Search Results (1,083)

Recently, essential rose oils and rose products have gained increasing importance in both the cosmetic and food industries, as well as in the composition of medicinal products. We investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of essential oil and floral water from Rosa damascena Mill against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in rabbit retinal cells (RRCs). The composition of the main chemical components in the rose essential oil was determined by means of gas chromatographic analysis. The effect on the viral replication cycle was determined using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. The virucidal activity, the effect on the adsorption stage of the virus to the host cell, and the protective effect on healthy cells were evaluated using the endpoint dilution method. The effects were determined as deviation in the viral titer, Δlg, for the treated cells from the one for the untreated viral control. The identified main active components of rose oil are geraniol (28.73%), citronellol (21.50%), nonadecane (13.13%), nerol (5.51%), heneicosane (4.87%), nonadecene (3.93), heptadecane (2.29), farnesol (2.11%), tricosane (1.29%), eicosane (1.01%), and eugenol (0.85%). The results demonstrated that both rose products do not have a significant effect on the virus replication but directly affect the viral particles and reduce the viral titer by Δlg = 3.25 for floral water and by Δlg = 3.0 for essential oil. Significant inhibition of the viral adsorption stage was also observed, leading to a decrease in the viral titers by Δlg = 2.25 for floral water and by Δlg = 2.0 for essential oil. When pretreating healthy cells with rose products, both samples significantly protected them from subsequent infection with HSV-1. This protective effect was more pronounced for the oil (Δlg = 2.5) compared to the one for the floral water (Δlg = 2.0). We used the in silico molecular docking method to gain insight into the mechanism of hindrance of viral adsorption by the main rose oil compounds (geraniol, citronellol, nerol). These components targeted the HSV-1 gD interaction surface with nectin-1 and HVEM (Herpesvirus Entry Mediator) host cell receptors, at N-, C-ends, and N-end, respectively. These findings could provide a structural framework for further development of anti-HSV-1 therapeutics. Full article

Oil palm kernel shell is an abundant agricultural waste generated by the palm oil industry. To achieve sustainable use of this waste, oil palm kernel shells were converted into valuable resources as active biocarbons. A two-stage preparation method involving N₂ pyrolysis, followed by CO₂ activation, was used to produce the active biocarbon. The optimum pyrolysis conditions that produced the largest BET surface area of 519.1 m²/g were a temperature of 600 °C, a hold time of 2 h, a nitrogen flow rate of 150 cm³/min, and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The optimum activation conditions to prepare the active biocarbon with the largest micropore surface area or the best micropore/BET surface area combination were a temperature of 950 °C, a CO₂ flow rate of 300 cm³/min, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and a hold time of 3 h, yielding BET and micropore surface areas of 1232.3 and 941.0 m²/g, respectively, and consisting of 76.36% of micropores for the experimental optimisation technique adopted here. This study underscores the importance of optimising both the pyrolysis and activation conditions to produce an active biocarbon with a maximum micropore surface area for gaseous adsorption applications, especially to capture CO₂ greenhouse gas, to mitigate global warming and climate change. Such a comprehensive and detailed study on the conversion of oil palm kernel shell into active biocarbon is lacking in the open literature. The research results provide a practical blueprint on the process parameters and technical know-how for the industrial production of highly microporous active biocarbons prepared from oil palm kernel shells. Full article

An oat protein isolate is an ideal raw material for producing a wide range of plant-based products. However, oat protein exhibits weak functional properties, particularly in emulsification. Casein-based ingredients are commonly employed to enhance emulsifying properties as a general practice in the food industry. pH-shifting processing is a straightforward method to partially unfold protein structures. This study modified a mixture of an oat protein isolate (OPI) and casein by combining a pH adjustment (adjusting the pH of two solutions to 12, mixing them at a 3:7 ratio, and maintaining the pH at 12 for 2 h) with an atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment to improve the emulsifying properties. The results demonstrated that the ACP treatment significantly enhanced the solubility of the OPI/casein mixtures, with a maximum solubility of 82.63 ± 0.33%, while the ζ-potential values were approximately −40 mV, indicating that all the samples were fairly stable. The plasma-induced increase in surface hydrophobicity supported greater protein adsorption and redistribution at the oil/water interface. After 3 min of treatment, the interfacial pressure peaked at 8.32 mN/m. Emulsions stabilized with the modified OPI/casein mixtures also exhibited a significant droplet size reduction upon extending the ACP treatment to 3 min, decreasing from 5.364 ± 0.034 μm to 3.075 ± 0.016 μm. The resulting enhanced uniformity in droplet size distribution signified the formation of a robust interfacial film. Moreover, the ACP treatment effectively enhanced the emulsifying activity of the OPI/casein mixtures, reaching (179.65 ± 1.96 m²/g). These findings highlight the potential application value of OPI/casein mixtures in liquid dairy products. In addition, dairy products based on oat protein are more conducive to sustainable development than traditional dairy products. Full article

Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic nanofibrous or microfibrous membranes are regarded as ideal oil/water separation materials owing to their controllable porosity, superior separation efficiency, and ease of operation. However, developing efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly strategies for fabricating such membranes remains a significant challenge. In this study, isotactic polypropylene (iPP) fibrous membranes with morphologies ranging from ellipsoidal stacking to microfiber stacking were successfully fabricated via a multistage stretching extrusion and leaching process using in situ microfibrillar composites (MFCs). The results establish a significant relationship between microfiber morphology and membrane oil adsorption performance. Compared with membranes formed from high-aspect-ratio microfibers, those comprising short microfibers feature larger pores and a more open structure, which enhances their oil adsorption capacity. Among the fabricated membranes, the iPP membrane with an ellipsoidal stacking morphology exhibits optimal performance, achieving a porosity of 65% and demonstrating both hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, with a silicone oil adsorption capacity of up to 312.5%. Furthermore, this membrane shows excellent reusability and stability over ten adsorption–desorption cycles using chloroform. This study presents a novel approach leveraging in situ microfibrillar composites to prepare high-performance oil/water separation membranes in this study, underscoring their considerable promise for practical use. Full article

This study reports the development of a sustainable biocatalyst system for free fatty acid (FFA) production from cocoa bean shell (CBS) oil using Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL). CBS was explored as both a support material and a reaction substrate. Six immobilized systems were prepared using organic (CBS), inorganic (silica), and hybrid (CBS–silica) supports via physical adsorption or covalent binding. Among them, the covalently immobilized enzyme on CBS (ORG-CB) showed the most balanced performance, achieving a catalytic efficiency (Ke) of 0.063 mM⁻¹·min⁻¹ (18.6% of the free enzyme), broad pH–temperature tolerance, and over 50% activity retention after eight reuse cycles. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed enhanced thermal resistance for ORG-CB (Ed = 32.3 kJ mol⁻¹; ΔH‡ = 29.7 kJ mol⁻¹), while kinetic evaluation revealed that its thermal deactivation occurred faster than for the free enzyme under prolonged heating. In application trials, ORG-CB reached 60.1% FFA conversion from CBS oil, outperforming the free enzyme (49.9%). These findings validate CBS as a dual-function material for enzyme immobilization and valorization of agro-industrial waste. The results also reinforce the impact of immobilization chemistry and support composition on the operational and thermal performance of biocatalysts, contributing to the advancement of green chemistry strategies in enzyme-based processing. Full article

Marine–continental transitional shale is a promising unconventional gas reservoir, playing an increasingly important role in China’s energy portfolio. However, compared to marine shale, research on marine–continental transitional shale’s fractal characteristics of pore structure and complete pore size distribution remains limited. In this work, high-pressure mercury intrusion, N₂ adsorption, and CO₂ adsorption techniques, combined with fractal geometry modeling, were employed to characterize the pore structure of the Shanxi Formation marine–continental transitional shale. The shale exhibits generally high TOC content and abundant clay minerals, indicating strong hydrocarbon-generation potential. The pore size distribution is multi-modal: micropores and mesopores dominate, contributing the majority of the specific surface area and pore volume, whereas macropores display a single-peak distribution. Fractal analysis reveals that micropores have high fractal dimensions and structural regularity, mesopores exhibit dual-fractal characteristics, and macropores show large variations in fractal dimension. Characteristics of pore structure is primarily controlled by TOC content and mineral composition. These findings provide a quantitative basis for evaluating shale reservoir quality, understanding gas storage mechanisms, and optimizing strategies for sustainable of oil and gas development in marine–continental transitional shales. Full article

In the search for alternative protein sources, single cell proteins have gained increasing attention in recent years. Among them, proteins derived from yeast represent a promising but still underexplored option. To enable their application in food product design, their techno-functional properties must be understood. In order to investigate the impact of precipitation pH on their emulsion-stabilizing properties, yeast proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated via precipitation at different pH (pH 3.5 to 5) after cell disruption in the high-pressure homogenizer. Emulsions containing 5 wt% oil and ~1 wt% protein were analyzed for stability based on their droplet size distribution. Proteins precipitated at pH 3.5 stabilized the smallest oil droplets and prevented partitioning of the emulsion, outperforming proteins precipitated at higher pH values. It is hypothesized that precipitation under acidic conditions induces protein denaturation and thereby exposes hydrophobic regions that enhance adsorption at the oil–water interface and the stabilization of the dispersed oil phase. To investigate the stabilization mechanism, the molecular weight of the proteins was determined using SDS-PAGE, their solubility using Bradford assay, and their aggregation behavior using static laser scattering. Proteins precipitated at pH 3.5 possessed larger molecular weights, lower solubility, and a strong tendency to aggregate. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of yeast-derived proteins as bio-surfactants and suggest that pH-controlled precipitation can tailor their functionality in food formulations. Full article

The fourth member of the Shahejie Formation in the Leijia area of the western depression of the Liaohe Oilfield represents a typical shale oil reservoir. However, post-hydraulic fracturing operations in this region are often hindered by significant discrepancies in well productivity, low fracturing fluid flowback efficiency, and an unclear understanding of reservoir damage mechanisms during fracturing. These challenges have become major bottlenecks restricting the efficient exploration and development of shale oil in this block. In this study, a series of laboratory-simulated experiments were conducted to investigate the primary mechanisms of formation damage induced by fracturing fluids in shale oil reservoirs. An experimental methodology for evaluating reservoir damage caused by fracturing fluids was developed accordingly. Results indicate that guar gum-based fracturing fluids exhibit good compatibility with formation-sensitive minerals, resulting in relatively minor damage. In contrast, capillary trapping of the aqueous phase leads to moderate damage, while polymer adsorption and retention cause low to moderate impairment. The damage associated with fracturing fluid invasion into fractures is found to be moderately high. Overall, the dominant damage mechanisms of guar gum fracturing fluids in the Shahejie Member 4 shale oil reservoir are identified as aqueous phase trapping and polymer adsorption. Based on the identified damage mechanisms, corresponding optimization strategies for fracturing fluid formulations are proposed. The findings of this research provide critical insights for improving shale oil development strategies in the Leijia area. Full article

Sustainable deepwater drilling for oil and gas offers significant potential. In this work, we synthesized a nanoscale collapse-prevention agent by grafting didecyldimethylammonium chloride onto spherical nano-silica and characterized it using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta-potential, and particle-size measurements, as well as SEM and TEM. Adding 1 wt% of this agent to a bentonite slurry only marginally alters its rheology and maintains acceptable low-temperature flow properties. Microporous-membrane tests show filtrate passing through 200 nm pores drops to 55 mL, demonstrating excellent plugging. Core-immersion studies reveal that shale cores retain integrity with minimal spalling after prolonged exposure. Rolling recovery assays increase shale-cutting recovery to 68%. Wettability tests indicate the water contact angle rises from 17.1° to 90.1°, and capillary rise height falls by roughly 50%, reversing suction to repulsion. Together, these findings support a synergistic plugging–adsorption–hydrophobization mechanism that significantly enhances wellbore stability without compromising low-temperature rheology. This work may guide the design of high-performance collapse-prevention additives for safe, efficient deepwater drilling. Full article

The treatment of contaminants from road infrastructure poses significant challenges due to their variable composition and the high concentrations of chloride ions, heavy metals, and oil-derived substances. Traditional methods for protecting groundwater environments are often insufficient. A promising alternative is permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology, which utilizes recycled materials and construction waste as reactive components within the treatment zone of the ground. This paper delves into the potential of employing a composite (MIX) consisting of modified construction aggregate (as recycled material) and activated carbon (example of reactive material) to address environmental contamination from a mixture of heavy metals and chloride. The research involved chemical modifications of the road aggregate, activated carbon, and their composite, followed by laboratory tests in glass reactors and non-flow batch tests to evaluate the kinetics and chemical equilibrium of the reactions. The adsorption process was stable and conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir, Toth, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. Studies using MIX from a heavy metal model solution showed that monolayer adsorption was a key mechanism for removing heavy metals, with strong fits to the Langmuir (R² > 0.80) and Freundlich models, and optimal efficiencies for Cd and Ni (R² > 0.90). The best fit, at Cd, Cu, Ni = 0.96, however, was with the Redlich–Peterson isotherm, indicating a mix of physical and chemical adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. The Toth model was significant for all analytes, fitting Cl and Cd well and Pb and Zn moderately. The modifications made to the composite significantly enhanced its effectiveness in removing the contaminant mixture. The test results demonstrated an average reduction of chloride by 85%, along with substantial removals of heavy metals: lead (Pb) by 90%, cadmium (Cd) by 86%, nickel (Ni) by 85%, copper (Cu) by 81%, and zinc (Zn) by 79%. Further research should focus on the removal of other contaminants and the optimization of magnesium oxide (MgO) dosage. Full article

Due to the complex mineral composition, low clay content, and strong heterogeneity of the mixed sedimentary shale in the Xinjiang Salt Lake Basin, the wettability characteristics of the reservoir and their influencing factors are not yet clear, which restricts the evaluation of oil-bearing properties and the identification of sweet spots. This paper analyzed mixed sedimentary shale samples from the Lucaogou Formation of the Jimsar Sag and the Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag. Methods such as petrographic thin sections, X-ray diffraction, organic matter content analysis, and argon ion polishing scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the lithological and mineralogical characteristics, geochemical characteristics, and pore space characteristics of the mixed sedimentary shale reservoir. Alternating imbibition and nuclear magnetic resonance were employed to quantitatively characterize the wettability of the reservoir and to discuss the effects of compositional factors, lamina types, and pore structure on wettability. Research findings indicate that the total porosity, measured by the alternate imbibition method, reached 72% of the core porosity volume, confirming the effectiveness of alternate imbibition in filling open pores. The Lucaogou Formation exhibits moderate to strong oil-wet wettability, with oil-wet pores predominating and well-developed storage spaces; the Fengcheng Formation has a wide range of wettability, with a higher proportion of mixed-wet pores, strong heterogeneity, and weaker oil-wet properties compared to the Lucaogou Formation. TOC content has a two-segment relationship with wettability, where oil-wet properties increase with TOC content at low TOC levels, while at high TOC levels, the influence of minerals such as carbonates dominates; carbonate content shows an “L” type response to wettability, enhancing oil-wet properties at low levels (<20%), but reducing it due to the continuous weakening effect of minerals when excessive. Lamina types in the Fengcheng Formation significantly affect wettability differentiation, with carbonate-shale laminae dominating oil pores, siliceous laminae contributing to water pores, and carbonate–feldspathic laminae forming mixed pores; the Lucaogou Formation lacks significant laminae, and wettability is controlled by the synergistic effects of minerals, organic matter, and pore structure. Increased porosity strengthens oil-wet properties, with micropores promoting oil adsorption through their high specific surface area, while macropores dominate in terms of storage capacity. Wettability is the result of the synergistic effects of multiple factors, including TOC, minerals, lamina types, and pore structure. Based on the characteristic that oil-wet pores account for up to 74% in shale reservoirs (mixed-wet 12%, water-wet 14%), a wettability-targeted regulation strategy is implemented during actual shale development. Surfactants are used to modify oil-wet pores, while the natural state of water-wet and mixed-wet pores is maintained to avoid interference and preserve spontaneous imbibition advantages. The soaking period is thus compressed from 30 days to 3–5 days, thereby enhancing matrix displacement efficiency. Full article

Moroccan oil shale ash (MOSA) represents an underutilized industrial by-product, particularly in the Rif region, where its high mineral content has often led to its neglect in value-added applications. This study highlights the successful conversion of MOSA into amorphous mesoporous silica (AS-Si) using a sol–gel process assisted by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) as a soft template. The resulting AS-Si material was extensively characterized to confirm its potential for environmental remediation. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic vibrational bands corresponding to Si–OH and Si–O–Si bonds, while XRD confirmed its amorphous nature with a broad diffraction peak at 2θ ≈ 22.5°. SEM imaging revealed a highly porous, sponge-like morphology composed of aggregated nanoscale particles, consistent with the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. The material exhibited a specific surface area of 68 m²/g, a maximum in the pore size distribution at a pore diameter of 2.4 nm, and a cumulative pore volume of 0.11 cm³/g for pores up to 78 nm. DLS analysis indicated an average hydrodynamic diameter of 779 nm with moderate polydispersity (PDI = 0.48), while a zeta potential of –34.10 mV confirmed good colloidal stability. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and DSC suggested the thermal stability of our amorphous silica. The adsorption performance of AS-Si was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) as model pollutants. Kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, while isotherm studies favored the Langmuir model, suggesting monolayer adsorption. AS-Si could be used four times for the removal of MB and Cipro. These results collectively demonstrate that AS-Si is a promising, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent derived from Moroccan oil shale ash for the effective removal of organic contaminants from aqueous media. Full article

We present a theoretical model for the electrophoresis of a weakly charged oil drop migrating through an uncharged polymer gel medium saturated with an aqueous electrolyte solution. The surface charge of the drop arises from the specific adsorption of ions onto its interface. Unlike solid particles, liquid drops exhibit internal fluidity and interfacial dynamics, leading to distinct electrokinetic behavior. In this study, the drop motion is driven by long-range hydrodynamic effects from the surrounding gel, which are treated using the Debye–Bueche–Brinkman continuum framework. A simplified version of the Baygents–Saville theory is adopted, assuming that no ions are present inside the drop and that the surface charge distribution results from linear ion adsorption. An approximate analytical expression is derived for the electrophoretic mobility of the drop under the condition of low zeta potential. Importantly, the derived expression explicitly includes the Marangoni effect, which arises from spatial variations in interfacial tension due to non-uniform ion adsorption. This model provides a physically consistent and mathematically tractable basis for understanding the electrophoretic transport of oil drops in soft porous media such as hydrogels, with potential applications in microfluidics, separation processes, and biomimetic systems. These results also show that the theory could be applied to more complicated or biologically important soft materials. Full article

Urban water bodies are facing a growing crisis due to contamination from a diverse array of pollutants, encompassing heavy metals, oil and grease, organic and inorganic chemicals, industrial effluents, and pathogenic microorganisms. This study focuses on the burgeoning field of utilizing metal oxide nanoparticles (MONs) as a potential solution to this pressing environmental challenge. The distinctive physicochemical properties of MONs, including their large surface area, catalytic activity, and photocatalytic ability, position them as promising candidates for water purification technologies. This study also comprehensively discusses the sources of urban water pollution and the specific challenges posed by different types of contaminants. A critical evaluation of MONs’ efficacy in removing heavy metals, oil and grease, organic and inorganic chemicals, and industrial pollutants is presented, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms such as adsorption, photocatalysis, and redox reactions. Furthermore, the potential of MONs to neutralize pathogens and microbial contaminants is investigated. While MONs exhibit significant advantages, this study acknowledges the challenges associated with nanoparticle stability, recovery, and potential environmental repercussions. To fully realize the potential of MONs in water treatment, sustained research is imperative to refine treatment processes, develop economically viable strategies, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these technologies in addressing urban water pollution. Full article

China has abundant shale oil and gas resources, which have become a critical pillar for future energy substitution. However, due to the highly heterogeneous nature and complex pore structures of shale reservoirs, traditional plugging agents face significant limitations in enhancing plugging efficiency and adapting to extreme wellbore environments. In response to the technical demands of nanoparticle-based plugging in shale reservoirs, this study systematically investigated the microscopic interaction mechanisms of nano-plugging agent shell polymers (Ployk) with various reservoir minerals under different temperature and salinity conditions using molecular simulation methods. Key parameters, including interfacial interaction energy, mean square displacement, and system density distribution, were calculated to thoroughly analyze the effects of temperature and salinity variations on adsorption stability and structural evolution. The results indicate that nano-plugging agent shell polymers exhibit pronounced mineral selectivity in their adsorption behavior, with particularly strong adsorption performance on SiO₂ surfaces. Both elevated temperature and increased salinity were found to reduce the interaction strength between the shell polymers and mineral surfaces and significantly alter the spatial distribution and structural ordering of water molecules near the interface. These findings not only elucidate the fundamental interfacial mechanisms of nano-plugging agents in shale reservoirs but also provide theoretical guidance for the precise design of advanced nano-plugging agent materials, laying a scientific foundation for improving the engineering application performance of shale oil and gas wellbore-plugging technologies. Full article