Search Results (478)

Background/Objectives: Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs is an invaluable intervention in the ongoing efforts to contain the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low-resource settings. This study evaluates the impact of the Telementoring, Education, and Advocacy Collaboration initiative for Health through Antimicrobial Stewardship (TEACH AMS), which uses the virtual Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) learning model to enhance AMS capacity in Kenya, Ghana, and Malawi. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used, which included attendance data collection, facility-level assessments, post-session and follow-up surveys, as well as focus group discussions. Results: Between September 2023 and February 2025, 77 virtual learning sessions were conducted, engaging 2445 unique participants from hospital-based AMS committees and health professionals across the three countries. Participants reported significant knowledge gain, and data showed facility improvements in two core AMS areas, including the implementation of multidisciplinary ward-based interventions/communications and enhanced monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns. Along those lines, participants reported that the program assisted them in improving prescribing and culture-based treatments, and also evidence-informed antibiotic selection. The evidence of implementing ward-based interventions was further stressed in focus group discussions, as well as other strengthened practices like point-prevalence surveys, and development or revision of stewardship policies. Substantial improvements in microbiology services were also shared by participants, particularly in Malawi. Other practices mentioned were strengthened multidisciplinary communication, infection prevention efforts, and education of patients and the community. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a virtual case-based learning educational intervention, providing structured and tailored AMS capacity building, can drive behavior change and strengthen healthcare systems in low resource settings. Future efforts should aim to scale up the engagements and sustain improvements to further strengthen AMS capacity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Infertility, defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse, represents a significant global health challenge, with male factors contributing to approximately 50% of cases. In this epidemiological context, both primary male infertility (the inability to conceive a first child) and secondary male infertility (which occurs when a man who has already fathered a child faces difficulty conceiving again) remain poorly understood at the genetic level. This study explored the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mitochondrial genes (MT-ND3, MT-ND4L, and MT-ND4) in primary and secondary male infertility. Methods: This study analyzed the genotype distributions of SNPs in 68 infertile males (49 with primary infertility and 19 with secondary infertility) using Sanger sequencing. Results: Key findings revealed that studied SNPs were significantly associated with infertility type. Specifically, rs2857285 (T>C,G) in the ND4 gene showed a significant correlation (p = 0.023) with the TT genotype, which is prominent in primary infertility. Another SNP, rs28358279 (T>A,C) in the ND4L gene, also demonstrated a significant correlation (p = 0.046) with the TT genotype, being more common in primary infertility. In addition, rs869096886 (A>G) in the ND4 gene had a borderline correlation (p = 0.051), indicating a possible association between this SNP and reproductive duration. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the potential relevance of mitochondrial malfunction in male infertility, specifically the effects of studied SNPs on sperm survival and function over time. These findings suggest that certain mitochondrial SNPs might be potential biomarkers for infertility risk. Larger studies are needed to confirm these associations and examine the functional effects of these SNPs. Combining genetic analysis with environmental and lifestyle factors could enhance our understanding of male infertility and improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Full article

Background: Since the current increase in antimicrobial resistance globally, parasitic infectious diseases have become a greater public health crisis than ever before and an absolute priority. The Egyptian community pharmacist, as a health care provider and advisor, has a potential role to play in deworming. Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of community pharmacist-led deworming-related counseling services. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in Damanhur, Behera, Egypt. The intervention group received community pharmacy counseling, and the control group received the usual care. Both groups were monitored for 12 months for recurrence evaluation. Results: A total of 173 patients were included, of whom 96 (55.5%) received patient counseling. The types of infection included Oxyuris (44.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (28.9%), Ascaris (8.7%), Entamoeba Cyst (8.7%), Giardiasis (4.6%), Schistosomiasis (2.9%), and pinworm (1.7%). A total of 119 participants (68.8%) reported a need for dose repetition. Personal hygiene practices were reported by 71 participants (41%). Recurrence of infection was observed in 101 cases (58.4%). Patient counseling was significantly associated with lower recurrence rates and higher rates of personal hygiene application (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patient counseling and personal hygiene measures were the only significant predictors of infection recurrence rate. Conclusions: Community pharmacists’ deworming-related counseling had positive behavioral and clinical outcomes. Full article

The growing need for developing safer and more effective methods for obtaining enantiomers of chiral compounds, particularly those with pharmacological activity, highlights the potential of biocatalysis as an appropriate pharmaceutical research direction. However, low catalytic activity and stability of free enzymes are often among the substantial limitations to the wide application of biocatalysis. Therefore, to overcome these obstacles, new technological procedures are being designed. In this study, we present optimized protocols for the immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) on an octyl- agarose support, ensuring high enantioselectivity in an organic reaction medium. The immobilization procedures (with drying step), including buffers with different pH values and concentrations, as well as the study of the influence of temperature and immobilization time, were presented. It was found that the optimal conditions were provided by citrate buffer with a pH of 4 and a concentration of 300 mM. The immobilized CALB on the octyl-agarose support exhibited high catalytic activity in the kinetic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol via enantioselective transesterification with isopropenyl acetate in 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP), as a model reaction for lipase activity monitoring on an analytical scale. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the (R)-1-phenylethyl acetate was obtained in an enantiomeric excess of ee_p > 99% at a conversion of approximately 40%, and the enantiomeric ratio was E > 200. Thermal and storage stability studies performed on the immobilized CALB octyl-agarose support confirmed its excellent stability. After 7 days of thermal stability testing at 65 °C in a climatic chamber, the (R)-1-phenylethyl acetate was characterized by enantiomeric excess of ee_p > 99% at a conversion of around 40% (similar values of catalytic parameters to those achieved using a non-stored lipase). The documented high catalytic activity and stability of the developed CALB-octyl-agarose support allow us to consider it as a useful tool for enantioselective transesterification in organic medium. Full article

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which affect approximately 15% of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), result from complex molecular disturbances involving chronic hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, and infection. At the molecular level, chronic hyperglycemia promotes the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), activates the AGE-RAGE-NF-κB axis, increases oxidative stress, and impairs macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the reparative M2 phenotype, collectively disrupting normal wound healing processes. The local wound environment is further worsened by antibiotic-resistant polymicrobial infections, which sustain inflammatory signaling and promote extracellular matrix degradation. The rising threat of antimicrobial resistance complicates infection management even further. Recent studies emphasize that optimal glycemic control using antihyperglycemic agents such as metformin, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists), and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 enzyme inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) improves overall metabolic balance. These agents also influence angiogenesis, inflammation, and tissue regeneration through pathways including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Evidence indicates that maintaining glycemic stability through continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and adherence to antihyperglycemic treatment enhances antibiotic effectiveness by improving immune cell function and reducing bacterial virulence. This review consolidates current molecular evidence on the combined effects of glycemic and antibiotic therapies in DFUs. It advocates for an integrated approach that addresses both metabolic and microbial factors to restore wound homeostasis and minimize the risk of severe outcomes such as amputation. Full article

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic disease perpetuated through key pro-inflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) may contribute to inflammation cascades. This study aimed to investigate how ANGPTL8 levels are influenced in patients with CD prior to and following anti-TNF therapy. Methods: Patients were divided into 3 groups. Patients with CD in clinical remission receiving IFX for at least 24 weeks (IFX-experienced group), patients scheduled to start IFX (IFX-naïve group), and healthy controls (control group). In the IFX-experienced group, ANGPTL8 levels were measured 24 h before the next maintenance IFX dose. In the IFX-naïve group, levels were measured at week 0 and week 24, and in the control group, they were measured randomly. Results: The total number of participants was 166. The numbers of IFX-experienced, IFX-naïve patients, and healthy controls were 82, 13, and 71, respectively. Mean age ranged from 27 to 33 years of age across the three groups. Eighty-four (51%) participants were female. ANGPTL8 levels were significantly higher in patients with CD (138.26 ± 8.47 pmol) compared to the healthy control group (102.52 ± 5.99 pmol, p = 0.001). Among IFX-naïve patients receiving anti-TNFα treatment, ANGPTL8 levels decreased significantly from 145.06 ± 17.93 pmol pre-treatment (week 0) to 81.78 ± 10.61 pmol post-treatment (week 24), p = 0.007. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ANGPTL8 levels are elevated in CD and may be involved in the inflammatory process. The marked reduction in ANGPTL8 levels following anti-TNFα treatment indicates its potential as a biomarker for treatment response. Further research should focus on the exact mechanisms through which ANGPTL8 influences CD progression and its utility in clinical practice. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of colistin prescriptions among patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital in Jordan. Additionally, the study evaluated the appropriateness of colistin prescriptions and assessed resistance levels of this strain. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, adult patients who were infected with MDR P. aeruginosa and were admitted to Jordan University Hospital between January 2018 and March 2024 were included. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, sources of infection, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes were collected. Results: Out of the 85 patients who met the inclusion criteria for having MDR P. aeruginosa, colistin was administered to 16 patients (18.8%). Notably, approximately two-thirds (68.7%) of the isolates from patients who received colistin were classified as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Among the isolates, 15 out of 16 (93.8%) were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and imipenem. Among the patients requiring colistin, five (31.3%) discontinued therapy, while two (12.5%) remained on colistin despite the availability of safer alternatives. No significant difference was observed in 30-day all-cause mortality between patients treated with colistin (0%) and those who were not (4.3%, p = 1.00). Similarly, the incidence of acute kidney injury did not differ significantly between the colistin group (0%) and the non-colistin group (p = 1.00). No significant difference was found in the hospital stay between colistin-treated patients (median 10.5 days, IQR [5.0–14.0]) and those not treated with colistin (median 13.0 days, IQR [7.0–21.0]), (p = 0.22). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that colistin was selectively initiated in high-risk patients, particularly those with XDR P. aeruginosa. However, its inappropriate continuation despite safer alternatives, as well as its discontinuation when no other options existed, raise concerns about antibiotic de-escalation practices. Interestingly, no significant differences in mortality or acute kidney injury were observed between patients who were treated with colistin and those who were not. These findings emphasize the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs and highlight the importance of large-scale trials to evaluate colistin’s efficacy and safety in MDR infections. Full article

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is characterized by lower abdominal spasms and painful cramps during menstruation in females with a normal pelvic anatomy. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, commonly known as lemongrass, is consumed in the form of herbal tea around the world. It has been traditionally used for menstrual disorders in several communities. This study aims to evaluate the traditional use of C. citratus for its efficacy in alleviating the symptoms of PD. C. citratus extract (CcE) was chemically characterized using HPLC and GCMS, which indicated the presence of several phenolic compounds and long-chain fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory activity of CcE was assessed by COX-I, COX-II, and 5-LOX enzyme inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 143.7, 91.7, and 61.5 µg/mL, respectively, and showed good total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity. PD was induced in female Wistar rats by administering estradiol valerate followed by oxytocin to induce PD symptoms. CcE efficacy was assessed at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg concentrations and compared with ibuprofen. CcE 300 mg/kg reduced abdominal contortions and inflammation in the rat uterus. The inflammatory (COX-II, TNFα and IL-10) and oxidative stress (TAC, TOS, MDA and SOD) markers in uterine tissue homogenate were also improved. An in vivo analgesic assessment through hot-plate, tail-flick, and acetic acid-induced writhing assays showed good analgesic activity by CcE, while ex vivo experiments described tocolytic effects in rat uterine muscles. CcE alleviates PD by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and tocolytic effects. Full article

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain disorder due to neuronal damage. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 7,8-dimethoxy coumarin (DMC) in a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia. The neuropathic pain was induced by the single endoneural injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; 0.1 μL: stock 10 pg/mL) in the rat trigeminal nerve. The DMC (100 and 200 mg/kg) and carbamazepine (100 mg/kg) were administered orally for 10 consecutive days from the 5th day of TNF-α injection. The battery of behavioral tests, i.e., acetone drop and Von Frey filament test, was performed to assess the degree of thermal and mechanical allodynia on 0, 1st, 7th, and 14th days. In addition, the biochemical tests, i.e., total protein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and TNF-α, were also performed in trigeminal nerve tissue. Furthermore, TNF-α-induced neuronal histopathological changes were also evaluated by the eosin and hematoxylin staining method. The administration of DMC was shown to demonstrate the significant (p < 0.05) reversal of TNF-α-induced percentage reduction of thermal and mechanical sensitivity, along with a rise in TBARS and TNF-α and a decrease in GSH levels. Further, DMC also attenuates the histopathological changes. It may be concluded that DMC may be a potential therapeutic agent for the management of trigeminal neuralgia disorders. Full article

Background/Objectives: Using healthcare vouchers mitigates the financial burdens of low-income individuals, therefore enhancing mothers’ satisfaction and encouraging service utilization. In Yemen, reducing financial barriers results in marked improvement in reproductive health services utilization for mothers and their newborns. Such financial strain can be addressed through reproductive health vouchers, which reduce out-of-pocket expenses of family planning, pregnancy, birth, postnatal care and neonatal care. This study compares the Safe Motherhood and Family Planning Voucher Program in the Lahj governorate to the non-voucher program in the Abyan governorate in terms of enhancement of reproductive healthcare accessibility and use. Methods: This facility-based, quantitative, comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lahj governorate, which supports the Safe Motherhood and Family Planning Voucher Program, and the Abyan governorate, which does not. Results: The voucher-supported program has greatly improved mothers’ satisfaction, access, and use of all reproductive health services by covering transportation, covering lodging during hospitalization, and providing free reproductive treatments. Compared to Abyan mothers, Lahj governorate mothers more frequently used rental vehicles (paid for by the voucher program) and free reproductive health services (p-value < 0.001). Lahj governorate mothers (who used the vouchers) used family planning, prenatal care, facility-based delivery, home delivery by competent birth staff, cesarean section, postnatal care, and neonatal care more frequently than Abyan governorate mothers. A health institution which supported the Safe Motherhood and Family Planning Voucher Program (SMHFPVP) provided prenatal care (98.5%), competent birth services (99.0%), and modern contraceptive use (92.3%)—oral contraceptive pills, implants, injectables, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, and intrauterine devices—for mothers who were interviewed and attended the targeted HFs in the Lahj governorate, compared with (77.6%), (80.3%), and (67.8%), respectively, for mothers in Abyan governorate who were not supported by the SMHFPVP. This study demonstrates substantially higher satisfaction levels among voucher-using mothers in the Lahj governorate compared to those in the Abyan governorate, across all satisfaction domains and overall satisfaction scores. Conclusions: This study found that women without access to maternal health vouchers experienced worse prenatal, natal, and postnatal care and were less satisfied with healthcare services compared with women who used vouchers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Up to 25–70% of proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) prescriptions worldwide lack an evidence-based indication, exposing patients to avoidable adverse events and unnecessary costs. Community pharmacists (CPs) are well-equipped to curb the misuse of PPIs. This study aimed to quantify CPs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding PPIs in two high-use Middle-Eastern markets and determine how demographic and professional factors influence guideline-adherent PPI use. Bridging this gap is crucial to ensure pharmacists can promote rational PPI use, provide accurate patient counseling, and reduce the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was undertaken between May 2024 and July 2024 to investigate the KAPs of CPs in Egypt and Iraq toward PPI use. The self-developed thirty-item questionnaire (17 knowledge, 11 attitude, and 6 practice items) was piloted with 30 CPs. A sample size of 385 CPs was required based on an estimated 93,000 community pharmacists in Egypt and 22,120 in Iraq; however, to improve statistical power, we aimed to include >500 CPs. Results: A total of 527 CPs from Egypt and Iraq completed the survey. The total median scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 11 out of 17 (IQR: 9–16), 9 out of 11 (IQR: 6–12), and 5 out of 6 (IQR: 3–8), respectively. CPs with >20 years of experience and those who relied on clinical guidelines as a primary information source demonstrated a median knowledge score significantly higher than those with fewer years of experience (p = 0.001 and 0.028, respectively). There was a significant positive association between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude and practice scores (coefficients: 0.832, 0.701, and 0.445, respectively). Conclusions: Although their attitudes and practices regarding PPI use were satisfactory, the knowledge of CPs about the judicious use of PPIs requires improvement. Thus, a call for action targeting their tailored education and training is necessary to address these knowledge gaps regarding PPIs identified, including PPI adverse-effect profiles, evidence-based indications, and deprescribing criteria, and to foster informed medication attitudes and practices. Such education and training can reinforce guideline adherence, enhance patient counseling skills, and ultimately reduce inappropriate PPI use. Full article

Vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder causing depigmented skin patches, includes two types, segmental (SV) and non-segmental (NSV). Previously, NSV was off-label treated using Calcineurine inhibitors (Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus). In 2022, the FDA approved Ruxolitinib cream, targeting the JAK/STAT pathway for NSV treatment based on promising results. This research conducts a retrospective descriptive safety assessment of Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus, and Ruxolitinib safety in vitiligo treatment, utilizing the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database spanning the period from 2013 to 2023 and including patients aged 2 years and above, encompassing both brand and generic names. A total of 844 adverse event reports involving 388 patients were extracted and categorized into dermatological and systemic groups for analysis. Tacrolimus resulted in 12 hospitalizations, two life-threatening events, and four disabilities. Pimecrolimus exhibited urticaria and pigmentation disorders, with tooth fracture as the primary systemic event. Pericarditis was the predominant systemic side effect of Ruxolitinib, followed by anemia, headache, and urosepsis. Local dermatological side effects reported were generally mild, not warranting treatment cessation. In conclusion, vitiligo significantly impacts patients’ psychological well-being, necessitating continuous post-marketing safety monitoring for topical medications. Full article

Background: Due to their participation in patient care, pharmacists frequently face various ethical decisions that must be made. Every day, pharmacists encounter ethical challenges in any pharmaceutical workplace. This study aims to assess the attitude and awareness among pharmacy students and pharmacists regarding general and professional ethics. Methods: This study was cross-sectional, using an interview-based questionnaire. Pharmacy students from Yarmouk University volunteered to approach other pharmacy students and pharmacists to complete the questionnaire using a convenient sampling method. Results: A total of 1737 pharmacy students and pharmacists participated in this study. Among the 691 participants who are currently practicing pharmacists, 549 (79.4%) reported working in a community pharmacy. About half of the pharmacy students (53.6%) had studied a course in ethics, while 110 (15.9%) of the pharmacists had not. While students and pharmacists have shown significantly different attitudes, less than 20% of the participants demonstrated a high level of awareness regarding the pharmacy code of ethics. On the other hand, more than 60% of pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists concurred that they might permit others to carry out the duties of a pharmacist. Surprisingly, the data revealed that student pharmacists performed better than practicing pharmacists, highlighting that students appreciate the principles of professionalism and that exposure to a work environment can help modulate negative behavior and beliefs. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for ongoing ethical education and training for both pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists to ensure that everyone in the field upholds a high standard of moral behavior in patient care. Full article

Introduction/Objectives: Although desmopressin is commonly used to reduce bleeding hazards in patients undergoing kidney biopsies, its effectiveness varies among individuals. This study aims to assess the impact of desmopressin on bleeding risk and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing kidney biopsies while also identifying potential risk factors influencing these outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City to evaluate adult patients who underwent either native or transplant kidney biopsies. The collected data included demographics, comorbidities, demographics, desmopressin usage, vital signs, lab results, and bleeding events. Bleeding was defined as a composite outcome encompassing both minor and major bleeding. Results: Data from 210 patients who received desmopressin during kidney biopsies were analyzed alongside 200 control patients. The distribution of gender and age was comparable between the two groups. However, the types of biopsies differed significantly, with a greater number of native kidney biopsies in the desmopressin group. Desmopressin was associated with a reduced incidence of major bleeding and shorter hospital stays. Longitudinal analyses revealed significant time-dependent changes in mean arterial pressure, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, although no treatment effect was observed. Logistic regression showed no significant impact of desmopressin on composite bleeding, hypotension, or hyponatremia, though comorbidities and transplant biopsies were associated with a reduced risk of hyponatremia. Conclusions: Desmopressin was associated with fewer episodes of major bleeding and shorter hospital stays but had no direct effect on hemodynamic parameters. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to explore its long-term clinical impact. Full article

Background/Objectives: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) frequently metastasizes to the brain, significantly impacting patient prognosis and quality of life. Anlotinib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown promise in treating NSCLC with brain metastasis. So, we aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of anlotinib and various types of radiotherapy combinations used to treat NSCLC patients with brain metastasis regarding overall survival and the treatment of internal and external lesions. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, WoS, MedLine, and Cochrane Library up to April 2024. Studies assessing the efficacy of anlotinib combined with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or other radiotherapy modalities in NSCLC patients with brain metastasis were included. The primary outcomes were (a) the efficacy of anlotinib and radiotherapy on the intracranial lesions and OS and (b) the effectiveness of combined anlotinib and radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in NSCLC patients with brain metastasis. The secondary outcome was the efficacy of anlotinib and radiotherapy on extracranial progression. We used a combination of keywords and MeSH terms including ‘non-small cell lung cancer’ OR ‘NSCLC’, ‘brain metastases’, ‘anlotinib’, ‘radiotherapy’, ‘radiation therapy’, and ‘combined treatment’, among others. Boolean operators (AND, OR) were applied as appropriate to optimize the search strategy across databases. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 210 patients in the combination group and 228 patients in the radiotherapy alone group. The combination of anlotinib with radiotherapy showed a significant improvement in iPFS compared to radiotherapy alone, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) for iORR of 1.18 (95% CI: 1.00–1.39) and a pooled SMD for OS of 0.03 (95% CI: −0.29, 0.36). Radiotherapy combined with anlotinib also demonstrated enhanced intracranial and extracranial control rates. Conclusions: Anlotinib combined with radiotherapy, especially WBRT, offers a promising treatment strategy for NSCLC patients with brain metastasis, improving intracranial control. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and optimize treatment protocols. Full article