dual Chaotic Diffusion Framework for Multimodal Biometric Security Using Qi Hyperchaotic System
by Tresor Lisungu Oteko and Kingsley A. Ogudo
Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081231 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
The proliferation of biometric technology across various domains including user identification, financial services, healthcare, security, law enforcement, and border control introduces convenience in user identity verification while necessitating robust protection mechanisms for sensitive biometric data. While chaos-based encryption systems offer promising solutions, many [...] Read more.
The proliferation of biometric technology across various domains including user identification, financial services, healthcare, security, law enforcement, and border control introduces convenience in user identity verification while necessitating robust protection mechanisms for sensitive biometric data. While chaos-based encryption systems offer promising solutions, many existing chaos-based encryption schemes exhibit inherent shortcomings including deterministic randomness and constrained key spaces, often failing to balance security robustness with computational efficiency. To address this, we propose a novel dual-layer cryptographic framework leveraging a four-dimensional (4D) Qi hyperchaotic system for protecting biometric templates and facilitating secure feature matching operations. The framework implements a two-tier encryption mechanism where each layer independently utilizes a Qi hyperchaotic system to generate unique encryption parameters, ensuring template-specific encryption patterns that enhance resistance against chosen-plaintext attacks. The framework performs dimensional normalization of input biometric templates, followed by image pixel shuffling to permutate pixel positions before applying dual-key encryption using the Qi hyperchaotic system and XOR diffusion operations. Templates remain encrypted in storage, with decryption occurring only during authentication processes, ensuring continuous security while enabling biometric verification. The proposed system’s framework demonstrates exceptional randomness properties, validated through comprehensive NIST Statistical Test Suite analysis, achieving statistical significance across all 15 tests with p-values consistently above 0.01 threshold. Comprehensive security analysis reveals outstanding metrics: entropy values exceeding 7.99 bits, a key space of 10320, negligible correlation coefficients (<102), and robust differential attack resistance with an NPCR of 99.60% and a UACI of 33.45%. Empirical evaluation, on standard CASIA Face and Iris databases, demonstrates practical computational efficiency, achieving average encryption times of 0.50913s per user template for 256 × 256 images. Comparative analysis against other state-of-the-art encryption schemes verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed scheme and demonstrates our framework’s superior performance in both security metrics and computational efficiency. Our findings contribute to the advancement of biometric template protection methodologies, offering a balanced performance between security robustness and operational efficiency required in real-world deployment scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Symmetric Cryptography)
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20 pages, 3145 KiB  
Article
Determination of Dynamic Elastic Properties of 3D-Printed Nylon 12CF Using Impulse Excitation of Vibration
by Pedro F. Garcia, Armando Ramalho, Joel C. Vasco, Rui B. Ruben and Carlos Capela
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2135; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152135 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Material Extrusion (MEX) process is increasingly used to fabricate components for structural applications, driven by the availability of advanced materials and greater industrial adoption. In these contexts, understanding the mechanical performance of printed parts is crucial. However, conventional methods for assessing anisotropic elastic [...] Read more.
Material Extrusion (MEX) process is increasingly used to fabricate components for structural applications, driven by the availability of advanced materials and greater industrial adoption. In these contexts, understanding the mechanical performance of printed parts is crucial. However, conventional methods for assessing anisotropic elastic behavior often rely on expensive equipment and time-consuming procedures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the impulse excitation of vibration (IEV) in characterizing the dynamic mechanical properties of a 3D-printed composite material. Tensile tests were also performed to compare quasi-static properties with the dynamic ones obtained through IEV. The tested material, Nylon 12CF, contains 35% short carbon fibers by weight and is commercially available from Stratasys. It is used in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, a Material Extrusion technology, and exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties. This is further reinforced by the filament deposition process, which affects the mechanical response of printed parts. Young’s modulus obtained in the direction perpendicular to the deposition plane (E33), obtained via IEV, was 14.77% higher than the value in the technical datasheet. Comparing methods, the Young’s modulus obtained in the deposition plane, in an inclined direction of 45 degrees in relation to the deposition direction (E45), showed a 22.95% difference between IEV and tensile tests, while Poisson’s ratio in the deposition plane (v12) differed by 6.78%. This data is critical for designing parts subject to demanding service conditions, and the results obtained (orthotropic elastic properties) can be used in finite element simulation software. Ultimately, this work reinforces the potential of the IEV method as an accessible and consistent alternative for characterizing the anisotropic properties of components produced through additive manufacturing (AM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Composites)
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13 pages, 2517 KiB  
Article
A Framework for the Dynamic Mapping of Precipitations Using Open-Source 3D WebGIS Technology
by Marcello La Guardia, Antonio Angrisano and Giuseppe Mussumeci
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030040 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Climate change represents one of the main challenges of this century. The hazards generated by this process are various and involve territorial assets all over the globe. Hydrogeological risk represents one of these aspects, and the violence of rain precipitations has led experts [...] Read more.
Climate change represents one of the main challenges of this century. The hazards generated by this process are various and involve territorial assets all over the globe. Hydrogeological risk represents one of these aspects, and the violence of rain precipitations has led experts to focus their interest on the study of geotechnical assets in relation to these dangerous weather events. At the same time, geospatial representation in 3D WebGIS based on open-source solutions led specialists to employ this kind of technology to remotely analyze and monitor territorial events considering different sources of information. This study considers the construction of a 3D WebGIS framework for the real-time management of geospatial information developed with open-source technologies applied to the dynamic mapping of precipitation in the metropolitan area of Palermo (Italy) based on real-time weather station acquisitions. The structure considered is a WebGIS platform developed with Cesium.js JavaScript libraries, the Postgres database, Geoserver and Mapserver geospatial servers, and the Anaconda Python platform for activating real-time data connections using Python scripts. This framework represents a basic geospatial digital twin structure useful to municipalities, civil protection services, and firefighters for land management and for activating any preventive operations to ensure territorial safety. Furthermore, the open-source nature of the platform favors the free diffusion of this solution, avoiding expensive applications based on property software. The components of the framework are available and shared using GitHub. Full article
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17 pages, 6127 KiB  
Article
Road Performance and Modification Mechanism of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate-Modified Asphalt
by Ruiduo Li, Menghao Wang, Dingbin Tan, Yuzhou Sun, Liqin Li, Yanzhao Yuan and Fengzhan Mu
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080902 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
The incorporation of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a modifier for asphalt presents a promising approach to addressing the environmental pollution associated with waste plastics while simultaneously extending the service life of road surfaces. This study investigates the fundamental physical properties and rheological [...] Read more.
The incorporation of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a modifier for asphalt presents a promising approach to addressing the environmental pollution associated with waste plastics while simultaneously extending the service life of road surfaces. This study investigates the fundamental physical properties and rheological properties of asphalt modified with waste PET at both high and low temperatures. Utilizing the theory of fractional derivatives, performance evaluation indicators, such as the deformation factor and viscoelasticity factor, have been developed for the assessment of waste PET-modified asphalt. The underlying mechanism of this modification was examined through scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the addition of waste PET enhances the high-temperature stability of the base asphalt but reduces its resistance to cracking at low temperatures. The fractional derivative model effectively describes the dynamic shear rheological properties of waste PET-modified asphalt, achieving a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.99991. Considering the performance of modified asphalt at both high and low temperatures, the optimal concentration of waste PET was determined to be 6%. At this concentration, the minimum creep stiffness of the PET-modified asphalt was approximately 155 MPa at −6 °C. Additionally, the rutting factor of the waste PET-modified asphalt achieved a maximum value of 527.12 KPa at 52 °C. The interaction between waste PET and base asphalt was primarily physical, with mutual adsorption leading to the formation of a spatial network structure that enhanced the deformation resistance of the asphalt. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for the engineering application of waste PET as a modifier in asphalt. Full article
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44 pages, 2693 KiB  
Article
Managing Surcharge Risk in Strategic Fleet Deployment: A Partial Relaxed MIP Model Framework with a Case Study on China-Built Ships
by Yanmeng Tao, Ying Yang and Shuaian Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8582; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158582 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 132
Abstract
Container liner shipping companies operate within a complex environment where they must balance profitability and service reliability. Meanwhile, evolving regulatory policies, such as surcharges imposed on ships of a particular origin or type on specific trade lanes, introduce new operational challenges. This study [...] Read more.
Container liner shipping companies operate within a complex environment where they must balance profitability and service reliability. Meanwhile, evolving regulatory policies, such as surcharges imposed on ships of a particular origin or type on specific trade lanes, introduce new operational challenges. This study addresses the heterogeneous ship routing and demand acceptance problem, aiming to maximize two conflicting objectives: weekly profit and total transport volume. We formulate the problem as a bi-objective mixed-integer programming model and prove that the ship chartering constraint matrix is totally unimodular, enabling the reformulation of the model into a partially relaxed MIP that preserves optimality while improving computational efficiency. We further analyze key mathematical properties showing that the Pareto frontier consists of a finite union of continuous, piecewise linear segments but is generally non-convex with discontinuities. A case study based on a realistic liner shipping network confirms the model’s effectiveness in capturing the trade-off between profit and transport volume. Sensitivity analyses show that increasing freight rates enables higher profits without large losses in volume. Notably, this paper provides a practical risk management framework for shipping companies to enhance their adaptability under shifting regulatory landscapes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk and Safety of Maritime Transportation)
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14 pages, 6773 KiB  
Article
MoTiCo Conversion Coating on 7075 Aluminium Alloy Surface: Preparation, Corrosion Resistance Analysis, and Application in Outdoor Sports Equipment Trekking Poles
by Yiqun Wang, Feng Huang and Xuzheng Qian
Metals 2025, 15(8), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15080864 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 117
Abstract
The problem of protecting 7075 Al alloy trekking poles from corrosion in complex outdoor environments was addressed using a composite conversion coating system. This system comprised Na2MoO4, NaF, CoSO4·7H2O, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-2Na, and H2(TiF [...] Read more.
The problem of protecting 7075 Al alloy trekking poles from corrosion in complex outdoor environments was addressed using a composite conversion coating system. This system comprised Na2MoO4, NaF, CoSO4·7H2O, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-2Na, and H2(TiF6). The influences of this system on the properties of the coating layer were systematically studied by adjusting the pH of the coating solution. The conversion temperature and pH were the pivotal parameters influencing the formation of the conversion coating. The pH substantially influenced the compactness of the coating layer, acting as a regulatory agent of the coating kinetics. When the conversion temperature and pH were set to 40 °C and 3.8, respectively, the prepared coating layer displayed optimal performance in terms of compactness and protective properties. Therefore, this parameter combination favours the synthesis of high-performance conversion coatings. Microscopy confirmed the formation of a continuous, dense composite oxide film structure under these conditions, effectively blocking erosion in corrosive media. Furthermore, the optimised process led to substantial enhancements in the environmental adaptabilities and service lives of the components of trekking poles, thus establishing a theoretical foundation and technical reference for use in the surface protection of outdoor equipment. Full article
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35 pages, 575 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Interplay Between Juvenile Delinquency and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Social, Psychological, and Educational Aspects
by Márta Miklósi and Karolina Eszter Kovács
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081044 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 129
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, frequently observed in juvenile offenders. This systematic review explores the interplay between ADHD and juvenile delinquency, focusing on behavioural, psychological, and social dimensions. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic [...] Read more.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, frequently observed in juvenile offenders. This systematic review explores the interplay between ADHD and juvenile delinquency, focusing on behavioural, psychological, and social dimensions. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted using EBSCO Discovery Service, Science Direct, PubMed, and snowballing techniques. Studies meeting specific inclusion criteria, including juvenile offenders diagnosed with ADHD and comparisons to non-offender or non-ADHD control groups, were analysed. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. A total of 21 studies were included, highlighting significant associations between ADHD and juvenile delinquency. ADHD symptoms, especially impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, were linked to an earlier onset of offending and higher rates of property crimes. Comorbidities such as conduct disorder, substance use disorder, and depression exacerbated these behaviours. Sociodemographic factors like low education levels and adverse family environments were also critical modifiers. Early intervention and tailored treatment approaches were emphasised to address these challenges. The findings underscore the need for early diagnosis, individualised treatment, and integrative rehabilitation programmes within the juvenile justice system to mitigate long-term risks and promote social inclusion. Full article
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21 pages, 670 KiB  
Article
I-fp Convergence in Fuzzy Paranormed Spaces and Its Application to Robust Base-Stock Policies with Triangular Fuzzy Demand
by Muhammed Recai Türkmen and Hasan Öğünmez
Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2478; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152478 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
We introduce I-fp convergence (ideal convergence in fuzzy paranormed spaces) and develop its core theory, including stability results and an equivalence to I*-fp convergence under the AP Property. Building on this foundation, we design an adaptive base-stock policy for a single-echelon [...] Read more.
We introduce I-fp convergence (ideal convergence in fuzzy paranormed spaces) and develop its core theory, including stability results and an equivalence to I*-fp convergence under the AP Property. Building on this foundation, we design an adaptive base-stock policy for a single-echelon inventory system in which weekly demand is expressed as triangular fuzzy numbers while holiday or promotion weeks are treated as ideal-small anomalies. The policy is updated by a simple learning rule that can be implemented in any spreadsheet, requires no optimisation software, and remains insensitive to tuning choices. Extensive simulation confirms that the method simultaneously lowers cost, reduces average inventory and raises service level relative to a crisp benchmark, all while filtering sparse demand spikes in a principled way. These findings position I-fp convergence as a lightweight yet rigorous tool for blending linguistic uncertainty with anomaly-aware decision making in supply-chain analytics. Full article
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32 pages, 15216 KiB  
Article
Leveraging Soil Geography for Land Use Planning: Assessing and Mapping Soil Ecosystem Services Indicators in Emilia-Romagna, NE Italy
by Fabrizio Ungaro, Paola Tarocco and Costanza Calzolari
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030039 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 115
Abstract
An indicator-based approach was implemented to assess the contributions of soils in supplying ecosystem services, providing a scalable tool for modeling the spatial heterogeneity of soil functions at regional and local scales. The method consisted of (i) the definition of soil-based ecosystem services [...] Read more.
An indicator-based approach was implemented to assess the contributions of soils in supplying ecosystem services, providing a scalable tool for modeling the spatial heterogeneity of soil functions at regional and local scales. The method consisted of (i) the definition of soil-based ecosystem services (SESs), using available point data and thematic maps; (ii) the definition of appropriate SES indicators; (iii) the assessment and mapping of potential SESs provision for the Emilia-Romagna region (22.510 km2) in NE Italy. Depending on data availability and on the role played by terrain features and soil geography and its complexity, maps of basic soil characteristics (textural fractions, organic C content, and pH) covering the entire regional territory were produced at a 1 ha resolution using digital soil mapping techniques and geostatistical simulations to explicitly consider spatial variability. Soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity at saturation were derived using pedotransfer functions calibrated using local data and integrated with supplementary information such as land capability and remote sensing indices to derive the inputs for SES assessment. Eight SESs were mapped at 1:50,000 reference scale: buffering capacity, carbon sequestration, erosion control, food provision, biomass provision, water regulation, water storage, and habitat for soil biodiversity. The results are discussed and compared for the different pedolandscapes, identifying clear spatial patterns of soil functions and potential SES supply. Full article
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14 pages, 5622 KiB  
Article
Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Deformation Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of the γ/γ′ Superalloy with Different Phase Volume Fractions
by Xinmao Qin, Wanjun Yan, Yilong Liang and Fei Li
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080706 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 146
Abstract
Based on molecular dynamics simulation, we conducted a comprehensive study on the tensile behaviors and properties of the γ(Ni)/γ(Ni3Al) superalloy with varying γ(Ni3Al) phase volume fractions (Vγ) under high-temperature, [...] Read more.
Based on molecular dynamics simulation, we conducted a comprehensive study on the tensile behaviors and properties of the γ(Ni)/γ(Ni3Al) superalloy with varying γ(Ni3Al) phase volume fractions (Vγ) under high-temperature, high-strain-rate service environments. Our investigation revealed that the tensile behavior of the superalloy depends critically on the Vγ. When the Vγ increased from 13.5 to 67%, the system’s tensile strength exhibited a non-monotonic response, peaking at Vγ = 40.3% before progressively decreasing. Conversely, the maximum uniform plastic strain decreased linearly and significantly when Vγ increased. These results establish an atomistically informed framework that elucidates the composition–microstructure–property relationships in γ(Ni)/γ(Ni3Al) superalloys, specifically addressing how Vγ governs variations in deformation mechanisms and mechanical performance. Furthermore, this work provides quantitative design paradigm for optimizing γ(Ni3Al) precipitate architecture and compositional tuning in the Ni-based γ(Ni)/γ(Ni3Al) superalloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Alloys)
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