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Search Results (239)

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Keywords = postprandial blood glucose level

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14 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Gut Hormones and Postprandial Metabolic Effects of Isomaltulose vs. Saccharose Consumption in People with Metabolic Syndrome
by Jiudan Zhang, Dominik Sonnenburg, Stefan Kabisch, Stephan Theis, Margrit Kemper, Olga Pivovarova-Ramich, Domenico Tricò, Sascha Rohn and Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152539 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 184
Abstract
Background: Low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates like isomaltulose (ISO) are known to enhance incretin release and to improve postprandial glucose control at the following meal (an effect known as second meal effect, or SME), which is particularly beneficial for individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). [...] Read more.
Background: Low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates like isomaltulose (ISO) are known to enhance incretin release and to improve postprandial glucose control at the following meal (an effect known as second meal effect, or SME), which is particularly beneficial for individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to assess the most effective preprandial interval of ISO- or saccharose (SUC) snacks (1 h vs. 3 h preload) to enhance prandial incretin responses to a subsequent meal. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 15 participants with MetS completed four experimental conditions on four non-consecutive days, combining two preload types (ISO or SUC) and two preload timings (Intervention A: 3 h preload; Intervention B: 1 h preload). Specifically, the four conditions were (1) ISO + Intervention A, (2) SUC + Intervention A, (3) ISO + Intervention B, and (4) SUC + Intervention B. The order of conditions was randomized and separated by a 3–7-day washout period to minimize carryover effects. On each study day, participants consumed two mixed meal tests (MMT-1 and MMT-2) with a standardized preload (50 g ISO or SUC) administered either 3 h or 1 h prior to MMT-2. Blood samples were collected over 9 h at 15 predefined time points for analysis of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP, and PYY). Results: The unique digestion profile of ISO resulted in a blunted glucose ascent rate (ΔG/Δt: 0.28 vs. 0.53 mmol/L/min for SUC, p < 0.01), paralleled by synonyms PYY elevation over 540 min monitoring, compared with SUC. ISO also led to higher and more sustained GLP-1 and PYY levels, while SUC induced a stronger GIP response. Notably, the timing of ISO consumption significantly influenced PYY secretion, with the 3 h preload showing enhanced PYY responses and a more favorable SME compared to the 1 h preload. Conclusions: ISO, particularly when consumed 3 h before a meal (vs. 1 h), offers significant advantages over SUC by elevating PYY levels, blunting the glucose ascent rate, and sustaining GLP-1 release. This synergy enhances the second meal effect, suggesting ISO’s potential for managing postprandial glycemic excursions in MetS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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33 pages, 1782 KiB  
Review
Synthalin, Buformin, Phenformin, and Metformin: A Century of Intestinal “Glucose Excretion” as Oral Antidiabetic Strategy in Overweight/Obese Patients
by Giuliano Pasquale Ramadori
Livers 2025, 5(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers5030035 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 118
Abstract
After the first release of synthalin B (dodecamethylenbiguanide) in 1928 and its later retraction in the 1940s in Germany, the retraction of phenformin (N-Phenethylbiguanide) and of Buformin in the USA (but not outside) because of the lethal complication of acidosis seemed to have [...] Read more.
After the first release of synthalin B (dodecamethylenbiguanide) in 1928 and its later retraction in the 1940s in Germany, the retraction of phenformin (N-Phenethylbiguanide) and of Buformin in the USA (but not outside) because of the lethal complication of acidosis seemed to have put an end to the era of the biguanides as oral antidiabetics. The strongly hygroscopic metformin (1-1-dimethylbiguanide), first synthesized 1922 and resuscitated as an oral antidiabetic (type 2 of the elderly) compound first released in 1959 in France and in other European countries, was used in the first large multicenter prospective long-term trial in England in the UKPDS (1977–1997). It was then released in the USA after a short-term prospective trial in healthy overweight “young” type 2 diabetics (mean age 53 years) in 1995 for oral treatment of type 2 diabetes. It was, however, prescribed to mostly multimorbid older patients (above 60–65 years of age). Metformin is now the most used oral drug for type 2 diabetes worldwide. While intravenous administration of biguanides does not have any glucose-lowering effect, their oral administration leads to enormous increase in their intestinal concentration (up to 300-fold compared to that measured in the blood), to reduced absorption of glucose from the diet, to increased excretion of glucose through the stool, and to decrease in insulin serum level through increased hepatic uptake and decreased production. Intravenously injected F18-labeled glucose in metformin-treated type 2 diabetics accumulates in the small and even more in the large intestine. The densitometry picture observed in metformin-treated overweight diabetics is like that observed in patients after bowel-cleansing or chronically taking different types of laxatives, where the accumulated radioactivity can even reach values observed in colon cancer. The glucose-lowering mechanism of action of metformin is therefore not only due to inhibition of glucose uptake in the small intestine but also to “attraction” of glucose from the hepatocyte into the intestine, possibly through the insulin-mediated uptake in the hepatocyte and its secretion into the bile. Furthermore, these compounds have also a diuretic effect (loss of sodium and water in the urine) Acute gastrointestinal side effects accompanied by fluid loss often lead to the drugs’ dose reduction and strongly limit adherence to therapy. Main long-term consequences are “chronic” dehydration, deficiency of vitamin B12 and of iron, and, as observed for all the biguanides, to “chronic” increase in fasting and postprandial lactate plasma level as a laboratory marker of a clinical condition characterized by hypotension, oliguria, adynamia, and evident lactic acidosis. Metformin is not different from the other biguanides: synthalin B, buformin, and phenformin. The mechanism of action of the biguanides as antihyperglycemic substances and their side effects are comparable if not even stronger (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fluid loss) to those of laxatives. Full article
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17 pages, 1908 KiB  
Article
BDE-47 Disrupts Gut Microbiota and Exacerbates Prediabetic Conditions in Mice: Therapeutic Potential of Grape Exosomes and Antioxidants
by Zaoling Liu, Fang Cao, Aerna Qiayimaerdan, Nilupaer Aisikaer, Zulipiya Zunong, Xiaodie Ma and Yale Yu
Toxics 2025, 13(8), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080640 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 222
Abstract
Background: BDE-47, a pervasive environmental pollutant detected in >90% of human serum samples, is increasingly linked to metabolic disorders. This study investigates the specific impact of BDE-47 exposure on the gut microbiota in prediabetic mice and evaluates the efficacy of therapeutic interventions [...] Read more.
Background: BDE-47, a pervasive environmental pollutant detected in >90% of human serum samples, is increasingly linked to metabolic disorders. This study investigates the specific impact of BDE-47 exposure on the gut microbiota in prediabetic mice and evaluates the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in mitigating these effects. Objectives: To determine whether BDE-47 exposure induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice and to assess whether dietary interventions, such as grape exosomes and an antioxidant cocktail, can restore a healthy microbiota composition and mitigate diabetes risk. Methods: In this study, a prediabetic mouse model was established in 54 male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice through a combination of high-sugar and high-fat diet feeding with streptozotocin injection. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted on day 7 and day 21 post-modeling to assess the establishment of the model. The criteria for successful model induction were defined as fasting blood glucose levels below 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h postprandial glucose levels between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/L. Following confirmation of model success, a 3 × 3 factorial design was applied to allocate the experimental animals into groups based on two independent factors: BDE-47 exposure and exosome intervention. The BDE-47 exposure factor consisted of three dose levels—none, high-dose, and medium-dose—while the exosome intervention factor included three modalities—none, Antioxidant Nutrients Intervention, and Grape Exosomes Intervention. Fresh fecal samples were collected from mice two days prior to sacrifice. Cecal contents and segments of the small intestine were collected and transferred into 1.5 mL cryotubes. All sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on defined similarity thresholds. To compare means across multiple groups, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. The significance level was predefined at α = 0.05, and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Bar charts and line graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism version 9.0 software, while statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: The results of 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of the microbiome showed that there was no difference in the α diversity of the intestinal microbiota in each group of mice (p > 0.05), but there was a difference in the Beta diversity (p < 0.05). At the gate level, the abundances of Proteobacteria, Campylobacterota, Desulfobacterota, and Fusobacteriota in the medium-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patellar bacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Planctomycetota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Campylobacterota in the grape exosome group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteriota in the antioxidant nutrient group was higher than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Patescibacteria was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Bacteroides and unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the high-dose BDE-7 group were higher than those in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Veillonella and Helicobacter in the medium-dose BDE-7 group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus was lower (p < 0.05). The abundance of genera such as Lentilactobacillus and Faecalibacterium in the grape exosome group was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Alloprevotella and Bacteroides was lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). In the antioxidant nutrient group, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Hydrogenophaga was higher than that in the model control group (p < 0.05). However, the abundance of Akkermansia and Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002 was significantly lower than that of the model control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: BDE-47 induces diabetogenic dysbiosis in prediabetic mice, which is reversible by dietary interventions. These findings suggest that microbiota-targeted strategies may effectively mitigate the diabetes risk associated with environmental pollutant exposure. Future studies should further explore the mechanisms underlying these microbiota changes and the long-term health benefits of such interventions. Full article
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17 pages, 5515 KiB  
Article
Hypoglycemic Effects of Silphium perfoliatum L. In Vitro and In Vivo and Its Active Composition Identification by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS
by Guoying Zhang, Liying Liu, Wenjing Jia, Luya Wang, Jihong Tao, Wei Zhang, Huilan Yue, Dejun Zhang and Xiaohui Zhao
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081087 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 260
Abstract
Background: Reducing postprandial blood glucose (PBG) is a crucial strategy for treating diabetes and minimizing the risk of complications. Developing efficient and safe α-glycosidase inhibitors from natural products to lower PBG has attracted much attention. Silphium perfoliatum L. (SP), a traditional herbal [...] Read more.
Background: Reducing postprandial blood glucose (PBG) is a crucial strategy for treating diabetes and minimizing the risk of complications. Developing efficient and safe α-glycosidase inhibitors from natural products to lower PBG has attracted much attention. Silphium perfoliatum L. (SP), a traditional herbal medicine of North American Indigenous tribes, has efficacy of treating metabolic diseases, but its hypoglycemic activity and bioactive components have not been fully studied. Methods: In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and in vivo sucrose/maltose/starch tolerance assays were performed to assess the hypoglycemic effects of SP extracts, and UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS analysis was used to tentatively identify its chemical structure composition. In vitro enzyme inhibition and molecular docking were used to verify the effective ingredients. Results: In vitro hypoglycemic activities of four extracts of SP (SP-10/SP-40/SP-60/SP-C) showed that SP-10 exhibited strong α-glucosidase (sucrase and maltase) inhibitory effects with IC50 of 67.81 μg/mL and 62.99 μg/mL, respectively. Carbohydrate tolerance assays demonstrated that SP-10 could significantly reduce the PBG levels of diabetic mice, with a significant hypoglycemic effect at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. A total of 26 constituents, including 11 caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) and 15 flavonol glycosides, were tentatively identified by mainly analyzing secondary MS fragmentation. Moreover, three CQAs rich in SP-10, namely chlorogenic acid (CGA), neochlorogenic acid (NCGA), and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCGA), may be the main hypoglycemic substances, as evidenced by their inhibitory effects on sucrase and maltase. Conclusions: The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of SP extract both in vitro and in vivo and its active ingredients were systematically studied for the first time. Results indicated that SP extract, rich in CQAs, had significant hypoglycemic activity, supporting the considerable potential of SP as hypoglycemic functional food or cost-effective therapeutic agents for diabetes treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
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14 pages, 841 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Postprandial-Hyperglycemia-Suppressing Effects and Safety of Short-Term Intake of Mulberry Leaf and Water Chestnut Tea: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
by Yuya Shinkawa, Midori Yasuda, Yuichiro Nishida, Mikiko Tokiya, Yusuke Takagi, Akiko Matsumoto, Atsushi Kawaguchi and Megumi Hara
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142308 - 13 Jul 2025
Viewed by 523
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, even in healthy individuals. Kanzaki mulberry leaf and water chestnut tea (MW tea), a blend of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves and water chestnut (Trapa japonica) leaves [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, even in healthy individuals. Kanzaki mulberry leaf and water chestnut tea (MW tea), a blend of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves and water chestnut (Trapa japonica) leaves and husks, is rich in polyphenols and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and may suppress postprandial glucose spikes, but evidence regarding its short-term daily intake is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the postprandial glycemic response and safety of two-week MW tea consumption using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover trial involving 31 participants. Each intervention period lasted two weeks, separated by a one-week washout. Participants consumed either MW tea or a placebo before meals. Interstitial glucose levels were measured every 15 min using CGM. Postprandial glucose responses were recorded every 15 min for 180 min after a standardized meal on the first day of each period. The primary outcome was the coefficient of variation (CV) in glucose levels, calculated using data from the central 10 days of each intervention period. Safety was assessed using CGM-derived hypoglycemia metrics and blood test results. Results: The CV of glucose levels during the MW tea period was significantly lower than during the placebo period (mean difference: 0.02, p = 0.0006). A significant reduction in 1 h postprandial glucose area under the curve was also observed. No significant differences were found in hypoglycemia occurrence, liver/renal/inflammatory markers, or self-reported adverse symptoms. Notably, 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels significantly increased during MW tea intake, suggesting improved glycemic control. Conclusions: Short-term consumption of Kanzaki MW tea effectively suppressed postprandial glucose variability without safety concerns. These findings support MW tea as a promising natural supplement for glycemic management and the prevention of diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)
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15 pages, 671 KiB  
Article
The Hypoglycaemic Effects of the New Zealand Pine Bark Extract on Sucrose Uptake and Glycaemic Responses in Healthy Adults—A Single-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
by Wen Xin Janice Lim, Rachel A. Page, Cheryl S. Gammon and Paul J. Moughan
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142277 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
Background: The New Zealand pine bark has been demonstrated in vitro to inhibit digestive enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4)). Objective: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of the New Zealand pine bark on sucrose uptake [...] Read more.
Background: The New Zealand pine bark has been demonstrated in vitro to inhibit digestive enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4)). Objective: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of the New Zealand pine bark on sucrose uptake and glycaemic responses in humans. Methods: A single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was carried out involving healthy adults (n = 40 (M: 12, F: 28), 30.1 ± 1.3 years, BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2, HbA1c 32.5 ± 0.6 mmol/mol, FBG 4.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L). A control (75 g of sucrose powder only), and two doses of the pine bark extract (50 and 400 mg) were provided on separate occasions, with 75 g of sucrose mixed in 250 mL of water. Blood samples were collected at −10, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min via a finger prick test. A linear mixed model for repeated measures (SPSS v30, IBM) was applied, and data presented as model-adjusted mean ± SEM. Results: Compared to control (247.5 ± 14.0 mmol/L⋅min), the iAUCglucose was significantly reduced with the 400 mg dose (211.8 ± 13.9 mmol/L⋅min, 14.4% reduction, and p = 0.037), but not with 50 mg dose (220.8 ± 14.2 mmol/L⋅min, 10.8% reduction, and p = 0.184). Compared to control (9.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L), glucose peak value was significantly reduced with the 50 mg dose (8.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L, 5.5% reduction, and p = 0.016) but not with the 400 mg dose (8.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L, 4.4% reduction, and p = 0.093). There were no statistically significant changes in postprandial insulin levels with the pine bark extract compared to control. Conclusions: The New Zealand pine bark extract attenuated sucrose uptake with improved glycaemic responses, and may therefore be useful as a hypoglycaemic adjunct to the diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2332 KiB  
Article
Serum Levels of Nε-(Carboxymethyl)-Lysine in Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Rositsa Tsekovska, Evan Gatev, Roumyana Mironova, Simona Kerezieva, Siyana Ilieva, Teodora Ilieva, Bilyana Vasileva, Toshimitsu Niwa, Daniela Popova and Vasil Vasilev
Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071672 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Background: Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML) is formed in the human body by non-enzymatically driven reactions including glycation, oxidation, and lipoxidation. CML is a ubiquitous product of normal physiology, but its levels are increased under disease conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and [...] Read more.
Background: Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML) is formed in the human body by non-enzymatically driven reactions including glycation, oxidation, and lipoxidation. CML is a ubiquitous product of normal physiology, but its levels are increased under disease conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Free CML is eliminated from the human body mainly through kidney excretion, and its accumulation in the kidney tissue is linked to CKD pathogenesis. Aim: The main goal of this study was to evaluate the relative contribution of CKD and Type 2 DM (T2DM) to the accumulation of CML in patients’ sera. Methods: The study included 22 patients with CKD without DM, 55 with CKD and comorbid T2DM, and 21 with T2DM without CKD. Serum CML levels were measured by ELISA. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect differences among groups. Spearman correlation analysis was performed, and the one-tailed Dunn test was considered to indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results: The median serum CML levels (CKD, 658.4 ± 434.3 ng/mL; CKD + T2DM, 431.3 ± 327.9 ng/mL; T2DM, 273.9 ± 134.2 ng/mL) differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the three patient groups. A positive correlation was observed between serum CML and microalbuminuria (p = 0.004; r = 0.58), proteinuria (p = 0.002; r = 0.6), and age (p = 0.007; r = 0.52) only in the CKD patients. In all T2DM patients, independent of CKD status, serum CML correlated negatively (p < 0.05) with postprandial glucose and duration of diabetes, while its correlation with fasting glucose and HbA1c was negative only in the T2DM cohort without CKD. Conclusions: In patients with CKD, higher levels of CML were observed compared to those with T2DM. Serum CML correlated positively with proteinuria, albuminuria, and patient age in non-diabetic CKD patients, and negatively with blood glucose, HbA1c, and DM duration of T2DM in patients without CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetic Nephropathy and Diabetic Atherosclerosis)
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19 pages, 549 KiB  
Viewpoint
On Gastronomic Jurisprudence and Judicial Wellness as a Matter of Competence
by Alan C. Logan, Colleen M. Berryessa, Pragya Mishra and Susan L. Prescott
Laws 2025, 14(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14030039 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2735
Abstract
For over a century, critics have postulated that a judge’s state of hunger or post-prandial mental state is a determinant of judicial outcomes. This idea, known in contemporary discourse as the ‘judicial breakfast,’ is used as a surrogate of the larger ways in [...] Read more.
For over a century, critics have postulated that a judge’s state of hunger or post-prandial mental state is a determinant of judicial outcomes. This idea, known in contemporary discourse as the ‘judicial breakfast,’ is used as a surrogate of the larger ways in which biases, even if the individual is not aware of them, influence judicial outcomes. In 2011, the publication of a landmark study paired parole decisions with judicial meal breaks, inviting a literal interpretation of the judicial breakfast. Since that publication, the literature on nutritional neuropsychology has grown rapidly. The findings of these studies are highly relevant to judges experiencing high stress levels, including workload demands and activities within the adversarial system. This stress represents significant harm to an individual judge’s wellbeing, and based on updated findings within neuropsychology, has potential relevance to judicial outcomes. Emergent research indicates that dietary choices and blood/brain glucose have the potential to act as important mediators of decision-making under conditions of stress and fatigue. With proper evidence-based attention, we can better understand the extent to which diet and lifestyle can positively influence judicial wellness and, by extension, support or refute the longstanding assumptions surrounding the “hungry judge effect” and gastronomic jurisprudence. Full article
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13 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Do the Types of Dietary Carbohydrate and Protein Affect Postprandial Glycemia in Type 1 Diabetes?
by Xinyi Li, Alice Wainwright, Chantelle Z. Fio, Shannon Brodie, Kylie Alexander, Margaret McGill, Sally-Anne Duke, Gregory Fulcher, Stephen Twigg, Jencia Wong, Jennie Brand-Miller, Garry M. Steil and Kirstine J. Bell
Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111868 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dietary protein and carbohydrate affect postprandial glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This paper aimed to determine the relationship between the types of dietary protein (Study 1) and carbohydrate (glycemic index; GI, Study 2) and postprandial glycemia. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dietary protein and carbohydrate affect postprandial glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This paper aimed to determine the relationship between the types of dietary protein (Study 1) and carbohydrate (glycemic index; GI, Study 2) and postprandial glycemia. Methods: Two acute randomized crossover trials were conducted in adults with T1D comparing postprandial glycemia for test meals varying by protein type (n = 16 adults; 5 meals: egg, beef, chicken, salmon or whey (all 30 g protein), each served with fried rice (45 g carbohydrate) or GI (n = 8 adults, high or low GI bread, GI 52% vs. 76%) with peanut butter (19 g protein, 30 g fat). Insulin was dosed based on usual individualized insulin: carbohydrate ratio and capillary blood glucose levels (BGL) measured from 30 min pre- to 5 h postprandially in 15–30 min intervals. Results: Study 1: Postprandial glycemia varied over an almost 2-fold range, however responses were highly variable and there were no significant differences between sources (iAUCglucose Chicken: 203 ± 66 mmol·min/L, Egg: 263 ± 100 mmol·min/L, Beef: 309 ± 89 mmol·min/L, Salmon: 338 ± 83 mmol·min/L and Whey: 397 ± 115 mmol·min/L respectively, p > 0.05). Hypoglycemia (≤3.5 mmol/L) occurred at least once per protein type (chicken: 6/16 participants, egg 2/16, beef 3/16, salmon 1/16, whey 2/16). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of hypoglycemia between protein sources (p > 0.05). Study 2: Postprandial glucose response curves were virtually identical for high GI and low GI, and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose was not statistically significant after 1 h (p = 0.185), 3 h (p = 0.538) or 5 h (p = 0.694) following the meal. Conclusions: Clinical practice guidelines and insulin dosing algorithms likely do not need to consider differences in protein sources or in GI in the context of a high fat, high protein meals, for individuals with T1D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches in Type 1 Diabetes)
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17 pages, 1726 KiB  
Article
Parboiled Rice and Glycemic Control: Effects on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin Sensitivity, and Incretin Response in Healthy and Type 2 Diabetic Individuals, a Pilot Study
by Sara Alkandari, Tasleem A. Zafar, Suleiman Al-Sabah, Mohammed Abu Farha, Jehad Abubaker and Fahd Al-Mulla
Foods 2025, 14(11), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14111905 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 983
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant global health burden, especially in populations where rice constitutes a dietary staple. Parboiled rice (PBR), known for its lower glycemic index compared to conventional white rice (WR), may offer benefits in managing postprandial hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant global health burden, especially in populations where rice constitutes a dietary staple. Parboiled rice (PBR), known for its lower glycemic index compared to conventional white rice (WR), may offer benefits in managing postprandial hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, the impact of PBR consumption on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and incretin hormone responses remains poorly understood. Methods: This randomized crossover pilot study aimed to assess and compare the acute effects of PBR and WR intake on postprandial glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, β-cell functionality, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses in healthy subjects and individuals with T2DM. A total of 20 participants were recruited and evenly allocated into healthy (n = 10) and T2DM (n = 10) groups. Following the ingestion of either PBR or WR, blood samples were collected at fasting and various postprandial intervals to determine glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 levels. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were evaluated using HOMA-IR, Matsuda Index (MI), and Disposition Index (DI). Results: As expected, T2DM participants exhibited significantly elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels compared to healthy controls. Consumption of PBR led to significantly lower postprandial glucose responses in healthy subjects relative to WR. Although a similar trend of reduced glucose levels was observed in T2DM subjects after PBR intake, this reduction did not reach statistical significance. Parallel trends were observed in insulin secretion patterns. Moreover, GLP-1 responses were notably diminished in T2DM individuals compared to healthy participants. Importantly, MI and DI values significantly increased after PBR consumption in healthy individuals compared to those with T2DM, indicating improved insulin sensitivity and β-cell responsiveness. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that PBR consumption may confer beneficial effects by lowering postprandial glucose and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these outcomes and elucidate the physiological mechanisms behind PBR’s potential role in dietary management strategies for T2DM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
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15 pages, 1073 KiB  
Article
Biofunctional Miso-Type Sauce Enhanced with Biocarotenoids: How Does Its Habitual Consumption Affect Lipidemic, Glycemic, and Oxidative Stress Markers? A Pilot Cross-Over Clinical Study
by Olga I. Papagianni, Charalampia Dimou and Antonios E. Koutelidakis
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 5962; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115962 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Given the increasing incidence of chronic metabolic diseases, fermented functional foods are receiving a growing demand due to their important functional activities. The aim of this pilot clinical study–nutritional intervention is to expand knowledge on how the habitual intake of a biofunctional miso-type [...] Read more.
Given the increasing incidence of chronic metabolic diseases, fermented functional foods are receiving a growing demand due to their important functional activities. The aim of this pilot clinical study–nutritional intervention is to expand knowledge on how the habitual intake of a biofunctional miso-type sauce, enhanced with biocarotenoids, may affect biomarkers of lipidemia, glycemia, and oxidative stress in healthy volunteers. Using a randomized, cross-over, controlled, and single-blind design, ten healthy participants with a mean age of 23 years, who met the eligibility criteria, supplemented their daily diet with either 20 g of legume-based or the biofunctional miso-type sauce for 30 days, with a one-week washout. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention. The measured parameters included serum total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, and plasma TAC. After 30 days, the miso-type sauce increased plasma TAC (p = 0.04) and slightly decreased mean triglycerides (p = 0.47) compared with the control sauce. Both sauces resulted in higher LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.001–0.02), indicating possible negative effects on lipidemic control. However, the miso group showed a lower grade of increment compared with the control. This long-term study partly supports the acute postprandial indications and motivates research expansion, demonstrating that biofunctional miso-type sauce, enhanced with biocarotenoids, may possess a preventive role in chronic dysmetabolism and oxidative stress. Full article
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22 pages, 9092 KiB  
Article
α-Glucosidase Inhibition Mechanism and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of Flavonoids from Astragali Radix and Their Mixture Effects
by Xing Han, Pengpu Wang, Jing Zhang, Yang Lv, Zhigao Zhao, Fengxian Zhang, Mingying Shang, Guangxue Liu, Xuan Wang, Shaoqing Cai and Feng Xu
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050744 - 18 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1519
Abstract
Background: Inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase is a key strategy for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes. Astragali Radix (AR), a traditional medicinal and dietary herb widely consumed in China, is rich in flavonoids that are believed to exhibit hypoglycemic properties. Methods: A [...] Read more.
Background: Inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase is a key strategy for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes. Astragali Radix (AR), a traditional medicinal and dietary herb widely consumed in China, is rich in flavonoids that are believed to exhibit hypoglycemic properties. Methods: A total of 29 AR-related flavonoids, including both original constituents and metabolites, were screened for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using in vitro enzymatic assays. Mechanistic investigations were conducted through enzyme kinetics, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and molecular docking. The in vivo hypoglycemic effects were assessed using a postprandial hyperglycemic mouse model. Additionally, potential mixture effects of flavonoid combinations were evaluated. Results: Of the 29 flavonoids, 16 demonstrated significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with five (C3, C17, C19, C28, and C29) identified as novel inhibitors. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that hydroxylation, particularly at the C-3 position, enhanced activity, while glycosylation and methoxylation reduced it. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that these compounds bind to distinct amino acid residues within the active site of α-glucosidase, inducing conformational changes and exerting different types of inhibition, leading to varying inhibitory mechanisms. Additionally, 15 compounds reduced postprandial blood glucose levels, with C3, C16, C17, C19, and C28 confirmed as novel in vivo inhibitors. Notably, two compositions of flavonoids combined at their individually ineffective concentrations exhibited significant inhibitory effects. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of AR-related flavonoids as α-glucosidase inhibitors and offers valuable insights for the development of highly effective, low-toxicity, flavonoid-based, antidiabetic therapeutics and functional foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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16 pages, 2264 KiB  
Article
Therapeutic Potential of Myricitrin in a db/db Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes
by Sang Ryong Kim, Young-Je Kim, HwiCheol Kim, Sojeong Park and Un Ju Jung
Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071460 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which contributes to dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism and is associated with chronic inflammation. While previous studies have examined the effects of myricitrin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models, its impact on the db/db mouse, [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which contributes to dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism and is associated with chronic inflammation. While previous studies have examined the effects of myricitrin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models, its impact on the db/db mouse, a model that better reflects insulin resistance-associated metabolic disturbances, remains unclear. In this study, mice were divided into three groups (db/+, db/db, and db/db + 0.02% myricitrin) and were fed their respective diets for five weeks. Myricitrin supplementation reduced fat mass, adipocyte size, and plasma leptin levels, which were elevated in db/db mice. Although myricitrin did not affect fasting blood glucose levels, it lowered plasma insulin, hemoglobin A1c, postprandial glucose levels, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, suggesting improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Enhanced pancreatic insulin expression, along with reduced hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities and mRNA expression, contributed to the improved glucose homeostasis observed in myricitrin-supplemented mice. Additionally, myricitrin reduced hepatic triglyceride levels and lipid droplet accumulation by inhibiting hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. It also decreased plasma inflammatory marker levels and their mRNA expression in adipose tissue. These findings suggest that myricitrin may be a promising therapeutic candidate for type 2 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Disease and Health II)
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21 pages, 1324 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Wheat Noodle “Kitanokaori” Using Weakly Acidic Hard Water in Terms of Functional Qualities, Such as Inhibiting Postprandial Abrupt Increase in Blood Glucose
by Sumiko Nakamura and Ken’ichi Ohtsubo
Foods 2025, 14(6), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14061044 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 615
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis are very serious diseases all over the world. We prepared noodles from ‘Kitanokaori’ (newly developed wheat) (KITs) using weakly acidic hard water, which showed a higher amount of resistant starch (9.0-fold) and calcium (2.7-fold) than noodles from Sanukinoyume [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis are very serious diseases all over the world. We prepared noodles from ‘Kitanokaori’ (newly developed wheat) (KITs) using weakly acidic hard water, which showed a higher amount of resistant starch (9.0-fold) and calcium (2.7-fold) than noodles from Sanukinoyume (premium wheat) (SANs) using purified water. Furthermore, aged mice, which were fed a diet of KIT using weakly acidic hard water for eight weeks, showed lower postprandial blood glucose levels (BGLs) at 30 min after consumption than mice fed a control diet (SAN using purified water) (p < 0.05). Therefore, KIT seems promising in terms of health promotion through food. Additionally, the whiteness (WB) and brightness (L*) of wheat noodles using weakly acidic hard water showed higher values than ones using purified water. The texture of KIT using weakly acidic hard water showed few textural differences from noodles using purified water. The KIT using weakly acidic hard water would be acceptable in terms of palatability and bio-functionality in terms of delaying digestion. Full article
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14 pages, 3028 KiB  
Article
The Efficacy of Soleus Push-Up in Individuals with Prediabetes: A Pilot Study
by Dávid Elek, Miklós Tóth, Balázs Sonkodi, Pongrác Ács, Gábor L. Kovács, Péter Tardi and Csaba Melczer
Sports 2025, 13(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13030081 - 10 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6633
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hamilton and colleagues invented the soleus push-up exercise and showed that this exercise method was successful in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of the current pilot study was to assess the efficacy of the soleus push-up in [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hamilton and colleagues invented the soleus push-up exercise and showed that this exercise method was successful in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of the current pilot study was to assess the efficacy of the soleus push-up in individuals with prediabetes and to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating this exercise method into their daily routine. Methods: Ten participants (mean age: 53.3 ± 2.7 years; four females, six males) with prediabetes were included in the study. Initially, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) while being sedentary to establish baseline postprandial blood glucose measurements. During a subsequent OGTT, participants concurrently performed the soleus push-up (SPU) exercise either with or without electromyographic (EMG) feedback. Blood glucose levels were measured at 15 min intervals over the two-hour duration of both OGTTs. Results: We observed that performing the SPU in a sitting position during the oral glucose tolerance test resulted in approximately a 32% reduction in postprandial glucose excursion compared to the sedentary baseline results. This effect was also present in the absence of EMG feedback. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this repetitive, prolonged contractile muscle activity can improve metabolic regulation in prediabetic individuals without the need for a laboratory setting. SPU may be a viable and effective exercise to support metabolic health in home or work environments. However, further validation is needed with a larger sample size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Metabolism, Fatigue and Recovery During Exercise Training)
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