Search Results (91)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine–metabolic disorder characterized by endocrine disruption, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and chronic low-grade inflammation, in which oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanistic link between metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on redox-related mechanisms and evaluates dietary and supplemental antioxidants in PCOS. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and mechanistic studies were examined to assess antioxidant classification, signaling pathways, and outcomes related to metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and oxidative stress parameters. Antioxidant interventions frequently modify circulating redox biomarkers and may improve selected metabolic indices; however, consistent effects on hormonal regulation, ovulation, and long-term clinical outcomes remain limited and heterogeneous. Differences in study design, antioxidant formulation and dosage, baseline metabolic status, and outcome selection complicate interpretation, while emerging evidence suggests modulation by lifestyle factors and gut microbiota-related mechanisms. Overall, antioxidants appear to act primarily through modulation of endogenous redox regulation rather than direct reactive oxygen species scavenging and are best considered adjuncts to lifestyle-based management. Further phenotype-informed and longitudinal studies using clinically relevant endpoints are required to clarify therapeutic relevance in PCOS. Full article

The effects of reproductive technologies, namely, artificial insemination (AI) and multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET), on the production, health, and longevity of Holstein–Friesian cows were evaluated. Data were obtained from the time period between 2017 and 2024 on a Hungarian dairy farm and consisted of 1783 cows (1544 AI and 239 MOET). Deep-frozen semen from identical bulls was used for both the AI and MOET groups. Disease incidence, productive life, and early-lactation milk production phenotypes were collected in these cows. MOET cows demonstrated significantly higher milk yield during the first 100 days of lactation but had a 43.9% greater risk of culling compared with AI cows (p < 0.05). Metabolic and reproductive disorders were the most common reasons for culling cows, with increased frequency of health issues correlating with higher culling risk ratios (p < 0.05). While MOET cows showed lower incidences of metabolic disorders, reproductive problems, and mastitis, their shorter productive lifespan likely limited overall disease exposure. Nevertheless, when MOET cows experienced illness, the impact was more severe, particularly in relation to metabolic issues (p < 0.05). These findings highlight trade-offs between improved genetic potential and health resilience in MOET-derived cows. Despite their higher productivity, their management may require greater health vigilance. This study offers practical insights for dairy producers in selecting reproductive strategies to balance genetic gain, herd health, and longevity under intensive production systems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Vitamin D deficiency is common in women with PCOS and is linked to adverse metabolic and reproductive outcomes. However, the role of vitamin D supplementation in managing PCOS remains unclear due to the heterogeneous evidence available. This systematic review aimed to synthesize both observational and interventional studies to assess the association between vitamin D levels and PCOS, focusing on prevalence, metabolic outcomes, and reproductive parameters. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase was conducted in October 2025, identifying studies published between January 2000 and October 2025. Eligible studies included observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and/or the effects of vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS. Studies were included if they used recognized diagnostic criteria for PCOS or sufficient diagnostic details to confirm the condition. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results: Eleven studies (nine RCTs, two observational) encompassing 1063 women with PCOS met the inclusion criteria. Observational studies demonstrated inverse associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI), and leptin, but not with total testosterone. RCTs showed modest and inconsistent improvements in insulin sensitivity, with effects more apparent in some trials enrolling vitamin D-deficient women. Reproductive benefits (cycle regularity/ovulation) were observed only in selected trials, generally with small samples and short follow-up. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is common in women with PCOS and correlates with metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. While vitamin D supplementation shows variable effects, it should not be considered a stand-alone therapy for PCOS. Correction of deficiency may complement existing treatments, but evidence remains insufficient to support routine vitamin D supplementation for fertility outcomes in PCOS. Full article

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder, primarily characterized by reproductive dysfunction, insulin resistance (IR), and long-term metabolic complications. Current first-line pharmacological treatments, including oral contraceptives, anti-androgens, and insulin sensitizers, can alleviate clinical symptoms but often fail to fully address the underlying pathophysiology, and their long-term use is frequently limited by adverse effects. Natural products, owing to their multi-target regulatory properties and favorable safety profiles, have emerged a promising adjuvant therapeutic strategy. This review systematically summarizes how natural products exert beneficial effects through mechanisms such as improving metabolic homeostasis by enhancing insulin sensitivity and mitigating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation; restoring endocrine balance by modulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis to reduce hyperandrogenemia and promote ovulation; and utilizing emerging pathways including regulating gut microbiota homeostasis and epigenetic modifications as a novel avenue for PCOS drug development. Preclinical and clinical evidence collectively indicates that these agents hold significant translational potential to ameliorate metabolic disturbances and improve reproductive outcomes, providing a scientific foundation for future integrated intervention strategies in PCOS. Full article

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a central component of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), where it primarily regulates intracellular levels of anandamide (AEA) through enzymatic hydrolysis. Although FAAH has been extensively studied in neural and immune contexts, its involvement in female reproductive physiology is receiving increasing attention. Accumulating evidence indicates that FAAH participates in several important ovarian processes, including follicular development, steroid hormone synthesis, ovulation, and luteal function. In this review, we outline the biochemical properties of FAAH and its spatial distribution in ovarian tissues, with a particular focus on how FAAH-mediated AEA metabolism contributes to intraovarian signaling. Furthermore, we highlight the potential implications of altered FAAH activity in ovarian disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), and infertility. By integrating molecular observations with clinical findings, this work provides updated perspectives on FAAH as both a physiological regulator and a potential therapeutic target in reproductive medicine. Full article

Female infertility, affecting millions worldwide, involves complex molecular mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, impaired cellular death, and protein regulation. This study explores how the cytokine IL-6, the autophagy marker LC3, ubiquitination process, and three miRNAs, miR-146a-5p, miR-9-5p, and miR-9-3p, contribute to the control of ovarian function and female infertility. Two expression profile datasets (GSE199225 and GSE146856) were screened and downloaded from GEO. DEGs were screened using the GEO2R and ggVennDiagram tools. The three miRNAs were retrieved from datasets using the multiMiR tool, and IL6-targeted genes were retrieved from MSigDB. IL6 and miRNA interaction networks were constructed. Further, the cross-correlation of LC3 and ubiquitination with the DEGs associated miRNAs was demonstrated. Meanwhile, GO/KEGG pathway enrichment analyses and molecular network interaction analysis were performed. Lastly, immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to confirm the expression of IL6, LC3, and miRNA in ovarian endometrial tissues compared to control tissues. The results showed that IL-6 drives inflammation in conditions of PCOS and ovarian endometriosis, which then disrupts ovulation and embryo implantation. miR-146a-5p reduced inflammation by targeting the gene TRAF6, while miR-9-5p regulated protein degradation via SQSTM1. In agreement with the bioinformatic approach, experimental analysis revealed reduced IL6 protein expression in ovarian endometriosis tissues while the mRNA IL6 level was increased, suggesting the presence of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that act to limit excessive inflammation, probably through miRNAs. Indeed, the levels of miR-146a-5, which plays a role in immune modulation and inflammatory signaling, were significantly upregulated. Interestingly, an alteration in autophagic markers revealed by elevated LC3 was also observed. Aligned with these experimental data, bioinformatic analysis showed that autophagy genes LC3 and ATG5 and ubiquitination processes were tightly linked to ovarian health, with disruptions accelerating follicle loss and oxidative damage. In conclusion, the results showed that IL-6, miRNAs, and autophagy processes work together to control inflammation and cellular repair in ovarian disorders. This study opens new avenues for targeted treatments to improve fertility outcomes by connecting molecular networks to clinical insights. Full article

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age, often leading to infertility and associated complications. This study presents a comprehensive stochastic mathematical framework to analyze the dynamics of PCOS with a particular focus on infertility and treatment outcomes. Here, the transitions between compartments represent progression of women through clinical states of PCOS (risk, diagnosis, treatment, recovery) rather than infection or transmission, since PCOS is a non-communicable disorder. The model incorporates probabilistic elements to break the symmetric and predictable assumptions inherent in deterministic approaches. This allows it to reflect the randomness and asymmetry in hormonal regulation and ovulation cycles, enabling a more realistic representation of disease progression. By utilizing stochastic differential equations, the study evaluates the impact of treatment adherence on fertility restoration. We establish the conditions for disease extinction versus the existence of an ergodic stationary distribution, which represents a form of long-term statistical symmetry. The results emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and consistent treatment. Furthermore, the proposed approach provides a valuable tool for clinicians to predict patient-specific trajectories and optimize individualized treatment plans, accounting for the asymmetric nature of patient responses. Full article

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents one of the most prevalent endocrine–metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age, which includes but not restricted to reproductive disruptions, insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Its heterogeneous pathophysiology arises from the interplay of metabolic, endocrine, and immune factors, including dysregulated adipokine secretion, cytokine-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current pharmacological therapies, such as metformin, clomiphene, and oral contraceptives, often provide partial benefits and are limited by side effects, necessitating the exploration of safer, multi-target strategies. Flavonoids, a structurally diverse class of plant-derived polyphenols, have gained attention as promising therapeutic candidates in PCOS due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and hormone-modulating properties. Preclinical studies in rodent PCOS models consistently demonstrate improvements in insulin sensitivity, normalization of ovarian morphology, restoration of ovulation, and reduction in hyperandrogenism. Human clinical studies, though limited in scale and heterogeneity, report favorable effects of flavonoids such as quercetin, isoflavones, and catechins on glucose metabolism, adipokine balance, inflammatory markers, and reproductive functions. This evidence-based study critically synthesizes mechanistic insights into how flavonoids modulate insulin signaling, adipokine–cytokine crosstalk, OS, and androgen excess, while highlighting translational evidence and emerging delivery systems aimed at overcoming bioavailability barriers. Collectively, flavonoids represent a promising class of nutraceuticals and adjuncts to conventional therapies, offering an integrative strategy for the management of PCOS. Full article

Cannabis is one of the most studied psychoactive substances due to its increasing prevalence and evolving legal status. Of particular concern is the rising consumption among young individuals, where excessive use may disrupt reproductive processes and pose long-term health risks to offspring. This narrative review examines the effects of cannabis use on male and female reproductive health, including its impact on male fertility, the female reproductive system, placental function, and prenatal and postnatal outcomes, as well as fetal development. A nonsystematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases in November 2024. After screening titles and abstracts and the full-text analysis, 64 studies were included in this narrative review. In men, cannabinoids can interfere with spermatogenesis, reduce sperm motility and quality, and lower testosterone levels, as demonstrated in clinical and experimental studies. In women, cannabinoid-induced disorders include negative effects on ovarian follicle maturation, ovulation, placental function, and prenatal development. Prenatal exposure to cannabis is associated with the risk of reduced birth weight, birth defects, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or lactation problems due to the penetration of cannabis metabolites into breast milk. The findings highlight the potential negative effects of cannabis on reproductive health and fetal development. Given these risks, individuals attempting to conceive, and pregnant women should be advised against cannabis use. Greater awareness is needed among healthcare professionals and the public regarding the reproductive risks associated with cannabis consumption. While the evidence on teratogenic effects is not always conclusive, caution should be exercised, and further research is essential to deepen the understanding of these effects. Full article

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular ovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. The severity of periodontal inflammation in PCOS may be linked to elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, like interleukins (IL-6, IL-17), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), found in both serum and saliva samples. This systematic review aims to assess the presence, nature, and variations in salivary inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with PCOS and their potential connection to periodontal disease (PD). Materials and Methods: Selected databases were PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search strategy included the following terms: “oral inflammatory biomarkers”, “Salivary mediators,” “metabolic indicators,” “periodontal diseases,” “periodontitis,” “polycystic ovary syndrome,” “PCOS,” and “ovulatory dysfunction.” Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Results: Several salivary inflammatory biomarkers are present in women with PCOS, including cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMPs, and microbial diversity alterations. Additionally, the reviewed studies suggest a correlation between PCOS and PD, as patients with PCOS exhibit greater periodontal alterations compared to healthy women. The heightened periodontal response in PCOS appears to be associated with a systemic inflammatory state, probably increasing the susceptibility to PD. Conclusions: Salivary inflammatory biomarkers in PCOS patients are a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating the heightened risk of periodontal disease. Further research with stricter protocols is necessary to better define the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers for PCOS patients and determine their role in the early detection of periodontal disease. Full article

Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are widely used and generally well tolerated; however, their neuroendocrinological effects remain underappreciated in clinical decision-making. Beyond ovulation suppression, HCs influence brain function by modulating key neurotransmitters such as GABA, serotonin, and dopamine, as well as neurosteroids like allopregnanolone and β-endorphin. These interactions help explain why some users experience mood swings, anxiety, or changes in sexual desire, while others report improvements in well-being. In this narrative review, we explore how different estrogenic and progestin components affect central pathways involved in emotional regulation and cognition. Evidence suggests that estradiol or estetrol-based formulations combined with anti-androgenic progestins like drospirenone or nomegestrol acetate may offer a more favourable neuroendocrine profile, particularly in women with a history of mood disorders or hormonal sensitivity. Understanding these neuroendocrine mechanisms may support more personalized contraceptive choices, particularly in women with mood disorders and hormonal vulnerability. Full article

Infertility is a complex and common problem in reproductive medicine consultations. Three factors must be examined during the preconception phase: breeding management, the fertility of the bitch, and the fertility of the stud dog. Among these factors, improper breeding management remains the main cause of reproductive failure, with accurate recognition of ovulation being crucial for successful mating. Artificial insemination allows for a thorough evaluation of semen quality compared to natural mating. In addition, genetic selection, nutritional factors, and reproductive health management can either impair or improve the fertility of females and males. Idiopathic infertility can occur in bitches, but it is important to rule out other possible causes first. In bitches with irregular estrus cycles, ovarian dysfunction and endocrine imbalances should be investigated. In bitches with regular cycles, uterine disorders such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia, endometritis or congenital anomalies may be the cause. Both mating-related and chronic endometritis are recognized as contributing factors to infertility. Infectious agents, particularly Brucella spp. and Mycoplasma spp., should also be evaluated, although interpretation of Mycoplasma test results requires caution. In males presenting with poor semen quality, potential causes include infectious diseases (with brucellosis always requiring exclusion), hormonal imbalances, and the impact of exogenous treatments. The article underscores the critical role of comprehensive diagnostic protocols, proactive health surveillance, and data-driven breeding strategies in systematically addressing this multifaceted challenge. Full article

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder prevalent in women of reproductive age, often requiring complex pharmacological management. The heterogeneity of the syndrome and the use of on- and off-label therapeutic agents—ranging from insulin sensitizers and ovulation inducers to oral contraceptives and herbal supplements—pose significant challenges, including adverse effects, drug interactions, and poor adherence. This narrative review explores the role of pharmacists in identifying and mitigating drug-related problems (DRPs) associated with PCOS therapy. Through thematic synthesis of the current literature, the study highlights common DRPs such as suboptimal drug selection, inappropriate dosing, prolonged therapy duration, and treatment-related safety concerns. It underscores the value of pharmacists’ interventions in enhancing medication adherence, optimizing therapeutic regimens, providing patient education, and monitoring adverse events. A structured, patient-level pharmaceutical care model is proposed, emphasizing personalized assessment, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous follow-up. The integration of clinical pharmacists into PCOS care teams has the potential to improve treatment effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and long-term health outcomes. Pharmacists’ contributions are especially critical given the widespread use of off-label therapies and supplements with variable evidence of benefit. Tailored pharmaceutical care can thus bridge the existing gaps in PCOS management and enhance the quality of life for the affected individuals. Full article

The success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and female reproductive capacity are significantly determined by oocyte quality. Increasing data highlights the significance of oxidative stress—a state of imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses—in regulating oocyte competence. Normal folliculogenesis and ovulation rely on optimal ROS levels; excessive oxidative stress (OS) can lead to DNA fragmentation, undermine meiotic spindle integrity, and trigger apoptosis in cumulus and granulosa cells. Molecular insults impair nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, thereby impacting fertilization potential and embryonic development. Individuals with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, advanced maternal age, and metabolic disorders—conditions associated with suboptimal IVF outcomes—frequently exhibit redox imbalance. This narrative review examines significant oxidative markers in the follicular environment, exploring the molecular processes linking OS to diminished oocyte quality and discussing therapy techniques aimed at mitigating oxidative damage. Maintaining redox homeostasis in the ovarian milieu appears to be an effective strategy for enhancing oocyte competence and optimizing outcomes in assisted reproduction. Full article

Endometriosis (EMS) is a long-term inflammatory disease. It represents one of the most prevalent gynecological conditions, impacting an estimated 5% of reproductive women. Therefore, endometriosis contributes to substantial worldwide health challenges and healthcare costs. In EMS disease, endometrial glandular and stromal tissues are abnormally located outside the uterus. Similarly to the natural endometrium, these tissues grow and proliferate in response to estrogen-dependent signals. The pain and limited effectiveness of treatments are often linked to the inflammatory reaction triggered by EMS-associated ectopic tissue. This is especially amplified during the peaks of estrogen release that occur as the menstrual cycle transitions from the proliferative phase to ovulation. Maintaining the integrity of the mucosal lining, defending against pathogenic insults, and controlling physiological processes are all made possible by a healthy, balanced state of gut biomass. Additionally, numerous intestinal bacteria have been discovered to possess estrogen-metabolizing enzymes, which affect the estrobolome and, consequently, influence estrogen-related disorders. Therefore, there is increasing interest in understanding the role of microbiota and the estrobolome in endometriosis pathogenesis. This review will focus on the role of microbiota and the impact of estrobolome alterations in endometriosis pathogenesis. Full article